漢梵英 Unihan 大詞典：從中文到梵文的佛教回譯

The Great Unihan Lexicon: A Chinese to Sanskrit Bridge for Buddhist Back-Translation

A Comprehensive Mapping of 214 Kangxi Radicals and Characters to Their Sanskrit Buddhist Equivalents

1 一

1.1 一 [chn.yī][eng.one; the number one; unity; single][skt.eka]

1.2 丁 [chn.dīng][eng.fourth celestial stem; adult; robust; small cube; to strike; to hit][(Skt. caturtha = fourth)]

1.3 丂 [chn.qiǎo][archaic variant of 巧 (skillful; clever); obstruction; rare]

1.4 七 [chn.qī][eng.seven; the number seven][skt.sapta]

1.5 丄 [chn.shàng][archaic variant of 上 (above; top; superior); ancient form][skt.ūrdhva]

1.6 丅 [chn.xià][archaic variant of 下 (below; under; inferior); ancient form][skt.adhas]

1.7 丆 [chn.hǎn][eng.cliff; rockslide; rare; Japanese kokuji (manufacturing)]

1.8 万 [chn.wàn][eng.ten thousand; myriad; numerous; very][skt.sahasra; (Skt. bahu = numerous)]

1.9 丈 [chn.zhàng][eng.ten feet; measure of length; husband; elder; to measure][(Skt. mātrā = measure)]

1.10 三 [chn.sān][eng.three; the number three; several; repeatedly][skt.traya; (Skt. tri = three)]

1.11 上 [chn.shàng][eng.above; top; superior; to go up; to ascend; previous][skt.ūrdhva; (Skt. agra = top)]

1.12 下 [chn.xià][eng.below; under; inferior; to descend; next; to put down][skt.adhas; (Skt. ava = below)]

1.13 丌 [chn.jī][eng.pedestal; base; foundation; (also qí, surname); archaic][(Skt. mūla = foundation)]

1.14 不 [chn.bù][eng.no; not; un-; negative prefix][skt.na; (Skt. a- = not)]

1.15 与 [chn.yǔ][eng.and; with; to give; to grant; to participate; (also yù, to participate)][skt.ca; (Skt. saha = with)]

1.16 丏 [chn.miǎn][eng.to be invisible; to shield; to screen; archaic variant of 免][(Skt. gūhana = concealment)]

1.17 丐 [chn.gài][eng.to beg; to give; beggar][(Skt. yācñā = begging)]

1.18 丑 [chn.chǒu][eng.ugly; shameful; second earthly branch (1-3 am); clown (in opera)][(Skt. aśubha = ugly)]

1.19 丒 [chn.chǒu][archaic variant of 丑 (ugly; shameful)]

1.20 专 [chn.zhuān][eng.specialized; concentrated; monopolize; exclusively][(Skt. ekāgratā = concentration)]

1.21 且 [chn.qiě][eng.moreover; and; for the time being; (also jū, surname)][skt.ca; (Skt. api = moreover)]

1.22 丕 [chn.pī][eng.great; grand; eminent; distinguished][(Skt. mahā = great)]

1.23 世 [chn.shì][eng.generation; world; era; lifetime; dynasty][skt.loka; (Skt. jagat = world)]

1.24 丗 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 世 (generation; world)][skt.loka; (Skt. jagat = world)]

1.25 丘 [chn.qiū][eng.hill; mound; grave; (also qiū, surname)][(Skt. śaila = hill)]

1.26 丙 [chn.bǐng][eng.third celestial stem; bright; fiery; (surname)][(Skt. tṛtīya = third)]

1.27 业 [chn.yè][eng.business; profession; industry; enterprise; to study][skt.karman; (Skt. karma = action)]

1.28 丛 [chn.cóng][eng.cluster; thicket; collection; crowd; to gather][(Skt. samūha = collection)]

1.29 东 [chn.dōng][eng.east; eastern; master; host][skt.pūrva; (Skt. prācī = east)]

1.30 丝 [chn.sī][eng.silk; thread; tiny; (also sī, surname)][skt.sūtra; (Skt. tantu = thread)]

1.31 丞 [chn.chéng][eng.to assist; to aid; deputy; second in command][(Skt. sahāya = assistant)]

1.32 丟 [chn.diū][archaic variant of 丢 (to lose; to throw away)][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

1.33 丠 [chn.qiū][archaic variant of 丘 (hill; mound)][(Skt. śaila = hill)]

1.34 両 [chn.liǎng][eng.Japanese variant of 兩 (two; both; a couple)][skt.dvau; (Skt. ubhaya = both)]

1.35 丢 [chn.diū][eng.to lose; to misplace; to discard; to throw][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

1.36 丣 [chn.yǒu][archaic variant of 酉 (tenth earthly branch; wine vessel)]

1.37 两 [chn.liǎng][eng.two; both; a couple; unit of weight (50 grams)][skt.dvau; (Skt. ubhaya = both)]

1.38 严 [chn.yán][eng.strict; severe; rigorous; tight; father (archaic)][(Skt. ugra = strict)]

1.39 並 [chn.bìng][eng.and; furthermore; together; side by side; to combine][(Skt. saha = together)]

1.40 丧 [chn.sàng][eng.to lose; to mourn; funeral; (also sāng, mourning garments)][(Skt. śoka = mourning)]

1.41 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 1 (一)

1.42 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

1.43 1.1 一 (yī) [skt.eka] — The core numeral for "one" in both Chinese and Sanskrit. In Buddhist philosophy, eka is foundational for concepts of unity (ekatva), singularity, and the non-dual (advaya) in Mādhyamika. The character 一 also appears in compound 一乘 (ekayāna, the One Vehicle), a key Tiantai doctrine. Critical note: Distinguish from the use of 一 as a mere numeral versus its doctrinal deployment as a philosophical term signifying unity or the Absolute.

1.44 1.2 丁 (dīng) [skt.caturtha] — Maps to the fourth celestial stem and can be understood as the ordinal "fourth." The character carries secondary meanings of "adult" and "robust," which in certain Buddhist vinaya contexts may correlate with caturtha as a marker of fourth-rank monastic seniority. The caturtha root appears in compounds like caturtha-jñāna (fourth knowledge). Back-translation requires careful attention to whether the character functions as a stem (ordinal/celestial marker) or as a semantic unit (adult, robust).

1.45 1.3 丂 (qiǎo) — An archaic variant of 巧 (skillful; clever). In Buddhist texts, this character is almost never used directly; it appears only in early epigraphic sources or as a scribal variant. For back-translation, treat it as an orthographic curiosity rather than a doctrinal term. If encountered, it may signal an early non-standard transliteration of a foreign sound requiring phonetic reconstruction.

1.46 1.4 七 (qī) [skt.sapta] — The numeral seven. In Buddhist cosmology, sapta appears in enumerations: seven jewels (sapta-ratna), seven factors of enlightenment (sapta-bodhyaṅga), and seven days of Buddha’s enlightenment. The character 七 is also the first numeral compound in the list, and its presence in a sequence of numerals suggests these are foundational lexemes for the higher numerical categories.

1.47 1.5 丄 (shàng) [skt.ūrdhva] — An archaic variant of 上 (above; top). In Buddhist literature, ūrdhva (above, upward) appears in directional compounds (e.g., ūrdhva-bhāga, upper part) and in meditative contexts describing upward-moving mental states. The archaic form 丄 is encountered primarily in pre-Qin inscriptions and early Buddhist manuscript fragments from Dunhuang; it is semantically identical to 上 for back-translation purposes.

1.48 1.6 丅 (xià) [skt.adhas] — Archaic variant of 下 (below; under). Adhas (below, downward) is paired with ūrdhva (above) in spatial and cosmological descriptions. In Buddhist psychology, downward movement can signify descent into lower realms (apāya) or the downward mental trajectory of unwholesome states. The archaic form 丅 is rarely encountered after the Han period; treat as a full synonym of 下.

1.49 1.7 丆 (hǎn) — A rare character with no direct Buddhist Sanskrit correlate. It signifies "cliff" or "rockslide" and appears primarily as a Japanese kokuji (manufacturing term). In canonical Chinese Buddhist texts, this character is virtually absent. Back-translation: treat as a non-canonical lexeme unless it appears in Sino-Japanese materials, where it requires special handling.

1.50 1.8 万 (wàn) [skt.sahasra; bahu] — Translates two distinct Sanskrit roots: (1) sahasra (thousand) in the numerical sense (万 = ten thousand, a large number), and (2) bahu (much, numerous) when signifying "myriad" or "numerous." In Buddhist literature, sahasra is crucial for cosmology (e.g., sahasra-cakra = thousand-spoked wheel) and for the numerous enumerations (三万亿, three trillion). Distinguish the numerical function from the quantitative/multitude function; the Sanskrit back-translation depends entirely on the compound.

1.51 1.9 丈 (zhàng) [skt.mātrā] — Translates mātrā (measure) as a unit of length (ten feet). In Buddhist vinaya, measures of length appear in descriptions of monastic dwellings, stūpa dimensions, and allowable sizes for robes and seats. The character also carries secondary meanings of "elder" or "husband" (丈人 = father-in-law; 丈 = an elder), which may correlate with mātrā in the sense of "respect" when paired with guru. Back-translation demands careful contextual disambiguation between the literal measurement and the metaphorical respect of age.

1.52 1.10 三 (sān) [skt.traya; tri] — The numeral three. In Buddhism, tri is foundational for the Three Jewels (triratna), Three Marks of Existence (trilakṣaṇa), and the Three Times (trikāla). As traya, it appears in triple enumerations (trayaḥ, threefold). The character’s ubiquity in compound formation makes it one of the most critical numerals in the lexicon. Note the difference between tri (prefix form) and traya (nominal form) for precise back-translation.

1.53 1.11 上 (shàng) [skt.ūrdhva; agra] — This character requires a double mapping. (1) As directional "above/top," it correlates with ūrdhva. (2) As "superior/topmost" in qualitative senses (e.g., 上乘 = yāna-agra, the supreme vehicle), it correlates with agra (top, supreme). In compounds like 上人 (agra-pudgala, superior person), the semantic load shifts from spatial to hierarchical. Back-translation: always check if the context is spatial (ūrdhva) or evaluative (agra).

1.54 1.12 下 (xià) [skt.adhas; ava] — Similarly to 上, this character carries a dual mapping. As spatial "below/under," it correlates with adhas. As "inferior" or "lower" in qualitative or hierarchical contexts, it correlates with ava (downward, lower). In Buddhist epistemology, "lower" does not necessarily imply negative; e.g., ava appears in avatarati (to descend, enter) with neutral or positive connotations. Disambiguation requires full contextual reading, especially in compound with 上.

1.55 1.13 丌 (jī) [skt.mūla] — Translates mūla (foundation, root). In Buddhist philosophy, mūla is foundational in the theory of the three unwholesome roots (akuśala-mūla: greed, hatred, delusion). The character 丌 (also qí, a surname) is archaic and rarely appears in Buddhist texts except in early transcriptions of mūla in compounds like 根本 (mūla, fundamental). For back-translation, distinguish the rare character 丌 from the more common 基 (also foundation) to avoid misidentification.

1.56 1.14 不 (bù) [skt.na; a-] — The standard negative prefix and particle. In Sanskrit, it maps to the negative particles na (general negation) and the privative prefix a- (e.g., anitya = impermanent, anātman = no-self). The character 不 is one of the most frequent in Buddhist texts and is essential for the back-translation of negations and privative compounds. Critical note: na negates verbs and clauses, while a- negates nouns and adjectives. The compound must be analyzed syntactically before choosing the Sanskrit root.

1.57 1.15 与 (yǔ) [skt.ca; saha] — This character serves multiple functions. (1) As a conjunction ("and, with"), it correlates with ca (and, also). (2) As a preposition ("with, together with"), it correlates with saha (together with). (3) As a verb ("to give, to grant"), it has no direct ca or saha correlate and requires reconstruction based on context (e.g., dā to give, anu-grah to favor). Disambiguation: 与 as a conjunction is the most common Buddhist usage, but in compound 参与 (to participate), it may map to bhaj or samprayuj.

1.58 1.16 丏 (miǎn) [skt.gūhana] — Translates gūhana (concealment, being invisible). In Buddhist literature, concealment is often associated with the mental factor of mrakṣa (concealing one’s faults). The character 丏 is an archaic variant of 免 (to avoid, to remove) and appears in this sense as a textual variant. Back-translation: treat as a full semantic equivalent of 免 in the sense of "to shield" or "to screen," but note the orthographic distinction for critical apparatus.

1.59 1.17 丐 (gài) [skt.yācñā] — Translates yācñā (begging, requesting). In Vinaya, begging is a central monastic practice (pindapāta, alms-round). However, 丐 (to beg, to give) can also carry negative connotations of "beggar" or "cadging," depending on context. In the Buddhist context, the mendicant’s begging is a virtuous act (dhūta practice), so the semantic tone is elevated. Back-translation: distinguish between the simple act of requesting (yācñā) and the institutional practice of alms-collection (piṇḍapāta).

1.60 1.18 丑 (chǒu) [skt.aśubha] — Translates aśubha (ugly, impure). In Buddhist meditation, aśubha-bhāvanā (contemplation of foulness) is a core practice to counter lust and attachment. The character 丑 also functions as the second Earthly Branch (1–3 am), and in this astronomical sense, it has no Sanskrit correlate, requiring careful contextual disambiguation. The facial clown (丑角) in opera is a late cultural development; for canonical texts, the aśubha mapping is the primary Buddhist usage.

1.61 1.19 丒 (chǒu) — Archaic variant of 丑 (ugly; shameful). Orthographically and semantically identical to 丑. In canonical Buddhist texts, the traditional form 丑 is overwhelmingly preferred, but the variant 丒 appears in some Dunhuang manuscripts. Back-translation: treat as a full textual variant of 丑 with no semantic distinction.

1.62 1.20 专 (zhuān) [skt.ekāgratā] — Translates ekāgratā (concentration, one-pointedness). This is the mental factor central to meditative absorption (dhyāna) and the fifth of the five spiritual faculties (indriya). 专 can also mean "specialized" or "monopolize," but in Buddhist psychological contexts, the meditative meaning predominates. Ekāgratā is the one-pointed focus of the mind on its object, a critical component of samādhi. Back-translation: confirm whether the context is meditative (ekāgratā) or general (exclusive/specialized).

1.63 1.21 且 (qiě) [skt.ca; api] — This character maps to multiple Sanskrit particles. (1) As "moreover, and furthermore," it correlates with api (also, moreover). (2) As "and" in nominal compounds, it correlates with ca. (3) In temporal clauses ("for the time being"), it has no direct correlate and may be reconstructed contextually. 且 is also a surname (jū), requiring disambiguation. In Buddhist texts, it frequently appears as a sentence connector, functioning syntactically to link clauses rather than conveying lexical content.

1.64 1.22 丕 (pī) [skt.mahā] — Translates mahā (great, grand, eminent). In Buddhist literature, mahā is the prefix for major concepts: Mahāyāna (Great Vehicle), Mahākāruṇā (Great Compassion), Mahāprajñā (Great Wisdom). The character 丕 is an archaic term for "great" and appears in early Buddhist translations before the standard 大 became dominant. Back-translation: treat 丕 as an archaizing synonym of 大, with mahā as its primary Sanskrit root.

1.65 1.23 世 (shì) [skt.loka; jagat] — This character maps to two distinct Sanskrit roots. (1) As "world" or "worldly," it correlates with loka (the world, the mundane sphere). (2) As "generation" or "age," it correlates with jagat (world, universe, the moving cosmos). In Buddhist philosophy, loka is the central term for the saṃsāric realm, while jagat emphasizes the transitory, moving nature of existence. The character also appears in 世尊 (bhagavat, World-Honored One), a title of the Buddha, where loka is the implied root. Disambiguation is essential: "world" (loka) vs. "era" (kalpa) vs. "generation" (jagat).

1.66 1.24 丗 (shì) [skt.loka; jagat] — Archaic variant of 世 (generation; world). Orthographically identical in meaning to 世; the distinction is purely palaeographic. In Buddhist texts, 丗 is encountered in early manuscript traditions (e.g., seal script). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 世 with the same Sanskrit correlates (loka, jagat), but flag it in the critical apparatus.

1.67 1.25 丘 (qiū) [skt.śaila] — Translates śaila (hill, rock, mountain). In Buddhist texts, hills and mountains appear in similes for steadfastness (e.g., 須彌山, Mount Meru, sumeru-śaila) and in descriptions of secluded meditation sites (e.g., 山居, śaila-vāsa). The character also functions as a surname, requiring disambiguation. For back-translation, note that śaila is the standard term for any hill or rock formation in the context of the Himalayan landscape of Buddhist India.

1.68 1.26 丙 (bǐng) [skt.tṛtīya] — The third celestial stem, hence "third" in ordinal sense. In Sanskrit, tṛtīya is the ordinal "third." The character also carries the secondary meanings of "bright" and "fiery," which may correlate with tejas (fire, brilliance) in the sense of the radiant quality of the sun’s position. Back-translation: when used as a stem (天干), treat as tṛtīya; when used as a lexical item (bright), treat as tejas or jyotiḥ.

1.69 1.27 业 (yè) [skt.karman] — Translates karman (action, deed, karma). This is one of the most critical doctrinal terms in Buddhism: karman is the ethical law of cause and effect that determines rebirth and saṃsāric existence. The character 业 also means "business" or "profession," but in Buddhist contexts, the technical karman is almost always intended. Note the orthographic variant 業 (traditional) and the simplified 业; both are semantically identical. Back-translation: always render as karman unless the context demonstrably indicates a mundane occupation.

1.70 1.28 丛 (cóng) [skt.samūha] — Translates samūha (collection, crowd, multitude). In Buddhist texts, samūha appears in descriptions of assemblies (e.g., bhikṣu-saṅgha, the monastic community). The character 丛 means "cluster" or "thicket" and may also imply a gathering of persons. For back-translation, samūha is the standard root for any collective grouping, though gaṇa (group, troop) is also possible. Disambiguate based on whether the grouping is animate (people) or inanimate (objects).

1.71 1.29 东 (dōng) [skt.pūrva; prācī] — Translates two Sanskrit directional roots. (1) As the cardinal direction "east," it correlates with pūrva (east, front). (2) In more specific contextual usage, it may correlate with prācī (eastern, from the east). The character 东 is central to Buddhist cosmology and is often paired with 西 (west) in descriptions of the Ten Directions (daśa-diśa). Back-translation: pūrva is standard for "east" as a cardinal direction; prācī is rarer and often poetic.

1.72 1.30 丝 (sī) [skt.sūtra; tantu] — This character maps to two Sanskrit roots. (1) As "silk" or "thread," it correlates with tantu (thread, string). (2) Crucially, as a phonetic loan for 經 (sūtra, scripture), it appears in the famous compound 絲 (silk) used metaphorically for the thread of the doctrine. However, the standard character for sūtra is 經; 丝 is a loan for "fine thread" that connects to the "thread" metaphor of sūtra. Back-translation: in material contexts, tantu; in metaphorical contexts where the thread signifies the teaching, sūtra may be implied.

1.73 1.31 丞 (chéng) [skt.sahāya] — Translates sahāya (assistant, companion, helper). In Buddhist administrative contexts, sahāya appears in descriptions of royal ministers or monastic deputies. The character 丞 means "to assist" or "deputy" and often appears in compound 丞相 (prime minister). In Buddhist texts, it may describe the Buddha’s attendants or the assistants of kings and bodhisattvas. Back-translation: confirm whether the context is administrative/deputy (sahāya) or general assistance (upakāra).

1.74 1.32 丟 (diū) / 1.35 丢 (diū) [skt.kṣip] — These are archaizing variants (丟) and simplified (丢) of the same character, meaning "to lose, to throw away." Translates kṣip (to throw, to cast, to discard) in Sanskrit. In Buddhist contexts, kṣip often appears in compounds like kṣipta-citta (distracted mind, literally "thrown mind"). The character also means "to discard" in the sense of abandoning defilements (klesa). Back-translation: treat 丟 and 丢 as orthographic variants of the same lexical item; the root is kṣip.

1.75 1.33 丠 (qiū) [skt.śaila] — Archaic variant of 丘 (hill; mound). Orthographically and semantically identical to 丘. Back-translation: treat as a full variant of 丘, mapping to śaila when used as a topographical feature. The variant 丠 is rare in canonical texts but appears in early epigraphic and manuscript sources.

1.76 1.34 両 (liǎng) [skt.dvau; ubhaya] — This is the Japanese variant of 兩 (two; both). For back-translation, it maps to (1) dvau (the number two, dual) and (2) ubhaya (both, both sides). The character appears in Sino-Japanese Buddhist materials but is not native to Chinese canonical texts. For Chinese Buddhist back-translation, treat as identical to 兩 and map to dvau or ubhaya based on whether it functions as a numeral or a dual marker.

1.77 1.35 丢 (diū) — See 1.74 above. This is the simplified form of 丟. Back-translation: identical to 丟; the root is kṣip.

1.78 1.36 丣 (yǒu) — Archaic variant of 酉 (tenth Earthly Branch, wine vessel). The character 酉 in its lexical sense (wine vessel) has no direct Sanskrit correlate; as an Earthly Branch, it has no Sanskrit equivalent in the Buddhist canon. The variant 丣 is an orthographic relic. For back-translation, treat as a calendrical marker or proper-noun element with no doctrinal Sanskrit back-translation.

1.79 1.37 两 (liǎng) [skt.dvau; ubhaya] — The simplified form of 兩 (two; both). For back-translation, identical to 兩: (1) dvau as a numeral (two), (2) ubhaya as a dual marker (both). In Buddhist texts, 两 often appears in compounds like 两足尊 (dvipadottama, the best of the bipedal, an epithet of the Buddha). The Sanskrit root must be determined based on the specific compound.

1.80 1.38 严 (yán) [skt.ugra] — Translates ugra (strict, severe, powerful). In Buddhist literature, ugra appears in descriptions of fierce deities, wrathful manifestations (krodha-ugra), and strict disciplinary contexts. The character also means "tight" or "rigorous" and can carry the connotation of "father" in archaic usage (嚴父). For back-translation, ugra is the primary correlate; however, in cases of "strict discipline" (嚴律), it may also map to niyama (restraint) or vinaya (monastic discipline). Disambiguate based on context.

1.81 1.39 並 (bìng) [skt.saha] — Translates saha (together, with, simultaneously). The character means "together," "side by side," or "and" in conjunction. In Buddhist texts, saha is critical for compound formations like sahaja (innate, born together) and sahodara (brother). The character also appears in the name of our world-system, 娑婆世界 (Sahā-lokadhātu), where 娑婆 transliterates sahā. For back-translation, saha is the primary root, but confirm whether the compound requires saha (co-occurrence) or sam (together) based on the specific Sanskrit construction.

1.82 1.40 丧 (sàng) [skt.śoka] — Translates śoka (sorrow, grief, mourning). In Buddhist literature, śoka is the mental factor of grief and is one of the afflictions (klesa) to be overcome. The character also means "to lose" (as in 丧生, to lose one’s life) and can map to kṣaya (loss) in those contexts. For back-translation, śoka is the primary doctrinal correlate, but (1) in the sense of "loss," kṣaya may be more appropriate, and (2) in the sense of "funeral" or "mourning garments," there is no specific Sanskrit correlate and the term should be treated as a cultural marker. Disambiguation is critical: the Buddhist psychological śoka is distinct from the practical "funeral" usage.

2 丨

2.1 丨 [chn.gǔn][eng.vertical line; line stroke; to pass through; radical 2][(Skt. rekhā = line)]

2.2 丩 [chn.jiū][eng.to entangle; to gather; to intertwine; to grasp][(Skt. grantha = entanglement)]

2.3 个 [chn.gè][eng.individual; piece; generic measure word; (also gě, self)][(Skt. eka = individual)]

2.4 丫 [chn.yā][eng.fork; bifurcation; branch; girl (colloquial)][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

2.5 丬 [chn.pán][eng.half of a tree trunk; wood split; archaic variant of 爿][(Skt. kāṣṭha = wood)]

2.6 中 [chn.zhōng][eng.middle; center; within; among; to hit (target); China][skt.madhya; (Skt. antara = within)]

2.7 丮 [chn.jǐ][eng.to grasp; to hold; to seize; archaic][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

2.8 丯 [chn.jiè][eng.luxuriant; abundant; dense (of vegetation); archaic][(Skt. bahu = abundant)]

2.9 丰 [chn.fēng][eng.abundant; plentiful; fertile; great; fine; handsome][(Skt. bahu = abundant)]

2.10 丱 [chn.guàn][eng.two bunches of hair (children’s hairstyle); young; archaic]

2.11 串 [chn.chuàn][eng.to string together; to connect; to conspire; string; bunch][(Skt. mālā = string/garland)]

2.12 丳 [chn.chǎn][eng.spit for roasting meat; to barbecue; (also chàn)]

2.13 临 [chn.lín][eng.to face; to overlook; to approach; to be about to; to copy (calligraphy)][skt.upa; (Skt. samīpa = near)]

2.14 丵 [chn.zhuó][eng.thicket of grass; cluster; to gather; archaic][(Skt. samūha = cluster)]

2.15 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 2 (丨)

2.16 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

2.17 2.1 丨 (gǔn) [skt.rekhā] — The radical itself; represents a vertical line. In Buddhist texts, it appears as a component in characters related to line and measurement. The concept of rekhā (line) appears in Buddhist cosmology in descriptions of the structure of the universe and in meditative visualizations where lines are drawn as focal points for concentration.

2.18 2.3 个 (gè) [skt.eka] — Used as a measure word for individual items. In Buddhist contexts, eka (individual) appears in compound 个人 (eka-pudgala, individual person), a term used in discussions of personal identity and the conventional self (pudgala) in Abhidharma philosophy. The character also appears in 个别 (eka-pratyeka, each/individual).

2.19 2.6 中 (zhōng) [skt.madhya; antara] — CRITICAL — This character has two primary Sanskrit correlates. (1) As "middle" or "center," it maps to madhya, appearing in the foundational Buddhist compound 中道 (madhyamā-pratipad, the Middle Way), the teaching of the Buddha that avoids the extremes of asceticism and indulgence. (2) As "within" or "among," it maps to antara, appearing in compounds like 心中 (citta-antara, within the mind). The character is also central to 中观 (Madhyamaka), the Middle Way school founded by Nāgārjuna, which represents one of the two great philosophical traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Back-translation requires careful discrimination between spatial "middle" (madhya) and inclusive "within" (antara).

2.20 2.9 丰 (fēng) [skt.bahu] — Translates bahu (abundant, plentiful). In Buddhist contexts, the character appears in descriptions of abundant offerings, flourishing Dharma, and the auspicious qualities of the Buddha’s teachings. It also appears in compound 丰富 (bhūri, abundant/rich), describing the richness of the Dharma.

2.21 2.11 串 (chuàn) [skt.mālā] — Translates mālā (garland, string, series). Appears in the critical Buddhist compound 串习 (abhyāsa, repeated practice/habit), one of the most important terms in Buddhist psychology. Abhyāsa refers to the formation of mental habits through repeated action — both wholesome habits (kuśala-abhyāsa) that lead to enlightenment and unwholesome habits (akuśala-abhyāsa) that perpetuate saṃsāra. This concept is central to the Buddhist understanding of conditioning and the path of mental cultivation (bhāvanā).

2.22 2.13 临 (lín) [skt.upa; samīpa] — CRITICAL — Translates two related Sanskrit roots. (1) As "to approach" or "to be near," it maps to upa (near, towards), appearing in compounds like 临坛 (upasthāna, approaching the altar/platform). (2) As "to face" or "to overlook," it maps to samīpa (near/close to). The character is most famous in Buddhist history for 临济 (Linji), the great Chinese Zen master and founder of the Linji school (Rinzai in Japanese), whose recorded sayings (Linji lu) are foundational texts in Zen Buddhism.

3 丶

3.1 丶 [chn.zhǔ][eng.dot; stroke; to annotate; to kindle][skt.bindu]

3.2 丷 [chn.bā][eng.eight; open; separate; archaic variant of 八][skt.aṣṭa]

3.3 丸 [chn.wán][eng.pill; pellet; ball; to roll into a ball][skt.guḷikā; piṇḍa]

3.4 丹 [chn.dān][eng.cinnabar; red; elixir; pill; sincerity][skt.kuṅkuma; rakta]

3.5 为 [chn.wèi][eng.for; because; to act as; to become; to be; (also wéi, to do)][skt.artha; kṛ; bhū]

3.6 主 [chn.zhǔ][eng.master; lord; host; primary; to manage; to preside][skt.prabhu; svāmin; adhipati]

3.7 丼 [chn.dǎn][eng.to throw into a well; bowl of rice with topping (Japanese donburi)]

3.8 丽 [chn.lì][eng.beautiful; elegant; magnificent; to attach; to adhere][skt.śubha; ramya; rūpa]

3.9 举 [chn.jǔ][eng.to lift; to raise; to recommend; entire; all; to cite][skt.utkṣepa; uddharaṇa]

3.10 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 3 (丶)

3.11 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

3.12 3.1 丶 (zhǔ) [skt.bindu] — The dot or bindu (seed) in Sanskrit. In Buddhist tantric traditions, the bindu represents the essential seed of consciousness or the generative point from which all phenomena arise. In visualization practices, the bindu is a focal point for concentration (samādhi) and is associated with the subtle body and the generation of inner heat (caṇḍālī).

3.13 3.3 丸 (wán) [skt.guḷikā; piṇḍa] — Translates two roots. (1) guḷikā (pill, pellet) appears in Buddhist medical texts (Ayurveda) and tantric alchemy (rasāyana), where pills are used as medicines or as ritual substances. (2) piṇḍa (ball, lump) appears in the compound 丸药 (guḷikā-bhaiṣajya, pill-medicine) and in descriptions of food offerings in Vinaya. The character also appears in 肉丸 (piṇḍa, ball of flesh), a term used in embryology in Buddhist cosmological texts.

3.14 3.4 丹 (dān) [skt.kuṅkuma; rakta] — Translates two roots. (1) kuṅkuma (cinnabar/red) appears in descriptions of red pigments used in ritual painting and in alchemical contexts. (2) rakta (red/blood) appears in Buddhist tantras where red is the color of the padma (lotus) family of deities and signifies the transmutation of desire into wisdom. The character is critical in Daoist alchemy (neidan) and appears in Buddhist tantric texts that incorporate alchemical terminology.

3.15 3.5 为 (wèi / wéi) [skt.artha; kṛ; bhū] — CRITICAL — One of the most common characters in philosophical texts, with multiple Sanskrit correlates. (1) As "for" or "because" (wèi), it translates artha (purpose, for the sake of), appearing in the famous formula 为利众生 (sattva-arthāya, for the benefit of beings). (2) As "to do" or "to make" (wéi), it translates kṛ (to do, to act), appearing in karmic contexts. (3) As "to become" or "to be" (wéi), it translates bhū (to become), appearing in discussions of becoming (bhava) and existence.

3.16 3.6 主 (zhǔ) [skt.prabhu; svāmin; adhipati] — Translates three roots. (1) prabhu (lord, master) appears in 天主 (deva-prabhu, lord of the gods) and epithets of the Buddha as 世主 (loka-prabhu, lord of the world). (2) svāmin (master, owner) appears in monastic administrative contexts. (3) adhipati (ruler, sovereign) appears in 主神 (adhipati-deva, sovereign deity). In Buddhist contexts, the term is also used for 主宰 (īśvara, lord/creator), a concept that Buddhism critically examines.

3.17 3.8 丽 (lì) [skt.śubha; ramya; rūpa] — Translates three roots. (1) śubha (beautiful, auspicious) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical marks (lakṣaṇa). (2) ramya (pleasant, delightful) appears in descriptions of celestial realms. (3) rūpa (form, beauty) appears in 色 (rūpa), the first of the five aggregates (skandha) — the character 丽 can carry the connotation of beautiful form.

3.18 3.9 举 (jǔ) [skt.utkṣepa; uddharaṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) utkṣepa (lifting, raising) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s gestures (mudrā). (2) uddharaṇa (raising, lifting up) appears in the sense of "lifting up" beings from suffering, as in the Bodhisattva’s vow to raise all beings to enlightenment. The character also appears in 举意 (utkṣepa-citta, raising the mind), a term for generating bodhicitta.

4 丿

4.1 丿 [chn.piě][eng.left-falling stroke; slash; (rare)]

4.2 乀 [chn.fú][eng.right-falling stroke; to stretch; archaic]

4.3 乁 [chn.yí][eng.to move; to shift; archaic variant of 移]

4.4 乂 [chn.yì][eng.to govern; to regulate; to cut; to mow; peace; calm][skt.śāsana; praśānta]

4.5 乃 [chn.nǎi][eng.then; so; therefore; indeed; your (formal); (also nǎi, surname)][skt.iti; eva; ca]

4.6 乄 [chn.wǔ][eng.to seal; to close; Japanese kokuji; (also shi, measuring unit)]

4.7 久 [chn.jiǔ][eng.long time; ancient; old; to last; to endure][skt.cira; dīrgha; purāṇa]

4.8 乆 [chn.jiǔ][archaic variant of 久 (long time; ancient)][skt.cira; dīrgha]

4.9 乇 [chn.zhé][eng.to rely on; to depend on; blade of grass; archaic]

4.10 么 [chn.me][eng.suffix; particle; (also yāo, small; tiny)]

4.11 义 [chn.yì][eng.righteousness; justice; meaning; friendship; adopted][skt.artha; dharma; nyāya]

4.12 乊 [chn.hō][archaic variant; Japanese kokuji (hō)]

4.13 之 [chn.zhī][eng.of; to go; to reach; particle (classical); (also zhī, surname)][skt.karmaṇi; ṣaṣṭhī; iti]

4.14 乌 [chn.wū][eng.crow; black; dark; (also wù, how; why)][skt.kāka; kṛṣṇa; (also Skt. ut- prefix)]

4.15 乍 [chn.zhà][eng.suddenly; first time; for the first time; to begin; (also zhà, surname)][skt.sahasa; prathama]

4.16 乎 [chn.hū][eng.particle (question); at; in; to; (also hū, exclamation)][skt.iti; ca; vā; api]

4.17 乏 [chn.fá][eng.to lack; to be exhausted; to be short of; tired][skt.virahita; hīna; kṣīṇa]

4.18 乐 [chn.lè][eng.happy; joy; pleasure; to laugh; (also yuè, music)][skt.sukha; ānanda; (Skt. śabda for music)]

4.19 乑 [chn.yín][eng.to stand in a crowd; many people; archaic]

4.20 乒 [chn.pīng][eng.table tennis; ping-pong; (onomatopoeia)]

4.21 乓 [chn.pāng][eng.onomatopoeia; bang; (used in 乒乓)]

4.22 乔 [chn.qiáo][eng.tall; towering; to disguise; to pretend; (surname)]

4.23 乕 [chn.hǔ][archaic variant of 虎 (tiger); brave; fierce][skt.vyāghra]

4.24 乖 [chn.guāi][eng.obedient; well-behaved; clever; to deviate; to turn away]

4.25 乗 [chn.chéng][eng.Japanese variant of 乘 (to ride; to mount; to multiply)][skt.yāna; (Skt. yāna = vehicle)]

4.26 乘 [chn.chéng][eng.to ride; to mount; to avail oneself of; to multiply; vehicle][skt.yāna; ārohaṇa]

4.27 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 4 (丿)

4.28 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

4.29 4.5 乃 (nǎi) [skt.iti; eva; ca] — Used in classical Chinese as a connective and emphatic particle. In Buddhist texts, it often corresponds to iti (thus) in quotations of speech or to ca (and) as a conjunction. As eva (indeed), it adds emphasis to the preceding statement. The character appears in 乃 to (nai to, in classical texts) and in 乃至 (iti, so forth / up to), an important Buddhist phrase used in enumerations.

4.30 4.7 久 (jiǔ) [skt.cira; dīrgha; purāṇa] — Translates three roots. (1) cira (long time, lasting) appears in discussions of the Buddha’s teachings lasting for a long time (cira-sthiti). (2) dīrgha (long, extended) appears in compound 长久 (dīrgha-kāla, long period of time), used in descriptions of saṃsāra’s duration. (3) purāṇa (ancient, old) appears in historical contexts describing ancient teachings or past Buddhas. The character is critical in the doctrine of 久远 (dīrgha-kāla, long ages) in Mahāyāna cosmology.

4.31 4.11 义 (yì) [skt.artha; dharma; nyāya] — CRITICAL — One of the most important philosophical characters. (1) As "meaning" or "significance," it translates artha, appearing in the compound 第一义 (paramārtha, ultimate truth/supreme meaning), one of the two truths in Buddhist epistemology. (2) As "righteousness" or "duty," it translates dharma in ethical contexts. (3) As "justice" or "principle," it translates nyāya (logic, justice). The character also appears in 义理 (artha-tattva, truth/principle), a term for philosophical insight.

4.32 4.13 之 (zhī) [skt.karmaṇi; ṣaṣṭhī; iti] — One of the most common particles in classical Chinese. In Sanskrit back-translation, it corresponds to (1) the genitive (ṣaṣṭhī) in possessive constructions, (2) the objective case marker (karmaṇi) when indicating object of an action, or (3) the particle iti when marking a quotation or thought. Its usage is highly context-dependent; back-translation requires careful syntactic analysis of the compound.

4.33 4.18 乐 (lè / yuè) [skt.sukha; ānanda; śabda] — CRITICAL — This character has two readings with distinct Sanskrit correlates. (1) As "happiness" or "joy" (lè), it translates sukha (happiness, ease, well-being) — one of the most important terms in Buddhist soteriology, appearing in the first noble truth (duḥkha, suffering) and its opposite (sukha, happiness). It also translates ānanda (bliss, joy), the name of the Buddha’s cousin and attendant. (2) As "music" (yuè), it translates śabda (sound) in the sense of musical sound. The character appears in 快乐 (sukha, happiness), 极乐 (sukhāvatī, Pure Land of Bliss), and 安乐 (kṣema-sukha, peaceful happiness).

4.34 4.26 乘 (chéng) [skt.yāna; ārohaṇa] — CRITICAL — This is one of the most important characters in Buddhist studies. (1) As "vehicle" in the sense of religious teaching, it translates yāna, appearing in the foundational Buddhist compound 大乘 (Mahāyāna, Great Vehicle) and 小乘 (Hīnayāna, Lesser Vehicle). (2) As "to mount" or "to ride," it translates ārohaṇa (mounting, ascending). The character also appears in 乘经 (yāna-sūtra, vehicle scripture) and 乘教 (yāna-śāsana, vehicle teachings). Back-translation: always render as yāna when referring to Buddhist schools or vehicles of practice.

5 乙

5.1 乙 [chn.yǐ][eng.second celestial stem; second; fish gut; crooked; (also yǐ, surname)]

5.2 乚 [chn.yǐ][eng.hidden; concealed; to bend; archaic variant of 乙; also gǎng, unit of length]

5.3 乛 [chn.yǐ][eng.hooked stroke; to bend; archaic]

5.4 九 [chn.jiǔ][eng.nine; the number nine; many; numerous][skt.nava; bahu]

5.5 乜 [chn.miē][eng.to squint; (also niè, surname; also miē, dialect)]

5.6 乞 [chn.qǐ][eng.to beg; to ask; to request; to implore][skt.yācñā; prārthanā]

5.7 也 [chn.yě][eng.also; too; as well; particle (classical); (surname)][skt.ca; api; eva]

5.8 习 [chn.xí][eng.to practice; to study; to be familiar with; habit; custom][skt.abhyāsa; śīla]

5.9 乡 [chn.xiāng][eng.village; countryside; hometown; native place][skt.grāma; janapada]

5.10 乢 [chn.gài][archaic variant of 蓋 (cover; lid; to build; to construct)]

5.11 乣 [chn.jiǔ][eng.to twist; to grasp; Japanese variant of 糾]

5.12 乤 [chn.xià][archaic; Korean hanja; (also hǎ)]

5.13 乥 [chn.xiào][archaic; Korean hanja; (also xiào)]

5.14 书 [chn.shū][eng.book; letter; document; to write; script][skt.pustaka; grantha]

5.15 乧 [chn.dǒu][eng.to fight; Japanese kokuji; variant of 鬥 (fight)]

5.16 乨 [chn.shǐ][eng.to begin; to start; archaic variant of 始][skt.ādi; prathama]

5.17 乩 [chn.jī][eng.divination; to divine; to consult oracle]

5.18 乪 [chn.náng][eng.Japanese kokuji; (also jiāng, river); rare]

5.19 乫 [chn.jiā][eng.Korean hanja; (also gǎ, to add); rare]

5.20 乬 [chn.jué][eng.Korean hanja; (also guì, seat); rare]

5.21 乭 [chn.shí][eng.Korean hanja; (also dàn, rock; stone)]

5.22 乮 [chn.mǎo][eng.Korean hanja; (also mào, to oppose)]

5.23 乯 [chn.hū][eng.Korean hanja; (also hū, to call)]

5.24 买 [chn.mǎi][eng.to buy; to purchase; to bribe][skt.krī; dhana]

5.25 乱 [chn.luàn][eng.in disorder; chaotic; confused; indiscriminate; to confuse][skt.vyākula; kṣobha; vibhrama]

5.26 乲 [chn.jǐ][eng.Korean hanja; (also zī, to call); rare]

5.27 乳 [chn.rǔ][eng.breast; milk; to nurse; to suckle; newborn][skt.stana; kṣīra]

5.28 乴 [chn.xué][eng.to grasp; to take; to hold; archaic]

5.29 乵 [chn.yǎn][eng.to extend; to advance; to stretch; archaic]

5.30 乶 [chn.pō][eng.Korean hanja; (also bō, wave); rare]

5.31 乷 [chn.sha][eng.Korean hanja; (also shā, sand); rare]

5.32 乸 [chn.nǎ][eng.Japanese kokuji; (also nā, female); rare]

5.33 乹 [chn.gān][archaic variant of 乾 (dry; heaven; male)][skt.śuṣka; (Skt. kha = heaven)]

5.34 乺 [chn.suǒ][eng.Korean hanja; (also suǒ, place); rare]

5.35 乻 [chn.él][eng.Korean hanja; (also niè, to twist); rare]

5.36 乼 [chn.zhù][eng.Korean hanja; (also zhù, to pour); rare]

5.37 乽 [chn.zhě][eng.Korean hanja; (also zhě, to cover); rare]

5.38 乾 [chn.gān][eng.heaven; male; dry; the first of the eight trigrams (☰); (also qián, surname)][skt.kha; (Skt. ākāśa = heaven/space)]

5.39 乿 [chn.zhì][eng.to govern; to regulate; archaic variant of 治][skt.śāsana; praśāsana]

5.40 亀 [chn.guī][eng.Japanese variant of 龜 (turtle; tortoise)][skt.kūrma; (Skt. kurma = tortoise avatar)]

5.41 亁 [chn.gān][archaic variant of 乾 (dry; heaven)][skt.kha; śuṣka]

5.42 亂 [chn.luàn][eng.traditional variant of 乱 (disorder; chaos)][skt.vyākula; vibhrama]

5.43 亃 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lìn, to be anxious); rare]

5.44 亄 [chn.yì][archaic; greedy; (also yì, to be greedy)]

5.45 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 5 (乙)

5.46 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

5.47 5.4 九 (jiǔ) [skt.nava; bahu] — The number nine. In Buddhist literature, nava (nine) appears in enumerations like the nine stages of a bodhisattva’s path (nava-bhūmi). As bahu (many/numerous), it signifies a large quantity. The character also appears in 九天 (nava-diva, nine heavens) in cosmological contexts.

5.48 5.6 乞 (qǐ) [skt.yācñā; prārthanā] — Translates two roots. (1) yācñā (begging, requesting) appears in Vinaya texts describing the practice of alms-begging (pindapāta). (2) prārthanā (prayer, request, vow) appears in the compound 乞愿 (prārthanā, prayer/vow), a central concept in Mahāyāna bodhisattva practice where the aspirant makes vows to benefit beings.

5.49 5.7 也 (yě) [skt.ca; api; eva] — A common particle meaning "also" or "too." In Sanskrit back-translation, it corresponds to ca (and, also), api (also, even), or eva (indeed, just so). Its usage is primarily grammatical and context-dependent; it often serves as a connector rather than conveying substantive meaning.

5.50 5.8 习 (xí) [skt.abhyāsa; śīla] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots with profound Buddhist significance. (1) As "practice" or "repeated action," it translates abhyāsa (practice, repetition, habit-formation), a key term in Buddhist psychology describing how mental habits are formed through repeated action. (2) As "habit" or "custom," it translates śīla (moral conduct, habit), one of the three trainings (śīla, samādhi, prajñā) and a foundational Buddhist virtue. The character appears in 习定 (abhyāsa-samādhi, practicing concentration) and 习气 (vāsanā, latent tendencies/habits), a critical term in Yogācāra philosophy describing the residual impressions of past actions.

5.51 5.14 书 (shū) [skt.pustaka; grantha] — Translates two roots. (1) pustaka (book, manuscript) appears in descriptions of Buddhist scriptures as physical objects. (2) grantha (text, scripture) appears in the compound 经书 (sūtra-grantha, sutra text), referring to the Buddhist canon. The character is also used in 书写 (likh, to write), the act of copying scriptures, considered a meritorious act in Buddhism.

5.52 5.24 买 (mǎi) [skt.krī; dhana] — Translates two roots. (1) krī (to buy, to purchase) appears in Vinaya contexts describing economic transactions prohibited for monastics. (2) dhana (wealth, treasure) appears in the sense of purchasing or acquiring. The character is used in compound 买卖 (kraya-vikraya, buying and selling), an activity regulated in monastic codes.

5.53 5.25 乱 (luàn) [skt.vyākula; kṣobha; vibhrama] — Translates three roots. (1) vyākula (confused, disordered) appears in descriptions of the afflicted mind. (2) kṣobha (agitation, disturbance) appears in contexts of mental turbulence. (3) vibhrama (confusion, error) appears in epistemological contexts. In Buddhist psychology, mental disorder (vikṣipta-citta) is one of the hindrances to concentration. The character appears in 乱心 (vikṣipta-citta, distracted mind), a key term in meditation practice.

5.54 5.27 乳 (rǔ) [skt.stana; kṣīra] — Translates two roots. (1) stana (breast) appears in embryological descriptions in Buddhist cosmology (e.g., the infant’s need for nourishment). (2) kṣīra (milk) appears in the compound 乳味 (kṣīra-rasa, milk-taste), one of the six tastes described in Buddhist medical texts. The character also appears in 乳哺 (stana-pāna, breastfeeding), the act that sustains infants — a metaphor for the Buddha’s compassion in nurturing beings.

5.55 5.38 乾 (qián / gān) [skt.kha; ākāśa; śuṣka] — CRITICAL — This character has two readings with distinct meanings. (1) As "heaven" or "creative principle" (qián), it translates kha (heaven, space) and ākāśa (space, ether) — the first of the five elements in Buddhist cosmology and the first trigram of the I Ching, representing the creative principle. (2) As "dry" (gān), it translates śuṣka (dry). In Buddhist contexts, the character appears in 乾闼婆 (gandharva, celestial musician), a class of heavenly beings. Back-translation requires careful discrimination between cosmological ākāśa and the mundane "dry."

5.56 5.42 亂 (luàn) [skt.vyākula; vibhrama] — Traditional variant of 乱. Orthographically distinct from the simplified form but semantically identical. Back-translation: treat as a full synonym of 乱, mapping to vyākula (confusion) or vibhrama (error) as context dictates.

6 亅

6.1 亅 [chn.jué][eng.hook; barb; stroke; (also jué, to hook)]

6.2 了 [chn.liǎo][eng.to finish; to complete; to understand; (also le, particle)][skt.anta; kṛta; (Skt. ca particle)]

6.3 亇 [chn.gè][eng.Japanese kokuji; individual; (also ma, hammer)]

6.4 予 [chn.yǔ][eng.to give; to grant; I; me; (also yú, to take)][skt.dā; aham]

6.5 争 [chn.zhēng][eng.to contend; to dispute; to struggle; to compete; (also zhèng, to remonstrate)][skt.kalaha; yuddha; vivāda]

6.6 亊 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 事 (matter; affair; business)][skt.artha; kārya]

6.7 事 [chn.shì][eng.matter; affair; business; thing; to serve; to work][skt.artha; kārya; vastu; kṛtya]

6.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 6 (亅)

6.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

6.10 6.2 了 (liǎo) [skt.anta; kṛta; ca] — Translates three roots. (1) As "to finish" or "to complete," it translates anta (end, termination), appearing in compounds describing the end of suffering (duḥkhānta). (2) As "to understand" or "to comprehend," it translates kṛta (done, accomplished) in the sense of "having understood" or "accomplished in knowledge." (3) As a grammatical particle (le), it may correspond to ca (and) or other sentence-final particles.

6.11 6.4 予 (yǔ) [skt.dā; aham] — Translates two roots. (1) As "to give" or "to grant," it translates dā (to give), appearing in compounds describing giving (dāna), the first of the six perfections (pāramitā). (2) As "I" or "me," it translates aham (I), the first-person pronoun. The character appears in 给予 (dā, to give) and 授予 (samprāp, to bestow).

6.12 6.5 争 (zhēng) [skt.kalaha; yuddha; vivāda] — Translates three roots. (1) kalaha (dispute, quarrel) appears in descriptions of conflict as a source of suffering. (2) yuddha (struggle, battle) appears in similes for the spiritual struggle against defilements. (3) vivāda (contention, argument) appears in discussions of philosophical debate. In Buddhist literature, 争 is one of the causes of suffering (duḥkha) and is discouraged in Vinaya. The compound 争论 (vivāda, dispute) appears in epistemological contexts.

6.13 6.7 事 (shì) [skt.artha; kārya; vastu; kṛtya] — CRITICAL — One of the most common characters in Buddhist texts, with multiple correlates. (1) As "matter" or "affair," it translates artha (matter, object, meaning), appearing in 事务 (artha-kārya, business/affairs). (2) As "business" or "deed," it translates kārya (action, deed, business). (3) As "thing" or "object," it translates vastu (thing, substance). (4) As "duty" or "task," it translates kṛtya (to be done, duty). The character appears in 事相 (lakṣaṇa, characteristic mark) in Abhidharma contexts.

7 二

7.1 二 [chn.èr][eng.two; the number two; second; double; (also èr, surname)][skt.dvi; dvitīya]

7.2 亍 [chn.chù][eng.to stop; to pause; to stand still; to wait; archaic]

7.3 于 [chn.yú][eng.at; in; to; for; from; by; (also yú, surname)][skt.iti; ca; (Skt. locative)]

7.4 亏 [chn.kuī][eng.to lose; to be deficient; to treat unfairly; to owe; (also kuī, surname)][skt.hīna; apacaya; (Skt. kṣaya = loss)]

7.5 亐 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 于 (at; in; to)][skt.iti; ca]

7.6 云 [chn.yún][eng.to say; cloud; (also yún, surname)][skt.vac; abhidhā; (Skt. megha = cloud)]

7.7 互 [chn.hù][eng.mutual; each other; together; (also hù, surname)][skt.anyonya; paraspara]

7.8 亓 [chn.qí][eng.surname; (also qí, ancient variant of 其)]

7.9 五 [chn.wǔ][eng.five; the number five; (also wǔ, surname)][skt.pañca]

7.10 井 [chn.jǐng][eng.well (water); pit; mine; neat; orderly; (also jǐng, surname)][skt.kūpa; (Skt. kūpa = well)]

7.11 亖 [chn.sì][archaic variant of 四 (four); (also sì, number four)][skt.catvāri; caturtha]

7.12 亗 [chn.suì][archaic variant of 歲 (year; age); (also suì, year)][skt.varṣa; vaya]

7.13 亘 [chn.gèn][eng.to extend; to reach; throughout; (also gèng, to span)]

7.14 亙 [chn.gèn][eng.to extend; to reach; throughout; archaic variant of 亘]

7.15 亚 [chn.yà][eng.asian; second; inferior; next; (also yà, surname)]

7.16 些 [chn.xiē][eng.some; a few; a little; (also xiè, particle)][skt.kiṃcit; (Skt. eka = some)]

7.17 亜 [chn.yà][eng.Japanese variant of 亞 (Asia; second; inferior)]

7.18 亝 [chn.qí][archaic variant of 齊 (even; uniform; together)][skt.sama; (Skt. samā = together)]

7.19 亞 [chn.yà][eng.traditional variant of 亚 (Asia; second; inferior)]

7.20 亟 [chn.jí][eng.urgent; pressing; quickly; (also qì, repeatedly)][skt.tvarita; (Skt. kṣipra = quickly)]

7.21 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 7 (二)

7.22 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

7.23 7.1 二 (èr) [skt.dvi; dvitīya] — The number two. In Buddhist literature, dvi (two) appears in the foundational concept of the Two Truths (satya-dvaya): conventional truth (saṃvṛti-satya) and ultimate truth (paramārtha-satya). As dvitīya (second), it appears in enumerations and rankings. The character also appears in the compound 二乘 (dvi-yāna, two vehicles), a term referring to the Śrāvaka and Pratyekabuddha paths. Back-translation: distinguish the numeral dvi from the ordinal dvitīya.

7.24 7.9 五 (wǔ) [skt.pañca] — The number five. In Buddhist literature, pañca appears in the critical compound 五蕴 (pañca-skandha, Five Aggregates), the five constituents of personal existence (form, feeling, perception, formations, consciousness). The character also appears in 五戒 (pañca-śīla, Five Precepts), the foundational ethical code for lay Buddhists, and 五根 (pañca-indriya, Five Faculties). Back-translation: always render as pañca in doctrinal compounds.

7.25 7.10 井 (jǐng) [skt.kūpa] — Translates kūpa (well). Appears in Buddhist similes, e.g., the well as a source of water representing the Dharma, or the metaphor of the well in 井喻 (kūpa-upamā, well simile), used to illustrate the limited view of the unenlightened. The character also appears in descriptions of monastic residences with access to water.

7.26 7.16 些 (xiē) [skt.kiṃcit; eka] — Translates two roots. (1) As "some" or "a few," it translates kiṃcit (some, a little). (2) In certain contexts, it translates eka (one, single) in the sense of "some one" or "a certain." The character appears in 些许 (kiṃcit, a little/some), used in quantitative descriptions.

7.27 7.20 亟 (jí) [skt.tvarita; kṣipra] — Translates two roots. (1) tvarita (quick, hurried, urgent) appears in contexts of urgency in practice or spiritual striving. (2) kṣipra (quick, rapid) appears in descriptions of the swiftness of the Buddha’s teachings. The character also appears in 亟须 (tvarita, urgent need), used in Vinaya contexts describing urgent monastic matters.

8 亠

8.1 亠 [chn.tóu][eng.lid; cover; upper; radical 8; (also tóu, to cover)]

8.2 亡 [chn.wáng][eng.to die; to perish; to flee; lost; deceased; (also wú, without)][skt.mṛta; naṣṭa; (Skt. māra = death)]

8.3 亢 [chn.kàng][eng.high; lofty; excessive; (also kāng, throat; (surname))][skt.uccā; (Skt. ūrdhva = high)]

8.4 亣 [chn.dà][archaic variant of 大 (big; great; large)][skt.mahā; (Skt. mahā = great)]

8.5 交 [chn.jiāo][eng.to intersect; to cross; to deliver; to hand over; to befriend][skt.sandhi; saṅgama; (Skt. yoga = union)]

8.6 亥 [chn.hài][eng.twelfth earthly branch (9-11 pm); (also hài, surname)]

8.7 亦 [chn.yì][eng.also; too; likewise; (also yì, surname)][skt.ca; api; eva]

8.8 産 [chn.chǎn][eng.traditional variant of 产 (to give birth; to produce; property)][skt.prasava; janana; (Skt. utpatti = production)]

8.9 亨 [chn.hēng][eng.to prosper; to flourish; to succeed; (also hēng, (surname))][skt.samṛddhi; (Skt. vibhava = prosperity)]

8.10 亩 [chn.mǔ][eng.Chinese unit of area (666.67 sq m); field; (also mǔ, (surname))]

8.11 亪 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to speak); rare]

8.12 享 [chn.xiǎng][eng.to enjoy; to receive; to offer; to sacrifice; (also xiǎng, (surname))][skt.bhoga; (Skt. sukha = enjoyment)]

8.13 京 [chn.jīng][eng.capital city; Beijing; (also jīng, (surname))][skt.rājadhānī; (Skt. nagara = city)]

8.14 亭 [chn.tíng][eng.pavilion; kiosk; booth; (also tíng, (surname))]

8.15 亮 [chn.liàng][eng.bright; clear; loud; to shine; (also liàng, (surname))][skt.jyoti; (Skt. prabhā = light)]

8.16 亯 [chn.xiǎng][archaic variant of 享 (to enjoy; to offer)][skt.bhoga; (Skt. yajña = sacrifice)]

8.17 亰 [chn.jīng][archaic variant of 京 (capital city)][skt.rājadhānī]

8.18 亱 [chn.yè][archaic variant of 夜 (night; dark)][skt.rātri; (Skt. kṣapā = night)]

8.19 亲 [chn.qīn][eng.parent; relative; intimate; to kiss; (also qìng, in-law)][skt.jñāti; bandhu; (Skt. snigdha = affectionate)]

8.20 亳 [chn.bó][eng.ancient capital of China (Bo); (also bó, (surname))]

8.21 亴 [chn.yàu][eng.to fly; to soar; archaic]

8.22 亵 [chn.xiè][eng.to disrespect; to defile; to be intimate with; (also xiè, (surname))][skt.avajñā; (Skt. apacāra = misconduct)]

8.23 亶 [chn.dǎn][eng.sincere; genuine; (also dǎn, (surname))][skt.satya; (Skt. ārya = noble)]

8.24 亷 [chn.lián][archaic variant of 廉 (upright; cheap; to investigate)][skt.ārjava; (Skt. śuci = pure)]

8.25 亸 [chn.duǒ][eng.to droop; to hang down; to bend; archaic variant of 嚲]

8.26 亹 [chn.wěi][eng.to strive; to be diligent; (also mén, mountain pass); archaic]

8.27 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 8 (亠)

8.28 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

8.29 8.2 亡 (wáng) [skt.mṛta; naṣṭa; māra] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) As "to die" or "deceased," it translates mṛta (dead), appearing in discussions of death and impermanence (anitya). (2) As "to be lost" or "to perish," it translates naṣṭa (lost, destroyed), appearing in the compound 亡失 (naṣṭa, lost). (3) As the personification of death, it translates māra (the evil one, death), appearing in 魔王 (Māra, the tempter). The character is central to the Buddhist concept of 无常 (anitya, impermanence), where all compounded things are subject to death and dissolution.

8.30 8.5 交 (jiāo) [skt.sandhi; saṅgama; yoga] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) As "to intersect" or "to connect," it translates sandhi (junction, intersection), appearing in grammatical and cosmological contexts. (2) As "to unite" or "to come together," it translates saṅgama (union, meeting), appearing in 交会 (saṅgama, assembly/meeting). (3) In the sense of "to befriend" or "to have relation," it translates yoga (union, connection), appearing in compound 交际 (yoga, connection/relation). The character appears in 交誼 (sauhṛda, friendship) in Buddhist ethics.

8.31 8.7 亦 (yì) [skt.ca; api; eva] — A common particle meaning "also" or "too." In Sanskrit back-translation, it corresponds to ca (and, also), api (also, even), or eva (indeed, just so). Its usage is primarily grammatical and context-dependent. The character appears in 亦如 (yathā, like/just as), a common comparative phrase in sutras.

8.32 8.13 京 (jīng) [skt.rājadhānī; nagara] — Translates two roots. (1) rājadhānī (royal capital, seat of government) appears in descriptions of ancient Indian cities like Rājagṛha (王舍城, Rājagṛha-nagara), the capital of Magadha and a frequent setting for the Buddha’s teachings. (2) nagara (city) appears in more general descriptions of urban centers. The character is most famous in the compound 北京 (Beijing, Northern Capital), but in Buddhist literature it refers to capital cities where the Buddha taught.

8.33 8.15 亮 (liàng) [skt.jyoti; prabhā] — Translates two roots. (1) jyoti (light, brightness) appears in the compound 光亮 (jyoti, light/brilliance), describing the radiant light of the Buddha’s body (buddha-prabhā). (2) prabhā (light, radiance, splendor) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s aura and the illuminating power of wisdom. The character appears in 明亮 (prabhā-svara, bright/clear), used to describe the clarity of enlightened awareness.

8.34 8.19 亲 (qīn) [skt.jñāti; bandhu; snigdha] — Translates three roots. (1) jñāti (relative, kin) appears in Vinaya descriptions of relationships and familial obligations. (2) bandhu (relation, relative, friend) appears in 亲友 (bandhu, friend/relative) and in descriptions of the Buddha’s clan. (3) snigdha (affectionate, attached) appears in psychological contexts describing attachment. The character also appears in 亲证 (pratyakṣa, direct realization/personal experience), a key term in Buddhist epistemology.

8.35 8.23 亶 (dǎn) [skt.satya; ārya] — CRITICAL — Translates two profound roots. (1) satya (truth, sincerity, reality) — the foundational Buddhist concept of truth that appears in the Four Noble Truths (catvāri ārya-satyāni). (2) ārya (noble, worthy) — the term for the enlightened ones who have realized the truth. The character appears in 亶诚 (satya, sincere/truthful), a virtue extolled in both Buddhist and Confucian ethics. Back-translation: always render as satya when the context is truth/sincerity.

9 人

9.1 人 [chn.rén][eng.human; person; people; mankind; (also rén, surname)][skt.manuṣya; narah; jana]

9.2 亻 [chn.rén][eng.human radical; person; (used as left radical)][skt.manuṣya]

9.3 亼 [chn.jí][eng.to gather; to assemble; to collect; (also jí, to unite)][skt.samāgama; saṅgha]

9.4 亽 [chn.jí][archaic variant of 亼 (to gather); rare][skt.samāgama]

9.5 亾 [chn.wáng][archaic variant of 亡 (to die; to perish; to flee)][skt.mṛta; naṣṭa]

9.6 亿 [chn.yì][eng.hundred million; myriad; (also yì, to estimate)][skt.koṭi]

9.7 什 [chn.shén][eng.what; (also shí, ten; various; mixed)][skt.kiṃ; (Skt. daśa = ten)]

9.8 仁 [chn.rén][eng.benevolence; humanity; kindness; (also rén, kernel; (surname))][skt.karuṇā; maitrī; (Skt. puruṣa = person)]

9.9 仂 [chn.lè][eng.surplus; remainder; one-tenth; (also lē, to be diligent)]

9.10 仃 [chn.dīng][eng.to be alone; solitary; (also dīng, to lean on)]

9.11 仄 [chn.zè][eng.oblique; slanting; narrow; (also zè, to incline)]

9.12 仅 [chn.jǐn][eng.only; merely; barely; (also jìn, nearly)][skt.eva; mātra; (Skt. kevala = only)]

9.13 仆 [chn.pū][eng.to fall forward; to prostrate; (also pú, servant; attendant)][skt.pat; (Skt. dāsa = servant)]

9.14 仇 [chn.chóu][eng.enmity; hatred; enemy; (also qiú, spouse; companion)][skt.vaira; śatru; (Skt. mitra = companion)]

9.15 仈 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, number eight); rare][skt.aṣṭa]

9.16 仉 [chn.zhǎng][eng.surname; (also zhǎng, to look up); rare]

9.17 今 [chn.jīn][eng.now; today; modern; current; (also jīn, (surname))][skt.adya; idānīm; (Skt. adhunā = now)]

9.18 介 [chn.jiè][eng.to introduce; to lie between; to maintain; armor; (also jiè, (surname))][skt.madhya; (Skt. antara = between)]

9.19 仌 [chn.bīng][archaic variant of 冰 (ice); rare][skt.hima; (Skt. hima = ice/snow)]

9.20 仍 [chn.réng][eng.still; yet; to remain; to continue; (also réng, (surname))]

9.21 从 [chn.cóng][eng.from; through; to follow; (also zòng, to assemble; (surname))][skt.anu; (Skt. yathā = following)]

9.22 仏 [chn.fó][eng.Japanese variant of 佛 (Buddha); Buddhism][skt.buddha]

9.23 仐 [chn.jīn][archaic variant of 今 (now); rare][skt.adya; idānīm]

9.24 仑 [chn.lún][eng.to arrange; to put in order; (also lún, (surname))]

9.25 仒 [chn.bīng][archaic variant of 冰 (ice); rare][skt.hima]

9.26 仓 [chn.cāng][eng.barn; granary; warehouse; (also cāng, (surname))]

9.27 仔 [chn.zǐ][eng.detailed; careful; young animal; (also zī, to bear; (surname))][skt.sūkṣma; (Skt. śiśu = young)]

9.28 仕 [chn.shì][eng.to serve as an official; to take office; (also shì, (surname))]

9.29 他 [chn.tā][eng.he; him; other; another; (also tā, (surname))][skt.sa; anya]

9.30 仗 [chn.zhàng][eng.battle; weapon; to rely on; (also zhàng, (surname))]

9.31 付 [chn.fù][eng.to pay; to hand over; to commit; (also fù, (surname))][skt.dā; (Skt. prada = giving)]

9.32 仙 [chn.xiān][eng.immortal; fairy; celestial being; (also xiān, (surname))][skt.ṛṣi; deva; (Skt. siddha = perfected one)]

9.33 仚 [chn.xiān][archaic variant of 仙 (immortal); rare][skt.ṛṣi; deva]

9.34 仛 [chn.duò][eng.to carry on the back; to bear; archaic]

9.35 仜 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, sound of bell); rare]

9.36 仝 [chn.tóng][archaic variant of 同 (same; together)][skt.sama; (Skt. saha = together)]

9.37 仞 [chn.rèn][eng.ancient unit of length (7-8 feet); to measure depth; (also rèn, (surname))]

9.38 仟 [chn.qiān][eng.thousand; leader of thousand men; (also qiān, (surname))][skt.sahasra; (Skt. sahasra = thousand)]

9.39 仠 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to stretch); rare]

9.40 仡 [chn.yì][eng.fearless; daring; strong; (also gē, to lift up)]

9.41 仢 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to rise); rare]

9.42 代 [chn.dài][eng.to replace; to substitute; generation; dynasty; (also dài, (surname))][skt.prati; (Skt. kāla = era)]

9.43 令 [chn.lìng][eng.to order; to command; to make; prefect; (also líng, to cause)][skt.ājñā; (Skt. śāsana = command)]

9.44 以 [chn.yǐ][eng.to use; by means of; according to; because; (also yǐ, (surname))][skt.iti; (Skt. yathā = according to)]

9.45 仦 [chn.chào][archaic; (also chào, young); rare]

9.46 仧 [chn.cháng][archaic variant of 長 (long; chief; elder)][skt.dīrgha; (Skt. jyeṣṭha = elder)]

9.47 仨 [chn.sā][eng.three; (also sā, (surname))][skt.traya; (Skt. tri = three)]

9.48 仩 [chn.shàng][archaic variant of 上 (above; to ascend)][skt.ūrdhva]

9.49 仪 [chn.yí][eng.appearance; ceremony; instrument; (also yí, (surname))][skt.rūpa; (Skt. yantra = instrument)]

9.50 仫 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to labor); rare]

9.51 们 [chn.men][eng.plural marker for pronouns; (also mén, (surname))][skt.bahu; (Skt. bahu = many)]

9.52 仭 [chn.rèn][eng.Japanese variant of 仞 (unit of length)]

9.53 仮 [chn.jiǎ][eng.Japanese variant of 假 (false; to borrow; if)][skt.mithyā; (Skt. anṛta = false)]

9.54 仯 [chn.chào][archaic; (also chào, young); rare]

9.55 仰 [chn.yǎng][eng.to look up; to admire; to rely on; (also yǎng, (surname))][skt.udīkṣaṇa; (Skt. āśraya = reliance)]

9.56 仱 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qín, to be cautious); rare]

9.57 仲 [chn.zhòng][eng.middle; second (in order); mediator; (also zhòng, (surname))][skt.madhya; (Skt. dvitīya = second)]

9.58 仳 [chn.pǐ][eng.to separate; to divide; (also pí, to dissect)]

9.59 仴 [chn.wò][archaic; (also wò, moonlight); rare]

9.60 仵 [chn.wǔ][archaic; to oppose; (also wǔ, (surname))]

9.61 件 [chn.jiàn][eng.item; piece; document; (also jiàn, measure word)][skt.vastu; (Skt. vastu = thing)]

9.62 价 [chn.jià][eng.price; value; (also jiè, servant; (surname))][skt.mūlya; (Skt. kīmat = price)]

9.63 仸 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to bend); rare]

9.64 仹 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be abundant); rare][(Skt. bhūri = abundant)]

9.65 仺 [chn.cāng][archaic variant of 仓 (granary); rare]

9.66 任 [chn.rèn][eng.to appoint; to allow; to bear; duty; (also rén, (surname))][skt.niyukta; (Skt. kartavya = duty)]

9.67 仼 [chn.wáng][archaic; (also wáng, to advance); rare]

9.68 份 [chn.fèn][eng.share; portion; copy; (also bīn, refined; polite)][skt.bhāga; (Skt. aṃśa = portion)]

9.69 仾 [chn.dī][archaic variant of 低 (low; to lower)][skt.adhara; (Skt. ava = low)]

9.70 仿 [chn.fǎng][eng.to imitate; to resemble; (also fāng, similar)][skt.anukaraṇa; (Skt. pratirūpa = resembling)]

9.71 伀 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be anxious); rare]

9.72 企 [chn.qǐ][eng.to stand on tiptoe; to look forward to; to plan; (also qǐ, to hope)][skt.pratīkṣā; (Skt. āśā = hope)]

9.73 伂 [chn.pèi][archaic; (also pèi, to be illustrious); rare]

9.74 伃 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be beautiful); rare]

9.75 伄 [chn.diào][archaic; (also diào, to hang); rare]

9.76 伅 [chn.dùn][archaic; (also dùn, to be dull); rare]

9.77 伆 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be troubled); rare]

9.78 伇 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to serve as a soldier); rare]

9.79 伈 [chn.xǐn][archaic; (also xǐn, to be fearful); rare]

9.80 伉 [chn.kàng][eng.to match; to equal; (also kàng, strong; (surname))][(Skt. sama = equal)]

9.81 伊 [chn.yī][eng.he; she; (also yī, (surname))][skt.iyaṃ; (Skt. idam = this)]

9.82 伋 [chn.jí][archaic; to be anxious; (also jí, (surname))]

9.83 伌 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be in distress); rare]

9.84 伍 [chn.wǔ][eng.five; squad; military unit; (also wǔ, (surname))][skt.pañca; (Skt. pañcaka = five)]

9.85 伎 [chn.jì][eng.skill; ability; to perform; (also qí, (surname))][skt.kalā; (Skt. vidyā = skill)]

9.86 伏 [chn.fú][eng.to prostrate; to hide; to submit; summer heat; (also fú, (surname))][skt.pat; (Skt. praṇāma = prostration)]

9.87 伐 [chn.fá][eng.to attack; to cut down; to boast; (also fá, (surname))][skt.han; (Skt. ākramaṇa = attack)]

9.88 休 [chn.xiū][eng.to rest; to cease; to stop; (also xiū, (surname))][skt.viśrāma; (Skt. śama = rest)]

9.89 伒 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be diligent); rare]

9.90 伓 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be inferior); rare]

9.91 伔 [chn.dǎn][archaic; (also dǎn, to be heavy); rare]

9.92 伕 [chn.fū][archaic variant of 夫 (man; husband; worker)][skt.puruṣa; (Skt. bhartā = husband)]

9.93 伖 [chn.tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, to store); rare]

9.94 众 [chn.zhòng][eng.crowd; multitude; many; (also zhòng, the masses)][skt.jana; saṅgha; (Skt. bahu = many)]

9.95 优 [chn.yōu][eng.excellent; superior; to give priority; (also yōu, (surname))][skt.uttama; (Skt. varīyas = superior)]

9.96 伙 [chn.huǒ][eng.partner; companion; mess; to eat together; (also huǒ, group)][skt.sahāya; (Skt. mitra = companion)]

9.97 会 [chn.huì][eng.to meet; to assemble; to understand; can; (also kuài, accounting)][skt.samāgama; (Skt. jñāna = understanding)]

9.98 伛 [chn.yǔ][eng.hunched; stooped; (also yǔ, (surname))]

9.99 伜 [chn.cuì][archaic variant of 倅 (deputy; assistant)]

9.100 伝 [chn.chuán][eng.Japanese variant of 傳 (to pass on; to transmit)][skt.pracāra; (Skt. āgama = transmission)]

9.101 伞 [chn.sǎn][eng.umbrella; parasol; (also sàn, (surname))][(Skt. chattra = umbrella)]

9.102 伟 [chn.wěi][eng.great; mighty; magnificent; (also wěi, (surname))][skt.mahā; (Skt. vibhūti = greatness)]

9.103 传 [chn.chuán][eng.to pass; to transmit; to spread; (also zhuàn, biography)][skt.pracāra; (Skt. anvaya = tradition)]

9.104 伡 [chn.chē][archaic; (also chē, vehicle); rare]

9.105 伢 [chn.yá][eng.child; (also yá, (surname))][skt.bāla; (Skt. śiśu = child)]

9.106 伣 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be like); rare]

9.107 伤 [chn.shāng][eng.injury; to wound; to harm; (also shāng, (surname))][skt.āghāta; (Skt. kṣata = wound)]

9.108 伥 [chn.chāng][eng.ghost; (also chāng, to be bewildered)]

9.109 伦 [chn.lún][eng.human relations; ethics; order; (also lún, (surname))][(Skt. dharma = ethics)]

9.110 伧 [chn.cāng][eng.rustic; vulgar; (also cāng, (surname))]

9.111 伨 [chn.xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to be gentle); rare]

9.112 伩 [chn.wèn][archaic; (also wèn, to ask); rare]

9.113 伪 [chn.wěi][eng.false; fake; counterfeit; (also wěi, (surname))][skt.mithyā; (Skt. abhūta = false)]

9.114 伫 [chn.zhù][eng.to stand for a long time; to wait; (also zhù, to stop)]

9.115 伬 [chn.chǐ][eng.Japanese kokuji; (also chǐ, measure)]

9.116 伭 [chn.xuán][eng.dark; mysterious; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = darkness)]

9.117 伮 [chn.nú][archaic; (also nú, to be weak); rare]

9.118 伯 [chn.bó][eng.eldest uncle; chief; (also bǎi, hundred; (surname))][skt.jyeṣṭha; (Skt. pitṛvya = uncle)]

9.119 估 [chn.gū][eng.to estimate; to appraise; (also gù, price)][(Skt. mūlya = value)]

9.120 伱 [chn.nǐ][archaic variant of 你 (you; second person singular)][skt.tvam; (Skt. bhavat = you)]

9.121 伲 [chn.nǐ][eng.you; (also nì, to be near); dialectal] [skt.tvam]

9.122 伳 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be extravagant); rare]

9.123 伴 [chn.bàn][eng.companion; partner; to accompany; (also bàn, (surname))][skt.sahāya; (Skt. anucara = companion)]

9.124 伵 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be gloomy); rare]

9.125 伶 [chn.líng][eng.actor; clever; quick; (also líng, (surname))]

9.126 伷 [chn.zhòu][archaic variant of 胄 (helmet; descendant)]

9.127 伸 [chn.shēn][eng.to stretch; to extend; to express; (also shēn, (surname))][skt.ākāra; (Skt. prasāraṇa = extension)]

9.128 伹 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to be rude); rare]

9.129 伺 [chn.sì][eng.to spy; to wait; (also cì, to serve; to attend)]

9.130 伻 [chn.bēng][archaic; (also bēng, messenger); rare]

9.131 似 [chn.sì][eng.to be like; similar; to seem; (also shì, (surname))][skt.tulya; (Skt. upama = similar)]

9.132 伽 [chn.jiā][eng.used in transliteration; (also qié, (surname))][skt.gha; ga; (Skt. gāthā = verse)]

9.133 伾 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be strong); rare]

9.134 伿 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be lazy); rare]

9.135 佀 [chn.sì][archaic variant of 似 (similar; to resemble)][skt.tulya; (Skt. sadṛśa = resembling)]

9.136 佁 [chn.yǐ][eng.to be foolish; to be stupid; (also chì, to be excited)]

9.137 佂 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be anxious); rare]

9.138 佃 [chn.diàn][eng.to cultivate; tenant farmer; (also tián, to hunt)]

9.139 佄 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to be excessive); rare]

9.140 佅 [chn.mài][archaic; (also mài, to be tired); rare]

9.141 但 [chn.dàn][eng.but; however; only; (also dàn, (surname))][skt.kintu; (Skt. kevala = only)]

9.142 佇 [chn.zhù][eng.to stand; to stop; (traditional variant of 伫)]

9.143 佈 [chn.bù][eng.to spread; to publish; to announce; (variant of 布)]

9.144 佉 [chn.qū][eng.Sanskrit transliteration character (kha); (also qū, to go)][skt.kha]

9.145 佊 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be crooked); rare]

9.146 佋 [chn.zhāo][archaic; (also zhāo, to continue); rare]

9.147 佌 [chn.cǐ][archaic; (also cǐ, to be small); rare]

9.148 位 [chn.wèi][eng.place; position; rank; (also wèi, (surname))][skt.sthāna; (Skt. pada = position)]

9.149 低 [chn.dī][eng.low; to lower; to hang down; (also dī, (surname))][skt.adhara; (Skt. ava = low)]

9.150 住 [chn.zhù][eng.to live; to dwell; to stop; (also zhù, (surname))][skt.vas; (Skt. nivāsa = dwelling)]

9.151 佐 [chn.zuǒ][eng.to assist; to help; (also zuǒ, (surname))][skt.sahāya; (Skt. upakāra = assistance)]

9.152 佑 [chn.yòu][eng.to bless; to protect; (also yòu, (surname))][skt.rakṣa; (Skt. anugraha = blessing)]

9.153 佒 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to rest); rare]

9.154 体 [chn.tǐ][eng.body; substance; style; (also tǐ, (surname))][skt.kāya; (Skt. śarīra = body)]

9.155 佔 [chn.zhàn][eng.to occupy; to take possession; (also diān, to estimate)]

9.156 何 [chn.hé][eng.what; how; why; (also hē, to carry; (surname))][skt.kiṃ; (Skt. katham = how)]

9.157 佖 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be ordered); rare]

9.158 佗 [chn.tuó][eng.to carry on the back; (also tuó, (surname))]

9.159 佘 [chn.shé][eng.surname; (also shé, to be extravagant); rare]

9.160 余 [chn.yú][eng.surplus; remainder; I; (also yú, (surname))][skt.śeṣa; (Skt. aham = I)]

9.161 佚 [chn.yì][eng.lost; to neglect; to indulge; (also yì, (surname))][skt.naṣṭa; (Skt. pramāda = neglect)]

9.162 佛 [chn.fó][eng.Buddha; Buddhism; (also fú, to resemble)][skt.buddha]

9.163 作 [chn.zuò][eng.to make; to do; to act; to write; (also zuō, (surname))][skt.kṛ; (Skt. racana = making)]

9.164 佝 [chn.gōu][eng.hunched; stooped; (also gòu, to bend)]

9.165 佞 [chn.nìng][eng.eloquent; flattering; (also nìng, (surname))]

9.166 佟 [chn.tóng][eng.surname; (also tóng, to be noble); rare]

9.167 你 [chn.nǐ][eng.you (second person singular); (also nǐ, (surname))][skt.tvam; (Skt. bhavān = you)]

9.168 佡 [chn.xiān][archaic variant of 仙 (immortal); rare][skt.ṛṣi; deva]

9.169 佢 [chn.qú][eng.he; him; (also qú, (surname))][skt.sa]

9.170 佣 [chn.yōng][eng.servant; to hire; (also yòng, commission)][skt.dāsa; (Skt. bhṛtya = servant)]

9.171 佤 [chn.wǎ][archaic; (also wǎ, Wa ethnic group); rare]

9.172 佥 [chn.qiān][eng.all; together; (also qiān, (surname))][skt.sarva; (Skt. samasta = all)]

9.173 佦 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, stone); rare]

9.174 佧 [chn.kǎ][archaic; (also kǎ, to be strong); rare]

9.175 佨 [chn.bāo][archaic; (also bāo, to wrap); rare]

9.176 佩 [chn.pèi][eng.to wear; to admire; (also pèi, (surname))]

9.177 佪 [chn.huí][archaic variant of 回 (to return; to turn)][skt.āvṛtta; (Skt. nivartana = return)]

9.178 佫 [chn.hè][archaic; (also hè, to walk); rare]

9.179 佬 [chn.lǎo][eng.man; fellow; (also lǎo, (surname))]

9.180 佭 [chn.xiáng][archaic; (also xiáng, to surrender); rare]

9.181 佮 [chn.ge][archaic; (also ge, to combine); rare]

9.182 佯 [chn.yáng][eng.to pretend; to feign; (also yáng, (surname))][skt.mithyā; (Skt. abhinaya = pretense)]

9.183 佰 [chn.bǎi][eng.hundred; leader of hundred men; (also bǎi, (surname))][skt.śata; (Skt. śataka = hundred)]

9.184 佱 [chn.fǎ][archaic variant of 法 (law; method)][skt.dharma; (Skt. vidhi = method)]

9.185 佲 [chn.mǐng][archaic; (also mǐng, to be bright); rare]

9.186 佳 [chn.jiā][eng.good; beautiful; excellent; (also jiā, (surname))][skt.varāṅga; (Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

9.187 佴 [chn.èr][eng.second; (also nài, to wait); (surname)][skt.dvitīya]

9.188 併 [chn.bìng][eng.to merge; to combine; (also bìng, (surname))][skt.saṃyoga; (Skt. milana = combination)]

9.189 佶 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be upright); (surname)]

9.190 佷 [chn.hěn][archaic; (also hěn, to be cruel); rare]

9.191 佸 [chn.huó][archaic; (also huó, to meet); rare]

9.192 佹 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be deceitful); rare]

9.193 佺 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be whole); (surname)]

9.194 佻 [chn.tiāo][eng.levity; frivolous; (also tiāo, (surname))]

9.195 佼 [chn.jiǎo][eng.beautiful; outstanding; (also jiǎo, to be crafty)]

9.196 佽 [chn.cì][eng.to help; to aid; (also cì, (surname))]

9.197 佾 [chn.yì][eng.row; file; dance; (also yì, (surname))]

9.198 使 [chn.shǐ][eng.to make; to cause; to use; envoy; (also shǐ, to send)][skt.kāraṇa; (Skt. dūta = envoy)]

9.199 侀 [chn.xíng][archaic; (also xíng, to punish); rare]

9.200 侁 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be many); rare]

9.201 侂 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to entrust); rare]

9.202 侃 [chn.kǎn][eng.upright; outspoken; (also kǎn, (surname))]

9.203 侄 [chn.zhí][eng.nephew; (also zhí, (surname))][skt.bhrātṛputra; (Skt. bhāgineya = nephew)]

9.204 侅 [chn.gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be prepared); rare]

9.205 來 [chn.lái][eng.to come; to arrive; (also lái, (surname))][skt.āgacchati; (Skt. āgama = coming)]

9.206 侇 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be level); rare]

9.207 侈 [chn.chǐ][eng.extravagant; excessive; (also chǐ, (surname))][(Skt. atyaya = excess)]

9.208 侉 [chn.kuǎ][archaic; (also kuǎ, to be boastful); rare]

9.209 侊 [chn.guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be bright); rare]

9.210 例 [chn.lì][eng.example; precedent; rule; (also lì, (surname))][skt.dṛṣṭānta; (Skt. udāharaṇa = example)]

9.211 侌 [chn.yīn][archaic variant of 陰 (female principle; dark; shade)][skt.śakti; (Skt. tamas = darkness)]

9.212 侍 [chn.shì][eng.to wait on; to attend; to serve; (also shì, (surname))][skt.paricaryā; (Skt. upasthāna = service)]

9.213 侎 [chn.mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to pacify); rare]

9.214 侏 [chn.zhū][eng.dwarf; (also zhū, (surname))]

9.215 侐 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be silent); rare]

9.216 侑 [chn.yòu][eng.to offer in sacrifice; to urge; (also yòu, (surname))]

9.217 侒 [chn.ān][archaic; (also ān, to be peaceful); rare]

9.218 侓 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be orderly); rare]

9.219 侔 [chn.móu][eng.to be equal; to resemble; (also móu, (surname))]

9.220 侕 [chn.ér][archaic; (also ér, (surname)); rare]

9.221 侖 [chn.lún][eng.order; to arrange; (traditional variant of 仑)][(Skt. vidhi = order)]

9.222 侗 [chn.dòng][eng.Tong ethnic group; (also tóng, childish; ignorant)]

9.223 侘 [chn.chà][eng.to be disappointed; (also chà, (surname))]

9.224 侙 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be anxious); rare]

9.225 侚 [chn.xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to be quick); rare]

9.226 供 [chn.gòng][eng.to supply; to provide; to offer; (also gōng, to confess)][skt.pūjā; (Skt. dāna = offering)]

9.227 侜 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to deceive); rare]

9.228 依 [chn.yī][eng.to rely on; to depend on; according to; (also yī, (surname))][skt.āśraya; (Skt. upādāna = dependence)]

9.229 侞 [chn.rú][archaic; (also rú, to be like); rare]

9.230 侟 [chn.cún][archaic; (also cún, to exist); rare]

9.231 侠 [chn.xiá][eng.knight-errant; chivalrous; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. vīra = hero)]

9.232 価 [chn.jià][eng.Japanese variant of 價 (price; value)][skt.mūlya; (Skt. kīmat = price)]

9.233 侢 [chn.zài][archaic; (also zài, to carry); rare]

9.234 侣 [chn.lǚ][eng.companion; mate; (also lǚ, (surname))][skt.sahāya; (Skt. mitra = companion)]

9.235 侤 [chn.tā][archaic; (also tā, he); rare]

9.236 侥 [chn.jiǎo][eng.lucky; to be fortunate; (also jiǎo, to seek)][(Skt. bhāgya = fortune)]

9.237 侦 [chn.zhēn][eng.to detect; to scout; (also zhēn, (surname))]

9.238 侧 [chn.cè][eng.side; to incline; (also zè, to lean)][skt.pārśva; (Skt. aṃsa = side)]

9.239 侨 [chn.qiáo][eng.to live abroad; (also qiáo, (surname))]

9.240 侩 [chn.kuài][eng.intermediary; broker; (also kuài, (surname))]

9.241 侪 [chn.chái][eng.peers; equals; (also chái, (surname))][skt.sama; (Skt. tulya = equal)]

9.242 侫 [chn.nìng][eng.Japanese variant of 佞 (flattering; eloquent)]

9.243 侬 [chn.nóng][eng.you; (also nóng, I; (surname))][skt.tvam; (Skt. aham = I)]

9.244 侭 [chn.jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, to exhaust); rare]

9.245 侮 [chn.wǔ][eng.to insult; to ridicule; (also wǔ, (surname))][skt.avajñā; (Skt. apamāna = insult)]

9.246 侯 [chn.hóu][eng.marquis; nobleman; (also hóu, (surname))][(Skt. rājā = king)]

9.247 侰 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be sharp); rare]

9.248 侱 [chn.chěng][archaic; (also chěng, to show off); rare]

9.249 侲 [chn.zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be robust); rare]

9.250 侳 [chn.zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be fearful); rare]

9.251 侴 [chn.chǒu][archaic; (also chǒu, to be ugly); rare]

9.252 侵 [chn.qīn][eng.to invade; to encroach; (also qīn, (surname))][skt.ākramaṇa; (Skt. vidhvaṃsa = invasion)]

9.253 侶 [chn.lǚ][eng.traditional variant of 侣 (companion; mate)][skt.sahāya; (Skt. anucara = companion)]

9.254 侷 [chn.jú][eng.narrow; confined; (also jú, (surname))]

9.255 侸 [chn.shù][archaic; (also shù, to stand); rare]

9.256 侹 [chn.tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be straight); rare]

9.257 侺 [chn.shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be deep); rare]

9.258 侻 [chn.tuì][archaic; (also tuì, to be easy); rare]

9.259 侼 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be strong); rare]

9.260 侽 [chn.nán][archaic variant of 男 (male; man)][skt.puruṣa; (Skt. nara = man)]

9.261 侾 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be large); rare]

9.262 便 [chn.biàn][eng.convenient; to pass; (also pián, articulate; glib)][skt.sukha; (Skt. yathā = convenient)]

9.263 俀 [chn.tuǐ][archaic; (also tuǐ, to be weak); rare]

9.264 俁 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be large); rare]

9.265 係 [chn.xì][eng.to connect; to relate; (also xì, (surname))][skt.sambandha; (Skt. bandhu = relation)]

9.266 促 [chn.cù][eng.urgent; to hurry; to urge; (also cù, (surname))][skt.tvara; (Skt. veśa = hurry)]

9.267 俄 [chn.é][eng.suddenly; soon; Russia; (also é, (surname))][skt.sahasa; (Skt. atha = then)]

9.268 俅 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be good); rare]

9.269 俆 [chn.xú][archaic; (also xú, to be slow); rare]

9.270 俇 [chn.guàng][archaic; (also guàng, to wander); rare]

9.271 俈 [chn.kù][archaic; (also kù, to be cruel); rare]

9.272 俉 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to oppose); rare]

9.273 俊 [chn.jùn][eng.handsome; talented; (also jùn, (surname))][skt.sundara; (Skt. vidagdha = talented)]

9.274 俋 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be diligent); rare]

9.275 俌 [chn.fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to assist); rare]

9.276 俍 [chn.liáng][archaic; (also liáng, to be good); rare]

9.277 俎 [chn.zǔ][eng.sacrificial vessel; chopping board; (also zǔ, (surname))]

9.278 俏 [chn.qiào][eng.pretty; handsome; (also qiào, to be clever)][skt.sundara; (Skt. cāru = charming)]

9.279 俐 [chn.lì][eng.clever; smart; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. vidagdha = clever)]

9.280 俑 [chn.yǒng][eng.wooden figure; tomb figurine; (also yǒng, (surname))]

9.281 俒 [chn.hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to be muddy); rare]

9.282 俓 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be straight); rare]

9.283 俔 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be like); rare]

9.284 俕 [chn.sàn][archaic; (also sàn, to be scattered); rare]

9.285 俖 [chn.pǒu][archaic; (also pǒu, to be dishonest); rare]

9.286 俗 [chn.sú][eng.custom; common; vulgar; (also sú, (surname))][skt.loka; (Skt. saṃvṛti = convention)]

9.287 俘 [chn.fú][eng.to capture; prisoner; (also fú, (surname))][skt.bandha; (Skt. grahaṇa = capture)]

9.288 俙 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be angry); rare]

9.289 俚 [chn.lǐ][eng.vulgar; rustic; (also lǐ, (surname))]

9.290 俛 [chn.fǔ][eng.to bow; to lower; (also miǎn, to encourage)][skt.pat; (Skt. praṇāma = bow)]

9.291 俜 [chn.pīng][archaic; (also pīng, to be lonely); rare]

9.292 保 [chn.bǎo][eng.to protect; to guarantee; to preserve; (also bǎo, (surname))][skt.rakṣa; (Skt. pariraṇa = protection)]

9.293 俞 [chn.yú][eng.to approve; (also yú, (surname))]

9.294 俟 [chsì][eng.to wait; (also qí, (surname))][skt.pratīkṣā; (Skt. ākāṅkṣā = waiting)]

9.295 俠 [chn.xiá][eng.traditional variant of 侠 (knight-errant; chivalrous)][(Skt. vīra = hero)]

9.296 信 [chn.xìn][eng.letter; trust; faith; to believe; (also xìn, (surname))][skt.śraddhā; (Skt. pratīti = faith)]

9.297 俢 [chn.xiū][archaic variant of 修 (to repair; to cultivate)][skt.sādhana; (Skt. bhāvanā = cultivation)]

9.298 俣 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be large); rare]

9.299 俤 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be young); rare]

9.300 俥 [chn.chē][eng.Japanese variant of 車 (vehicle; wheel)][skt.ratha; (Skt. yāna = vehicle)]

9.301 俦 [chn.chóu][eng.companion; peer; (also chóu, (surname))][skt.sahāya; (Skt. mitra = companion)]

9.302 俧 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be anxious); rare]

9.303 俨 [chn.yǎn][eng.dignified; solemn; (also yǎn, (surname))][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. dhīra = dignified)]

9.304 俩 [chn.liǎ][eng.two; both; (also liǎng, (surname))][skt.dvau; (Skt. ubhaya = both)]

9.305 俪 [chn.lì][eng.couple; pair; (also lì, (surname))][skt.yugala; (Skt. mithuna = pair)]

9.306 俫 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to come); rare]

9.307 俬 [chn.sī][archaic; (also sī, private); rare]

9.308 俭 [chn.jiǎn][eng.frugal; thrifty; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. dāna = thrift)]

9.309 修 [chn.xiū][eng.to repair; to cultivate; to decorate; (also xiū, (surname))][skt.sādhana; (Skt. bhāvanā = cultivation)]

9.310 俯 [chn.fǔ][eng.to bow; to lower; (also fǔ, (surname))][skt.pat; (Skt. avāṅ = downward)]

9.311 俰 [chn.huò][archaic; (also huò, to be harmonious); rare]

9.312 俱 [chn.jù][eng.all; together; (also jū, (surname))][skt.sarva; (Skt. saha = together)]

9.313 俲 [chn.xiào][archaic; (also xiào, to imitate); rare]

9.314 俳 [chn.pái][eng.actor; comedian; (also pái, (surname))]

9.315 俴 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be shallow); rare]

9.316 俵 [chn.biǎo][eng.to distribute; to divide; (also biǎo, (surname))]

9.317 俶 [chn.chù][eng.to begin; to start; (also tì, to be good)][(Skt. ādi = beginning)]

9.318 俷 [chn.fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to abandon); rare]

9.319 俸 [chn.fèng][eng.salary; pay; (also fèng, (surname))][skt.vetana; (Skt. bṛtti = salary)]

9.320 俹 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to lean); rare]

9.321 俺 [chn.ǎn][eng.I; we; (also yǎn, (surname))][skt.aham; (Skt. vayaṃ = we)]

9.322 俻 [chn.bèi][archaic variant of 備 (to prepare; to equip)][skt.sajjā; (Skt. upakaraṇa = equipment)]

9.323 俼 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be happy); rare]

9.324 俽 [chn.xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be happy); rare]

9.325 俾 [chn.bǐ][eng.to cause; to enable; (also bǐ, to make)][skt.kāraṇa; (Skt. yathā = so that)]

9.326 俿 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be fierce); rare]

9.327 倀 [chn.chāng][eng.ghost; bewildered; (also chāng, (surname))]

9.328 倁 [chn.zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to know); rare]

9.329 倂 [chn.bìng][eng.traditional variant of 併 (to merge; to combine)][skt.saṃyoga; (Skt. milana = combination)]

9.330 倃 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to be anxious); rare]

9.331 倄 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be in pain); rare]

9.332 倅 [chn.cuì][eng.deputy; assistant; (also zú, to be hasty)]

9.333 倆 [chn.liǎng][eng.traditional variant of 俩 (two; both)][skt.dvau; (Skt. ubhaya = both)]

9.334 倇 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be bright); rare]

9.335 倈 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to come); rare]

9.336 倉 [chn.cāng][eng.traditional variant of 仓 (granary; warehouse)][(Skt. koṣṭha = granary)]

9.337 倊 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be anxious); rare]

9.338 個 [chn.gè][eng.traditional variant of 个 (individual; piece; measure word)][skt.eka; (Skt. pratyeka = individual)]

9.339 倌 [chn.guān][eng.herdsman; (also guān, (surname))]

9.340 倍 [chn.bèi][eng.double; to multiply; (also bèi, (surname))][skt.dviguṇa; (Skt. adhika = more)]

9.341 倎 [chn.tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be respectful); rare]

9.342 倏 [chn.shū][eng.suddenly; quickly; (also shū, (surname))][skt.sahasa; (Skt. kṣipram = quickly)]

9.343 倐 [chn.shū][archaic variant of 倏 (suddenly; quickly)][skt.sahasa; (Skt. kṣipram = quickly)]

9.344 們 [chn.men][eng.traditional variant of 们 (plural marker for pronouns)][skt.bahu; (Skt. bahu = many)]

9.345 倒 [chn.dǎo][eng.to fall; to collapse; (also dào, to pour; upside down)][skt.pat; (Skt. viparyaya = upside down)]

9.346 倓 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be calm); rare]

9.347 倔 [chn.jué][eng.stubborn; obstinate; (also juè, to be obstinate)]

9.348 倕 [chn.chuí][archaic; (also chuí, to hang); rare]

9.349 倖 [chn.xìng][eng.fortunate; lucky; (also xìng, (surname))][(Skt. bhāgya = fortune)]

9.350 倗 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a friend); rare]

9.351 倘 [chn.tǎng][eng.if; in case; (also cháng, to waver)][skt.yadi; (Skt. ced = if)]

9.352 候 [chn.hòu][eng.to wait; to greet; to inquire; (also hòu, (surname))][skt.pratīkṣā; (Skt. upasthāna = waiting)]

9.353 倚 [chn.yǐ][eng.to lean on; to rely on; (also yǐ, (surname))][skt.āśraya; (Skt. upakāra = support)]

9.354 倛 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to be ugly); rare]

9.355 倜 [chn.tì][eng.outstanding; exalted; (also tì, (surname))]

9.356 倝 [chn.gàn][archaic; (also gàn, sunrise); rare]

9.357 倞 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be strong); rare]

9.358 借 [chn.jiè][eng.to borrow; to lend; to use as pretext; (also jiè, (surname))][(Skt. ādāna = borrowing)]

9.359 倠 [chn.suī][archaic; (also suī, to be ugly); rare]

9.360 倡 [chn.chàng][eng.to advocate; to initiate; (also chāng, actor; performer)][skt.pracāra; (Skt. ārambha = initiation)]

9.361 倢 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be beautiful); rare]

9.362 倣 [chn.fǎng][archaic variant of 仿 (to imitate; to resemble)][skt.anukaraṇa; (Skt. pratirūpa = resemblance)]

9.363 値 [chn.zhí][archaic variant of 值 (value; worth; to happen)][skt.mūlya; (Skt. prāpya = reaching)]

9.364 倥 [chn.kōng][archaic; (also kǒng, to be anxious); rare]

9.365 倦 [chn.juàn][eng.tired; weary; to be bored; (also juàn, (surname))][(Skt. klama = fatigue)]

9.366 倧 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be noble); rare]

9.367 倨 [chn.jù][eng.arrogant; proud; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. mada = pride)]

9.368 倩 [chn.qiàn][eng.beautiful; to ask; (also qìng, son-in-law)]

9.369 倪 [chn.ní][archaic; beginning; (also ní, (surname))]

9.370 倫 [chn.lún][eng.traditional variant of 伦 (ethics; order; human relations)][(Skt. dharma = ethics)]

9.371 倬 [chn.zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be eminent); rare]

9.372 倭 [chn.wō][eng.Japan; dwarf; (also wēi, to be calm)][(Skt. yamana = Japan)]

9.373 倮 [chn.luǒ][eng.bare; naked; (also luǒ, (surname))]

9.374 倯 [chn.sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be lazy); rare]

9.375 倰 [chn.lèng][archaic; (also lèng, to be cold); rare]

9.376 倱 [chn.hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to be confused); rare]

9.377 倲 [chn.dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be hurried); rare]

9.378 倳 [chn.zì][archaic; (also zì, to establish); rare]

9.379 倴 [chn.bèn][archaic; (also bèn, to run); rare]

9.380 倵 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be martial); rare]

9.381 倶 [chn.jù][archaic variant of 俱 (all; together)][skt.sarva; (Skt. saha = together)]

9.382 倷 [chn.nǎi][archaic; (also nǎi, to be); rare]

9.383 倸 [chn.cǎi][archaic; (also cǎi, to be colorful); rare]

9.384 倹 [chn.jiǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 倹 (frugal; thrifty)]

9.385 债 [chn.zhài][eng.debt; liability; (also zhài, (surname))][skt.ṛṇa; (Skt. dāna = debt)]

9.386 倻 [chn.ye][archaic; Korean hanja; (also ye, to be beautiful); rare]

9.387 值 [chn.zhí][eng.value; worth; to be worth; (also zhí, (surname))][skt.mūlya; (Skt. kīmat = value)]

9.388 倽 [chn.shà][archaic; (also shà, to be quick); rare]

9.389 倾 [chn.qīng][eng.to lean; to incline; to pour out; (also qīng, (surname))][skt.nam; (Skt. praṇa = inclination)]

9.390 倿 [chn.nìng][archaic; (also nìng, to be flattering); rare]

9.391 偀 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be beautiful); rare]

9.392 偁 [chn.chèn][archaic; (also chèn, to be appropriate); rare]

9.393 偂 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qián, before); rare]

9.394 偃 [chn.yǎn][eng.to lie down; to stop; (also yǎn, (surname))][(Skt. śayana = lying down)]

9.395 偄 [chn.ruǎn][archaic; (also ruǎn, to be weak); rare]

9.396 偅 [chn.zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be heavy); rare]

9.397 偆 [chn.chǔn][archaic; (also chǔn, to be spring); rare]

9.398 假 [chn.jiǎ][eng.false; to borrow; if; (also jià, holiday; leave)][skt.mithyā; (Skt. anṛta = false)]

9.399 偈 [chn.jì][eng.Buddhist verse; gatha; (also jié, to be swift)][skt.gāthā; (Skt. gāthā = verse)]

9.400 偉 [chn.wěi][eng.traditional variant of 伟 (great; mighty)][skt.mahā; (Skt. vibhūti = greatness)]

9.401 偊 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be bent); rare]

9.402 偋 [chn.bìng][archaic; (also bìng, to be quiet); rare]

9.403 偌 [chn.ruò][eng.so; such; (also ruò, (surname))][skt.evaṃ; (Skt. tathā = so)]

9.404 偍 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to be perfect); rare]

9.405 偎 [chn.wēi][eng.to nestle; to cuddle; (also wēi, (surname))]

9.406 偏 [chn.piān][eng.one-sided; to incline; (also piān, (surname))][skt.pakṣa; (Skt. ekānta = one-sided)]

9.407 偐 [chn.yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be beautiful); rare]

9.408 偑 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, wind); rare]

9.409 偒 [chn.tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, if); rare]

9.410 偓 [chn.wò][archaic; (also wò, to be cautious); rare]

9.411 偔 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be anxious); rare]

9.412 偕 [chn.xié][eng.together; in company; (also xié, (surname))][skt.saha; (Skt. samam = together)]

9.413 偖 [chn.chě][archaic; (also chě, to tear); rare]

9.414 偗 [chn.shěng][archaic; (also shěng, to be sharp); rare]

9.415 偘 [chn.kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to be smooth); rare]

9.416 偙 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be humble); rare]

9.417 做 [chn.zuò][eng.to do; to make; to act; (also zuò, (surname))][skt.kṛ; (Skt. karoti = to do)]

9.418 偛 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to be crooked); rare]

9.419 停 [chn.tíng][eng.to stop; to park; to stay; (also tíng, (surname))][skt.sthā; (Skt. sthiti = stopping)]

9.420 偝 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to turn back); rare]

9.421 偞 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be beautiful); rare]

9.422 偟 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be hurried); rare]

9.423 偠 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be beautiful); rare]

9.424 偡 [chn.zhàn][archaic; (also zhàn, to be sharp); rare]

9.425 偢 [chn.qiǎo][archaic; (also qiǎo, to be sad); rare]

9.426 偣 [chn.ān][archaic; (also ān, to be peaceful); rare]

9.427 偤 [chn.yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be noble); rare]

9.428 健 [chn.jiàn][eng.healthy; strong; to be good at; (also jiàn, (surname))][skt.svastha; (Skt. bala = strength)]

9.429 偦 [chn.xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to be slow); rare]

9.430 偧 [chn.zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to be crooked); rare]

9.431 偨 [chn.cī][archaic; (also cī, to be uneven); rare]

9.432 偩 [chn.fù][archaic; (also fù, to be rich); rare]

9.433 偪 [chn.bī][eng.to press; to force; (also bī, (surname))]

9.434 偫 [zhì][eng.to wait; to accumulate; (also zhì, to store)]

9.435 偬 [zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be anxious); rare]

9.436 偭 [chn.miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, to turn away); rare]

9.437 偮 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be anxious); rare]

9.438 偯 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be sorrowful); rare]

9.439 偰 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be upright); rare]

9.440 偱 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to follow); rare]

9.441 偲 [chn.sī][archaic; (also cāi, to be talented); (surname)]

9.442 偳 [chn.duān][archaic; (also duān, to be proper); rare]

9.443 側 [chn.cè][eng.traditional variant of 侧 (side; to incline)][skt.pārśva; (Skt. aṃsa = side)]

9.444 偵 [chn.zhēn][eng.traditional variant of 侦 (to detect; to scout)]

9.445 偶 [chn.ǒu][eng.by chance; couple; image; (also ǒu, (surname))][skt.yadṛcchā; (Skt. yugala = couple)]

9.446 偷 [chn.tōu][eng.to steal; to take secretly; (also tōu, (surname))][skt.steya; (Skt. cora = thief)]

9.447 偸 [chn.tōu][archaic variant of 偷 (to steal)][skt.steya; (Skt. cora = thief)]

9.448 偹 [chn.bèi][archaic variant of 備 (to prepare)][skt.sajjā; (Skt. upakaraṇa = equipment)]

9.449 偺 [chn.zá][archaic; (also zá, we); rare]

9.450 偻 [chn.lóu][eng.hunched; stooped; (also lǚ, (surname))]

9.451 偼 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be noble); rare]

9.452 偽 [chn.wěi][eng.traditional variant of 伪 (false; counterfeit)][skt.mithyā; (Skt. abhūta = false)]

9.453 偾 [chn.fèn][eng.to rush; to crash; (also fèn, (surname))]

9.454 偿 [chn.cháng][eng.to repay; to compensate; (also cháng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣapayati = to repay)]

9.455 傀 [chn.kuǐ][eng.great; magnificent; (also guī, puppet)]

9.456 傁 [chn.sǒu][archaic; (also sǒu, old man); rare]

9.457 傂 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be confused); rare]

9.458 傃 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be clear); rare]

9.459 傄 [chn.xiā][archaic; (also xiā, to be fierce); rare]

9.460 傅 [chn.fù][eng.teacher; instructor; to apply; (also fù, (surname))][(Skt. ācārya = teacher)]

9.461 傆 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be angry); rare]

9.462 傇 [chn.rǒng][archaic; (also rǒng, to be confused); rare]

9.463 傈 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be happy); rare]

9.464 傉 [chn.nù][archaic; (also nù, to be angry); rare]

9.465 傊 [chn.yùn][archaic; (also yùn, to be harmonious); rare]

9.466 傋 [chn.gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to be stupid); rare]

9.467 傌 [chn.mà][archaic; (also mà, to curse); rare]

9.468 傍 [chn.bàng][eng.near; beside; (also páng, to be side)][skt.pārśva; (Skt. samīpa = near)]

9.469 傎 [chn.diān][archaic; (also diān, to be confused); rare]

9.470 傏 [chn.táng][archaic; (also táng, to be in vain); rare]

9.471 傐 [chn.hào][archaic; (also hào, to be bright); rare]

9.472 傑 [chn.jié][eng.traditional variant of 杰 (hero; outstanding)][skt.vīra; (Skt. śūra = hero)]

9.473 傒 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be small); rare]

9.474 傓 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be brilliant); rare]

9.475 傔 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, servant); rare]

9.476 傕 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be anxious); rare]

9.477 傖 [chn.cāng][eng.traditional variant of 伧 (rustic; vulgar)]

9.478 傗 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be stupid); rare]

9.479 傘 [chn.sǎn][eng.traditional variant of 伞 (umbrella; parasol)][(Skt. chattra = umbrella)]

9.480 備 [chn.bèi][eng.traditional variant of 备 (to prepare; to equip)][skt.sajjā; (Skt. upakaraṇa = equipment)]

9.481 傚 [chn.xiào][archaic variant of 效 (to imitate; to effect)][skt.anukaraṇa; (Skt. sādṛśya = imitation)]

9.482 傛 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be elegant); rare]

9.483 傜 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be distant); rare]

9.484 傝 [chn.tà][archaic; (also tà, to be low); rare]

9.485 傞 [chn.suō][archaic; (also suō, to be unsteady); rare]

9.486 傟 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be confused); rare]

9.487 傠 [chn.fá][archaic; (also fá, to attack); rare]

9.488 傡 [chn.bìng][archaic; (also bìng, together); rare]

9.489 傢 [chn.jiā][eng.furniture; household; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. gṛha = household)]

9.490 傣 [chn.dǎi][eng.Dai ethnic group; (also dǎi, (surname))]

9.491 傤 [chn.zài][archaic; (also zài, to load); rare]

9.492 傥 [chn.tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, if; (surname))]

9.493 傦 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be strong); rare]

9.494 傧 [chn.bīn][eng.to entertain guests; (also bīn, (surname))]

9.495 储 [chn.chǔ][eng.to store; to save; (also chǔ, (surname))][(Skt. sañcaya = storage)]

9.496 傩 [chn.nuó][eng.exorcism; (also nuó, (surname))]

9.497 傪 [chn.cān][archaic; (also cān, to be bright); rare]

9.498 傫 [chn.lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be tired); rare]

9.499 催 [chn.cuī][eng.to urge; to press; (also cuī, (surname))]

9.500 傭 [chn.yōng][eng.traditional variant of 佣 (servant; to hire)][skt.dāsa; (Skt. bhṛtya = servant)]

9.501 傮 [chn.zāo][archaic; (also zāo, to be noisy); rare]

9.502 傯 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be anxious); rare]

9.503 傰 [chn.bèng][archaic; (also bèng, to be strong); rare]

9.504 傱 [chn.sǒng][archaic; (also sǒng, to be hurried); rare]

9.505 傲 [chn.ào][eng.proud; arrogant; to disdain; (also ào, (surname))][(Skt. mada = pride)]

9.506 傳 [chn.chuán][eng.traditional variant of 传 (to transmit; to spread)][skt.pracāra; (Skt. āgama = transmission)]

9.507 傴 [chn.yǔ][eng.traditional variant of 伛 (hunched; stooped)]

9.508 債 [chn.zhài][eng.traditional variant of 债 (debt)][skt.ṛṇa; (Skt. dāna = debt)]

9.509 傶 [chn.zú][archaic; (also zú, to be strong); rare]

9.510 傷 [chn.shāng][eng.traditional variant of 伤 (injury; to wound)][skt.āghāta; (Skt. kṣata = wound)]

9.511 傸 [chn.chuǎng][archaic; (also chuǎng, to be foolish); rare]

9.512 傹 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be strong); rare]

9.513 傺 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be disappointed); rare]

9.514 傻 [chn.shǎ][eng.stupid; foolish; (also shǎ, (surname))][(Skt. mūḍha = foolish)]

9.515 傼 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be brave); rare]

9.516 傽 [chn.zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, to be frightened); rare]

9.517 傾 [chn.qīng][eng.traditional variant of 倾 (to lean; to incline)][skt.nam; (Skt. praṇa = inclination)]

9.518 傿 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be false); rare]

9.519 僀 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be clever); rare]

9.520 僁 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be silent); rare]

9.521 僂 [chn.lóu][eng.traditional variant of 偻 (hunched; stooped)]

9.522 僃 [chn.bèi][archaic variant of 備 (to prepare)][skt.sajjā; (Skt. upakaraṇa = equipment)]

9.523 僄 [chn.piào][archaic; (also piào, to be light); rare]

9.524 僅 [chn.jǐn][eng.traditional variant of 仅 (only; merely)][skt.eva; mātra; (Skt. kevala = only)]

9.525 僆 [chn.liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be connected); rare]

9.526 僇 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to kill); rare]

9.527 僈 [chn.màn][archaic; (also màn, to be lazy); rare]

9.528 僉 [chn.qiān][eng.traditional variant of 佥 (all; together)][skt.sarva; (Skt. samasta = all)]

9.529 僊 [chn.xiān][archaic variant of 仙 (immortal)][skt.ṛṣi; deva; (Skt. siddha = perfected one)]

9.530 僋 [chn.tàn][archaic; (also tàn, to be greedy); rare]

9.531 僌 [chn.yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be full); rare]

9.532 働 [chn.dòng][eng.to work; (Japanese kokuji)][(Skt. karman = work)]

9.533 僎 [chn.zhuàn][archaic; (also zhuàn, to prepare); rare]

9.534 像 [chn.xiàng][eng.image; statue; to resemble; (also xiàng, (surname))][skt.pratimā; (Skt. rūpa = image)]

9.535 僐 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be virtuous); rare]

9.536 僑 [chn.qiáo][eng.traditional variant of 侨 (to live abroad)]

9.537 僒 [chn.jǔn][archaic; (also jǔn, to be distressed); rare]

9.538 僓 [chn.tuí][archaic; (also tuí, to be weak); rare]

9.539 僔 [chn.zǔn][archaic; (also zǔn, to be many); rare]

9.540 僕 [chn.pú][eng.servant; (also pú, (surname))][skt.dāsa; (Skt. bhṛtya = servant)]

9.541 僖 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be happy); (surname)]

9.542 僗 [chn.láo][archaic; (also láo, to be laborious); rare]

9.543 僘 [chn.chǎng][archaic; (also chǎng, to be open); rare]

9.544 僙 [chn.guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be bright); rare]

9.545 僚 [chn.liáo][eng.official; colleague; (also liáo, (surname))][(Skt. sabhā = colleague)]

9.546 僛 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to be ugly); rare]

9.547 僜 [chn.chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be angry); rare]

9.548 僝 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be angry); rare]

9.549 僞 [chn.wěi][archaic variant of 偽 (false; counterfeit)][skt.mithyā; (Skt. abhūta = false)]

9.550 僟 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be near); rare]

9.551 僠 [chn.bō][archaic; (also bō, to be great); rare]

9.552 僡 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be kind); rare]

9.553 僢 [chuǎn][archaic; (also chuǎn, to be contrary); rare]

9.554 僣 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to be rebellious); rare]

9.555 僤 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be sincere); rare]

9.556 僥 [chn.jiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 侥 (lucky; fortunate)][(Skt. bhāgya = fortune)]

9.557 僦 [chn.jiù][eng.to rent; to hire; (also jiù, (surname))]

9.558 僧 [chn.sēng][eng.Buddhist monk; (also sēng, (surname))][skt.saṅgha; (Skt. bhikṣu = monk)]

9.559 僨 [chn.fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to rush); rare]

9.560 僩 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be brave); rare]

9.561 僪 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to be anxious); rare]

9.562 僫 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be evil); rare]

9.563 僬 [chn.jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be anxious); rare]

9.564 僭 [chn.jiàn][eng.to assume; to usurp; to exceed; (also jiàn, (surname))]

9.565 僮 [chn.tóng][eng.servant; child; (also zhuàng, (surname))][skt.dāsa; (Skt. bāla = child)]

9.566 僯 [chn.lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be afraid); rare]

9.567 僰 [chn.bó][eng.ancient ethnic group; (also bó, (surname))]

9.568 僱 [chn.gù][eng.traditional variant of 雇 (to hire; to employ)]

9.569 僲 [chn.xiān][archaic variant of 仙 (immortal); rare][skt.ṛṣi; deva]

9.570 僳 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be respectful); rare]

9.571 僴 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be brave); rare]

9.572 僵 [chn.jiāng][eng.stiff; rigid; to be at an impasse; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. stha = firm)]

9.573 僶 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be diligent); rare]

9.574 僷 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be beautiful); rare]

9.575 僸 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be jealous); rare]

9.576 價 [chn.jià][eng.traditional variant of 价 (price; value)][skt.mūlya; (Skt. kīmat = price)]

9.577 僺 [chn.qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be high); rare]

9.578 僻 [chn.pì][eng.remote; out-of-the-way; eccentric; (also pì, (surname))]

9.579 僼 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be bright); rare]

9.580 僽 [chn.zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be sad); rare]

9.581 僾 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be hidden); rare]

9.582 僿 [chn.sài][archaic; (also sài, to be sincere); rare]

9.583 儀 [chn.yí][eng.traditional variant of 仪 (appearance; ceremony; instrument)][skt.rūpa; (Skt. yantra = instrument)]

9.584 儁 [chn.jùn][archaic variant of 俊 (handsome; talented)][skt.sundara; (Skt. vidagdha = talented)]

9.585 儂 [chn.nóng][eng.traditional variant of 侬 (you; I)][skt.tvam; (Skt. aham = I)]

9.586 儃 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be lazy); rare]

9.587 億 [chn.yì][eng.traditional variant of 亿 (hundred million; myriad)][skt.koṭi]

9.588 儅 [chn.dāng][archaic; (also dāng, to be proper); rare]

9.589 儆 [chn.jǐng][eng.to warn; to admonish; (also jǐng, (surname))]

9.590 儇 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be clever); rare]

9.591 儈 [chn.kuài][eng.traditional variant of 侩 (intermediary; broker)]

9.592 儉 [chn.jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 俭 (frugal; thrifty)]

9.593 儊 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be rough); rare]

9.594 儋 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, to carry); (surname)]

9.595 儌 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to seek); rare]

9.596 儍 [chn.shǎ][archaic variant of 傻 (stupid; foolish)][(Skt. mūḍha = foolish)]

9.597 儎 [chn.zài][archaic; (also zài, to carry); rare]

9.598 儏 [chn.cān][archaic; (also cān, to be beautiful); rare]

9.599 儐 [chn.bīn][eng.traditional variant of 傧 (to entertain guests)]

9.600 儑 [chn.án][archaic; (also án, to be silent); rare]

9.601 儒 [chn.rú][eng.Confucian scholar; scholar; (also rú, (surname))][(Skt. vidyā = learning)]

9.602 儓 [chn.tái][archaic; (also tái, servant); rare]

9.603 儔 [chn.chóu][eng.traditional variant of 俦 (companion; peer)][skt.sahāya; (Skt. mitra = companion)]

9.604 儕 [chn.chái][eng.traditional variant of 侪 (peers; equals)][skt.sama; (Skt. tulya = equal)]

9.605 儖 [chn.lán][archaic; (also lán, to be greedy); rare]

9.606 儗 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be similar); rare]

9.607 儘 [chn.jǐn][eng.traditional variant of 尽 (to exhaust; to use up)][skt.kṣaya; (Skt. śeṣa = remainder)]

9.608 儙 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be cautious); rare]

9.609 儚 [chn.méng][archaic; (also méng, to be dreamy); rare]

9.610 儛 [chn.wǔ][archaic variant of 舞 (to dance)][skt.nṛtya; (Skt. nāṭya = dance)]

9.611 儜 [chn.níng][archaic; (also níng, to be weak); rare]

9.612 儝 [chn.qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to be bright); rare]

9.613 儞 [chn.nǐ][archaic variant of 你 (you)][skt.tvam; (Skt. bhavān = you)]

9.614 償 [chn.cháng][eng.traditional variant of 偿 (to repay; to compensate)][(Skt. kṣapayati = to repay)]

9.615 儠 [chn.liè][archaic; (also liè, to be fierce); rare]

9.616 儡 [chn.lěi][eng.puppet; (also lěi, (surname))]

9.617 儢 [chn.lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be lazy); rare]

9.618 儣 [chn.kuǎng][archaic; (also kuǎng, to be wild); rare]

9.619 儤 [chn.bào][archaic; (also bào, to be violent); rare]

9.620 儥 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to sell); rare]

9.621 儦 [chn.biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be swift); rare]

9.622 儧 [chn.zǎn][archaic; (also zǎn, to accumulate); rare]

9.623 儨 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be upright); rare]

9.624 儩 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, to be exhausted); rare]

9.625 優 [chn.yōu][eng.traditional variant of 优 (excellent; superior)][skt.uttama; (Skt. varīyas = superior)]

9.626 儫 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be heroic); rare]

9.627 儬 [chn.qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be clear); rare]

9.628 儭 [chn.chèn][archaic; (also chèn, to be generous); rare]

9.629 儮 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be fierce); rare]

9.630 儯 [chn.téng][archaic; (also téng, to be frightened); rare]

9.631 儰 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be false); rare]

9.632 儱 [chn.lǒng][archaic; (also lǒng, to be confused); rare]

9.633 儲 [chn.chǔ][eng.traditional variant of 储 (to store; to save)][(Skt. sañcaya = storage)]

9.634 儳 [chn.chàn][archaic; (also chàn, to be uneven); rare]

9.635 儴 [chn.ráng][archaic; (also ráng, to be fearful); rare]

9.636 儵 [chn.shū][archaic; (also shū, to be swift); rare]

9.637 儶 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be wise); rare]

9.638 儷 [chn.lì][eng.traditional variant of 俪 (couple; pair)][skt.yugala; (Skt. mithuna = pair)]

9.639 儸 [chn.luó][archaic; (also luó, to be clever); rare]

9.640 儹 [chn.zǎn][archaic; (also zǎn, to accumulate); rare]

9.641 儺 [chn.nuó][eng.traditional variant of 傩 (exorcism)]

9.642 儻 [chn.tǎng][eng.traditional variant of 傥 (archaic; if; (surname))]

9.643 儼 [chn.yǎn][eng.traditional variant of 俨 (dignified; solemn)][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. dhīra = dignified)]

9.644 儽 [chn.léi][archaic; (also léi, to be tired); rare]

9.645 儾 [chn.nàng][archaic; (also nàng, to be lazy); rare]

9.646 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 9 (人)

9.647 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

9.648 9.1 人 (rén) [skt.manuṣya; narah; jana] — CRITICAL — One of the most common characters in Buddhist literature. Translates three roots. (1) manuṣya (human being) appears in the compound 人道 (manuṣya-gati, human realm), one of the six realms of rebirth. (2) narah (person, man) appears in 人我 (pudgala, person/self), a key term in Abhidharma discussions of personal identity. (3) jana (people, folk) appears in 人民 (jana, people/masses). The character is foundational for Buddhist anthropology and soteriology.

9.649 9.3 亼 (jí) / 9.4 亽 (jí) [skt.samāgama; saṅgha] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) samāgama (assembly, gathering) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s assemblies. (2) saṅgha (monastic community) — the character 亼 is the graphic root of 僧 (saṅgha, monk/sangha), one of the Three Jewels. The variant 亽 is an archaic form with the same meaning. Back-translation: always render as saṅgha when referring to the monastic community.

9.650 9.6 亿 (yì) [skt.koṭi] — Translates koṭi (ten million, crore, a very large number). In Buddhist literature, koṭi appears in enumerations of vast numbers, often in cosmological contexts describing the number of world systems or the countless beings in saṃsāra. The character appears in 亿劫 (koṭi-kalpa, countless eons), a term describing the vastness of time in Buddhist cosmology.

9.651 9.8 仁 (rén) [skt.karuṇā; maitrī; puruṣa] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots with profound ethical significance. (1) karuṇā (compassion) — the character 仁 is the core Confucian virtue of benevolence, and in Buddhist contexts it aligns with karuṇā, the second of the four immeasurables (brahmavihāra). (2) maitrī (loving-kindness) — the first of the four immeasurables. (3) puruṣa (person, man) — in some contexts, 仁 refers to the human being or personhood. The character appears in 仁慈 (maitrī-karuṇā, loving-kindness and compassion), a compound central to Mahāyāna ethics.

9.652 9.12 仅 (jǐn) [skt.eva; mātra; kevala] — Translates three roots. (1) eva (only, just) appears in restrictive compounds. (2) mātra (merely, only) appears in 仅此 (mātra, merely this). (3) kevala (only, alone) appears in contexts of exclusivity. The character is used in Buddhist philosophical texts to indicate limitation or restriction.

9.653 9.13 仆 (pū) [skt.pat; dāsa] — Translates two roots. (1) pat (to fall) in the sense of prostrating oneself — an act of reverence in Buddhist practice. (2) dāsa (servant, slave) in the sense of "attendant" when read as pú. The character appears in 仆倒 (pat, to fall prostrate), a gesture of respect in Buddhist ritual.

9.654 9.14 仇 (chóu) [skt.vaira; śatru; mitra] — Translates three roots. (1) vaira (enmity, hatred) appears in discussions of the negative mental states to be overcome. (2) śatru (enemy) appears in Vinaya contexts describing conflict. (3) mitra (friend, companion) appears in the reading qiú, showing the character’s semantic complexity. The compound 仇敌 (śatru, enemy) appears in ethical teachings on non-ill-will.

9.655 9.17 今 (jīn) [skt.adya; idānīm; adhunā] — Translates three roots. (1) adya (today, now) appears in temporal contexts. (2) idānīm (now, at present) appears in narrative contexts. (3) adhunā (now, at this time) appears in philosophical contexts. The character appears in 今世 (adya-loka, this life/this world), a term for the present existence.

9.656 9.18 介 (jiè) [skt.madhya; antara] — Translates two roots. (1) madhya (middle, between) appears in spatial contexts. (2) antara (between, among) appears in positional contexts. The character appears in 介入 (antara-gata, to intervene), a term used in discussions of karma and causality.

9.657 9.21 从 (cóng) [skt.anu; yathā] — Translates two roots. (1) anu (following, after) appears in compounds like 从者 (anu-gata, follower). (2) yathā (according to, as) appears in comparative contexts. The character appears in 从学 (anu-śikṣā, learning from), describing the disciple’s relationship to the teacher.

9.658 9.22 仏 (fó) [skt.buddha] — Japanese variant of 佛 (Buddha). Orthographically distinct from the Chinese standard but semantically identical. Back-translation: treat as a full synonym of 佛, mapping to buddha.

9.659 9.27 仔 (zǐ) [skt.sūkṣma; śiśu] — Translates two roots. (1) sūkṣma (fine, detailed) appears in the sense of careful attention. (2) śiśu (young, child) appears in the sense of "young animal" or "youth." The character appears in 仔细 (sūkṣma, careful/detailed), a term for meticulous attention in practice.

9.660 9.29 他 (tā) [skt.sa; anya] — Translates two roots. (1) sa (he, that) as the third-person pronoun. (2) anya (other, another) in the sense of "other person." The character appears in 他人 (anya-pudgala, other person), a term used in Buddhist ethics to describe the other, central to the cultivation of compassion.

9.661 9.31 付 (fù) [skt.dā; prada] — Translates two roots. (1) dā (to give) appears in 付与 (dā, to give/bestow). (2) prada (giving, bestowing) appears in compounds like 付法 (dharma-prada, giving the Dharma). The character is central to discussions of dāna (giving), the first of the six perfections (pāramitā).

9.662 9.32 仙 (xiān) [skt.ṛṣi; deva; siddha] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) ṛṣi (sage, seer) — in Buddhist contexts, 仙 often translates ṛṣi, the ancient Indian seers and sages who preceded the Buddha. (2) deva (celestial being, god) — in some contexts, 仙 refers to heavenly beings. (3) siddha (perfected one, adept) — in tantric contexts, the siddha is one who has attained spiritual powers. The character is central to both Buddhist and Daoist cosmology.

9.663 9.36 仝 (tóng) [skt.sama; saha] — Archaic variant of 同 (same; together). Translates two roots. (1) sama (same, equal) appears in 同体 (sama-kāya, same body/unity). (2) saha (together, with) appears in 同伴 (saha-sahāya, companion). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 同 with the same correlates.

9.664 9.37 仞 (rèn) — An ancient unit of length (7-8 feet). In Buddhist contexts, this appears in descriptions of the height of stupas, statues, and monastic buildings. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to hasta (cubit) or other measure units in descriptions of dimensions.

9.665 9.38 仟 (qiān) [skt.sahasra] — Translates sahasra (thousand). The character 仟 is the financial/administrative form of 千, used in counting and bureaucratic contexts. In Buddhist literature, sahasra appears in cosmological descriptions (e.g., sahasra-loka-dhātu, thousand-world system).

9.666 9.42 代 (dài) [skt.prati; kāla] — Translates two roots. (1) prati (substitute, in place of) appears in 代替 (prati, to replace/substitute). (2) kāla (time, era) appears in 时代 (kāla, time/period). The character appears in 代代 (kāla-kāla, generation after generation), describing the transmission of the Dharma across time.

9.667 9.43 令 (lìng) [skt.ājñā; śāsana] — Translates two roots. (1) ājñā (order, command) appears in 命令 (ājñā, order/command). (2) śāsana (teaching, instruction, command) appears in the Buddhist compound 佛令 (Buddha-śāsana, the Buddha’s instruction/teaching). The character is used in administrative and religious contexts.

9.668 9.44 以 (yǐ) [skt.iti; yathā] — One of the most common characters in classical and Buddhist Chinese. (1) As "to use" or "by means of," it translates iti (thus, so) in instrumental contexts. (2) As "according to," it translates yathā (as, according to). The character appears in 以为 (iti, to consider/think) and 所以 (yathā, therefore/that by which). Back-translation requires careful syntactic analysis.

9.669 9.49 仪 (yí) [skt.rūpa; yantra] — Translates two roots. (1) rūpa (form, appearance) appears in descriptions of physical appearance. (2) yantra (instrument, device) appears in the sense of "instrument" or "ceremonial apparatus." The character is used in Buddhist ritual contexts to describe ceremonial forms and apparatus.

9.670 9.51 们 (men) [skt.bahu] — The plural marker for pronouns in Mandarin. In Sanskrit back-translation, it corresponds to bahu (many) or the plural suffix when rendering plural pronouns. The character appears in 我们 (vayam, we) and 你们 (yūyam, you plural).

9.671 9.55 仰 (yǎng) [skt.udīkṣaṇa; āśraya] — Translates two roots. (1) udīkṣaṇa (looking up, regarding) appears in the sense of "to look up to" with reverence. (2) āśraya (reliance, support) appears in the sense of "to rely on." The character is used in devotional contexts describing looking up to the Buddha or teacher.

9.672 9.57 仲 (zhòng) [skt.madhya; dvitīya] — Translates two roots. (1) madhya (middle) appears in the sense of being in the middle position. (2) dvitīya (second) appears in the sense of being second in order. The character appears in 仲尼 (Confucius), but in Buddhist contexts it is used in ordering and hierarchical descriptions.

9.673 9.61 件 (jiàn) [skt.vastu] — Translates vastu (thing, object, item). The character is a measure word for items and appears in Buddhist administrative contexts describing items of property or monastic goods.

9.674 9.62 价 (jià) [skt.mūlya; kīmat] — Translates two roots. (1) mūlya (price, value) appears in 价值 (mūlya, value). (2) kīmat (price, how much) appears in economic contexts. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of economic transactions.

9.675 9.66 任 (rèn) [skt.niyukta; kartavya] — Translates two roots. (1) niyukta (appointed, assigned) appears in administrative contexts. (2) kartavya (duty, that which is to be done) appears in ethical contexts. The character is used in descriptions of monastic responsibilities and duties.

9.676 9.68 份 (fèn) [skt.bhāga; aṃśa] — Translates two roots. (1) bhāga (share, portion) appears in 份额 (bhāga, share/portion). (2) aṃśa (part, portion) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in descriptions of dividing offerings or inheritances.

9.677 9.70 仿 (fǎng) [skt.anukaraṇa; pratirūpa] — Translates two roots. (1) anukaraṇa (imitation, copying) appears in the sense of imitating the Buddha’s example. (2) pratirūpa (resembling, similar) appears in comparative contexts. The character is used in discussions of following the Buddha’s example.

9.678 9.72 企 (qǐ) [skt.pratīkṣā; āśā] — Translates two roots. (1) pratīkṣā (expectation, looking forward to) appears in the sense of hoping for enlightenment. (2) āśā (hope, desire) appears in the sense of aspiration. The character appears in 企望 (pratīkṣā, to hope/look forward to), a term for the bodhisattva’s aspiration.

9.679 9.80 伉 (kàng) [skt.sama] — Translates sama (equal, matching). The character appears in 伉俪 (sama-yugala, married couple), but in Buddhist contexts it describes equality or matching in status.

9.680 9.81 伊 (yī) [skt.iyaṃ; idam] — Translates two roots. (1) iyaṃ (she) as a third-person feminine pronoun. (2) idam (this) as a demonstrative pronoun. The character appears in transliteration of Sanskrit (e.g., 伊字), and is also used as a surname.

9.681 9.84 伍 (wǔ) [skt.pañca; pañcaka] — Translates two roots. (1) pañca (five) as a numeral. (2) pañcaka (group of five) as a collective. The character appears in 队伍 (pañcaka, squad/group), used in monastic organizational contexts.

9.682 9.85 伎 (jì) [skt.kalā; vidyā] — Translates two roots. (1) kalā (skill, art) appears in 伎艺 (kalā, skill/art). (2) vidyā (knowledge, skill) appears in the sense of learning. The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s mastery of various arts and skills.

9.683 9.86 伏 (fú) [skt.pat; praṇāma] — Translates two roots. (1) pat (to fall) in the sense of prostrating oneself. (2) praṇāma (prostration, bowing) — a gesture of deep respect in Buddhist practice. The character appears in 礼拜 (praṇāma, bowing/prostration), a core devotional practice.

9.684 9.87 伐 (fá) [skt.han; ākramaṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) han (to strike, to kill) in the sense of attack. (2) ākramaṇa (attack, invasion) in the sense of encroachment. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of non-violence (ahiṃsā).

9.685 9.88 休 (xiū) [skt.viśrāma; śama] — Translates two roots. (1) viśrāma (rest, repose) appears in 休息 (viśrāma, to rest). (2) śama (cessation, calm) appears in the sense of stopping or ceasing. The character is used in meditation contexts to describe mental calm (śamatha).

9.686 9.94 众 (zhòng) [skt.jana; saṅgha; bahu] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) jana (people, folk) appears in 众生 (jana, beings/people). (2) saṅgha (assembly, community) — the character appears as the graphic element of 僧伽 (saṅgha, monastic community). (3) bahu (many, multitude) in the sense of the masses. The character is central to 僧伽 (saṅgha), one of the Three Jewels.

9.687 9.95 优 (yōu) [skt.uttama; varīyas] — Translates two roots. (1) uttama (excellent, supreme) appears in 优等 (uttama, superior class). (2) varīyas (superior, better) appears in comparative contexts. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s supreme qualities.

9.688 9.96 伙 (huǒ) [skt.sahāya; mitra] — Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (companion, helper) appears in 伙伴 (sahāya, companion). (2) mitra (friend, ally) appears in the sense of comrade. The character is used in communal contexts describing the monastic community.

9.689 9.97 会 (huì) [skt.samāgama; jñāna] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots with distinct Buddhist significance. (1) samāgama (meeting, assembly) appears in 集会 (samāgama, assembly/gathering), describing the monastic community coming together. (2) jñāna (knowledge, understanding) appears in 会意 (jñāna, understanding/comprehension). The character is also used in 会通 (saṅgati, connection) and appears in the names of Buddhist assemblies.

9.690 9.101 伞 (sǎn) [skt.chattra] — Translates chattra (umbrella, parasol). In Buddhist iconography, the chattra is one of the eight auspicious symbols (aṣṭa-maṅgala), representing protection and royal authority. The character is used in descriptions of ceremonial umbrellas carried over the Buddha.

9.691 9.102 伟 (wěi) [skt.mahā; vibhūti] — Translates two roots. (1) mahā (great, mighty) appears in 伟大 (mahā, great). (2) vibhūti (greatness, majesty) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s magnificent qualities.

9.692 9.103 传 (chuán) [skt.pracāra; anvaya] — Translates two roots. (1) pracāra (transmission, spread) appears in 传播 (pracāra, to propagate/spread). (2) anvaya (tradition, lineage) appears in 传承 (anvaya, lineage/transmission). The character is central to the transmission of the Dharma from teacher to student.

9.693 9.105 伢 (yá) [skt.bāla; śiśu] — Translates two roots. (1) bāla (child, youth) appears in 童 (bāla, child). (2) śiśu (young, infant) appears in the sense of young child. The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s childhood.

9.694 9.107 伤 (shāng) [skt.āghāta; kṣata] — Translates two roots. (1) āghāta (injury, hurt) appears in 伤害 (āghāta, injury/harm). (2) kṣata (wound, injury) appears in medical and metaphorical contexts. The character appears in discussions of non-violence (ahiṃsā) and the avoidance of harming beings.

9.695 9.109 伦 (lún) [skt.dharma] — Translates dharma (ethics, order, principle) in the sense of human relations and ethical order. The character appears in 伦理 (dharma, ethics/moral order), a term used in both Confucian and Buddhist ethical discussions.

9.696 9.113 伪 (wěi) [skt.mithyā; abhūta] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots central to Buddhist epistemology. (1) mithyā (false, incorrect) appears in 虚伪 (mithyā, false/fake). (2) abhūta (unreal, not existing) appears in discussions of what is ultimately real versus unreal. The character is central to Buddhist discussions of the two truths (satya-dvaya), where conventional truth can be false from the ultimate perspective.

9.697 9.118 伯 (bó) [skt.jyeṣṭha; pitṛvya] — Translates two roots. (1) jyeṣṭha (eldest, chief) appears in the sense of elder status. (2) pitṛvya (uncle) in familial contexts. The character is used in descriptions of seniority in the monastic community.

9.698 9.119 估 (gū) [skt.mūlya] — Translates mūlya (value, price) in the sense of estimating value. The character appears in economic contexts and Vinaya discussions of fair transactions.

9.699 9.121 伲 (nǐ) / 9.120 伱 (nǐ) [skt.tvam; bhavat] — Translates two roots. (1) tvam (you, second person singular) appears as the direct pronoun. (2) bhavat (you, respectful) appears in formal or respectful address. The character 伱 is an archaic variant of 你; 伲 is dialectal. Both map to the same Sanskrit roots.

9.700 9.123 伴 (bàn) [skt.sahāya; anucara] — Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (companion, helper) appears in 同伴 (sahāya, companion). (2) anucara (follower, attendant) appears in the sense of one who accompanies. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s attendants and the monastic community.

9.701 9.127 伸 (shēn) [skt.ākāra; prasāraṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) ākāra (stretching out, extending) appears in the sense of stretching forth. (2) prasāraṇa (extension) appears in the sense of reaching out. The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s gestures (mudrā).

9.702 9.131 似 (sì) [skt.tulya; upama; sadṛśa] — Translates three roots. (1) tulya (like, similar) appears in comparisons. (2) upama (similar, like) appears in similes (upamā). (3) sadṛśa (resembling, similar) appears in comparative descriptions. The character is used extensively in Buddhist similes and metaphors.

9.703 9.132 伽 (jiā) [skt.gha; ga; gāthā] — CRITICAL — This is a transliteration character with multiple uses. (1) As a Sanskrit syllable, it represents gha or ga in transliterations. (2) It appears in the compound 伽蓝 (saṅghārāma, monastery) — one of the most important Buddhist institutional terms. (3) It appears in 伽陀 (gāthā, verse) — the verse form used extensively in Buddhist scriptures. Back-translation: the character requires contextual analysis; it is almost never used as a semantic character in Buddhist texts.

9.704 9.138 佃 (diàn) — A character meaning "to cultivate" or "tenant farmer." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in Vinaya descriptions of land ownership and cultivation, activities regulated for monastics. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to kṛṣi (cultivation) in descriptions of agricultural contexts.

9.705 9.141 但 (dàn) [skt.kintu; kevala] — Translates two roots. (1) kintu (but, however) appears as a conjunction indicating contrast. (2) kevala (only, merely) appears in the sense of "only" or "nothing but." The character is used in logical and philosophical arguments in Buddhist texts.

9.706 9.144 佉 (qū) [skt.kha] — Transliteration character representing the Sanskrit syllable kha. In Buddhist texts, it appears in transliterations of Sanskrit words (e.g., 佉卢文 Kharoṣṭhī script). The character has no semantic meaning in Buddhist Chinese and is used purely phonetically.

9.707 9.148 位 (wèi) [skt.sthāna; pada] — Translates two roots. (1) sthāna (place, position, state) appears in 位置 (sthāna, position/place) and in cosmological contexts describing realms of rebirth. (2) pada (position, status) appears in descriptions of rank and status. The character appears in 十位 (daśa-sthāna, ten stages) in Bodhisattva path literature.

9.708 9.149 低 (dī) [skt.adhara; ava] — Translates two roots. (1) adhara (lower, inferior) appears in the sense of low position. (2) ava (downward) appears in directional contexts. The character appears in 低下 (adhara, low/inferior), used in discussions of humility and the lower realms.

9.709 9.150 住 (zhù) [skt.vas; nivāsa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots central to Buddhist cosmology and practice. (1) vas (to dwell, to live) appears in 居住 (vas, to dwell/reside). (2) nivāsa (dwelling, residence) appears in 住处 (nivāsa, dwelling place/residence). The character is central to the description of the Buddha’s abodes (vihāra) and the monastic dwelling (nivāsa). It also appears in the compound 住心 (citta-sthiti, abiding in mind), a key term in meditation.

9.710 9.151 佐 (zuǒ) [skt.sahāya; upakāra] — Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (assistant, helper) appears in 佐助 (sahāya, assistance). (2) upakāra (help, support) appears in the sense of aiding. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s assistants and helpers.

9.711 9.152 佑 (yòu) [skt.rakṣa; anugraha] — Translates two roots. (1) rakṣa (protection, guarding) appears in 保佑 (rakṣa, blessing/protection). (2) anugraha (favor, blessing, grace) appears in the sense of divine blessing. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s protective powers and blessings.

9.712 9.154 体 (tǐ) [skt.kāya; śarīra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots with profound Buddhist significance. (1) kāya (body) appears in 身体 (kāya, body) — one of the six sense bases (āyatana) and the first of the four foundations of mindfulness (kāyānupassanā). (2) śarīra (physical body, relic) appears in 遗体 (śarīra, remains/relics) and the Buddhist relic cult. The character also appears in 自体 (svabhāva, self-nature/essence), a critical philosophical term.

9.713 9.156 何 (hé) [skt.kiṃ; katham] — Translates two roots. (1) kiṃ (what?) as an interrogative pronoun. (2) katham (how? why?) as an interrogative adverb. The character appears frequently in Buddhist dialogues and questions posed to the Buddha.

9.714 9.160 余 (yú) [skt.śeṣa; aham] — Translates two roots. (1) śeṣa (remainder, surplus) appears in 剩余 (śeṣa, remainder). (2) aham (I, me) in the sense of "I" as a first-person pronoun. The character is used in both mathematical and personal contexts.

9.715 9.161 佚 (yì) [skt.naṣṭa; pramāda] — Translates two roots. (1) naṣṭa (lost, disappeared) appears in 佚失 (naṣṭa, lost). (2) pramāda (neglect, carelessness) appears in the sense of negligence. The character is used in discussions of mindfulness (smṛti) and the dangers of neglect in practice.

9.716 9.162 佛 (fó) [skt.buddha] — CRITICAL — The most important character in Buddhist studies. Translates buddha (the Awakened One, the Enlightened One). The character appears in countless compounds: 佛陀 (buddha), 佛法 (Buddha-dharma, the Buddha’s teaching), 佛宝 (Buddha-ratna, the Buddha Jewel), 佛性 (buddhatā, buddha-nature). Back-translation: always render as buddha when referring to the historical Buddha or any awakened being.

9.717 9.163 作 (zuò) [skt.kṛ; racana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots with profound karmic significance. (1) kṛ (to do, to make, to act) — the root of karman (action/deed) — appears in 作业 (kṛ, to do/work) and 作用 (kāraṇa, function/action). (2) racana (making, composing) appears in the sense of construction. The character is central to Buddhist discussions of action (karman) and its ethical consequences.

9.718 9.182 佯 (yáng) [skt.mithyā; abhinaya] — Translates two roots. (1) mithyā (false, pretending) appears in 佯装 (mithyā, to pretend/feign). (2) abhinaya (pretense, acting) appears in the sense of feigning. The character appears in discussions of false teachers and pretenders to enlightenment.

9.719 9.183 佰 (bǎi) [skt.śata; śataka] — Translates two roots. (1) śata (hundred) as a numeral. (2) śataka (a hundred) as a collective. The character is the financial/administrative form of 百, used in counting and bureaucratic contexts.

9.720 9.184 佱 (fǎ) [skt.dharma; vidhi] — Archaic variant of 法 (law, method, Dharma). Translates two roots. (1) dharma (teaching, law, doctrine) — the central Buddhist concept. (2) vidhi (method, rule) in the sense of method or procedure. Back-translation: treat as a variant of 法 with the same correlates.

9.721 9.186 佳 (jiā) [skt.varāṅga; sundara] — Translates two roots. (1) varāṅga (excellent, fine, beautiful) appears in 佳品 (varāṅga, fine article). (2) sundara (beautiful, handsome) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical beauty and the beauty of the Dharma.

9.722 9.187 佴 (èr) [skt.dvitīya] — Translates dvitīya (second). The character appears in the sense of "second" or "secondary." In Buddhist contexts, it is used in enumerations and rankings.

9.723 9.188 併 (bìng) [skt.saṃyoga; milana] — Translates two roots. (1) saṃyoga (combination, union) appears in 併合 (saṃyoga, to combine). (2) milana (union, combination) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in philosophical discussions of combination and aggregates.

9.724 9.198 使 (shǐ) [skt.kāraṇa; dūta] — Translates two roots. (1) kāraṇa (cause, action, making) appears in the sense of "to make" or "to cause." (2) dūta (messenger, envoy) appears in 使者 (dūta, messenger). The character appears in discussions of causation in Buddhist philosophy.

9.725 9.203 侄 (zhí) [skt.bhrātṛputra; bhāgineya] — Translates two roots. (1) bhrātṛputra (brother’s son, nephew) appears in familial contexts. (2) bhāgineya (sister’s son, nephew) appears in familial contexts. The character appears in Vinaya descriptions of family relationships.

9.726 9.205 來 (lái) [skt.āgacchati; āgama] — Translates two roots. (1) āgacchati (to come, to arrive) appears in the sense of coming. (2) āgama (coming, arrival; scriptural tradition) appears in the sense of canonical tradition. The character appears in 如來 (Tathāgata, thus-come/thus-gone), one of the primary epithets of the Buddha.

9.727 9.207 侈 (chǐ) [skt.atyaya] — Translates atyaya (excess, extravagance). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of excessive luxury and the monastic rule of moderation.

9.728 9.210 例 (lì) [skt.dṛṣṭānta; udāharaṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) dṛṣṭānta (example, illustration) appears in 例证 (dṛṣṭānta, example/illustration). (2) udāharaṇa (example, instance) appears in similar contexts. The character is central to Buddhist philosophical argumentation, where examples (dṛṣṭānta) are used to illustrate logical points.

9.729 9.211 侌 (yīn) [skt.śakti; tamas] — Archaic variant of 陰 (female principle, dark, shade). Translates two roots. (1) śakti (female energy, power) in the sense of the feminine principle. (2) tamas (darkness, obscuration) in the sense of dark. Back-translation: treat as a variant of 陰 with the same correlates.

9.730 9.212 侍 (shì) [skt.paricaryā; upasthāna] — Translates two roots. (1) paricaryā (service, attendance) appears in 侍奉 (paricaryā, to serve/attend). (2) upasthāna (attendance, waiting on) appears in the sense of serving. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s attendants (upasthāyaka).

9.731 9.216 侑 (yòu) — A character meaning "to offer in sacrifice" or "to urge." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in ritual descriptions and Vinaya contexts describing offerings. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to pūjā (offering) in ritual contexts.

9.732 9.219 侔 (móu) — A character meaning "to be equal" or "to resemble." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in comparative descriptions. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to tulya (equal) or sama (same) in comparative contexts.

9.733 9.221 侖 (lún) [skt.vidhi] — Traditional variant of 仑 (order, to arrange). Translates vidhi (method, order, rule) in the sense of arrangement and order. The character appears in 伦理 (vidhi, ethics/order), a key term in both Confucian and Buddhist ethical discussions.

9.734 9.222 侗 (dòng) — A character meaning "Tong ethnic group" (dòng) or "childish/ignorant" (tóng). In Buddhist contexts, the latter sense may appear in descriptions of the unenlightened mind.

9.735 9.226 供 (gòng) [skt.pūjā; dāna] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots central to Buddhist practice. (1) pūjā (offering, worship) appears in 供养 (pūjā, offering). (2) dāna (giving, generosity) appears in 供给 (dāna, to provide/give). The character is central to Buddhist ritual practice and the cultivation of generosity (dāna), the first of the six perfections (pāramitā).

9.736 9.228 依 (yī) [skt.āśraya; upādāna] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots with profound philosophical significance. (1) āśraya (reliance, support, basis) appears in 依靠 (āśraya, to rely on). (2) upādāna (grasping, clinging, dependence) appears in the sense of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). The character appears in 依他 (para-tantra, dependent on others), a key Yogācāra concept.

9.737 9.231 侠 (xiá) [skt.vīra] — Translates vīra (hero, brave one). The character appears in the sense of a chivalrous person. In Buddhist contexts, it may appear in descriptions of warrior-like protectors of the Dharma (dharma-pāla).

9.738 9.234 侣 (lǚ) [skt.sahāya; mitra] — Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (companion, helper) appears in 伴侣 (sahāya, companion). (2) mitra (friend) appears in the sense of spiritual friend. The character is used in descriptions of the spiritual community (kalyāṇamitra, good friend).

9.739 9.236 侥 (jiǎo) [skt.bhāgya] — Translates bhāgya (fortune, luck). The character appears in the sense of being fortunate or lucky, often in the context of meeting the Dharma.

9.740 9.238 侧 (cè) [skt.pārśva; aṃsa] — Translates two roots. (1) pārśva (side, flank) appears in 侧面 (pārśva, side). (2) aṃsa (side) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s sides in iconography and in the compound 侧卧 (pārśva-śayana, lying on the side), the Buddha’s final posture.

9.741 9.241 侪 (chái) [skt.sama; tulya] — Translates two roots. (1) sama (equal, same) appears in 侪辈 (sama, equals/peers). (2) tulya (equal, similar) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in descriptions of equality in the monastic community.

9.742 9.243 侬 (nóng) [skt.tvam; aham] — Translates two roots. (1) tvam (you, second person) appears in the sense of "you" in some dialects. (2) aham (I, me) appears in the sense of "I" in some contexts. The character is used in regional variants and as a personal pronoun.

9.743 9.245 侮 (wǔ) [skt.avajñā; apamāna] — Translates two roots. (1) avajñā (disrespect, contempt) appears in 侮慢 (avajñā, to insult). (2) apamāna (insult, disregard) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in ethical discussions of non-insult and respect.

9.744 9.246 侯 (hóu) [skt.rājā] — Translates rājā (king) in the sense of nobility. The character appears in descriptions of kings and rulers in Buddhist narratives and Vinaya contexts describing royal patrons.

9.745 9.252 侵 (qīn) [skt.ākramaṇa; vidhvaṃsa] — Translates two roots. (1) ākramaṇa (invasion, encroachment) appears in 侵犯 (ākramaṇa, to invade/encroach). (2) vidhvaṃsa (destruction, ruin) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in ethical discussions of non-aggression.

9.746 9.253 侶 (lǚ) [skt.sahāya; anucara] — Traditional variant of 侣 (companion, mate). Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (companion, helper). (2) anucara (follower, attendant). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侣 with the same correlates.

9.747 9.262 便 (biàn) [skt.sukha; yathā] — Translates two roots. (1) sukha (convenient, easy) appears in 便利 (sukha, convenient). (2) yathā (as, according to) appears in the sense of "as is convenient." The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s skillful means (upāya-kauśalya), which are "convenient" or "expedient" teachings.

9.748 9.265 係 (xì) [skt.sambandha; bandhu] — Translates two roots. (1) sambandha (connection, relation) appears in 关系 (sambandha, relationship). (2) bandhu (relation, relative) appears in familial contexts. The character is central to Buddhist discussions of causality and dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda).

9.749 9.266 促 (cù) [skt.tvara; veśa] — Translates two roots. (1) tvara (speed, haste) appears in 催促 (tvara, to urge/hasten). (2) veśa (haste, urgency) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in the sense of pressing urgency, which may appear in discussions of the urgency of practice.

9.750 9.267 俄 (é) [skt.sahasa; atha] — Translates two roots. (1) sahasa (suddenly, quickly) appears in 俄然 (sahasa, suddenly). (2) atha (then, now, sometimes) appears in the sense of "then" or "suddenly." The character is used in narrative contexts to indicate sudden events.

9.751 9.273 俊 (jùn) [skt.sundara; vidagdha] — Translates two roots. (1) sundara (handsome, beautiful) appears in the sense of physical beauty. (2) vidagdha (talented, clever) appears in the sense of intellectual ability. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical and intellectual perfection.

9.752 9.278 俏 (qiào) [skt.sundara; cāru] — Translates two roots. (1) sundara (handsome, beautiful) appears in the sense of prettiness. (2) cāru (charming, beautiful) appears in aesthetic contexts. The character is used in descriptions of beauty and charm.

9.753 9.279 俐 (lì) [skt.vidagdha] — Translates vidagdha (clever, smart, skillful). The character appears in 伶俐 (vidagdha, clever/quick), used in descriptions of mental sharpness.

9.754 9.286 俗 (sú) [skt.loka; saṃvṛti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots central to Buddhist doctrine. (1) loka (world, worldly) appears in 世俗 (loka, worldly/secular). (2) saṃvṛti (conventional, mundane) — the character appears in 俗谛 (saṃvṛti-satya, conventional truth), one of the two truths in Buddhist epistemology. The character is central to understanding the relationship between conventional and ultimate reality.

9.755 9.287 俘 (fú) [skt.bandha; grahaṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) bandha (capture, bondage) appears in 俘虏 (bandha, prisoner/capture). (2) grahaṇa (capture, seizing) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in discussions of liberation from bondage in Buddhist soteriology.

9.756 9.292 保 (bǎo) [skt.rakṣa; pariraṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) rakṣa (protection, guarding) appears in 保护 (rakṣa, to protect). (2) pariraṇa (protection, keeping) appears in similar contexts. The character is central to discussions of the Buddha’s protective powers and the protection of the Dharma.

9.757 9.294 俟 (sì) [skt.pratīkṣā; ākāṅkṣā] — Translates two roots. (1) pratīkṣā (expectation, waiting) appears in 等待 (pratīkṣā, to wait for). (2) ākāṅkṣā (desire, expectation) appears in the sense of awaiting. The character is used in contexts of patience and waiting in practice.

9.758 9.296 信 (xìn) [skt.śraddhā; pratīti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots central to Buddhist practice. (1) śraddhā (faith, confidence, trust) — one of the five spiritual faculties (indriya) and the foundation of Buddhist practice. (2) pratīti (faith, trust, confidence) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in 信心 (śraddhā, faith/confidence) and 信仰 (śraddhā, faith/belief). Back-translation: always render as śraddhā in doctrinal contexts.

9.759 9.297 俢 (xiū) [skt.sādhana; bhāvanā] — Archaic variant of 修 (to cultivate). Translates two roots. (1) sādhana (cultivation, practice) appears in 修行 (sādhana, cultivation/practice). (2) bhāvanā (development, cultivation) — the key term for meditation practice. Back-translation: treat as a variant of 修 with the same correlates.

9.760 9.300 俥 (chē) [skt.ratha; yāna] — Japanese variant of 車 (vehicle, wheel). Translates two roots. (1) ratha (chariot, vehicle) appears in the sense of conveyance. (2) yāna (vehicle) appears in the Buddhist sense of a spiritual vehicle. Back-translation: treat as a variant of 車 with the same correlates.

9.761 9.301 俦 (chóu) [skt.sahāya; mitra] — Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (companion, peer). (2) mitra (friend, ally). The character is used in descriptions of companions in the practice.

9.762 9.303 俨 (yǎn) [skt.gambhīra; dhīra] — Translates two roots. (1) gambhīra (deep, profound, dignified) appears in the sense of solemnity. (2) dhīra (dignified, firm, wise) appears in the sense of dignified composure. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s dignified presence.

9.763 9.304 俩 (liǎ) [skt.dvau; ubhaya] — Translates two roots. (1) dvau (two) as a numeral. (2) ubhaya (both, both sides) in the sense of "both." The character appears in 俩人 (dvau-jana, two people).

9.764 9.305 俪 (lì) [skt.yugala; mithuna] — Translates two roots. (1) yugala (pair, couple) appears in 俪偶 (yugala, couple). (2) mithuna (pair, couple) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in descriptions of pairs and couples.

9.765 9.308 俭 (jiǎn) [skt.dāna] — Translates dāna (generosity, thrift, frugality) in the sense of frugality. The character appears in ethical contexts describing the virtue of moderation and frugality.

9.766 9.309 修 (xiū) [skt.sādhana; bhāvanā] — CRITICAL — One of the most important characters in Buddhist practice. (1) sādhana (cultivation, practice) appears in 修习 (sādhana, cultivation/practice). (2) bhāvanā (development, cultivation, meditation) — the key term for mental cultivation. The character appears in 修行 (bhāvanā, meditation practice), 修道 (mārga-bhāvanā, path cultivation), and 修心 (citta-bhāvanā, mind cultivation). Back-translation: always render as bhāvanā in the context of meditation.

9.767 9.310 俯 (fǔ) [skt.pat; avāṅ] — Translates two roots. (1) pat (to fall, to descend) in the sense of bowing. (2) avāṅ (downward, facing down) in directional sense. The character appears in 俯伏 (pat, to prostrate) and 俯首 (avāṅ-śiras, bowing one’s head), gestures of respect in Buddhist practice.

9.768 9.312 俱 (jù) [skt.sarva; saha] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) sarva (all, every) appears in 俱有 (sarva, all/together). (2) saha (together, with) appears in 俱生 (saha-ja, born together). The character appears in 俱舍 (Abhidharma-kośa, Treasury of Abhidharma), one of the most important Buddhist philosophical texts.

9.769 9.317 俶 (chù) [skt.ādi] — Translates ādi (beginning, commencement). The character appears in the sense of beginning or commencing. It is used in discussions of the beginning of practice or the beginning of the path.

9.770 9.319 俸 (fèng) [skt.vetana; bṛtti] — Translates two roots. (1) vetana (salary, wages) appears in 俸禄 (vetana, salary). (2) bṛtti (salary, livelihood) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of monastic support and proper livelihood.

9.771 9.321 俺 (ǎn) [skt.aham; vayaṃ] — Translates two roots. (1) aham (I, me) as a first-person pronoun. (2) vayaṃ (we, us) as a first-person plural pronoun. The character is used colloquially for "I" or "we."

9.772 9.325 俾 (bǐ) [skt.kāraṇa; yathā] — Translates two roots. (1) kāraṇa (causing, making) appears in the sense of "to cause" or "to make." (2) yathā (so that, in order that) appears in the sense of "so that." The character is used in causative constructions.

9.773 9.329 倂 (bìng) [skt.saṃyoga; milana] — Traditional variant of 併 (to merge, to combine). Translates two roots. (1) saṃyoga (union, combination). (2) milana (union, combination). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 併 with the same correlates.

9.774 9.332 倅 (cuì) — A character meaning "deputy" or "assistant." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic officials and deputies. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to upādhyāya (teacher) or sthavira (elder) in administrative contexts.

9.775 9.333 倆 (liǎng) [skt.dvau; ubhaya] — Traditional variant of 俩 (two; both). Translates two roots. (1) dvau (two). (2) ubhaya (both). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俩 with the same correlates.

9.776 9.336 倉 (cāng) [skt.koṣṭha] — Traditional variant of 仓 (granary, warehouse). Translates koṣṭha (storehouse, granary). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of storage and monastic property.

9.777 9.338 個 (gè) [skt.eka; pratyeka] — Traditional variant of 个 (individual, piece). Translates two roots. (1) eka (one, individual). (2) pratyeka (individual, each). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 个 with the same correlates.

9.778 9.340 倍 (bèi) [skt.dviguṇa; adhika] — Translates two roots. (1) dviguṇa (double, twice) appears in 倍数 (dviguṇa, multiple). (2) adhika (more, additional, greater) appears in the sense of "more." The character appears in mathematical and comparative contexts.

9.779 9.342 倏 (shū) [skt.sahasa; kṣipram] — Translates two roots. (1) sahasa (suddenly, quickly) appears in 倏忽 (sahasa, suddenly). (2) kṣipram (quickly, rapidly) appears in temporal contexts. The character appears in descriptions of the suddenness of change and impermanence (anitya).

9.780 9.343 倐 (shū) [skt.sahasa; kṣipram] — Archaic variant of 倏 (suddenly, quickly). Translates two roots. (1) sahasa (suddenly). (2) kṣipram (quickly). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 倏 with the same correlates.

9.781 9.344 們 (men) [skt.bahu] — Traditional variant of 们 (plural marker). Translates bahu (many) or the plural suffix. Back-translation: treat as a variant of 们 with the same correlates.

9.782 9.345 倒 (dǎo) [skt.pat; viparyaya] — Translates two roots. (1) pat (to fall, to collapse) appears in 倒坍 (pat, to fall/collapse). (2) viparyaya (upside down, contrary) appears in 颠倒 (viparyaya, upside down/contrary). The character appears in discussions of wrong views (mithyā-dṛṣṭi) as upside-down understanding.

9.783 9.347 倔 (jué) — A character meaning "stubborn" or "obstinate." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of stubborn mental states that resist the Dharma. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to stabdha (obstinate) or māna (pride).

9.784 9.349 倖 (xìng) [skt.bhāgya] — Translates bhāgya (fortune, luck). The character appears in the sense of being fortunate or lucky, often in the context of encountering the Dharma.

9.785 9.351 倘 (tǎng) [skt.yadi; ced] — Translates two roots. (1) yadi (if, in case) appears in conditional contexts. (2) ced (if) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in philosophical arguments and conditional statements.

9.786 9.352 候 (hòu) [skt.pratīkṣā; upasthāna] — Translates two roots. (1) pratīkṣā (waiting, expectation) appears in 等候 (pratīkṣā, to wait for). (2) upasthāna (attendance, waiting upon) appears in the sense of attending. The character appears in contexts of patience and waiting.

9.787 9.353 倚 (yǐ) [skt.āśraya; upakāra] — Translates two roots. (1) āśraya (reliance, support) appears in 倚靠 (āśraya, to rely on). (2) upakāra (support, help) appears in the sense of support. The character appears in discussions of reliance on the Three Jewels.

9.788 9.358 借 (jiè) [skt.ādāna] — Translates ādāna (borrowing, taking). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of borrowing and lending, activities regulated for monastics.

9.789 9.360 倡 (chàng) [skt.pracāra; ārambha] — Translates two roots. (1) pracāra (propagation, spread) appears in 提倡 (pracāra, to advocate/promote). (2) ārambha (initiation, commencement) appears in the sense of starting. The character appears in descriptions of initiating and propagating the Dharma.

9.790 9.362 倣 (fǎng) [skt.anukaraṇa; pratirūpa] — Archaic variant of 仿 (to imitate). Translates two roots. (1) anukaraṇa (imitation). (2) pratirūpa (resemblance). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 仿 with the same correlates.

9.791 9.365 倦 (juàn) [skt.klama] — Translates klama (weariness, fatigue, exhaustion). The character appears in discussions of meditative fatigue and the need for balance in practice.

9.792 9.367 倨 (jù) [skt.mada] — Translates mada (pride, arrogance). The character appears in discussions of arrogance as a mental defilement (klesa) to be overcome.

9.793 9.370 倫 (lún) [skt.dharma] — Traditional variant of 伦 (ethics, order, human relations). Translates dharma (ethics, principle, order). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 伦 with the same correlates.

9.794 9.372 倭 (wō) [skt.yamana] — Translates yamana (Japan) in the sense of "Japan" or "Japanese." The character appears in descriptions of Japan in Sino-Japanese Buddhist texts.

9.795 9.380 倵 (wǔ) — A character meaning "martial." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of martial protectors of the Dharma (dharma-pāla). The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to vīra (hero) in protective contexts.

9.796 9.381 倶 (jù) [skt.sarva; saha] — Archaic variant of 俱 (all; together). Translates two roots. (1) sarva (all). (2) saha (together). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俱 with the same correlates.

9.797 9.385 债 (zhài) [skt.ṛṇa; dāna] — Translates two roots. (1) ṛṇa (debt, obligation) appears in 债务 (ṛṇa, debt). (2) dāna (giving, debt) appears in the sense of a debt to be repaid. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of debt and monastic property.

9.798 9.387 值 (zhí) [skt.mūlya; kīmat] — Translates two roots. (1) mūlya (value, worth). (2) kīmat (price, value). The character appears in economic contexts and discussions of proper valuation.

9.799 9.389 倾 (qīng) [skt.nam; praṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) nam (to bend, to incline) appears in 倾斜 (nam, to incline/lean). (2) praṇa (inclination, bowing) appears in the sense of inclining. The character appears in descriptions of bowing and reverential inclination.

9.800 9.394 偃 (yǎn) [skt.śayana] — Translates śayana (lying down, sleeping). The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s final posture and in Vinaya discussions of sleeping postures.

9.801 9.398 假 (jiǎ) [skt.mithyā; anṛta] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots with profound philosophical significance. (1) mithyā (false, unreal) appears in 虚假 (mithyā, false/unreal). (2) anṛta (untrue, false) appears in similar contexts. The character is central to Buddhist discussions of the two truths (satya-dvaya) and the conventional reality of phenomena (saṃvṛti). Back-translation: always render as mithyā in the context of falsehood or as prajñapti (designation) in the context of conventional designation.

9.802 9.399 偈 (jì) [skt.gāthā] — CRITICAL — Translates gāthā (verse, hymn). This is one of the most important characters for Buddhist literature. The gāthā is the verse form used extensively in Buddhist scriptures, often summarizing doctrinal points in poetic form. The character appears in 偈颂 (gāthā, verse/hymn) and 伽陀 (gāthā, verse). Back-translation: always render as gāthā when referring to Buddhist verses.

9.803 9.400 偉 (wěi) [skt.mahā; vibhūti] — Traditional variant of 伟 (great; mighty). Translates two roots. (1) mahā (great). (2) vibhūti (greatness, majesty). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 伟 with the same correlates.

9.804 9.403 偌 (ruò) [skt.evaṃ; tathā] — Translates two roots. (1) evaṃ (thus, so) appears in 偌大 (evaṃ, so large). (2) tathā (thus, so) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in demonstrative and comparative contexts.

9.805 9.405 偎 (wēi) — A character meaning "to nestle" or "to cuddle." In Buddhist contexts, it may appear in descriptions of intimate relationships, which are often discussed in Vinaya in terms of appropriate boundaries.

9.806 9.406 偏 (piān) [skt.pakṣa; ekānta] — Translates two roots. (1) pakṣa (side, party) appears in 偏侧 (pakṣa, one-sided). (2) ekānta (one-sided, extreme) appears in the sense of bias. The character appears in discussions of the Middle Way (madhyamā-pratipad), which avoids extremes and one-sided views.

9.807 9.412 偕 (xié) [skt.saha; samam] — Translates two roots. (1) saha (together, with) appears in 偕同 (saha, together). (2) samam (together, equally) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in descriptions of companions in the practice.

9.808 9.417 做 (zuò) [skt.kṛ; karoti] — Translates two roots. (1) kṛ (to do, to make) appears in 做事 (kṛ, to do work). (2) karoti (he does, to do) appears in similar contexts. The character is used in descriptions of actions (karman).

9.809 9.419 停 (tíng) [skt.sthā; sthiti] — Translates two roots. (1) sthā (to stand, to stop) appears in 停住 (sthā, to stop). (2) sthiti (stopping, standing, abiding) appears in the sense of cessation. The character appears in discussions of mental stillness and the cessation of mental activity.

9.810 9.428 健 (jiàn) [skt.svastha; bala] — Translates two roots. (1) svastha (healthy, well, self-abiding) appears in 健康 (svastha, health). (2) bala (strength, power) appears in 健壮 (bala, strength). The character appears in descriptions of physical health and mental strength in practice.

9.811 9.433 偪 (bī) — A character meaning "to press" or "to force." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of pressing circumstances and urgency in practice. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to pīḍana (oppression, pressure) or saṃvega (urgency).

9.812 9.434 偫 (zhì) — A character meaning "to wait" or "to accumulate." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of accumulating merit or waiting for the right conditions for practice.

9.813 9.441 偲 (sī) — A character meaning "talented" or "clever." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of intellectual ability. The character has no direct Sanskrit correlate but corresponds to vidagdha (clever).

9.814 9.443 側 (cè) [skt.pārśva; aṃsa] — Traditional variant of 侧 (side; to incline). Translates two roots. (1) pārśva (side). (2) aṃsa (side). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侧 with the same correlates.

9.815 9.445 偶 (ǒu) [skt.yadṛcchā; yugala] — Translates two roots. (1) yadṛcchā (chance, accident) appears in 偶然 (yadṛcchā, by chance). (2) yugala (pair, couple) appears in 偶对 (yugala, pair). The character appears in discussions of chance and the doctrine of cause and effect (karman).

9.816 9.446 偷 (tōu) [skt.steya; cora] — Translates two roots. (1) steya (theft, stealing) appears in 偷盗 (steya, theft). (2) cora (thief) appears in 偷儿 (cora, thief). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of theft, one of the precepts (śīla).

9.817 9.452 偽 (wěi) [skt.mithyā; abhūta] — Traditional variant of 伪 (false; counterfeit). Translates two roots. (1) mithyā (false). (2) abhūta (unreal). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 伪 with the same correlates.

9.818 9.454 偿 (cháng) [skt.kṣapayati] — Translates kṣapayati (to repay, to compensate). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of debts and restitution, central to monastic ethics.

9.819 9.455 傀 (kuǐ) — A character meaning "great" or "magnificent" (kuǐ) or "puppet" (guī). In Buddhist contexts, the latter sense appears in descriptions of the illusory nature of phenomena — like puppets, they lack self-nature (svabhāva).

9.820 9.460 傅 (fù) [skt.ācārya] — Translates ācārya (teacher, instructor, master). The character is used in descriptions of teachers and instructors in both monastic and educational contexts.

9.821 9.468 傍 (bàng) [skt.pārśva; samīpa] — Translates two roots. (1) pārśva (side) appears in 旁边 (pārśva, side). (2) samīpa (near, beside) appears in the sense of proximity. The character is used in spatial descriptions.

9.822 9.472 傑 (jié) [skt.vīra; śūra] — Traditional variant of 杰 (hero; outstanding). Translates two roots. (1) vīra (hero, brave one). (2) śūra (hero, warrior). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 杰 with the same correlates.

9.823 9.479 傘 (sǎn) [skt.chattra] — Traditional variant of 伞 (umbrella; parasol). Translates chattra (umbrella, parasol). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 伞 with the same correlates.

9.824 9.480 備 (bèi) [skt.sajjā; upakaraṇa] — Traditional variant of 备 (to prepare; to equip). Translates two roots. (1) sajjā (preparation, readiness). (2) upakaraṇa (equipment, provisions). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 备 with the same correlates.

9.825 9.481 傚 (xiào) [skt.anukaraṇa; sādṛśya] — Archaic variant of 效 (to imitate; to effect). Translates two roots. (1) anukaraṇa (imitation). (2) sādṛśya (resemblance, similarity). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 效 with the same correlates.

9.826 9.489 傢 (jiā) [skt.gṛha] — Translates gṛha (house, household). The character appears in 家具 (gṛha, household/furniture) and in descriptions of lay Buddhist households.

9.827 9.495 储 (chǔ) [skt.sañcaya] — Translates sañcaya (storage, accumulation). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of storing provisions and the monastic rules regarding accumulation.

9.828 9.496 傩 (nuó) [skt.garjana? — uncertain] — A character meaning "exorcism." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of ritual exorcism and protective rites. The character may correspond to rakṣa (protection) or māraṇa (exorcism) in ritual contexts.

9.829 9.499 催 (cuī) — A character meaning "to urge" or "to press." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the urgency of practice and the need for diligence (vīrya).

9.830 9.500 傭 (yōng) [skt.dāsa; bhṛtya] — Traditional variant of 佣 (servant; to hire). Translates two roots. (1) dāsa (servant, slave). (2) bhṛtya (servant, dependent). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 佣 with the same correlates.

9.831 9.505 傲 (ào) [skt.mada] — Translates mada (pride, arrogance). The character appears in discussions of arrogance as a mental defilement (klesa) to be overcome.

9.832 9.506 傳 (chuán) [skt.pracāra; āgama] — Traditional variant of 传 (to transmit; to spread). Translates two roots. (1) pracāra (transmission, propagation). (2) āgama (scriptural tradition, transmission). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 传 with the same correlates.

9.833 9.508 債 (zhài) [skt.ṛṇa; dāna] — Traditional variant of 债 (debt). Translates two roots. (1) ṛṇa (debt). (2) dāna (giving, debt). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 债 with the same correlates.

9.834 9.510 傷 (shāng) [skt.āghāta; kṣata] — Traditional variant of 伤 (injury; to wound). Translates two roots. (1) āghāta (injury). (2) kṣata (wound). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 伤 with the same correlates.

9.835 9.514 傻 (shǎ) [skt.mūḍha] — Translates mūḍha (stupid, foolish, deluded). The character appears in discussions of foolishness and ignorance (avidyā) as the root of saṃsāra.

9.836 9.517 傾 (qīng) [skt.nam; praṇa] — Traditional variant of 倾 (to lean; to incline). Translates two roots. (1) nam (to bend). (2) praṇa (inclination). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 倾 with the same correlates.

9.837 9.524 僅 (jǐn) [skt.eva; mātra; kevala] — Traditional variant of 仅 (only; merely). Translates three roots. (1) eva (only). (2) mātra (merely). (3) kevala (only). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 仅 with the same correlates.

9.838 9.528 僉 (qiān) [skt.sarva; samasta] — Traditional variant of 佥 (all; together). Translates two roots. (1) sarva (all). (2) samasta (all, whole). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 佥 with the same correlates.

9.839 9.534 像 (xiàng) [skt.pratimā; rūpa] — Translates two roots. (1) pratimā (image, statue) appears in descriptions of Buddha statues and icons. (2) rūpa (form, appearance) appears in the sense of image. The character is central to Buddhist iconography.

9.840 9.536 僑 (qiáo) — Traditional variant of 侨 (to live abroad). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侨 with the same correlates.

9.841 9.540 僕 (pú) [skt.dāsa; bhṛtya] — Translates two roots. (1) dāsa (servant, slave). (2) bhṛtya (servant, dependent). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of slavery and servitude.

9.842 9.545 僚 (liáo) [skt.sabhā] — Translates sabhā (colleague, official, assembly). The character appears in descriptions of officials and colleagues in monastic and royal contexts.

9.843 9.549 僞 (wěi) [skt.mithyā; abhūta] — Archaic variant of 偽 (false; counterfeit). Translates two roots. (1) mithyā (false). (2) abhūta (unreal). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 偽 with the same correlates.

9.844 9.556 僥 (jiǎo) [skt.bhāgya] — Traditional variant of 侥 (lucky; fortunate). Translates bhāgya (fortune). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侥 with the same correlates.

9.845 9.558 僧 (sēng) [skt.saṅgha; bhikṣu] — CRITICAL — One of the most important characters for Buddhist studies. Translates two roots. (1) saṅgha (monastic community, assembly) — one of the Three Jewels (triratna). (2) bhikṣu (monk) — the individual monastic. The character appears in 僧宝 (Saṅgha-ratna, the Saṅgha Jewel), 僧伽 (saṅgha, monastic community), and 僧尼 (bhikṣu-bhikṣuṇī, monks and nuns). Back-translation: always render as saṅgha when referring to the community, or bhikṣu when referring to an individual monk.

9.846 9.564 僭 (jiàn) — A character meaning "to assume" or "to usurp." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of overstepping boundaries, both in monastic rules and in philosophical contexts.

9.847 9.565 僮 (tóng) [skt.dāsa; bāla] — Translates two roots. (1) dāsa (servant, slave) appears in the sense of servant. (2) bāla (child, youth) appears in the sense of child. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of child servants and monastic rules regarding children.

9.848 9.568 僱 (gù) — Traditional variant of 雇 (to hire; to employ). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 雇 with the same correlates.

9.849 9.572 僵 (jiāng) [skt.stha] — Translates stha (standing, firm, rigid) in the sense of being stiff or rigid. The character appears in discussions of mental rigidity and the flexibility required for practice.

9.850 9.576 價 (jià) [skt.mūlya; kīmat] — Traditional variant of 价 (price; value). Translates two roots. (1) mūlya (value). (2) kīmat (price). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 价 with the same correlates.

9.851 9.578 僻 (pì) — A character meaning "remote" or "eccentric." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of remote practice places and eccentric behavior in hermits and ascetics.

9.852 9.583 儀 (yí) [skt.rūpa; yantra] — Traditional variant of 仪 (appearance; ceremony; instrument). Translates two roots. (1) rūpa (form, appearance). (2) yantra (instrument). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 仪 with the same correlates.

9.853 9.584 儁 (jùn) [skt.sundara; vidagdha] — Archaic variant of 俊 (handsome; talented). Translates two roots. (1) sundara (handsome). (2) vidagdha (talented). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俊 with the same correlates.

9.854 9.585 儂 (nóng) [skt.tvam; aham] — Traditional variant of 侬 (you; I). Translates two roots. (1) tvam (you). (2) aham (I). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侬 with the same correlates.

9.855 9.587 億 (yì) [skt.koṭi] — Traditional variant of 亿 (hundred million; myriad). Translates koṭi (ten million, crore). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 亿 with the same correlates.

9.856 9.589 儆 (jǐng) — A character meaning "to warn" or "to admonish." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s warnings and admonitions to his disciples.

9.857 9.591 儈 (kuài) — Traditional variant of 侩 (intermediary; broker). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侩 with the same correlates.

9.858 9.592 儉 (jiǎn) — Traditional variant of 俭 (frugal; thrifty). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俭 with the same correlates.

9.859 9.596 儍 (shǎ) [skt.mūḍha] — Archaic variant of 傻 (stupid; foolish). Translates mūḍha (stupid, deluded). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 傻 with the same correlates.

9.860 9.599 儐 (bīn) — Traditional variant of 傧 (to entertain guests). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 傧 with the same correlates.

9.861 9.601 儒 (rú) [skt.vidyā] — Translates vidyā (learning, knowledge) in the sense of a scholar. The character is the term for a Confucian scholar, but in Buddhist contexts it may appear in descriptions of learned individuals. The character is central to the encounter between Buddhism and Confucianism in East Asia.

9.862 9.603 儔 (chóu) [skt.sahāya; mitra] — Traditional variant of 俦 (companion; peer). Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (companion). (2) mitra (friend). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俦 with the same correlates.

9.863 9.604 儕 (chái) [skt.sama; tulya] — Traditional variant of 侪 (peers; equals). Translates two roots. (1) sama (equal). (2) tulya (equal). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 侪 with the same correlates.

9.864 9.607 儘 (jǐn) [skt.kṣaya; śeṣa] — Traditional variant of 尽 (to exhaust; to use up). Translates two roots. (1) kṣaya (exhaustion, depletion). (2) śeṣa (remainder). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 尽 with the same correlates.

9.865 9.610 儛 (wǔ) [skt.nṛtya; nāṭya] — Archaic variant of 舞 (to dance). Translates two roots. (1) nṛtya (dance). (2) nāṭya (dance, drama). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 舞 with the same correlates.

9.866 9.613 儞 (nǐ) [skt.tvam; bhavān] — Archaic variant of 你 (you). Translates two roots. (1) tvam (you). (2) bhavān (you, respectful). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 你 with the same correlates.

9.867 9.614 償 (cháng) [skt.kṣapayati] — Traditional variant of 偿 (to repay; to compensate). Translates kṣapayati (to repay). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 偿 with the same correlates.

9.868 9.616 儡 (lěi) — A character meaning "puppet." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the illusory nature of phenomena — like puppets, they lack self-nature (svabhāva). The character appears in the compound 傀儡 (puttalikā, puppet), used as a simile for the conditioned nature of existence.

9.869 9.625 優 (yōu) [skt.uttama; varīyas] — Traditional variant of 优 (excellent; superior). Translates two roots. (1) uttama (supreme). (2) varīyas (superior). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 优 with the same correlates.

9.870 9.633 儲 (chǔ) [skt.sañcaya] — Traditional variant of 储 (to store; to save). Translates sañcaya (storage, accumulation). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 储 with the same correlates.

9.871 9.638 儷 (lì) [skt.yugala; mithuna] — Traditional variant of 俪 (couple; pair). Translates two roots. (1) yugala (pair). (2) mithuna (pair). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俪 with the same correlates.

9.872 9.641 儺 (nuó) — Traditional variant of 傩 (exorcism). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 傩 with the same correlates.

9.873 9.642 儻 (tǎng) — Traditional variant of 傥 (archaic; if; surname). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 傥 with the same correlates.

9.874 9.643 儼 (yǎn) [skt.gambhīra; dhīra] — Traditional variant of 俨 (dignified; solemn). Translates two roots. (1) gambhīra (deep, profound, dignified). (2) dhīra (dignified, firm). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 俨 with the same correlates.

10 儿

10.1 儿 [chn.ér][eng.child; son; (also ér, suffix)][skt.bāla; putra]

10.2 兀 [chn.wù][eng.to rise; towering; lofty; (also wù, to cut off; (surname))][skt.uccā; (Skt. ūrdhva = high)]

10.3 允 [chn.yǔn][eng.to allow; to consent; to permit; just; fair; (also yǔn, (surname))][skt.anumata; (Skt. anujñā = permission)]

10.4 兂 [chn.zān][archaic variant of 簪 (hairpin; to insert)]

10.5 元 [chn.yuán][eng.primary; beginning; head; first; dynasty; currency; (also yuán, (surname))][skt.ādi; (Skt. pradhāna = primary)]

10.6 兄 [chn.xiōng][eng.older brother; (also xiōng, (surname))][skt.jyeṣṭha; (Skt. bhrātā = brother)]

10.7 充 [chn.chōng][eng.to fill; to be full; to serve as; (also chōng, (surname))][skt.pūraṇa; (Skt. sampūrṇa = full)]

10.8 兆 [chn.zhào][eng.omen; portent; a trillion; million; (also zhào, (surname))][skt.śakuna; (Skt. lakṣaṇa = omen)]

10.9 兇 [chn.xiōng][archaic variant of 凶 (fierce; evil; murder)][skt.ugra; (Skt. pāpa = evil)]

10.10 先 [chn.xiān][eng.first; former; before; previous; (also xiān, (surname))][skt.pūrva; (Skt. prathama = first)]

10.11 光 [chn.guāng][eng.light; brightness; glory; to shine; (also guāng, (surname))][skt.jyoti; prabhā; (Skt. āloka = light)]

10.12 兊 [chn.duì][archaic variant of 兌 (to exchange; to change)][skt.parivarta; (Skt. vinimaya = exchange)]

10.13 克 [chn.kè][eng.to be able; to overcome; to prevail; to restrain; (also kēi, to scold)][skt.jaya; (Skt. śakti = ability)]

10.14 兌 [chn.duì][eng.traditional variant of 兑 (to exchange; to convert; to add; (surname))][skt.parivarta; (Skt. vinimaya = exchange)]

10.15 免 [chn.miǎn][eng.to avoid; to exempt; to dismiss; (also miǎn, (surname))][skt.varjana; (Skt. mukta = freed)]

10.16 兎 [chn.tù][eng.Japanese variant of 兔 (rabbit; hare)][skt.śaśa; (Skt. śaśaka = rabbit)]

10.17 兏 [chn.cháng][archaic variant of 長 (long; chief; elder)][skt.dīrgha; (Skt. jyeṣṭha = elder)]

10.18 児 [chn.ér][eng.Japanese variant of 兒 (child; son)][skt.bāla; putra]

10.19 兑 [chn.duì][eng.to exchange; to convert; to add; (also duì, (surname))][skt.parivarta; (Skt. vinimaya = exchange)]

10.20 兒 [chn.ér][eng.traditional variant of 儿 (child; son); (also ní, (surname))][skt.bāla; putra; (Skt. śiśu = infant)]

10.21 兓 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be sharp); rare]

10.22 兔 [chn.tù][eng.rabbit; hare; (also tù, (surname))][skt.śaśa; (Skt. śaśaka = rabbit)]

10.23 兕 [chn.sì][eng.rhinoceros; (also sì, (surname))][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. khaḍga = rhinoceros)]

10.24 兖 [chn.yǎn][archaic variant of 兗 (Yanzhou; ancient prefecture)]

10.25 兗 [chn.yǎn][eng.ancient prefecture; (also yǎn, (surname))]

10.26 兘 [chn.shǐ][archaic; (also shǐ, to begin); rare][skt.ādi; prathama]

10.27 兙 [chn.shíkè][eng.decagram (unit); (Japanese kokuji)]

10.28 党 [chn.dǎng][eng.party; faction; clique; (also dǎng, (surname))][skt.pakṣa; (Skt. samūha = group)]

10.29 兛 [chn.qiānkè][eng.kilogram (unit); (Japanese kokuji)]

10.30 兜 [chn.dōu][eng.helmet; hood; pocket; to wrap around; (also dōu, (surname))]

10.31 兝 [chn.fēnkè][eng.decigram (unit); (Japanese kokuji)]

10.32 兞 [chn.háokè][eng.milligram (unit); (Japanese kokuji)]

10.33 兟 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to advance); rare]

10.34 兠 [chn.dōu][archaic variant of 兜 (helmet; hood)]

10.35 兡 [chn.bǎikè][eng.hectogram (unit); (Japanese kokuji)]

10.36 兢 [chn.jīng][eng.cautious; careful; fearful; to tremble; (also jīng, (surname))][skt.bhaya; (Skt. sāvadhāna = careful)]

10.37 兣 [chn.líkè][eng.gram (unit); (Japanese kokuji)]

10.38 兤 [chn.huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be bright); rare]

10.39 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 10 (儿)

10.40 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

10.41 10.1 儿 (ér) [skt.bāla; putra] — Translates two roots. (1) bāla (child, youth) appears in 儿童 (bāla, child). (2) putra (son) appears in 儿子 (putra, son). In Buddhist contexts, the character appears in 童子 (kumāra, youth/attendant) and in Jātaka tales involving children. The character is also used as a suffix in colloquial speech.

10.42 10.2 兀 (wù) [skt.uccā; ūrdhva] — Translates two roots. (1) uccā (high, lofty) appears in the sense of towering. (2) ūrdhva (above, high) appears in the sense of rising. The character appears in descriptions of towering mountains and lofty structures in Buddhist cosmology.

10.43 10.3 允 (yǔn) [skt.anumata; anujñā] — Translates two roots. (1) anumata (permitted, agreed) appears in 允许 (anumata, to allow/permit). (2) anujñā (permission, consent) appears in administrative contexts. The character is used in Vinaya discussions of permissions and monastic rules.

10.44 10.5 元 (yuán) [skt.ādi; pradhāna] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ādi (beginning, primary) appears in 元始 (ādi, beginning). (2) pradhāna (primary, chief) appears in the sense of fundamental. The character appears in 元初 (ādi, beginning), 元气 (prāṇa, vital energy), and in Buddhist cosmology as the primordial principle.

10.45 10.6 兄 (xiōng) [skt.jyeṣṭha; bhrātā] — Translates two roots. (1) jyeṣṭha (elder, chief) appears in the sense of elder brother. (2) bhrātā (brother) appears in kinship contexts. The character is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s elder brother and in monastic kinship terms.

10.46 10.7 充 (chōng) [skt.pūraṇa; sampūrṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) pūraṇa (filling, completing) appears in 充满 (pūraṇa, to fill). (2) sampūrṇa (full, complete) appears in the sense of fullness. The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s fullness of virtue.

10.47 10.8 兆 (zhào) [skt.śakuna; lakṣaṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) śakuna (omen, portent) appears in divination contexts. (2) lakṣaṇa (sign, mark) appears in the sense of portent. The character appears in Buddhist texts describing auspicious and inauspicious signs.

10.48 10.10 先 (xiān) [skt.pūrva; prathama] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) pūrva (first, former, previous) appears in 先前 (pūrva, before) and in 先世 (pūrva-janman, past life). (2) prathama (first) appears in the sense of priority. The character is central to Buddhist discussions of past lives and causation.

10.49 10.11 光 (guāng) [skt.jyoti; prabhā; āloka] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots central to Buddhist imagery. (1) jyoti (light, radiance) appears in 光明 (jyoti, light/brilliance). (2) prabhā (radiance, splendor) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s aura. (3) āloka (light, illumination) appears in 光照 (āloka, illumination). The character is central to descriptions of the Buddha’s enlightenment and the light of wisdom.

10.50 10.13 克 (kè) [skt.jaya; śakti] — Translates two roots. (1) jaya (victory, conquest) appears in 克制 (jaya, to overcome). (2) śakti (ability, power) appears in the sense of being able. The character appears in discussions of overcoming defilements (klesa) in Buddhist practice.

10.51 10.14 兌 (duì) [skt.parivarta; vinimaya] — Translates two roots. (1) parivarta (exchange, turning) appears in the sense of exchange. (2) vinimaya (exchange, barter) appears in economic contexts. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of economic transactions and exchanges.

10.52 10.15 免 (miǎn) [skt.varjana; mukta] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) varjana (avoidance, leaving) appears in 避免 (varjana, to avoid). (2) mukta (freed, released) appears in 免罪 (mukta, freed from sin). The character is central to Buddhist soteriology, describing liberation from suffering and saṃsāra.

10.53 10.16 兎 (tù) / 10.22 兔 (tù) [skt.śaśa; śaśaka] — Translates two roots. (1) śaśa (rabbit, hare) appears in Jātaka tales (e.g., the Śaśa Jātaka, where the rabbit offers itself). (2) śaśaka (rabbit) appears in the same context. The character appears in Buddhist animal tales and similes.

10.54 10.23 兕 (sì) [skt.khaḍga] — Translates khaḍga (rhinoceros) — the same root as the word for sword. In Buddhist texts, the rhinoceros appears as a metaphor for solitude and the lone wanderer (khaḍgaviṣāṇa). The character appears in the Rhinoceros Sūtra (Khaḍgaviṣāṇa Sūtra), a famous text on solitary practice.

10.55 10.28 党 (dǎng) [skt.pakṣa; samūha] — Translates two roots. (1) pakṣa (party, faction, side) appears in 党派 (pakṣa, faction). (2) samūha (group, assembly) appears in the sense of group. The character appears in Buddhist discussions of sectarianism and factions in the monastic community.

10.56 10.36 兢 (jīng) [skt.bhaya; sāvadhāna] — Translates two roots. (1) bhaya (fear, terror) appears in the sense of being fearful. (2) sāvadhāna (careful, attentive) appears in the sense of caution. The character appears in descriptions of the careful attention required in meditation practice.

11 入

11.1 入 [chn.rù][eng.to enter; to go into; to join; to conform; income][skt.praveśa; (Skt. āgama = entrance)]

11.2 兦 [chn.wáng][archaic variant of 亡 (to die; to perish; to flee)][skt.mṛta; naṣṭa]

11.3 內 [chn.nèi][eng.inside; within; inner; internal; (also nà, to accept)][skt.antara; abhyantara; (Skt. adhyātma = inner)]

11.4 全 [chn.quán][eng.complete; whole; entire; all; to preserve; (also quán, (surname))][skt.sarva; (Skt. akhila = entire)]

11.5 兩 [chn.liǎng][eng.traditional variant of 两 (two; both; a couple; unit of weight)][skt.dvau; ubhaya; (Skt. yugala = pair)]

11.6 兪 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 俞 (to approve; to be calm; (surname))][skt.anumata; (Skt. śama = calm)]

11.7 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 11 (入)

11.8 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

11.9 11.1 入 (rù) [skt.praveśa; āgama] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) praveśa (entrance, entering) appears in 进入 (praveśa, to enter). (2) āgama (coming, entrance; scriptural tradition) appears in the sense of entering. The character is central to the title of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra (入楞伽經, Laṅkāvatāra, "Entering Laṅkā"). It also appears in 入定 (samāpatti, entering meditative absorption), a key term in meditation practice.

11.10 11.3 內 (nèi) [skt.antara; abhyantara; adhyātma] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) antara (inside, within) appears in 内部 (antara, interior). (2) abhyantara (inner) appears in the sense of being internal. (3) adhyātma (inner self, spiritual) appears in 内观 (adhyātma-vipaśyanā, insight meditation). The character is central to Buddhist psychology, distinguishing inner from outer (內外, adhyātma-bāhya).

11.11 11.4 全 (quán) [skt.sarva; akhila] — Translates two roots. (1) sarva (all, every) appears in 全部 (sarva, all). (2) akhila (entire, complete) appears in 全分 (akhila, complete). The character appears in descriptions of the completeness of the Buddha’s enlightenment.

11.12 11.5 兩 (liǎng) [skt.dvau; ubhaya; yugala] — Translates three roots. (1) dvau (two) as a numeral. (2) ubhaya (both) in the sense of both sides. (3) yugala (pair) in the sense of a pair. The character appears in discussions of duality and dichotomy in Buddhist philosophy.

11.13 11.6 兪 (yú) [skt.anumata; śama] — Translates two roots. (1) anumata (approved, agreed). (2) śama (calm, peace) in the sense of calm. Archaic variant of 俞; appears in classical texts.

12 八

12.1 八 [chn.bā][eng.eight; the number eight; (also bā, (surname))][skt.aṣṭa; (Skt. aṣṭaka = eight)]

12.2 公 [chn.gōng][eng.public; common; fair; just; duke; official; (also gōng, (surname))][skt.sāmānya; (Skt. dharma = justice)]

12.3 六 [chn.liù][eng.six; the number six; (also lù, (surname))][skt.ṣaṣ; (Skt. ṣaṣṭha = sixth)]

12.4 兮 [chn.xī][eng.particle (classical); (also xī, exclamation)][skt.iti; (Skt. ca = and)]

12.5 兯 [chn.hǎn][archaic; (also hǎn, to be rare); rare]

12.6 兰 [chn.lán][eng.orchid; elegant; (also lán, (surname))]

12.7 共 [chn.gòng][eng.together; common; general; to share; (also gǒng, to reverence)][skt.saha; (Skt. sāmānya = common)]

12.8 兲 [chn.tiān][archaic variant of 天 (heaven; sky; day)][skt.deva; (Skt. ākāśa = sky)]

12.9 关 [chn.guān][eng.to close; to shut; to involve; customhouse; (also guān, (surname))][(Skt. dvāra = gate)]

12.10 兴 [chn.xīng][eng.to rise; to prosper; to begin; (also xìng, interest; mood)][skt.udaya; (Skt. samṛddhi = prosperity)]

12.11 兵 [chn.bīng][eng.soldier; army; weapon; military; (also bīng, (surname))][skt.sainya; (Skt. yodha = warrior)]

12.12 其 [chn.qí][eng.his; her; its; their; that; (also qí, (surname))][skt.tat; (Skt. svayam = oneself)]

12.13 具 [chn.jù][eng.tool; instrument; to possess; to provide; (also jù, (surname))][skt.bhāṇḍa; (Skt. upakaraṇa = equipment)]

12.14 典 [chn.diǎn][eng.canon; classic; standard; ceremony; to pawn; (also diǎn, (surname))][skt.śāstra; (Skt. sūtra = scripture)]

12.15 兹 [chn.zī][eng.now; this; here; (also cí, (surname))][skt.idam; (Skt. adya = now)]

12.16 兺 [chn.běn][archaic; (also běn, Korea); rare]

12.17 养 [chn.yǎng][eng.to nourish; to raise; to support; to cultivate; (also yàng, (surname))][skt.poṣaṇa; (Skt. bhāvanā = cultivation)]

12.18 兼 [chn.jiān][eng.to combine; simultaneously; both; (also jiān, (surname))][skt.ubhaya; (Skt. saha = together)]

12.19 兽 [chn.shòu][eng.beast; animal; beastly; (also shòu, (surname))][skt.mṛga; (Skt. paśu = animal)]

12.20 兾 [chn.jì][archaic variant of 冀 (to hope; to wish; Hebei province)][skt.āśā; (Skt. pratīkṣā = hope)]

12.21 兿 [chn.yì][archaic variant of 藝 (art; skill; to cultivate)][skt.kalā; (Skt. vidyā = skill)]

12.22 冀 [chn.jì][eng.to hope; to wish; Hebei province; (also jì, (surname))][skt.āśā; (Skt. pratīkṣā = hope)]

12.23 冁 [chn.chǎn][eng.to smile; to laugh; (also chǎn, (surname))][skt.smita; (Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

12.24 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 12 (八)

12.25 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

12.26 12.1 八 (bā) [skt.aṣṭa; aṣṭaka] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) aṣṭa (eight) as a numeral. (2) aṣṭaka (group of eight) as a collective. The character is central to many Buddhist enumerations: 八正道 (āryāṣṭāṅgika-mārga, Eightfold Path), 八識 (aṣṭa-vijñāna, Eight Consciousnesses), 八苦 (aṣṭa-duḥkha, Eight Sufferings), and 八戒 (aṣṭa-śīla, Eight Precepts). The Eightfold Path is the fourth noble truth and the foundational teaching of Buddhist practice.

12.27 12.2 公 (gōng) [skt.sāmānya; dharma] — Translates two roots. (1) sāmānya (common, public, general) appears in 公共 (sāmānya, public). (2) dharma (justice, righteousness) appears in 公平 (dharma, justice/fairness). The character appears in Buddhist discussions of justice and public good.

12.28 12.3 六 (liù) [skt.ṣaṣ; ṣaṣṭha] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ṣaṣ (six) as a numeral. (2) ṣaṣṭha (sixth) as an ordinal. The character is central to many Buddhist enumerations: 六度 (ṣaṭ-pāramitā, Six Perfections), 六道 (ṣaḍ-gati, Six Realms), 六根 (ṣaḍ-indriya, Six Sense Bases), and 六識 (ṣaḍ-vijñāna, Six Consciousnesses). The Six Perfections are foundational to Mahāyāna bodhisattva practice.

12.29 12.7 共 (gòng) [skt.saha; sāmānya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) saha (together, with) appears in 共同 (saha, together). (2) sāmānya (common, general) appears in 共产 (sāmānya, common possession). The character appears in 僧伽 (saṅgha, monastic community), where monks live together in communal practice. It also appears in 共修 (saha-bhāvanā, collective practice), a key term in Buddhist practice.

12.30 12.9 关 (guān) [skt.dvāra] — Translates dvāra (gate, door, entrance). The character appears in 关口 (dvāra, gate/pass) and in Buddhist contexts as a metaphorical "gateway" to the Dharma. It also appears in 关隘 (dvāra, pass/defile), used in similes for guarding the sense doors.

12.31 12.10 兴 (xīng) [skt.udaya; samṛddhi] — Translates two roots. (1) udaya (rising, arising) appears in 兴起 (udaya, to rise). (2) samṛddhi (prosperity, success) appears in 兴盛 (samṛddhi, prosperity). The character appears in Buddhist discussions of arising and passing away, central to the doctrine of impermanence (anitya).

12.32 12.11 兵 (bīng) [skt.sainya; yodha] — Translates two roots. (1) sainya (army, soldier) appears in 士兵 (sainya, soldier). (2) yodha (warrior) appears in the sense of soldier. The character appears in Buddhist military metaphors for the spiritual struggle against defilements.

12.33 12.12 其 (qí) [skt.tat; svayam] — Translates two roots. (1) tat (that, his/her/its) appears as a demonstrative pronoun. (2) svayam (oneself, self) appears in the sense of "itself." The character is one of the most common pronouns in Buddhist texts and appears in virtually every sutra.

12.34 12.13 具 (jù) [skt.bhāṇḍa; upakaraṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) bhāṇḍa (tool, vessel, utensil) appears in 器具 (bhāṇḍa, tool). (2) upakaraṇa (equipment, requisite) appears in monastic contexts. The character appears in lists of monastic requisites (upakaraṇa), essential for Buddhist monks and nuns.

12.35 12.14 典 (diǎn) [skt.śāstra; sūtra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śāstra (treatise, canon, text) appears in 经典 (śāstra, scripture/classic). (2) sūtra (sutra, thread) appears in the same context. The character is central to the Buddhist canon (大藏经, Tripiṭaka) and appears in 典籍 (śāstra, canonical text). It is the term for the authoritative scriptures of Buddhism.

12.36 12.15 兹 (zī) [skt.idam; adya] — Translates two roots. (1) idam (this, here) appears in the sense of "this." (2) adya (now, today) appears in the sense of "now." The character appears in classical texts and Buddhist commentaries in the sense of "now" or "here."

12.37 12.17 养 (yǎng) [skt.poṣaṇa; bhāvanā] — Translates two roots. (1) poṣaṇa (nourishment, support) appears in 养育 (poṣaṇa, to nourish). (2) bhāvanā (cultivation, development) appears in 养心 (bhāvanā, mind cultivation). The character appears in Buddhist discussions of spiritual cultivation and nourishment of the mind.

12.38 12.18 兼 (jiān) [skt.ubhaya; saha] — Translates two roots. (1) ubhaya (both, both sides) appears in 兼顾 (ubhaya, to take both into account). (2) saha (together, with) appears in the sense of simultaneously. The character appears in discussions of inclusiveness and non-duality in Buddhist philosophy.

12.39 12.19 兽 (shòu) [skt.mṛga; paśu] — Translates two roots. (1) mṛga (beast, wild animal) appears in 野兽 (mṛga, wild beast). (2) paśu (animal, beast) appears in the sense of domestic animal. The character appears in Buddhist discussions of rebirth in the animal realm (tiryagyoni), one of the six realms.

12.40 12.22 冀 (jì) [skt.āśā; pratīkṣā] — Translates two roots. (1) āśā (hope, desire) appears in 冀望 (āśā, hope). (2) pratīkṣā (expectation, hope) appears in similar contexts. The character appears in Buddhist aspirations and the bodhisattva’s hopeful vow to liberate all beings.

13 冂

13.1 冂 [chn.jiōng][eng.down box; outer boundary; distant; radical 13][(Skt. paridhi = boundary)]

13.2 冃 [chn.mào][archaic variant of 冒 (to cover; to risk; to wear on head)][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

13.3 冄 [chn.rǎn][archaic variant of 冉 (slowly; gently; (surname))][(Skt. śanaiḥ = slowly)]

13.4 内 [chn.nèi][eng.inside; within; interior; (also nà, to accept)][skt.antara; abhyantara]

13.5 円 [chn.yuán][eng.Japanese variant of 圓 (circle; round; yen; currency)][(Skt. maṇḍala = circle)]

13.6 冇 [chn.mǎo][eng.dialectal; to not have; (also mǎo, (surname))][(Skt. na vidyate = there is not)]

13.7 冈 [chn.gāng][eng.ridge; top of a hill; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

13.8 冉 [chn.rǎn][eng.slowly; gently; (also rǎn, (surname))][(Skt. śanaiḥ = slowly)]

13.9 冊 [chn.cè][eng.traditional variant of 册 (book; volume; to register; (surname))][skt.grantha; (Skt. pustaka = book)]

13.10 冋 [chn.jiōng][archaic variant of 冏 (bright; brilliant); rare][(Skt. prabhā = radiance)]

13.11 册 [chn.cè][eng.book; volume; to register; (also cè, (surname))][skt.grantha; (Skt. pustaka = book)]

13.12 再 [chn.zài][eng.again; once more; repeatedly; (also zài, (surname))][skt.punaḥ; (Skt. punar = again)]

13.13 冎 [chn.guǎ][archaic variant of 剐 (to cut; to slice); rare]

13.14 冏 [chn.jiǒng][eng.bright; brilliant; (also jiǒng, to be anxious)][(Skt. prabhā = radiance)]

13.15 冐 [chn.mào][archaic variant of 冒 (to cover; to risk; to wear on head)][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

13.16 冑 [chn.zhòu][eng.helmet; armor; descendant; (also zhòu, (surname))][(Skt. kavaca = armor)]

13.17 冒 [chn.mào][eng.to cover; to risk; to wear on head; to pretend; (also mào, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering; Skt. śiras = head)]

13.18 冓 [chn.gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to structure); rare]

13.19 冔 [chn.xǔ][eng.ceremonial cap; (also xǔ, (surname)); rare]

13.20 冕 [chn.miǎn][eng.crown; coronet; (also miǎn, (surname))][(Skt. mukuṭa = crown)]

13.21 冖 [chn.mì][eng.cover; to cover; radical 14; (also mì, to cover)][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

13.22 冗 [chn.rǒng][eng.superfluous; redundant; busy; (also rǒng, (surname))][(Skt. adhika = excessive)]

13.23 冘 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to go); rare]

13.24 冚 [chn.kǎn][eng.to cover; to conceal; (also kǎn, (surname)); rare]

13.25 写 [chn.xiě][eng.to write; to compose; to describe; (also xiè, to pour out)][skt.likh; (Skt. lekha = writing)]

13.26 冞 [chn.mí][archaic; (also mí, to be deep); rare]

13.27 冟 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be fragrant); rare]

13.28 冠 [chn.guān][eng.hat; crown; to put on a cap; (also guàn, to be first)][skt.mukuṭa; (Skt. śiras = head)]

13.29 冡 [chn.méng][archaic variant of 蒙 (to cover; to deceive; to receive)][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

13.30 冢 [chn.zhǒng][eng.grave; tomb; mound; (also zhǒng, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

13.31 冣 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to gather); rare]

13.32 冤 [chn.yuān][eng.injustice; grievance; resentment; (also yuān, (surname))][(Skt. anāgama = injustice)]

13.33 冥 [chn.míng][eng.dark; deep; profound; underworld; (also míng, (surname))][skt.tamas; (Skt. andhakāra = darkness)]

13.34 冦 [chn.kòu][archaic variant of 寇 (bandit; enemy; to invade)][(Skt. śatru = enemy)]

13.35 冧 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be happy); rare]

13.36 冨 [chn.fù][archaic variant of 富 (wealthy; abundant; rich)][(Skt. vibhava = wealth)]

13.37 冩 [chn.xiě][archaic variant of 寫 (to write; to depict)][skt.likh; (Skt. lekha = writing)]

13.38 冪 [chn.mì][eng.to cover with cloth; to veil; (also mì, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

13.39 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 13 (冂)

13.40 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

13.41 13.1 冂 (jiōng) [skt.paridhi] — Translates paridhi (boundary, circumference). The radical itself represents an outer boundary. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the boundaries of the cosmos and the limits of saṃsāra.

13.42 13.4 内 (nèi) [skt.antara; abhyantara] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) antara (inside, within) appears in 内部 (antara, interior). (2) abhyantara (inner, internal) appears in the sense of being inside. The character is central to Buddhist psychology, distinguishing inner from outer (ādhyātma-bāhya). See also Section 11, Character 11.3.

13.43 13.8 冉 (rǎn) [skt.śanaiḥ] — Translates śanaiḥ (slowly, gently). The character appears in the sense of slowness and gentleness, qualities associated with patience (kṣānti) in Buddhist practice.

13.44 13.9 冊 (cè) / 13.11 册 (cè) [skt.grantha; pustaka] — Translates two roots. (1) grantha (book, volume, text) appears in 经册 (grantha, scripture volume). (2) pustaka (book, manuscript) appears in the same context. The character appears in descriptions of Buddhist scriptures and the physical texts of the canon.

13.45 13.12 再 (zài) [skt.punaḥ; punar] — Translates two roots. (1) punaḥ (again, once more) appears in 再次 (punaḥ, again). (2) punar (again) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist discussions of repeated practice and the recurrence of saṃsāra.

13.46 13.14 冏 (jiǒng) [skt.prabhā] — Translates prabhā (radiance, brilliance). The character appears in descriptions of radiant light, often associated with the Buddha’s aura and the light of wisdom.

13.47 13.17 冒 (mào) [skt.chādana; śiras] — Translates two roots. (1) chādana (covering, veiling) appears in 冒盖 (chādana, covering). (2) śiras (head) appears in the sense of wearing on the head. The character appears in 冒险 (chādana, to risk), used in descriptions of the bodhisattva’s fearless undertaking of the path.

13.48 13.20 冕 (miǎn) [skt.mukuṭa] — Translates mukuṭa (crown, coronet). The character appears in royal and ritual contexts, describing the crowns of kings and the divine ornaments of celestial beings.

13.49 13.28 冠 (guān) [skt.mukuṭa; śiras] — Translates two roots. (1) mukuṭa (crown) appears in 冠冕 (mukuṭa, crown). (2) śiras (head) appears in the sense of "to put on a cap." The character appears in 冠位 (mukuṭa, royal rank) and in descriptions of the Buddha’s crown in iconography.

13.50 13.30 冢 (zhǒng) [skt.śmaśāna] — Translates śmaśāna (grave, tomb, cremation ground). The character appears in Buddhist funerary contexts and in descriptions of the cremation ground meditation (śmaśāna-saṃjñā), a practice for contemplating impermanence.

13.51 13.32 冤 (yuān) [skt.anāgama] — Translates anāgama (injustice, wrong). The character appears in discussions of karmic justice and the consequences of actions. It is used in legal and ethical contexts.

13.52 13.33 冥 (míng) [skt.tamas; andhakāra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) tamas (darkness, obscuration) appears in 冥暗 (tamas, darkness). (2) andhakāra (darkness) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 冥界 (tamas-loka, underworld) and in discussions of ignorance (avidyā) as the root of saṃsāra. It is also used in 冥王 (Yama, the king of the underworld).

13.53 13.36 冨 (fù) [skt.vibhava] — Translates vibhava (wealth, prosperity, abundance). Archaic variant of 富. The character appears in economic contexts and in discussions of the wealth of generosity (dāna).

14 冖

14.1 冖 [chn.mì][eng.cover; to cover over; radical 14][skt.chādana; (Skt. avacchādana = covering)]

14.2 冗 [chn.rǒng][eng.superfluous; redundant; extra; busy; (also rǒng, (surname))][skt.adhika; (Skt. atirikta = excessive)]

14.3 冘 [chn.yín][eng.to go; to move; (also yín, (surname)); archaic][skt.gamana; (Skt. calana = movement)]

14.4 写 [chn.xiě][eng.to write; to compose; to describe; to draw; (also xiè, to pour out)][skt.likh; (Skt. lekhana = writing)]

14.5 冚 [chn.kǎn][eng.to cover; to conceal; (also kǎn, (surname)); rare][skt.gūhana; (Skt. apavāraṇa = covering)]

14.6 军 [chn.jūn][eng.army; military; troops; (also jūn, (surname))][skt.sainya; (Skt. bala = army)]

14.7 农 [chn.nóng][eng.farming; agriculture; peasant; (also nóng, (surname))][skt.kṛṣi; (Skt. karsaka = farmer)]

14.8 冝 [chn.yí][archaic variant of 宜 (appropriate; proper; fitting)][skt.yukta; (Skt. sādhu = proper)]

14.9 冞 [chn.mí][archaic; (also mí, to be deep); rare][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. gahana = deep)]

14.10 冟 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be fragrant); rare][skt.surabhi; (Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

14.11 冠 [chn.guān][eng.hat; crown; to put on a cap; to lead; (also guàn, to be first)][skt.mukuṭa; (Skt. śiras = head; Skt. agra = first)]

14.12 冡 [chn.méng][archaic variant of 蒙 (to cover; to deceive; to receive; to be ignorant)][skt.chādana; (Skt. avidyā = ignorance)]

14.13 冢 [chn.zhǒng][eng.grave; tomb; mound; (also zhǒng, (surname))][skt.śmaśāna; (Skt. stūpa = mound)]

14.14 冣 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to gather); rare][skt.samāgama; (Skt. saṃcaya = collection)]

14.15 冤 [chn.yuān][eng.injustice; grievance; resentment; false accusation; (also yuān, (surname))][skt.anāgama; (Skt. abhiśāpa = injustice)]

14.16 冥 [chn.míng][eng.dark; deep; profound; underworld; (also míng, (surname))][skt.tamas; (Skt. andhakāra = darkness; Skt. gahana = deep)]

14.17 冦 [chn.kòu][archaic variant of 寇 (bandit; enemy; to invade; (surname))][skt.śatru; (Skt. cora = bandit)]

14.18 冧 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be happy); rare][skt.sukha; (Skt. ānanda = happiness)]

14.19 冨 [chn.fù][archaic variant of 富 (wealthy; abundant; rich; (surname))][skt.vibhava; (Skt. dhana = wealth)]

14.20 冩 [chn.xiě][archaic variant of 寫 (to write; to depict; to describe)][skt.likh; (Skt. lekhana = writing)]

14.21 冪 [chn.mì][eng.to cover with cloth; to veil; cloth cover; (also mì, (surname))][skt.chādana; (Skt. paṭa = cloth)]

14.22 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 14 (冖)

14.23 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

14.24 14.1 冖 (mì) [skt.chādana; avacchādana] — The radical itself, representing a cover or veil. Translates two roots. (1) chādana (covering, veiling). (2) avacchādana (covering, covering over). The character appears in compounds relating to covering and concealment.

14.25 14.2 冗 (rǒng) [skt.adhika; atirikta] — Translates two roots. (1) adhika (excessive, more) appears in 冗长 (adhika, redundant). (2) atirikta (superfluous, extra) appears in the same sense. The character appears in discussions of excess and moderation in Buddhist practice.

14.26 14.4 写 (xiě) [skt.likh; lekhana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) likh (to write, to inscribe) appears in 书写 (likh, to write). (2) lekhana (writing, inscription) appears in the sense of composing. The character appears in 写经 (likh-sūtra, copying sutras), a highly meritorious act in Buddhism. The copying of scriptures is one of the ten wholesome deeds.

14.27 14.6 军 (jūn) [skt.sainya; bala] — Translates two roots. (1) sainya (army, soldier) appears in 军队 (sainya, army). (2) bala (force, army) appears in the sense of military forces. The character appears in Buddhist military metaphors for the spiritual struggle and the army of the Buddha (buddha-bala).

14.28 14.7 农 (nóng) [skt.kṛṣi; karsaka] — Translates two roots. (1) kṛṣi (agriculture, farming) appears in 农业 (kṛṣi, agriculture). (2) karsaka (farmer, ploughman) appears in the sense of peasant. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of farming, which is regulated for monastics.

14.29 14.8 冝 (yí) [skt.yukta; sādhu] — Translates two roots. (1) yukta (fitting, appropriate) appears in 适宜 (yukta, appropriate). (2) sādhu (good, proper) appears in the same sense. Archaic variant of 宜; appears in classical Buddhist texts in the sense of propriety and appropriateness.

14.30 14.11 冠 (guān) [skt.mukuṭa; śiras; agra] — Translates three roots. (1) mukuṭa (crown) appears in 冠冕 (mukuṭa, crown). (2) śiras (head) appears in the sense of putting on a cap. (3) agra (first, foremost) appears in the sense of "to be first." See also Section 13, Character 13.28.

14.31 14.13 冢 (zhǒng) [skt.śmaśāna; stūpa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śmaśāna (grave, cremation ground) appears in funerary contexts. (2) stūpa (mound, stupa) appears in the sense of burial mound. The character is historically linked to the stūpa, the Buddhist reliquary monument that is central to Buddhist architecture and devotional practice. See also Section 13, Character 13.30.

14.32 14.15 冤 (yuān) [skt.anāgama; abhiśāpa] — Translates two roots. (1) anāgama (injustice, wrong) appears in 冤枉 (anāgama, injustice). (2) abhiśāpa (false accusation, curse) appears in the sense of grievance. See also Section 13, Character 13.32.

14.33 14.16 冥 (míng) [skt.tamas; andhakāra; gahana] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) tamas (darkness) appears in 冥暗 (tamas, darkness). (2) andhakāra (darkness) appears in the same sense. (3) gahana (deep, profound) appears in the sense of profundity. See also Section 13, Character 13.33. The character appears in 冥想 (bhāvanā, meditation), a term that derives from the sense of profound contemplation.

14.34 14.19 冨 (fù) [skt.vibhava; dhana] — Translates two roots. (1) vibhava (wealth, abundance). (2) dhana (wealth, treasure). Archaic variant of 富. See also Section 13, Character 13.36.

15 冫

15.1 冫 [chn.bīng][eng.ice; cold; radical 15][skt.hima; (Skt. tuhina = frost)]

15.2 冬 [chn.dōng][eng.winter; (also dōng, (surname))][skt.śiśira; (Skt. hima = winter)]

15.3 冭 [chn.tài][archaic variant of 太 (too; very; extreme; (surname))][skt.ati; (Skt. parama = extreme)]

15.4 冮 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, river name); rare]

15.5 冯 [chn.féng][eng.to gallop; (also píng, (surname))][(Skt. dhāvati = to run)]

15.6 冰 [chn.bīng][eng.ice; to freeze; cold; (also bīng, (surname))][skt.hima; (Skt. tuhina = frost)]

15.7 冱 [chn.hù][eng.to freeze; to congeal; (also hù, (surname))][skt.jalada; (Skt. śīta = cold)]

15.8 冲 [chn.chōng][eng.to rinse; to rush; to charge; (also chòng, intense; facing)][(Skt. dhāvati = to rush)]

15.9 决 [chn.jué][eng.to decide; to determine; to execute; (also jué, (surname))][skt.niścaya; (Skt. vyavasthā = decision)]

15.10 冴 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to freeze); rare]

15.11 况 [chn.kuàng][eng.situation; condition; moreover; (also kuàng, (surname))][skt.avasthā; (Skt. sthiti = condition)]

15.12 冶 [chn.yě][eng.to smelt; to cast; to mold; seductive; (also yě, (surname))][(Skt. dhātu = metal)]

15.13 冷 [chn.lěng][eng.cold; cool; (also lěng, (surname))][skt.śīta; (Skt. hima = cold)]

15.14 冸 [chn.pàn][archaic; (also pàn, to melt); rare]

15.15 冹 [chn.fā][archaic; (also fā, cold wind); rare]

15.16 冺 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be extinct); rare]

15.17 冻 [chn.dòng][eng.to freeze; to congeal; (also dòng, (surname))][skt.jalada; (Skt. śīta = cold)]

15.18 冼 [chn.xiǎn][eng.surname; (also xiǎn, to wash); rare]

15.19 冽 [chn.liè][eng.cold; chilly; (also liè, (surname))][skt.śīta; (Skt. hima = cold)]

15.20 冾 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, harmony); rare]

15.21 冿 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to go forward); rare]

15.22 净 [chn.jìng][eng.clean; pure; completely; (also chēng, to be cold)][skt.śuddha; (Skt. viśuddha = pure)]

15.23 凁 [chn.sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be cold); rare]

15.24 凂 [chn.měi][archaic; (also měi, to be dark); rare]

15.25 凃 [chn.tú][archaic variant of 涂 (to apply; to smear; mud; (surname))]

15.26 凄 [chn.qī][eng.dreary; bleak; sad; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. duḥkha = sorrow)]

15.27 凅 [chn.gù][archaic; (also gù, to freeze); rare]

15.28 准 [chn.zhǔn][eng.to permit; to allow; accurate; standard; (also zhǔn, (surname))][skt.anumata; (Skt. pramāṇa = standard)]

15.29 凇 [chn.sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be cold); rare]

15.30 凈 [chn.jìng][archaic variant of 净 (clean; pure)][skt.śuddha; (Skt. viśuddha = pure)]

15.31 凉 [chn.liáng][eng.cool; cold; to cool; (also liàng, to cool down)][skt.śīta; (Skt. hima = cold)]

15.32 凊 [chn.qìng][eng.cool; cold; (also qìng, (surname))][skt.śīta; (Skt. hima = cold)]

15.33 凋 [chn.diāo][eng.to wither; to fade; to decay; (also diāo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaya = decay)]

15.34 凌 [chn.líng][eng.to insult; to rise; to approach; ice; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. avajñā = insult)]

15.35 凍 [chn.dòng][eng.traditional variant of 冻 (to freeze; to congeal)][skt.jalada; (Skt. śīta = cold)]

15.36 凎 [chn.gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be cold); rare]

15.37 减 [chn.jiǎn][eng.to reduce; to decrease; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. hāni = decrease)]

15.38 凐 [chn.yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be dark); rare]

15.39 凑 [chn.còu][eng.to gather; to assemble; to happen; (also còu, (surname))][skt.samāgama; (Skt. saṃcaya = collection)]

15.40 凒 [chn.ái][archaic; (also ái, to be white); rare]

15.41 凓 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be cold); rare]

15.42 凔 [chn.cāng][archaic; (also cāng, to be cold); rare]

15.43 凕 [chn.mǐng][archaic; (also mǐng, to be dark); rare]

15.44 凖 [chn.zhǔn][archaic variant of 准 (to allow; accurate; standard)][skt.anumata; (Skt. pramāṇa = standard)]

15.45 凗 [chn.cuī][archaic; (also cuī, to be cold); rare]

15.46 凘 [chn.sī][archaic; (also sī, to be cold); rare]

15.47 凙 [chn.duó][archaic; (also duó, to be cold); rare]

15.48 凚 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be cold); rare]

15.49 凛 [chn.lǐn][eng.cold; chilly; stern; dignified; (also lǐn, (surname))][skt.śīta; (Skt. gambhīra = stern)]

15.50 凜 [chn.lǐn][archaic variant of 凛 (cold; chilly; stern)][skt.śīta; (Skt. gambhīra = stern)]

15.51 凝 [chn.níng][eng.to congeal; to freeze; to concentrate; to solidify; (also níng, (surname))][(Skt. ghana = solidification)]

15.52 凞 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be bright); rare]

15.53 凟 [chn.dú][archaic variant of 渎 (to disrespect; to defile; stream)][(Skt. avajñā = disrespect)]

15.54 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 15 (冫)

15.55 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

15.56 15.1 冫 (bīng) [skt.hima; tuhina] — The radical itself. Translates two roots. (1) hima (ice, snow, cold) appears in 冰雪 (hima, ice/snow). (2) tuhina (frost) appears in the sense of frost. The radical appears in many characters related to cold and ice.

15.57 15.2 冬 (dōng) [skt.śiśira; hima] — Translates two roots. (1) śiśira (winter, cold season) appears in the sense of winter. (2) hima (winter) appears in the same sense. The character appears in seasonal descriptions and in Buddhist cosmological texts describing the seasons.

15.58 15.6 冰 (bīng) [skt.hima; tuhina] — Translates two roots. (1) hima (ice, snow). (2) tuhina (frost). The character appears in 冰霜 (hima, frost/ice), used in similes for the coldness of indifference or the purity of the Dharma.

15.59 15.8 冲 (chōng) [skt.dhāvati] — Translates dhāvati (to run, to rush). The character appears in 冲击 (dhāvati, to rush/charge) and in the sense of rinsing or pouring. It appears in meditation contexts describing the rushing of thoughts.

15.60 15.9 决 (jué) [skt.niścaya; vyavasthā] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) niścaya (decision, certainty) appears in 决定 (niścaya, to decide). (2) vyavasthā (determination, arrangement) appears in the sense of determination. The character appears in 决心 (niścaya, determination), a key quality for Buddhist practice, and in 决择 (niścaya, discrimination), a key term in Buddhist epistemology.

15.61 15.11 况 (kuàng) [skt.avasthā; sthiti] — Translates two roots. (1) avasthā (condition, state, situation) appears in 情况 (avasthā, situation). (2) sthiti (state, condition) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist discussions of mental states (citta-avasthā) and the conditions of existence.

15.62 15.12 冶 (yě) [skt.dhātu] — Translates dhātu (metal, element) in the sense of smelting and casting. The character appears in 冶金 (dhātu, metallurgy) and in alchemical contexts. In Buddhist texts, it may appear in descriptions of metalworking and craft.

15.63 15.13 冷 (lěng) [skt.śīta; hima] — Translates two roots. (1) śīta (cold, cool) appears in 寒冷 (śīta, cold). (2) hima (cold) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 冷静 (śīta, calm/cool), a quality valued in meditation practice.

15.64 15.19 冽 (liè) [skt.śīta; hima] — Translates two roots. (1) śīta (cold, chilly). (2) hima (cold). The character appears in descriptions of cold, often in poetic and metaphorical contexts.

15.65 15.22 净 (jìng) [skt.śuddha; viśuddha] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śuddha (pure, clean) appears in 清净 (śuddha, pure). (2) viśuddha (thoroughly pure, completely pure) appears in 净洁 (viśuddha, pure). The character is central to Buddhist practice, appearing in 净土 (Sukhāvatī, Pure Land), 净戒 (śuddha-śīla, pure precepts), and 净心 (śuddha-citta, pure mind). The Pure Land tradition is one of the major schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism.

15.66 15.26 凄 (qī) [skt.duḥkha] — Translates duḥkha (sorrow, suffering, pain). The character appears in 凄惨 (duḥkha, miserable/bleak). The concept of duḥkha is the first noble truth and the foundational insight of Buddhism.

15.67 15.28 准 (zhǔn) [skt.anumata; pramāṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) anumata (permitted, allowed) appears in 准许 (anumata, to permit). (2) pramāṇa (standard, measure, authority) appears in 标准 (pramāṇa, standard). The character appears in 准提 (Cundī), the name of a Buddhist goddess and a popular mantra (准提咒, Cundī-dhāraṇī). The character is also used in Buddhist logic (pramāṇa) as the standard of valid cognition.

15.68 15.31 凉 (liáng) [skt.śīta; hima] — Translates two roots. (1) śīta (cool, cold). (2) hima (cold). The character appears in 清凉 (śīta, cool/refreshing), a term used to describe the coolness of nirvāṇa, which is free from the heat of defilements.

15.69 15.33 凋 (diāo) [skt.kṣaya] — Translates kṣaya (decay, destruction, loss). The character appears in 凋零 (kṣaya, to wither/decay). The concept of kṣaya appears in the Buddhist teaching on impermanence (anitya), where all compounded things decay and pass away.

15.70 15.34 凌 (líng) [skt.avajñā] — Translates avajñā (insult, disrespect). The character appears in 凌辱 (avajñā, to insult). In Buddhist ethics, non-insult (avajñā is avoided) and respect is cultivated.

15.71 15.37 减 (jiǎn) [skt.hāni] — Translates hāni (decrease, diminution). The character appears in 减少 (hāni, to decrease). In Buddhist practice, the decrease of defilements is a sign of progress on the path.

15.72 15.39 凑 (còu) [skt.samāgama; saṃcaya] — Translates two roots. (1) samāgama (assembly, gathering) appears in 凑集 (samāgama, to gather). (2) saṃcaya (collection, accumulation) appears in the sense of collection. The character appears in descriptions of the monastic community gathering together.

15.73 15.49 凛 (lǐn) [skt.śīta; gambhīra] — Translates two roots. (1) śīta (cold, chilly). (2) gambhīra (deep, profound, stern) appears in the sense of dignified sternness. The character appears in 凛然 (gambhīra, stern/dignified), describing the dignified presence of the Buddha or a great teacher.

15.74 15.51 凝 (níng) [skt.ghana] — Translates ghana (solidification, density, firmness). The character appears in 凝集 (ghana, to coagulate) and 凝定 (ghana, concentration). In meditation contexts, 凝 is used for the solidification and concentration of the mind (samādhi), a central practice in Buddhism.

16 几

16.1 几 [chn.jǐ][eng.table; small table; (also jī, almost; how many; (surname))][(Skt. pīṭha = seat/table)]

16.2 凡 [chn.fán][eng.all; every; ordinary; common; (also fán, (surname))][skt.sarva; (Skt. sāmānya = ordinary)]

16.3 凢 [chn.fán][archaic variant of 凡 (all; every; ordinary)][skt.sarva; (Skt. sāmānya = ordinary)]

16.4 凣 [chn.fán][archaic variant of 凡 (all; every; ordinary)][skt.sarva; (Skt. sāmānya = ordinary)]

16.5 凤 [chn.fèng][eng.phoenix; (also fèng, (surname))][(Skt. garuḍa = mythical bird)]

16.6 凥 [chn.jū][archaic variant of 居 (to dwell; to reside; to occupy)][(Skt. nivāsa = dwelling)]

16.7 処 [chn.chù][archaic variant of 處 (place; to handle; to dwell)][skt.sthāna; (Skt. pratipatti = handling)]

16.8 凧 [chn.zhēng][eng.Japanese kokuji; kite; (also zhēng, (surname))]

16.9 凨 [chn.fēng][archaic variant of 風 (wind; custom; style)][skt.vāta; (Skt. anila = wind)]

16.10 凩 [chn.mù][eng.Japanese kokuji; cold wind; (also mù, (surname))]

16.11 凪 [chn.zhǐ][eng.Japanese kokuji; calm (wind); (also zhǐ, to stop)]

16.12 凫 [chn.fú][eng.traditional variant of 鳧 (wild duck; to swim)]

16.13 凬 [chn.fēng][archaic variant of 風 (wind; custom; style)][skt.vāta; (Skt. anila = wind)]

16.14 凭 [chn.píng][eng.to lean on; to rely on; to depend on; (also píng, (surname))][skt.āśraya; (Skt. avalamba = support)]

16.15 凮 [chn.fēng][archaic variant of 風 (wind; custom; style); rare][skt.vāta; (Skt. anila = wind)]

16.16 凯 [chn.kǎi][eng.triumphant; victorious; (also kǎi, (surname))][skt.jaya; (Skt. vijaya = victory)]

16.17 凰 [chn.huáng][eng.phoenix (female); empress; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. garuḍa = mythical bird)]

16.18 凱 [chn.kǎi][eng.traditional variant of 凯 (triumphant; victorious)][skt.jaya; (Skt. vijaya = victory)]

16.19 凲 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be in peril); rare]

16.20 凳 [chn.dèng][eng.stool; bench; (also dèng, (surname))][(Skt. pīṭha = seat)]

16.21 凴 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 凭 (to lean on; to rely on)][skt.āśraya; (Skt. avalamba = support)]

16.22 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 16 (几)

16.23 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

16.24 16.1 几 (jǐ) [skt.pīṭha] — Translates pīṭha (seat, bench, table). The radical itself represents a small table. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of seating and ritual furniture.

16.25 16.2 凡 (fán) [skt.sarva; sāmānya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) sarva (all, every) appears in 凡是 (sarva, all). (2) sāmānya (ordinary, common) appears in 平凡 (sāmānya, ordinary). The character appears in 凡夫 (pṛthagjana, ordinary person), one of the most important terms in Buddhist anthropology. The pṛthagjana is the unenlightened ordinary being, contrasted with the noble one (ārya).

16.26 16.5 凤 (fèng) [skt.garuḍa] — Translates garuḍa (mythical bird, phoenix). In Buddhist cosmology, the garuḍa is a mythical bird that appears as a class of beings. The character appears in 凤凰 (garuḍa, phoenix), a symbol of rebirth and transformation.

16.27 16.7 処 (chù) [skt.sthāna; pratipatti] — Translates two roots. (1) sthāna (place, position) appears in the sense of a location. (2) pratipatti (handling, practice) appears in the sense of dealing with. Archaic variant of 處. See Section 141 for the full treatment of this character.

16.28 16.14 凭 (píng) [skt.āśraya; avalamba] — Translates two roots. (1) āśraya (reliance, support) appears in 凭借 (āśraya, to rely on). (2) avalamba (support, dependence) appears in the sense of leaning on. The character appears in 凭依 (āśraya, to depend on), used in discussions of the three refuges (trī-śaraṇa).

16.29 16.16 凯 (kǎi) [skt.jaya; vijaya] — Translates two roots. (1) jaya (victory) appears in 凯旋 (jaya, triumphant return). (2) vijaya (conquest, victory) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s victory over Māra and the spiritual triumphs of the path.

16.30 16.20 凳 (dèng) [skt.pīṭha] — Translates pīṭha (seat, bench, stool). The character appears in descriptions of seating in monastic and ritual contexts.

17 凵

17.1 凵 [chn.kǎn][eng.container; open box; receptacle; pit; radical 17][skt.bhāṇḍa; (Skt. pātra = vessel)]

17.2 凶 [chn.xiōng][eng.fierce; ferocious; evil; ominous; (also xiōng, (surname))][skt.ugra; (Skt. pāpa = evil; Skt. aśubha = inauspicious)]

17.3 凷 [chn.kuài][archaic variant of 塊 (lump; piece; chunk; (surname))][skt.piṇḍa; (Skt. khaṇḍa = piece)]

17.4 凸 [chn.tū][eng.convex; protruding; bulging; (also tū, (surname))][(Skt. unnata = raised)]

17.5 凹 [chn.āo][eng.concave; hollow; sunken; (also wā, (surname))][(Skt. avaṭa = hollow)]

17.6 出 [chn.chū][eng.to go out; to come out; to issue; to produce; to exceed; (also chū, (surname))][skt.nirgama; (Skt. udgama = emergence)]

17.7 击 [chn.jī][eng.to hit; to strike; to attack; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

17.8 凼 [chn.dàng][eng.puddle; pit; ditch; (also dàng, (surname)); rare][(Skt. kūpa = pit)]

17.9 函 [chn.hán][eng.letter; envelope; case; to contain; (also hán, (surname))][skt.patra; (Skt. saṃpuṭa = container)]

17.10 凾 [chn.hán][archaic variant of 函 (letter; envelope; case; to contain)][skt.patra; (Skt. saṃpuṭa = container)]

17.11 凿 [chn.záo][eng.to chisel; to bore; to cut; (also zuò, to cut; (surname))][(Skt. khaṇana = digging)]

17.12 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 17 (凵)

17.13 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

17.14 17.1 凵 (kǎn) [skt.bhāṇḍa; pātra] — Translates two roots. (1) bhāṇḍa (vessel, receptacle) appears in 器具 (bhāṇḍa, vessel). (2) pātra (container, bowl) appears in the same sense. The radical itself represents an open container.

17.15 17.2 凶 (xiōng) [skt.ugra; pāpa; aśubha] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) ugra (fierce, ferocious) appears in 凶猛 (ugra, fierce). (2) pāpa (evil, sin) appears in 凶恶 (pāpa, evil). (3) aśubha (inauspicious, impure) appears in the sense of inauspiciousness. The character appears in 凶兆 (aśubha, bad omen) and in discussions of evil karma and its consequences.

17.16 17.4 凸 (tū) [skt.unnata] — Translates unnata (raised, elevated, protruding). The character appears in descriptions of form and shape, often in cosmological and architectural contexts.

17.17 17.5 凹 (āo) [skt.avaṭa] — Translates avaṭa (hollow, sunken). The character appears in descriptions of form and shape, often paired with 凸 (convex) to describe the characteristics of physical forms.

17.18 17.6 出 (chū) [skt.nirgama; udgama] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) nirgama (going out, emergence) appears in 出去 (nirgama, to go out). (2) udgama (emergence, arising) appears in 出现 (udgama, to appear). The character appears in 出离 (niḥsaraṇa, renunciation/emergence), a key term in Buddhist soteriology describing the emergence from saṃsāra. It also appears in 出世间 (lokottara, transcendental, above the world).

17.19 17.7 击 (jī) [skt.prahāra] — Translates prahāra (strike, blow). The character appears in 攻击 (prahāra, to attack). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in military metaphors for the spiritual struggle against defilements.

17.20 17.9 函 (hán) [skt.patra; saṃpuṭa] — Translates two roots. (1) patra (letter, leaf) appears in 书函 (patra, letter). (2) saṃpuṭa (container, case, envelope) appears in the sense of a case or container. The character appears in descriptions of containers for relics and manuscripts.

18 刀

18.1 刀 [chn.dāo][eng.knife; sword; blade; (also dāo, (surname))][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = weapon)]

18.2 刁 [chn.diāo][eng.cunning; sly; (also diāo, (surname))][(Skt. śāṭhya = cunning)]

18.3 刂 [chn.dāo][eng.knife radical; (used as right-side radical)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = weapon)]

18.4 刃 [chn.rèn][eng.blade; edge; sword; (also rèn, (surname))][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. dhārā = blade)]

18.5 刄 [chn.rèn][archaic variant of 刃 (blade; edge)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. dhārā = blade)]

18.6 刅 [chn.chuāng][archaic variant of 創 (to wound; to start; (surname))][(Skt. kṣata = wound)]

18.7 分 [chn.fēn][eng.to divide; to separate; to distribute; (also fèn, portion; duty)][skt.vibhāga; (Skt. bhāga = division)]

18.8 切 [chn.qiē][eng.to cut; to slice; to be close to; (also qiè, eager; urgent)][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

18.9 刈 [chn.yì][eng.to mow; to cut down; to reap; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = reaping)]

18.10 刉 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to cut); rare]

18.11 刊 [chn.kān][eng.to carve; to engrave; to publish; (also kān, (surname))][(Skt. utkīrṇa = carved)]

18.12 刋 [chn.qiàn][archaic variant of 刊 (to carve; to publish); (also qiàn, to cut)]

18.13 刌 [chn.cǔn][archaic; (also cǔn, to cut); rare]

18.14 刍 [chn.chú][eng.hay; straw; to mow; (also chú, (surname))][(Skt. tṛṇa = grass)]

18.15 刎 [chn.wěn][eng.to cut one’s throat; (also wěn, (surname))][(Skt. śiraścheda = beheading)]

18.16 刏 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to cut); rare]

18.17 刐 [chn.dǎn][archaic; (also dǎn, to cut); rare]

18.18 刑 [chn.xíng][eng.punishment; penalty; torture; (also xíng, (surname))][skt.daṇḍa; (Skt. śāsti = punishment)]

18.19 划 [chn.huá][eng.to row; to paddle; to scratch; (also huà, to divide; to plan)][(Skt. kṣaṇa = scratching)]

18.20 刓 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to cut); rare]

18.21 刔 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to dig); rare]

18.22 刕 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, surname); rare]

18.23 刖 [chn.yuè][eng.to cut off the feet; (also yuè, (surname))][(Skt. pādacheda = foot amputation)]

18.24 列 [chn.liè][eng.to arrange; to line up; row; series; (also liè, (surname))][skt.paṅkti; (Skt. śreṇi = row)]

18.25 刘 [chn.liú][eng.surname; to kill; to destroy; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

18.26 则 [chn.zé][eng.rule; standard; (also zé, (surname))][(Skt. vidhi = rule)]

18.27 刚 [chn.gāng][eng.firm; hard; just; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. karkaṭa = hard)]

18.28 创 [chn.chuàng][eng.to start; to create; (also chuāng, wound; trauma)][(Skt. ārambha = beginning; Skt. kṣata = wound)]

18.29 刜 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to cut); rare]

18.30 初 [chn.chū][eng.beginning; first; initial; (also chū, (surname))][skt.ādi; (Skt. prathama = first)]

18.31 刞 [chn.qù][archaic; (also qù, to cut); rare]

18.32 刟 [chn.diāo][archaic; (also diāo, to cut); rare]

18.33 删 [chn.shān][eng.to delete; to erase; (also shān, (surname))][(Skt. apaharaṇa = removal)]

18.34 刡 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to cut); rare]

18.35 刢 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to cut); rare]

18.36 刣 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to kill); rare]

18.37 判 [chn.pàn][eng.to judge; to decide; to differentiate; (also pàn, (surname))][skt.nirṇaya; (Skt. vyavasthā = decision)]

18.38 別 [chn.bié][eng.traditional variant of 别 (to separate; to distinguish; don’t)][(Skt. bheda = separation)]

18.39 刦 [chn.jié][archaic variant of 劫 (eon; calamity; to rob)][skt.kalpa; (Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

18.40 刧 [chn.jié][archaic variant of 劫 (eon; calamity; to rob)][skt.kalpa; (Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

18.41 刨 [chn.bào][eng.to plane; to level; (also páo, to dig)]

18.42 利 [chn.lì][eng.sharp; beneficial; profit; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. tīkṣṇa = sharp; Skt. hita = beneficial)]

18.43 刪 [chn.shān][eng.traditional variant of 删 (to delete; to erase)][(Skt. apaharaṇa = removal)]

18.44 别 [chn.bié][eng.to separate; to distinguish; don’t; (also biè, to turn)][(Skt. bheda = separation)]

18.45 刬 [chn.chǎn][eng.to level; to smooth; (also chàn, to cut); rare]

18.46 刭 [chn.jǐng][eng.to cut one’s throat; (also jǐng, (surname))][(Skt. śiraścheda = beheading)]

18.47 刮 [chn.guā][eng.to scrape; to shave; (also guā, (surname))]

18.48 刯 [chn.gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to cut); rare]

18.49 到 [chn.dào][eng.to arrive; to reach; to go to; (also dào, (surname))][(Skt. prāpya = reaching)]

18.50 刱 [chn.chuàng][archaic variant of 創 (to start; to create)][(Skt. ārambha = beginning)]

18.51 刲 [chn.kuī][archaic; (also kuī, to cut); rare]

18.52 刳 [chn.kū][eng.to cut open; to hollow out; (also kū, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇana = hollowing)]

18.53 刴 [chn.duò][archaic variant of 剁 (to chop; to mince)]

18.54 刵 [chn.èr][archaic; (also èr, to cut off ears); rare]

18.55 制 [chn.zhì][eng.to make; to manufacture; to control; system; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. niyantraṇa = control)]

18.56 刷 [chn.shuā][eng.to brush; to scrub; to paint; (also shuà, to select)]

18.57 券 [chn.quàn][eng.ticket; certificate; bond; (also quàn, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = certificate)]

18.58 刹 [chn.shā][eng.to stop; to bring to a halt; (also chà, Buddhist temple)][skt.kṣetra; (Skt. kṣaṇa = moment; Skt. kṣetra = field/land)]

18.59 刺 [chn.cì][eng.thorn; to stab; to ridicule; (also cī, (surname))][(Skt. kaṇṭaka = thorn)]

18.60 刻 [chn.kè][eng.to engrave; to carve; to measure; quarter hour; (also kè, (surname))][(Skt. utkīrṇa = carved)]

18.61 刼 [chn.jié][archaic variant of 劫 (eon; calamity)][skt.kalpa; (Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

18.62 刽 [chn.guì][eng.to cut off; to sever; (also guì, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

18.63 刾 [chn.cì][archaic variant of 刺 (thorn; to stab)]

18.64 刿 [chn.guì][eng.to cut; to wound; (also guì, (surname))][(Skt. kṣata = wound)]

18.65 剀 [chn.kǎi][eng.to cut; to carve; (also kǎi, (surname))]

18.66 剁 [chn.duò][eng.to chop; to mince; (also duò, (surname))]

18.67 剂 [chn.jì][eng.dosage; medicine; to mix; (also jì, (surname))]

18.68 剃 [chn.tì][eng.to shave; to shear; (also tì, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaura = shaving)]

18.69 剄 [chn.jǐng][archaic variant of 刭 (to cut one’s throat)][(Skt. śiraścheda = beheading)]

18.70 剅 [chn.lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to cut); rare]

18.71 剆 [chn.luó][archaic; (also luó, to cut); rare]

18.72 則 [chn.zé][eng.traditional variant of 则 (rule; standard; (surname))][(Skt. vidhi = rule)]

18.73 剈 [chn.yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to cut); rare]

18.74 剉 [chn.cuò][eng.to file; to polish; to cut; (also cuò, (surname))]

18.75 削 [chn.xuē][eng.to whittle; to peel; to reduce; (also xiāo, to pare)][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

18.76 剋 [chn.kēi][eng.to scold; to beat; (also kè, to overcome)]

18.77 剌 [chn.là][eng.stinging; pungent; (also lá, to turn)]

18.78 前 [chn.qián][eng.front; before; previous; to advance; (also qián, (surname))][skt.pūrva; (Skt. agra = front)]

18.79 剎 [chn.shā][archaic variant of 刹 (to stop; Buddhist temple)][skt.kṣetra; (Skt. kṣaṇa = moment)]

18.80 剏 [chn.chuàng][archaic variant of 創 (to start; to create)][(Skt. ārambha = beginning)]

18.81 剐 [chn.guǎ][eng.to cut; to slice; (also guǎ, (surname))]

18.82 剑 [chn.jiàn][eng.sword; (also jiàn, (surname))][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.83 剒 [chn.cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to cut); rare]

18.84 剓 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to cut); rare]

18.85 剔 [chn.tī][eng.to pick; to scrape; to extract; (also tī, (surname))]

18.86 剕 [chn.fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to cut off feet); rare]

18.87 剖 [chn.pōu][eng.to dissect; to analyze; to cut open; (also pōu, (surname))][(Skt. vibhajana = analysis)]

18.88 剗 [chn.chǎn][archaic variant of 刬 (to level; to smooth)]

18.89 剘 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to cut); rare]

18.90 剙 [chn.chuàng][archaic variant of 創 (to start; to create)][(Skt. ārambha = beginning)]

18.91 剚 [chn.zì][archaic; (also zì, to stab); rare]

18.92 剛 [chn.gāng][eng.traditional variant of 刚 (firm; hard; just)][(Skt. karkaṭa = hard)]

18.93 剜 [chn.wān][eng.to scoop; to gouge; (also wān, (surname))]

18.94 剝 [chn.bō][eng.traditional variant of 剥 (to peel; to skin)]

18.95 剞 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to carve); rare]

18.96 剟 [chn.duō][archaic; (also duō, to cut); rare]

18.97 剠 [chn.qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to tattoo); rare]

18.98 剡 [chn.yǎn][eng.sharp; keen; (also shàn, to cut); (surname)]

18.99 剢 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to cut); rare]

18.100 剣 [chn.jiàn][eng.Japanese variant of 劍 (sword)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.101 剤 [chn.jì][eng.Japanese variant of 劑 (dosage; medicine)]

18.102 剥 [chn.bō][eng.to peel; to skin; (also bāo, to shell)]

18.103 剦 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to castrate); rare]

18.104 剧 [chn.jù][eng.drama; play; severe; acute; (also jù, (surname))]

18.105 剨 [chn.huō][archaic; (also huō, to split); rare]

18.106 剩 [chn.shèng][eng.surplus; remainder; (also shèng, (surname))][(Skt. śeṣa = remainder)]

18.107 剪 [chn.jiǎn][eng.to cut; to trim; scissors; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

18.108 剫 [chn.duó][archaic; (also duó, to carve); rare]

18.109 剬 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to cut); rare]

18.110 剭 [chn.wū][archaic; (also wū, to punish); rare]

18.111 剮 [chn.guǎ][eng.traditional variant of 剐 (to cut; to slice)]

18.112 副 [chn.fù][eng.assistant; secondary; (also pì, to split; (surname))][(Skt. upa = assistant)]

18.113 剰 [chn.shèng][eng.Japanese variant of 剩 (surplus; remainder)][(Skt. śeṣa = remainder)]

18.114 剱 [chn.jiàn][archaic variant of 劍 (sword)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.115 割 [chn.gē][eng.to cut; to divide; (also gē, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

18.116 剳 [chn.zhá][archaic; (also zhá, to write); rare]

18.117 剴 [chn.kǎi][archaic variant of 剀 (to cut; to carve)]

18.118 創 [chn.chuàng][eng.traditional variant of 创 (to start; to create; wound)][(Skt. ārambha = beginning; Skt. kṣata = wound)]

18.119 剶 [chn.chuán][archaic; (also chuán, to cut); rare]

18.120 剷 [chn.chǎn][archaic variant of 铲 (to level; to dig; shovel)]

18.121 剸 [chn.zhuān][archaic; (also zhuān, to cut); rare]

18.122 剹 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to kill); rare]

18.123 剺 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to cut); rare]

18.124 剻 [chn.pēng][archaic; (also pēng, surname); rare]

18.125 剼 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to cut); rare]

18.126 剽 [chn.piāo][eng.to rob; to plunder; (also piào, swift)][(Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

18.127 剾 [chn.kōu][archaic; (also kōu, to cut); rare]

18.128 剿 [chn.jiǎo][eng.to destroy; to annihilate; (also chāo, to copy)]

18.129 劀 [chn.guā][archaic; (also guā, to scrape); rare]

18.130 劁 [chn.qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to castrate); rare]

18.131 劂 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to cut); rare]

18.132 劃 [chn.huà][eng.traditional variant of 划 (to divide; to plan; to row)]

18.133 劄 [chn.zhá][archaic variant of 札 (letter; document; to write)][skt.patra; (Skt. lekha = document)]

18.134 劅 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to cut); rare]

18.135 劆 [chn.lián][archaic; (also lián, to cut); rare]

18.136 劇 [chn.jù][eng.traditional variant of 剧 (drama; severe; acute)]

18.137 劈 [chn.pī][eng.to split; to chop; (also pǐ, to break)]

18.138 劉 [chn.liú][eng.traditional variant of 刘 (surname; to kill; to destroy)][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

18.139 劊 [chn.guì][eng.traditional variant of 刽 (to cut off; to sever)][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

18.140 劋 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to cut); rare]

18.141 劌 [chn.guì][eng.traditional variant of 刿 (to cut; to wound)][(Skt. kṣata = wound)]

18.142 劍 [chn.jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 剑 (sword)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.143 劎 [chn.jiàn][archaic variant of 劍 (sword)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.144 劏 [chn.tāng][eng.to cut open; (also tāng, (surname)); rare]

18.145 劐 [chn.huō][archaic; (also huō, to cut); rare]

18.146 劑 [chn.jì][eng.traditional variant of 剂 (dosage; medicine; to mix)]

18.147 劒 [chn.jiàn][archaic variant of 劍 (sword)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.148 劓 [chn.yì][eng.to cut off the nose; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. nāsācheda = nose amputation)]

18.149 劔 [chn.jiàn][archaic variant of 劍 (sword)][skt.khaḍga; (Skt. śastra = sword)]

18.150 劕 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to cut); rare]

18.151 劖 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to cut); rare]

18.152 劗 [chn.zuān][archaic; (also zuān, to cut); rare]

18.153 劘 [chn.mó][archaic; (also mó, to sharpen); rare]

18.154 劙 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to cut); rare]

18.155 劚 [chn.zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to dig); rare]

18.156 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 18 (刀)

18.157 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

18.158 18.1 刀 (dāo) [skt.khaḍga; śastra] — Translates two roots. (1) khaḍga (sword) appears in 刀剑 (khaḍga, sword). (2) śastra (weapon) appears in the sense of blade. The radical itself represents a knife or sword. In Buddhist contexts, the sword appears as a symbol of wisdom cutting through ignorance.

18.159 18.7 分 (fēn) [skt.vibhāga; bhāga] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) vibhāga (division, distribution) appears in 分别 (vibhāga, to distinguish). (2) bhāga (portion, part) appears in 部分 (bhāga, portion). The character appears in 分别 (vikalpa, discrimination/conceptualization), a key term in Buddhist epistemology, and in 分位 (bhāga, division/part), used in Abhidharma analysis.

18.160 18.8 切 (qiē) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting, slicing). The character appears in 切断 (cheda, to cut off) and 切要 (cheda, essential). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of cutting off defilements (klesa-cheda).

18.161 18.11 刊 (kān) [skt.utkīrṇa] — Translates utkīrṇa (carved, engraved). The character appears in 刊刻 (utkīrṇa, to engrave) and in the sense of publishing. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of carving sutras on stone or wood.

18.162 18.18 刑 (xíng) [skt.daṇḍa; śāsti] — Translates two roots. (1) daṇḍa (punishment, penalty) appears in 刑罚 (daṇḍa, punishment). (2) śāsti (punishment, chastisement) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of legal and karmic consequences.

18.163 18.24 列 (liè) [skt.paṅkti; śreṇi] — Translates two roots. (1) paṅkti (row, line, series) appears in 序列 (paṅkti, sequence). (2) śreṇi (row, line) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of rows of monastics or arrangements in ritual contexts.

18.164 18.28 创 (chuàng / chuāng) [skt.ārambha; kṣata] — Translates two roots. (1) ārambha (beginning, commencement) appears in 创造 (ārambha, to create). (2) kṣata (wound, injury) appears in 创伤 (kṣata, wound). The character appears in both creative and wounding contexts.

18.165 18.30 初 (chū) [skt.ādi; prathama] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ādi (beginning, first) appears in 最初 (ādi, beginning). (2) prathama (first) appears in the sense of initial. The character appears in 初心 (ādi-citta, beginner’s mind), a key concept in Zen Buddhism, and in 初转法轮 (prathama-dharmacakra, first turning of the Dharma wheel).

18.166 18.37 判 (pàn) [skt.nirṇaya; vyavasthā] — Translates two roots. (1) nirṇaya (decision, judgment) appears in 判断 (nirṇaya, to judge). (2) vyavasthā (determination, arrangement) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist legal and philosophical discussions.

18.167 18.38 別 / 18.44 别 (bié) [skt.bheda] — CRITICAL — Translates bheda (separation, distinction, difference). The character appears in 分别 (bheda, distinction) and 别解 (bheda, separate understanding). The concept of bheda is central to Buddhist epistemology and Abhidharma analysis.

18.168 18.39 劫 (jié) [skt.kalpa; apahāra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) kalpa (eon, cosmic age) — a fundamental Buddhist cosmological term describing vast periods of time. (2) apahāra (robbery, taking away) in the sense of "to rob." The character appears in 劫数 (kalpa, cosmic age) and 劫末 (kalpānta, end of an eon). The concept of kalpa is central to Buddhist cosmology.

18.169 18.42 利 (lì) [skt.tīkṣṇa; hita] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) tīkṣṇa (sharp, keen) appears in 锋利 (tīkṣṇa, sharp). (2) hita (beneficial, good) appears in 利益 (hita, benefit). The character appears in 利他 (para-hita, altruism/benefiting others), a central bodhisattva ideal, and in 利刀 (tīkṣṇa, sharp sword) as a metaphor for wisdom.

18.170 18.49 到 (dào) [skt.prāpya] — Translates prāpya (reaching, attaining). The character appears in 到达 (prāpya, to arrive) and 到彼岸 (pāraṃ-prāpta, arrived at the other shore), a key metaphor for enlightenment in the Prajñāpāramitā texts.

18.171 18.55 制 (zhì) [skt.niyantraṇa] — Translates niyantraṇa (control, regulation). The character appears in 制戒 (niyantraṇa, to regulate/control) and in Vinaya contexts describing the rules of the monastic order.

18.172 18.57 券 (quàn) [skt.paṭṭa] — Translates paṭṭa (certificate, document, bond). The character appears in descriptions of legal documents and certificates in administrative contexts.

18.173 18.58 刹 (shā / chà) [skt.kṣetra; kṣaṇa] — CRITICAL — This character has two readings with distinct Sanskrit correlates. (1) As "to stop" (shā), it translates kṣaṇa (moment, instant) — appearing in 刹那 (kṣaṇa, a moment). (2) As "Buddhist temple" (chà), it translates kṣetra (field, land) — appearing in 刹土 (kṣetra, Buddha-field/pure land). The character appears in 刹那 (kṣaṇa, moment), a key term in Buddhist philosophy of time.

18.174 18.59 刺 (cì) [skt.kaṇṭaka] — Translates kaṇṭaka (thorn, prick). The character appears in similes for the obstacles to practice and in descriptions of painful experiences.

18.175 18.60 刻 (kè) [skt.utkīrṇa] — Translates utkīrṇa (carved, engraved). The character appears in 时刻 (utkīrṇa, moment/time) and 刻苦 (utkīrṇa, diligent/assiduous). It appears in descriptions of carving scriptures and in meditative contexts of "engraving" the teaching on the mind.

18.176 18.67 剂 (jì) — Translates the sense of "medicine" or "dosage." The character appears in Buddhist medical texts and in descriptions of the Dharma as medicine for the mind.

18.177 18.68 剃 (tì) [skt.kṣaura] — Translates kṣaura (shaving). The character appears in 剃发 (kṣaura, to shave the head), the ritual act of renunciation in Buddhism. Shaving the head is one of the marks of a monastic.

18.178 18.75 削 (xuē) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting, whittling). The character appears in 剥削 (cheda, to exploit) and in the sense of reducing or paring down. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of simplifying and reducing attachments.

18.179 18.78 前 (qián) [skt.pūrva; agra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) pūrva (front, before, previous) appears in 前后 (pūrva, before/after) and in 前世 (pūrva-janman, past life). (2) agra (front, foremost) appears in 前面 (agra, front). The character appears in 前生忆念 (pūrvajātismara, recollection of past lives), a key meditative attainment.

18.180 18.82 剑 (jiàn) [skt.khaḍga; śastra] — Translates two roots. (1) khaḍga (sword) appears in 剑术 (khaḍga, swordsmanship). (2) śastra (weapon) appears in the same sense. In Buddhist contexts, the sword is a symbol of wisdom that cuts through ignorance. The Mañjuśrī bodhisattva is often depicted holding a sword of wisdom.

18.181 18.87 剖 (pōu) [skt.vibhajana] — Translates vibhajana (analysis, dissection). The character appears in 剖析 (vibhajana, to analyze). The term vibhajana is central to Buddhist analysis, particularly in Abhidharma, where phenomena are dissected into their constituent parts.

18.182 18.98 剡 (yǎn) — Translates tīkṣṇa (sharp, keen) in the sense of sharpness. The character appears in descriptions of sharp wisdom and keen discernment.

18.183 18.102 剥 (bō) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting, peeling). The character appears in 剥除 (cheda, to remove), used in descriptions of removing defilements.

18.184 18.106 剩 (shèng) [skt.śeṣa] — Translates śeṣa (remainder, surplus). The character appears in 剩余 (śeṣa, remainder). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of what remains after the removal of defilements.

18.185 18.112 副 (fù) [skt.upa] — Translates upa (assistant, secondary). The character appears in 副手 (upa, assistant) and in descriptions of secondary roles in monastic hierarchies.

18.186 18.115 割 (gē) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting, dividing). The character appears in 割舍 (cheda, to cut off/renounce). It is used in descriptions of renunciation (nekṣamma), the cutting off of worldly attachments.

18.187 18.118 創 (chuàng) [skt.ārambha; kṣata] — Traditional variant of 创. Translates two roots. (1) ārambha (beginning). (2) kṣata (wound). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 创 with the same correlates.

18.188 18.126 剽 (piāo) [skt.apahāra] — Translates apahāra (robbery, plunder). The character appears in discussions of theft and the precept against stealing.

18.189 18.128 剿 (jiǎo) [skt.vināśa] — Translates vināśa (destruction, annihilation). The character appears in military and metaphorical contexts of destroying defilements.

18.190 18.137 劈 (pī) [skt.daḷa] — Translates daḷa (splitting, cleaving). The character appears in 劈开 (daḷa, to split open), used in metaphorical contexts of breaking through ignorance.

18.191 18.138 劉 (liú) / 18.25 刘 (liú) [skt.vadha] — Translates vadha (killing, destruction). The character is primarily a surname but carries the semantic sense of "to kill" or "to destroy." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the precept against killing (ahiṃsā).

18.192 18.142 劍 (jiàn) [skt.khaḍga; śastra] — Traditional variant of 剑 (sword). Translates two roots. (1) khaḍga (sword). (2) śastra (weapon). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 剑 with the same correlates.

18.193 18.148 劓 (yì) [skt.nāsācheda] — Translates nāsācheda (nose amputation). The character appears in historical and legal contexts describing punishments.

19 力

19.1 力 [chn.lì][eng.power; strength; force; ability; (also lì, (surname))][skt.bala; (Skt. śakti = power)]

19.2 劜 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to exert); rare]

19.3 劝 [chn.quàn][eng.to advise; to urge; to persuade; (also quàn, (surname))][(Skt. anuśāsana = advice)]

19.4 办 [chn.bàn][eng.to do; to manage; to handle; (also bàn, (surname))][(Skt. kartavya = to do)]

19.5 功 [chn.gōng][eng.achievement; merit; skill; (also gōng, (surname))][skt.guṇa; (Skt. puṇya = merit)]

19.6 加 [chn.jiā][eng.to add; to increase; to put on; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. yoga = addition)]

19.7 务 [chn.wù][eng.affair; business; duty; (also wù, (surname))][skt.kārya; (Skt. kartavya = duty)]

19.8 劢 [chn.mài][eng.to put forth effort; to strive; (also mài, (surname))][(Skt. vyāyāma = effort)]

19.9 劣 [chn.liè][eng.inferior; poor; weak; (also liè, (surname))][(Skt. hīna = inferior)]

19.10 劤 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, strength); rare]

19.11 劥 [chn.kēng][archaic; (also kēng, to be strong); rare]

19.12 劦 [chn.xié][eng.to cooperate; to unite; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = cooperation)]

19.13 劧 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to hold); rare]

19.14 动 [chn.dòng][eng.to move; to act; to change; (also dòng, (surname))][(Skt. calana = movement)]

19.15 助 [chn.zhù][eng.to help; to assist; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = help)]

19.16 努 [chn.nǔ][eng.to exert; to strive; (also nǔ, (surname))][(Skt. prayatna = exertion)]

19.17 劫 [chn.jié][eng.eon; calamity; to rob; (also jié, (surname))][skt.kalpa; (Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

19.18 劬 [chn.qú][eng.to toil; to labor; (also qú, (surname))][(Skt. śrama = toil)]

19.19 劭 [chn.shào][eng.to exhort; to encourage; (also shào, (surname))][(Skt. anuśāsana = encouragement)]

19.20 劮 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be joyful); rare]

19.21 劯 [chn.zhǔ][archaic; (also zhǔ, to hold); rare]

19.22 劰 [chn.miǎo][archaic; (also miǎo, to strive); rare]

19.23 励 [chn.lì][eng.to encourage; to urge; to strive; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. utsāha = encouragement)]

19.24 劲 [chn.jìn][eng.strong; powerful; vigorous; (also jìng, strength; (surname))][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

19.25 劳 [chn.láo][eng.to work; to labor; to toil; (also láo, (surname))][(Skt. śrama = toil)]

19.26 労 [chn.láo][eng.Japanese variant of 勞 (labor; toil)][(Skt. śrama = toil)]

19.27 劵 [chn.juàn][archaic variant of 券 (ticket; certificate)][(Skt. paṭṭa = certificate)]

19.28 劶 [chn.kǒu][archaic; (also kǒu, to strive); rare]

19.29 劷 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to exert); rare]

19.30 劸 [chn.wā][archaic; (also wā, to bend); rare]

19.31 効 [chn.xiào][archaic variant of 效 (to imitate; effect; efficacy)][(Skt. anukaraṇa = imitation)]

19.32 劺 [chn.móu][archaic; (also móu, to strive); rare]

19.33 劻 [chn.kuāng][archaic; (also kuāng, to help); rare]

19.34 劼 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be cautious); rare]

19.35 劽 [chn.liè][archaic; (also liè, to be strong); rare]

19.36 劾 [chn.hé][eng.to impeach; to accuse; (also hé, (surname))][(Skt. abhiyoga = accusation)]

19.37 势 [chn.shì][eng.power; influence; situation; momentum; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāva = power)]

19.38 勀 [chn.kè][archaic variant of 克 (to overcome; to prevail)][(Skt. jaya = victory)]

19.39 勁 [chn.jìng][eng.traditional variant of 劲 (strong; powerful; vigorous)][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

19.40 勂 [chn.gào][archaic; (also gào, to tell); rare]

19.41 勃 [chn.bó][eng.suddenly; flourishing; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. sahasā = suddenly)]

19.42 勄 [chn.mǐn][archaic variant of 敏 (quick; clever; agile)][(Skt. kṣipra = quick)]

19.43 勅 [chn.chì][archaic variant of 敕 (imperial order; to command)][(Skt. ājñā = order)]

19.44 勆 [chn.láng][archaic; (also láng, to strive); rare]

19.45 勇 [chn.yǒng][eng.brave; courageous; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. śūra = brave)]

19.46 勈 [chn.yǒng][archaic variant of 勇 (brave; courageous)][(Skt. śūra = brave)]

19.47 勉 [chn.miǎn][eng.to strive; to encourage; to force; (also miǎn, (surname))][(Skt. yatna = effort)]

19.48 勊 [chn.kè][archaic variant of 克 (to overcome; to prevail)][(Skt. jaya = victory)]

19.49 勋 [chn.xūn][eng.merit; achievement; (also xūn, (surname))][(Skt. guṇa = merit)]

19.50 勌 [chn.juàn][archaic variant of 倦 (tired; weary)][(Skt. klama = fatigue)]

19.51 勍 [chn.qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to be strong); rare]

19.52 勎 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to strive); rare]

19.53 勏 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to exert); rare]

19.54 勐 [chn.měng][eng.fierce; violent; (also měng, (surname))][(Skt. ugratā = fierceness)]

19.55 勑 [chn.chì][archaic variant of 敕 (imperial order; to command)][(Skt. ājñā = order)]

19.56 勒 [chn.lēi][eng.to pull; to bind; to constrain; (also lè, to rein in)][(Skt. bandhana = binding)]

19.57 勓 [chn.kài][archaic; (also kài, to strive); rare]

19.58 勔 [chn.miǎn][archaic variant of 勉 (to strive; to encourage)][(Skt. yatna = effort)]

19.59 動 [chn.dòng][eng.traditional variant of 动 (to move; to act)][(Skt. calana = movement)]

19.60 勖 [chn.xù][eng.to encourage; to exhort; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. anuśāsana = encouragement)]

19.61 勗 [chn.xù][archaic variant of 勖 (to encourage; to exhort)][(Skt. anuśāsana = encouragement)]

19.62 勘 [chn.kān][eng.to investigate; to survey; to collate; (also kān, (surname))][(Skt. parīkṣā = investigation)]

19.63 務 [chn.wù][eng.traditional variant of 务 (affair; business; duty)][skt.kārya; (Skt. kartavya = duty)]

19.64 勚 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to toil); rare]

19.65 勛 [chn.xūn][archaic variant of 勋 (merit; achievement)][(Skt. guṇa = merit)]

19.66 勜 [chn.wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to strive); rare]

19.67 勝 [chn.shèng][eng.traditional variant of 胜 (to win; to defeat; victory; (surname))][skt.jaya; (Skt. vijaya = victory)]

19.68 勞 [chn.láo][eng.traditional variant of 劳 (to work; to labor; to toil)][(Skt. śrama = toil)]

19.69 募 [chn.mù][eng.to enlist; to recruit; to raise (funds); (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

19.70 勠 [chn.lù][eng.to join forces; to unite; (also lù, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = union)]

19.71 勡 [chn.piào][archaic; (also piào, to rob); rare]

19.72 勢 [chn.shì][eng.traditional variant of 势 (power; influence; situation)][(Skt. prabhāva = power)]

19.73 勣 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, achievement); rare]

19.74 勤 [chn.qín][eng.diligent; industrious; attentive; (also qín, (surname))][(Skt. vīrya = diligence)]

19.75 勥 [chn.jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be stubborn); rare]

19.76 勦 [chn.jiǎo][archaic variant of 剿 (to destroy; to annihilate)][(Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

19.77 勧 [chn.quàn][eng.Japanese variant of 勸 (to advise; to urge)][(Skt. anuśāsana = advice)]

19.78 勨 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be at ease); rare]

19.79 勩 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to toil); rare]

19.80 勪 [chn.qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to strive); rare]

19.81 勫 [chn.fān][archaic; (also fān, to turn); rare]

19.82 勬 [chn.juān][archaic; (also juān, to be diligent); rare]

19.83 勭 [chn.dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to move); rare]

19.84 勮 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be strong); rare]

19.85 勯 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, to exhaust); rare]

19.86 勰 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to harmonize); rare]

19.87 勱 [chn.mài][eng.traditional variant of 劢 (to put forth effort; to strive)][(Skt. vyāyāma = effort)]

19.88 勲 [chn.xūn][eng.Japanese variant of 勳 (merit; achievement)][(Skt. guṇa = merit)]

19.89 勳 [chn.xūn][eng.traditional variant of 勋 (merit; achievement)][(Skt. guṇa = merit)]

19.90 勴 [chn.lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to assist); rare]

19.91 勵 [chn.lì][eng.traditional variant of 励 (to encourage; to urge; to strive)][(Skt. utsāha = encouragement)]

19.92 勶 [chn.chè][archaic; (also chè, to remove); rare]

19.93 勷 [chn.ráng][archaic; (also ráng, to be hurried); rare]

19.94 勸 [chn.quàn][eng.traditional variant of 劝 (to advise; to urge; to persuade)][(Skt. anuśāsana = advice)]

19.95 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 19 (力)

19.96 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

19.97 19.1 力 (lì) [skt.bala; śakti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) bala (strength, power, force) appears in 力量 (bala, strength) and is one of the Five Powers (pañca-bala) in Buddhism. (2) śakti (power, ability) appears in 能力 (śakti, ability). The character is central to Buddhist enumerations of spiritual faculties and powers.

19.98 19.3 劝 (quàn) [skt.anuśāsana] — Translates anuśāsana (advice, exhortation). The character appears in 劝勉 (anuśāsana, to encourage) and 劝化 (anuśāsana, to convert/persuade). It appears in Mahāyāna texts as the exhortation to encourage beings to practice.

19.99 19.5 功 (gōng) [skt.guṇa; puṇya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) guṇa (quality, merit, virtue) appears in 功德 (guṇa, virtue/merit). (2) puṇya (merit) appears in 功徳 (puṇya, merit). The character is central to Buddhist discussions of merit accumulation and the qualities of the Buddha.

19.100 19.6 加 (jiā) [skt.yoga] — Translates yoga (addition, union) in the sense of "to add." The character appears in 加持 (adhiṣṭhāna, blessing/empowerment), a key term in tantric Buddhism where the master’s power is "added" to the disciple.

19.101 19.7 务 (wù) [skt.kārya; kartavya] — Translates two roots. (1) kārya (affair, business, deed) appears in 事务 (kārya, affairs). (2) kartavya (duty, what is to be done) appears in the sense of duty. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of monastic duties.

19.102 19.9 劣 (liè) [skt.hīna] — CRITICAL — Translates hīna (inferior, low, deficient). The character appears in 小乘 (Hīnayāna, Lesser Vehicle), the term used by Mahāyāna for the early Buddhist schools. The term is now considered derogatory by some, but it is a key historical term.

19.103 19.12 劦 (xié) [skt.saṃyoga] — Translates saṃyoga (cooperation, union). The character appears in descriptions of cooperation and joining forces in practice.

19.104 19.14 动 (dòng) [skt.calana] — Translates calana (movement, motion). The character appears in 动作 (calana, action) and in discussions of the movement of the mind in meditation.

19.105 19.15 助 (zhù) [skt.sahāya] — Translates sahāya (help, assistance). The character appears in 帮助 (sahāya, to help) and in descriptions of the assistance given by spiritual friends (kalyāṇamitra).

19.106 19.16 努 (nǔ) [skt.prayatna] — Translates prayatna (exertion, effort). The character appears in 努力 (prayatna, to strive). Effort (vīrya) is one of the five spiritual faculties and a key quality for practice.

19.107 19.17 劫 (jié) [skt.kalpa; apahāra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) kalpa (eon, cosmic age) — a fundamental Buddhist cosmological term. (2) apahāra (robbery) in the sense of "to rob." See also Section 18, Character 18.39. The character appears in 劫尽 (kalpānta, end of an eon) and in 劫初 (kalpa-ādi, beginning of an eon).

19.108 19.18 劬 (qú) [skt.śrama] — Translates śrama (toil, labor). The character appears in 劬劳 (śrama, toil). The term śrama is the root of śramaṇa (ascetic), one of the terms for a Buddhist monk.

19.109 19.23 励 (lì) [skt.utsāha] — Translates utsāha (encouragement, zeal). The character appears in 鼓励 (utsāha, to encourage). Zeal and encouragement are key qualities for maintaining practice.

19.110 19.24 劲 (jìn) [skt.balavat] — Translates balavat (strong, powerful). The character appears in 强劲 (balavat, strong). Strength (bala) is one of the Buddhist powers.

19.111 19.25 劳 (láo) [skt.śrama] — Translates śrama (toil, labor). The character appears in 劳动 (śrama, labor). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the toil of practice and the relief from toil in nirvāṇa.

19.112 19.36 劾 (hé) [skt.abhiyoga] — Translates abhiyoga (accusation, impeachment). The character appears in legal and administrative contexts.

19.113 19.37 势 (shì) [skt.prabhāva] — Translates prabhāva (power, influence). The character appears in 势力 (prabhāva, power/influence). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s power and influence.

19.114 19.41 勃 (bó) [skt.sahasā] — Translates sahasā (suddenly, quickly). The character appears in 勃起 (sahasā, to rise suddenly) and in descriptions of sudden changes.

19.115 19.45 勇 (yǒng) [skt.śūra] — Translates śūra (brave, courageous). The character appears in 勇猛 (śūra, brave) and in 勇士 (śūra, warrior). The character is central to the title of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra (首楞严经), a key Mahāyāna text.

19.116 19.47 勉 (miǎn) [skt.yatna] — Translates yatna (effort, exertion). The character appears in 勉励 (yatna, to encourage). Effort is one of the central qualities of Buddhist practice.

19.117 19.49 勋 (xūn) [skt.guṇa] — Translates guṇa (merit, achievement). The character appears in 功勋 (guṇa, merit/achievement). See also Character 19.5.

19.118 19.54 勐 (měng) [skt.ugratā] — Translates ugratā (fierceness, ferocity). The character appears in 勐烈 (ugratā, fierce). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of fierce deities and wrathful manifestations.

19.119 19.56 勒 (lēi) [skt.bandhana] — Translates bandhana (binding, constraint). The character appears in 勒紧 (bandhana, to bind). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the bonds of saṃsāra.

19.120 19.62 勘 (kān) [skt.parīkṣā] — Translates parīkṣā (investigation, examination). The character appears in 勘定 (parīkṣā, to investigate) and in textual criticism and scriptural studies.

19.121 19.67 勝 (shèng) [skt.jaya; vijaya] — Translates two roots. (1) jaya (victory). (2) vijaya (conquest, victory). The character appears in 胜利 (jaya, victory) and in 胜义 (paramārtha, ultimate truth, supreme meaning). It is central to the concept of spiritual victory over defilements.

19.122 19.69 募 (mù) [skt.saṅgraha] — Translates saṅgraha (collection, gathering). The character appears in 募捐 (saṅgraha, to collect donations). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of collecting offerings.

19.123 19.74 勤 (qín) [skt.vīrya] — CRITICAL — Translates vīrya (diligence, energy, effort). One of the five spiritual faculties (pañca-indriya) and five powers (pañca-bala). The character appears in 精勤 (vīrya, diligence) and 勤行 (vīrya, energetic practice). Diligence is one of the essential qualities for Buddhist practice.

19.124 19.91 勵 (lì) [skt.utsāha] — Traditional variant of 励. Translates utsāha (encouragement, zeal). Back-translation: treat as a variant of 励 with the same correlates.

20 勹

20.1 勹 [chn.bāo][eng.wrap; enfold; enclose; radical 20][(Skt. veṣṭana = wrapping)]

20.2 勺 [chn.sháo][eng.spoon; ladle; (also sháo, (surname))][(Skt. darvi = spoon)]

20.3 勻 [chn.yún][eng.even; uniform; (also yún, (surname))][(Skt. sama = even)]

20.4 勼 [chn.jiū][eng.to gather; to assemble; (also jiū, (surname)); rare][(Skt. samāgama = gathering)]

20.5 勽 [chn.bào][archaic variant of 抱 (to embrace; to hold); rare][(Skt. āliṅgana = embrace)]

20.6 勾 [chn.gōu][eng.to hook; to entice; to cancel; (also gòu, hook; (surname))][(Skt. aṅkuśa = hook)]

20.7 勿 [chn.wù][eng.do not; must not; (also wù, (surname))][(Skt. mā = do not)]

20.8 匀 [chn.yún][eng.even; uniform; to share equally; (also yún, (surname))][(Skt. sama = even)]

20.9 匁 [chn.mán][eng.Japanese unit of weight (monme); (also mán, (surname))]

20.10 匂 [chn.xiōng][eng.fragrance; aroma; (Japanese kokuji; also niōi)][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

20.11 匃 [chn.gài][archaic variant of 丐 (to beg; to give); rare][(Skt. yācñā = begging)]

20.12 匄 [chn.gài][archaic variant of 丐 (to beg; to give); rare][(Skt. yācñā = begging)]

20.13 包 [chn.bāo][eng.to wrap; to pack; bundle; to include; (also bāo, (surname))][(Skt. veṣṭana = wrapping; Skt. piṇḍa = bundle)]

20.14 匆 [chn.cōng][eng.hurried; hasty; (also cōng, (surname))][(Skt. tvarā = haste)]

20.15 匇 [chn.cōng][archaic variant of 匆 (hurried; hasty); rare][(Skt. tvarā = haste)]

20.16 匈 [chn.xiōng][eng.chest; bosom; Hungary; (also xiōng, (surname))][(Skt. vakṣas = chest)]

20.17 匉 [chn.pēng][archaic; (also pēng, sound of crashing); rare]

20.18 匊 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to hold in the hand); rare]

20.19 匋 [chn.táo][archaic variant of 陶 (pottery; ceramics; to mold); rare][(Skt. mṛttikā = clay)]

20.20 匌 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to fill; to pervade); rare]

20.21 匍 [chn.pú][eng.to crawl; to creep; (also pú, (surname))][(Skt. sarpati = to crawl)]

20.22 匎 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be frugal); rare]

20.23 匏 [chn.páo][eng.gourd; calabash; (also páo, (surname))][(Skt. alābu = gourd)]

20.24 匐 [chn.fú][eng.to crawl; to prostrate; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. sarpati = to crawl; Skt. praṇāma = prostration)]

20.25 匑 [chn.qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be in awe); rare]

20.26 匒 [chn.dá][archaic; (also dá, to pile up); rare]

20.27 匓 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to be full); rare]

20.28 匔 [chn.qóng][archaic; (also qióng, respectful); rare]

20.29 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 20 (勹)

20.30 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

20.31 20.1 勹 (bāo) [skt.veṣṭana] — Translates veṣṭana (wrapping, enfolding). The radical itself represents an arm or person bending to wrap something. It appears in characters related to wrapping and containing.

20.32 20.2 勺 (sháo) [skt.darvi] — Translates darvi (spoon, ladle). The character appears in descriptions of ritual utensils and eating implements.

20.33 20.3 勻 / 20.8 匀 (yún) [skt.sama] — CRITICAL — Translates sama (even, uniform, equal). The character appears in discussions of balance, equality, and uniformity. The concept of sama is central to Buddhist equality and equanimity.

20.34 20.6 勾 (gōu) [skt.aṅkuśa] — Translates aṅkuśa (hook). The character appears in 勾引 (aṅkuśa, to entice) and in descriptions of the hook used by the elephant trainer, a frequent Buddhist simile for the mind.

20.35 20.7 勿 (wù) [skt.mā] — CRITICAL — Translates mā (do not). The character is a prohibitive particle, appearing in 勿忘 (do not forget), 勿贪 (do not be greedy), and other prohibitions. It appears in the Buddhist precepts (śīla) as a term for prohibitions.

20.36 20.10 匂 (xiōng) [skt.gandha] — Translates gandha (fragrance, smell). The character appears in descriptions of fragrance, often used as a metaphor for the fragrance of virtue (śīla-gandha).

20.37 20.13 包 (bāo) [skt.veṣṭana; piṇḍa] — Translates two roots. (1) veṣṭana (wrapping, covering) appears in 包裹 (veṣṭana, to wrap). (2) piṇḍa (bundle, lump) appears in the sense of a package. The character appears in 包含 (veṣṭana, to contain) and in descriptions of the bundle of the aggregates (skandha).

20.38 20.14 匆 (cōng) [skt.tvarā] — Translates tvarā (haste, hurry). The character appears in 匆忙 (tvarā, hasty). In Buddhist contexts, haste is often contrasted with mindfulness and careful attention.

20.39 20.16 匈 (xiōng) [skt.vakṣas] — Translates vakṣas (chest, bosom). The character appears in descriptions of the body and in the compound 匈奴 (Xiongnu), an ancient nomadic people.

20.40 20.21 匍 (pú) [skt.sarpati] — Translates sarpati (to crawl, to creep). The character appears in 匍匐 (sarpati, to crawl), used as a gesture of reverence and prostration in Buddhist practice.

20.41 20.23 匏 (páo) [skt.alābu] — Translates alābu (gourd, calabash). The character appears in descriptions of vessels and in the compound 匏瓜 (alābu, bottle-gourd), a term used in similes for uselessness or emptiness.

20.42 20.24 匐 (fú) [skt.sarpati; praṇāma] — Translates two roots. (1) sarpati (to crawl). (2) praṇāma (prostration, bowing) — the character appears in the compound 匍匐 (sarpati, to crawl), a gesture of deep respect in Buddhist practice. Prostration is one of the core devotional practices in Buddhism.

21 匕

21.1 匕 [chn.bǐ][eng.spoon; ladle; dagger; (also bǐ, (surname))][skt.darvi; (Skt. khaḍga = dagger)]

21.2 化 [chn.huà][eng.to change; to transform; to melt; to convert; to spend][skt.parivarta; (Skt. vipariṇāma = transformation)]

21.3 北 [chn.běi][eng.north; northern; (also bèi, to turn one’s back)][skt.uttara; (Skt. uttarā = north)]

21.4 匘 [chn.nǎo][archaic variant of 腦 (brain; head; mind)][skt.mastaka; (Skt. śiras = head)]

21.5 匙 [chn.chí][eng.spoon; key; (also shi, key; (surname))][skt.darvi; (Skt. kūñcikā = key)]

21.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 21 (匕)

21.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

21.8 21.1 匕 (bǐ) [skt.darvi; khaḍga] — Translates two roots. (1) darvi (spoon, ladle) appears in 匙 (spoon). (2) khaḍga (dagger) in archaic contexts. The radical itself represents a spoon or ladle; also used as a dagger in archaic contexts.

21.9 21.2 化 (huà) [skt.parivarta; vipariṇāma] — CRITICAL — One of the most important characters in Buddhist philosophy. Translates two roots. (1) parivarta (change, transformation) appears in 变化 (parivarta, change). (2) vipariṇāma (transformation, alteration) appears in 转化 (vipariṇāma, to transform). The character appears in 教化 (śāsana, teaching/transforming), a key term for the Buddha’s teaching activity. It is also central to 变异 (vipariṇāma, change/alteration), a key concept in the doctrine of impermanence (anitya).

21.10 21.3 北 (běi) [skt.uttara; uttarā] — Translates two roots. (1) uttara (north) as a noun. (2) uttarā (northern) as an adjective. The character appears in Buddhist cosmology describing the northern direction and the continent of Uttarakuru (北俱盧洲), one of the four continents in Buddhist cosmology.

21.11 21.4 匘 (nǎo) [skt.mastaka; śiras] — Translates two roots. (1) mastaka (brain, head). (2) śiras (head). Archaic variant of 腦. Used for brain and head in medical and anatomical contexts.

21.12 21.5 匙 (chí) [skt.darvi; kūñcikā] — Translates two roots. (1) darvi (spoon). (2) kūñcikā (key). Used for both spoon and key in different contexts.

22 匚

22.1 匚 [chn.fāng][eng.open box; right-open box; container; radical 22][skt.bhāṇḍa; (Skt. pātra = vessel)]

22.2 匛 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to be long); rare]

22.3 匜 [chn.yí][eng.ancient water vessel; washbasin; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = pot)]

22.4 匝 [chn.zā][eng.to circle; to surround; to encircle; (also zā, (surname))][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = surrounding)]

22.5 匞 [chn.jiàng][archaic variant of 匠 (artisan; craftsman); rare][(Skt. śilpin = artisan)]

22.6 匟 [chn.kàng][archaic; (also kàng, to sit); rare]

22.7 匠 [chn.jiàng][eng.artisan; craftsman; master; (also jiàng, (surname))][(Skt. śilpin = artisan)]

22.8 匡 [chn.kuāng][eng.to correct; to rectify; to assist; (also kuāng, (surname))][(Skt. samśodhana = correction)]

22.9 匢 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to cover); rare]

22.10 匣 [chn.xiá][eng.box; case; casket; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

22.11 匤 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to store); rare]

22.12 匥 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to flow); rare]

22.13 匦 [chn.guǐ][eng.box; casket; (also guǐ, (surname))][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

22.14 匧 [chn.qiè][archaic variant of 篋 (box; chest; casket); rare][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

22.15 匨 [chn.zāng][archaic variant of 臧 (good; (surname)); rare]

22.16 匩 [chn.kuāng][archaic variant of 匡 (to correct; to assist); rare][(Skt. samśodhana = correction)]

22.17 匪 [chn.fěi][eng.bandit; (also fěi, (surname))][(Skt. cora = bandit)]

22.18 匫 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to be deep); rare]

22.19 匬 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to measure); rare]

22.20 匭 [chn.guǐ][eng.traditional variant of 匦 (box; casket)][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

22.21 匮 [chn.guì][eng.to lack; to be deficient; (also guì, (surname))][(Skt. hīna = deficient)]

22.22 匯 [chn.huì][eng.traditional variant of 汇 (to remit; to gather; to exchange)][(Skt. samāgama = gathering)]

22.23 匰 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, to place); rare]

22.24 匱 [chn.guì][eng.traditional variant of 匮 (to lack; to be deficient)][(Skt. hīna = deficient)]

22.25 匲 [chn.lián][archaic variant of 奩 (vanity case; dowry)]

22.26 匳 [chn.lián][archaic variant of 奩 (vanity case; dowry)]

22.27 匴 [chn.suǎn][archaic; (also suǎn, to store); rare]

22.28 匵 [chn.dú][archaic; (also dú, box); rare]

22.29 匶 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, coffin); rare]

22.30 匷 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to hide); rare]

22.31 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 22 (匚)

22.32 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

22.33 22.1 匚 (fāng) [skt.bhāṇḍa; pātra] — Translates two roots. (1) bhāṇḍa (container, vessel) appears in 器具 (bhāṇḍa, vessel). (2) pātra (vessel) appears in the same sense. The radical itself represents an open box or container.

22.34 22.4 匝 (zā) [skt.pariveṣṭana] — Translates pariveṣṭana (surrounding, encircling). The character appears in 周匝 (pariveṣṭana, to surround/encircle), used in descriptions of circumambulation (pradakṣiṇa), a key Buddhist devotional practice.

22.35 22.7 匠 (jiàng) [skt.śilpin] — CRITICAL — Translates śilpin (artisan, craftsman, master). The character appears in 工匠 (śilpin, craftsman) and in texts describing the "master" of various arts. The term śilpin is also used for the artisan deities in Buddhist cosmology.

22.36 22.8 匡 (kuāng) [skt.samśodhana] — Translates samśodhana (correction, rectification). The character appears in 匡正 (samśodhana, to correct/rectify), used in contexts of moral correction and assistance.

22.37 22.10 匣 (xiá) [skt.saṃpuṭa] — Translates saṃpuṭa (box, case, casket). The character appears in descriptions of relic containers (śarīra-saṃpuṭa) and manuscript boxes. The saṃpuṭa is an important object in Buddhist ritual.

22.38 22.13 匦 (guǐ) [skt.saṃpuṭa] — Translates saṃpuṭa (box, casket). Used for box and casket. See also Character 22.10.

22.39 22.17 匪 (fěi) [skt.cora] — Translates cora (bandit, thief). The character appears in discussions of bandits and thieves, often in Vinaya contexts describing criminal elements.

22.40 22.21 匮 (guì) [skt.hīna] — Translates hīna (deficient, lacking). The character appears in 匮乏 (hīna, deficient/lacking), used in descriptions of poverty and lack of resources.

22.41 22.22 匯 (huì) [skt.samāgama] — Translates samāgama (gathering, assembly). The character appears in 匯聚 (samāgama, to gather) and in descriptions of assemblies.

23 匸

23.1 匸 [chn.xì][eng.hiding enclosure; to conceal; to hide; radical 23][skt.gūhana; (Skt. apavāraṇa = concealment)]

23.2 匹 [chn.pǐ][eng.match; equal; counterpart; bolt of cloth; (also pǐ, (surname))][(Skt. pratirūpa = match)]

23.3 区 [chn.qū][eng.district; region; area; (also ōu, (surname))][(Skt. deśa = region)]

23.4 医 [chn.yī][eng.medicine; doctor; to cure; (also yī, (surname))][(Skt. vaidya = physician)]

23.5 匼 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to cover); rare]

23.6 匽 [chn.yǎn][eng.to hide; to conceal; to stop; (also yǎn, (surname))][(Skt. gūhana = concealment)]

23.7 匾 [chn.biǎn][eng.plaque; tablet; (also biǎn, (surname))][(Skt. phalaka = tablet)]

23.8 匿 [chn.nì][eng.to hide; to conceal; (also nì, (surname))][(Skt. gūhana = concealment)]

23.9 區 [chn.qū][eng.traditional variant of 区 (district; region; area)][(Skt. deśa = region)]

23.10 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 23 (匸)

23.11 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

23.12 23.1 匸 (xì) [skt.gūhana; apavāraṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) gūhana (concealment, hiding). (2) apavāraṇa (concealment, covering). The radical itself represents a hiding or concealing enclosure.

23.13 23.2 匹 (pǐ) [skt.pratirūpa] — Translates pratirūpa (match, equal, counterpart). The character appears in 匹敌 (pratirūpa, to match/equal) and as a measure word for cloth. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of equality and matching.

23.14 23.3 区 (qū) [skt.deśa] — CRITICAL — Translates deśa (region, area, district). The character appears in 地区 (deśa, region) and 区域 (deśa, area). In Buddhist contexts, deśa appears in 国土 (deśa, country/land) and in the term 地方 (deśa, place/locality). It is also used in administrative contexts.

23.15 23.4 医 (yī) [skt.vaidya] — CRITICAL — Translates vaidya (physician, doctor). The character appears in 医生 (vaidya, doctor) and 医学 (vaidya, medicine). In Buddhist texts, the Buddha is often compared to a physician who heals the sickness of ignorance (avidyā). The Dharma is the medicine, and the Buddha is the great physician (mahā-vaidya).

23.16 23.6 匽 (yǎn) [skt.gūhana] — Translates gūhana (concealment, hiding). The character appears in 匽藏 (gūhana, to hide/conceal). Used in classical and archaic texts.

23.17 23.7 匾 (biǎn) [skt.phalaka] — Translates phalaka (tablet, plaque). The character appears in descriptions of inscribed tablets and plaques in temple and monastic contexts.

23.18 23.8 匿 (nì) [skt.gūhana] — CRITICAL — Translates gūhana (concealment, hiding). The character appears in 隐匿 (gūhana, to hide/conceal). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of hiding from danger and in the term 匿罪 (gūhana, concealing a crime), which is discussed in Vinaya.

24 十

24.1 十 [chn.shí][eng.ten; the number ten; complete; perfect][skt.daśa; (Skt. daśaka = group of ten)]

24.2 卂 [chn.xùn][eng.to fly quickly; to move rapidly; (also xùn, (surname)); rare][(Skt. kṣipram = rapidly)]

24.3 千 [chn.qiān][eng.thousand; numerous; (also qiān, (surname))][skt.sahasra; (Skt. sahasra = thousand)]

24.4 卄 [chn.niàn][archaic variant of 廿 (twenty); rare][skt.viṃśati; (Skt. viṃśaka = group of twenty)]

24.5 卅 [chn.sà][eng.thirty; (also sà, (surname))][skt.triṃśat; (Skt. triṃśaka = group of thirty)]

24.6 卆 [chn.zú][archaic variant of 卒 (soldier; to finish; to die)][(Skt. sainya = soldier)]

24.7 升 [chn.shēng][eng.to rise; to ascend; to promote; liter (unit); (also shēng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = rising)]

24.8 午 [chn.wǔ][eng.noon; seventh earthly branch (11 am–1 pm); (also wǔ, (surname))][(Skt. madhyāhna = noon)]

24.9 卉 [chn.huì][eng.plants; vegetation; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. vṛkṣa = plant)]

24.10 半 [chn.bàn][eng.half; half of; semi-; (also bàn, (surname))][(Skt. ardha = half)]

24.11 卋 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 世 (generation; world; era)][(Skt. loka = world)]

24.12 卌 [chn.xì][eng.forty; (also xì, (surname))][skt.catvāriṃśat; (Skt. catvāriṃśaka = group of forty)]

24.13 卍 [chn.wàn][eng.swastika; Buddhist emblem; (also wàn, (surname))][skt.svastika]

24.14 华 [chn.huá][eng.China; Chinese; splendid; magnificent; (also huà, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = splendor)]

24.15 协 [chn.xié][eng.to cooperate; to coordinate; to unite; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = cooperation)]

24.16 卐 [chn.wàn][eng.swastika; Buddhist emblem; (also wàn, (surname))][skt.svastika]

24.17 卑 [chn.bēi][eng.humble; low; inferior; (also bēi, (surname))][(Skt. hīna = inferior)]

24.18 卒 [chn.zú][eng.soldier; to finish; to die; (also cù, sudden; finally)][(Skt. sainya = soldier; Skt. mṛta = died)]

24.19 卓 [chn.zhuó][eng.outstanding; brilliant; lofty; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. uttama = outstanding)]

24.20 協 [chn.xié][eng.traditional variant of 协 (to cooperate; to coordinate)][(Skt. saṃyoga = cooperation)]

24.21 单 [chn.dān][eng.single; one; only; alone; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. eka = single)]

24.22 卖 [chn.mài][eng.to sell; (also mài, (surname))][(Skt. vikraya = selling)]

24.23 南 [chn.nán][eng.south; southern; (also nā, (surname))][skt.dakṣiṇa]

24.24 単 [chn.dān][eng.Japanese variant of 單 (single; only; alone)][(Skt. eka = single)]

24.25 卙 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be many); rare]

24.26 博 [chn.bó][eng.broad; extensive; to win; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = extensive)]

24.27 卛 [chn.shuài][archaic variant of 率 (to lead; to command; rate)][(Skt. senāpati = commander)]

24.28 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 24 (十)

24.29 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

24.30 24.1 十 (shí) [skt.daśa; daśaka] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) daśa (ten) as a numeral. (2) daśaka (group of ten). The character appears in many Buddhist enumerations: 十善 (daśa-kuśala, Ten Wholesome Deeds), 十恶 (daśa-akuśala, Ten Unwholesome Deeds), 十地 (daśa-bhūmi, Ten Bodhisattva Grounds), and 十方 (daśa-diśa, Ten Directions). The number ten is foundational in Buddhist numerical cosmology.

24.31 24.3 千 (qiān) [skt.sahasra] — CRITICAL — Translates sahasra (thousand). The character appears in 三千大千世界 (tri-sāhasra-mahā-sāhasra-lokadhātu, Three Thousand Great Thousand World-System), the standard Buddhist description of the cosmos. It also appears in 千佛 (sahasra-buddha, Thousand Buddhas) and 千手千眼 (sahasra-bhuja-sahasra-netra, Thousand Hands and Thousand Eyes), epithets of Avalokiteśvara.

24.32 24.5 卅 (sà) [skt.triṃśat; triṃśaka] — Translates two roots. (1) triṃśat (thirty). (2) triṃśaka (group of thirty). The character appears in enumerations and dates.

24.33 24.7 升 (shēng) [skt.udgama] — Translates udgama (rising, ascent). The character appears in 上升 (udgama, to rise/ascend) and is also a unit of measure. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of ascending to higher realms.

24.34 24.8 午 (wǔ) [skt.madhyāhna] — Translates madhyāhna (noon, midday). The seventh earthly branch, used in timekeeping. The character appears in temporal contexts in Buddhist texts.

24.35 24.10 半 (bàn) [skt.ardha] — Translates ardha (half). The character appears in 一半 (ardha, half) and in compounds meaning "half" or "semi-." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 半偈 (ardha-gāthā, half-verse), a term for the famous story of the bodhisattva who sacrifices his life for a half-verse of Dharma.

24.36 24.13 卍 (wàn) / 24.16 卐 (wàn) [skt.svastika] — CRITICAL — Translates svastika (swastika). This is one of the most important Buddhist emblems, representing good fortune, auspiciousness, and the Buddha’s footprints. The svastika appears in Buddhist iconography worldwide and is one of the sixty-four marks on the Buddha’s body. In Buddhist art, it is a symbol of the Buddha’s heart and the turning of the Dharma wheel.

24.37 24.14 华 (huá) [skt.prabhā] — CRITICAL — Translates prabhā (splendor, radiance, magnificence). The character is used for "China" (中华, China) and also means "splendid" or "magnificent." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 华藏 (prabhā, magnificent treasury) and in 华严 (Avataṃsaka, Flower Garland), the title of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (華嚴經).

24.38 24.15 协 (xié) [skt.saṃyoga] — Translates saṃyoga (cooperation, union, coordination). The character appears in 协作 (saṃyoga, to cooperate/coordinate). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of harmonious cooperation in the monastic community.

24.39 24.17 卑 (bēi) [skt.hīna] — Translates hīna (humble, low, inferior). The character appears in 卑下 (hīna, humble/lowly). In Buddhist texts, humility is valued as a virtue, and the character appears in discussions of the humble attitude of the practitioner.

24.40 24.18 卒 (zú) [skt.sainya; mṛta] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) sainya (soldier) appears in 士卒 (sainya, soldier). (2) mṛta (died, deceased) appears in 卒死 (mṛta, to die). The character also means "to finish" or "to complete." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of soldiers and in the sense of completion.

24.41 24.19 卓 (zhuó) [skt.uttama] — Translates uttama (outstanding, excellent, supreme). The character appears in 卓越 (uttama, outstanding/brilliant). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of outstanding qualities and the supreme excellence of the Buddha.

24.42 24.21 单 (dān) [skt.eka] — CRITICAL — Translates eka (single, one, only). The character appears in 单一 (eka, single/only) and in Buddhist contexts describing the single-mindedness required for meditation (eka-citta). It also appears in 单提 (eka, alone/isolated), used in descriptions of solitary practice.

24.43 24.22 卖 (mài) [skt.vikraya] — Translates vikraya (selling). The character appears in 买卖 (vikraya, buying and selling), an activity regulated in Vinaya.

24.44 24.23 南 (nán) [skt.dakṣiṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates dakṣiṇa (south, southern). The character appears in Buddhist cosmology describing the southern direction. It also appears in 南传 (Dakṣiṇa, Southern Transmission), referring to the Theravāda tradition of Buddhism that spread to Southeast Asia. The term 南无 (namo, homage) is a transliteration of namas (homage).

24.45 24.26 博 (bó) [skt.bahu] — Translates bahu (broad, extensive, much). The character appears in 博学 (bahu, learned/extensive knowledge) and 博爱 (bahu, universal love/brotherhood). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s extensive knowledge and universal compassion.

25 卜

25.1 卜 [chn.bǔ][eng.to divine; to foretell; to prophesy; (also bo, (surname))][(Skt. jyotiṣa = divination)]

25.2 卝 [chn.guàn][archaic variant of 丱 (two bunches of hair; young child)]

25.3 卞 [chn.biàn][eng.hasty; hurried; (also biàn, (surname))][(Skt. tvarita = hasty)]

25.4 卟 [chn.bǔ][archaic; (also bǔ, to divine); rare]

25.5 占 [chn.zhàn][eng.to occupy; to possess; to divine; (also zhān, to divine)][(Skt. adhikāra = occupation; Skt. jyotiṣa = divination)]

25.6 卡 [chn.kǎ][eng.card; block; (also qiǎ, checkpoint; to block)][(Skt. pattra = card)]

25.7 卢 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, (surname)); rare]

25.8 卣 [chn.yǒu][eng.ancient wine vessel; (also yǒu, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = vessel)]

25.9 卤 [chn.lǔ][eng.brine; salt; (also lǔ, (surname))][(Skt. lavaṇa = salt)]

25.10 卥 [chn.xī][archaic variant of 西 (west); rare][(Skt. paścima = west)]

25.11 卦 [chn.guà][eng.hexagram; divinatory symbol; (also guà, (surname))][(Skt. jyotiṣa = divination)]

25.12 卧 [chn.wò][eng.to lie down; to crouch; to rest; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. śayana = lying down)]

25.13 卨 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be wise); rare]

25.14 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 25 (卜)

25.15 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

25.16 25.1 卜 (bǔ) [skt.jyotiṣa] — CRITICAL — Translates jyotiṣa (divination, astrology). The radical itself represents divination. The character appears in 占卜 (jyotiṣa, to divine/foretell). In Buddhist contexts, divination is generally discouraged for monastics, though it appears in texts describing worldly practices.

25.17 25.3 卞 (biàn) [skt.tvarita] — Translates tvarita (hasty, hurried). The character appears in 卞急 (tvarita, hasty/impatient). In Buddhist contexts, haste is often contrasted with mindfulness and careful attention.

25.18 25.5 占 (zhàn / zhān) [skt.adhikāra; jyotiṣa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) adhikāra (occupation, possession) appears in 占有 (adhikāra, to occupy). (2) jyotiṣa (divination) appears in 占卜 (jyotiṣa, to divine). The character has two readings with distinct meanings: to occupy (zhàn) and to divine (zhān).

25.19 25.6 卡 (kǎ) [skt.pattra] — Translates pattra (card, leaf, sheet). The character appears in 卡片 (pattra, card) and as a measure word for cards. In Buddhist contexts, it may appear in descriptions of manuscripts and leaves used for writing scriptures.

25.20 25.8 卣 (yǒu) [skt.kumbha] — Translates kumbha (vessel, pot). The character appears in descriptions of ancient wine vessels used in ritual contexts.

25.21 25.9 卤 (lǔ) [skt.lavaṇa] — Translates lavaṇa (salt, brine). The character appears in 卤水 (lavaṇa, brine) and 盐卤 (lavaṇa, salt brine). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in medical and dietary contexts.

25.22 25.11 卦 (guà) [skt.jyotiṣa] — Translates jyotiṣa (divination, hexagram). The character is central to the I Ching (Book of Changes), which appears in Buddhist texts in discussions of Chinese philosophy.

25.23 25.12 卧 (wò) [skt.śayana] — Translates śayana (lying down, sleeping, reclining). The character appears in 卧具 (śayana, bed/lying-down equipment) and in descriptions of the Buddha’s final posture (卧佛, Reclining Buddha). The reclining posture is one of the four postures of the Buddha (walking, standing, sitting, lying down).

26 卩

26.1 卩 [chn.jié][eng.seal; signet; curved kneeling person; radical 26][skt.mudrā; (Skt. aṅkita = seal)]

26.2 卪 [chn.jié][archaic variant of 卩 (seal; signet)][skt.mudrā]

26.3 卫 [chn.wèi][eng.to guard; to protect; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣaṇa = protection)]

26.4 卬 [chn.áng][eng.to lift; to raise; to look up; (also yǎng, I; (surname))][(Skt. udgama = raising)]

26.5 卭 [chn.qióng][archaic variant of 邛 (surname; hill); rare]

26.6 卮 [chn.zhī][eng.wine cup; goblet; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

26.7 卯 [chn.mǎo][eng.fourth earthly branch (5-7 am); (also mǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn)]

26.8 印 [chn.yìn][eng.seal; stamp; mark; to print; (also yìn, (surname))][skt.mudrā; (Skt. aṅkita = seal)]

26.9 危 [chn.wēi][eng.danger; peril; high; steep; (also wēi, (surname))][(Skt. āpatti = danger)]

26.10 卲 [chn.shào][archaic; (also shào, to be venerable); rare]

26.11 即 [chn.jí][eng.to be; to equal; immediate; promptly; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. tathā = thus)]

26.12 却 [chn.què][eng.to retreat; to withdraw; but; (also què, (surname))][(Skt. nivartana = retreat)]

26.13 卵 [chn.luǎn][eng.egg; ovum; spawn; (also luǎn, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍa = egg)]

26.14 卶 [chn.chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to be large); rare]

26.15 卷 [chn.juàn][eng.roll; scroll; volume; (also juǎn, to roll up)][(Skt. grantha = volume)]

26.16 卸 [chn.xiè][eng.to unload; to discharge; to remove; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. apaharaṇa = removal)]

26.17 卹 [chn.xù][archaic variant of 恤 (to pity; to sympathize)][(Skt. kāruṇya = pity)]

26.18 卺 [chn.jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, nuptial cup); rare]

26.19 卻 [chn.què][archaic variant of 却 (to retreat; to withdraw; but)][(Skt. nivartana = retreat)]

26.20 卼 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be unstable); rare]

26.21 卽 [chn.jí][archaic variant of 即 (to be; equal; immediate)][(Skt. tathā = thus)]

26.22 卾 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be amazed); rare]

26.23 卿 [chn.qīng][eng.you (formal); high official; (also qīng, (surname))][(Skt. bhavān = you)]

26.24 厀 [chn.xī][archaic variant of 膝 (knee); rare][(Skt. jānu = knee)]

26.25 厁 [chn.san][archaic; (also san, to be scattered); rare]

26.26 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 26 (卩)

26.27 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

26.28 26.1 卩 (jié) [skt.mudrā; aṅkita] — Translates two roots. (1) mudrā (seal, signet, mark) — a term of immense importance in Buddhism, referring to the hand gestures used in ritual and iconography. (2) aṅkita (seal, mark, impression). The radical itself represents a kneeling person or a seal.

26.29 26.3 卫 (wèi) [skt.rakṣaṇa] — Translates rakṣaṇa (protection, guarding). The character appears in 保卫 (rakṣaṇa, to protect/guard). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the protective deities (dharma-pāla) who guard the Dharma.

26.30 26.4 卬 (áng) [skt.udgama] — Translates udgama (raising, rising). The character appears in 卬首 (udgama, to raise one’s head). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of looking up to the Buddha or teacher.

26.31 26.7 卯 (mǎo) [skt.prabhāta] — Translates prabhāta (dawn, daybreak). The fourth earthly branch, used in timekeeping. The character appears in temporal contexts.

26.32 26.8 印 (yìn) [skt.mudrā; aṅkita] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) mudrā (seal, signet) — in Buddhism, mudrā refers both to the physical hand gestures used in ritual and to the "seal" of Buddhist doctrine. (2) aṅkita (mark, impression). The character appears in 印可 (mudrā, approval/seal of approval), 印契 (mudrā, ritual gesture), and 法印 (Dharma-mudrā, the seal of the Dharma, i.e., the marks of true teaching).

26.33 26.9 危 (wēi) [skt.āpatti] — CRITICAL — Translates āpatti (danger, peril, adversity). The character appears in 危险 (āpatti, danger) and 危难 (āpatti, peril). In Buddhist texts, it appears in discussions of vigilance and the dangers of saṃsāra. The Buddha often warns of the danger of clinging to impermanent things.

26.34 26.11 即 (jí) [skt.tathā] — CRITICAL — Translates tathā (thus, so, in that manner). The character appears in 即使 (tathā, even if) and 即身 (tathā, immediately). In Buddhist philosophy, tathā is the root of 如來 (Tathāgata, Thus-Come/Thus-Gone), the primary epithet of the Buddha. The character also appears in 即心 (tathā, immediate mind), a key concept in Zen.

26.35 26.12 却 (què) [skt.nivartana] — Translates nivartana (retreat, withdrawal). The character appears in 退却 (nivartana, to retreat/withdraw). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of turning away from saṃsāra.

26.36 26.13 卵 (luǎn) [skt.aṇḍa] — Translates aṇḍa (egg). The character appears in Buddhist cosmology describing the four modes of birth: egg-born (aṇḍa-ja), womb-born (jarāyu-ja), moisture-born (saṃsveda-ja), and spontaneous (upapāduka). Egg-born beings are one of the four classes of sentient beings.

26.37 26.15 卷 (juàn) [skt.grantha] — CRITICAL — Translates grantha (volume, scroll, text). The character appears in 卷轴 (grantha, scroll) and in descriptions of Buddhist scriptures. The grantha is the physical text of the canon.

26.38 26.16 卸 (xiè) [skt.apaharaṇa] — Translates apaharaṇa (removal, taking away). The character appears in 卸载 (apaharaṇa, to unload/remove). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of removing defilements.

26.39 26.23 卿 (qīng) [skt.bhavān] — Translates bhavān (you, formal). The character appears in classical texts as a formal second-person pronoun used to address officials and respected individuals.

27 厂

27.1 厂 [chn.hǎn, chǎng][eng.cliff; precipice; (also factory; workshop); radical 27][skt.śaila; (Skt. kūṭa = peak)]

27.2 厃 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to lean); rare]

27.3 厄 [chn.è][eng.distress; adversity; to obstruct; (also è, (surname))][skt.vyasana; (Skt. āpatti = adversity)]

27.4 厅 [chn.tīng][eng.hall; office; room; (also tīng, (surname))][skt.sabhā; (Skt. maṇḍapa = hall)]

27.5 历 [chn.lì][eng.history; calendar; to pass through; (also lì, (surname))][skt.itihāsa; (Skt. kāla = time)]

27.6 厇 [chn.zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to open); rare]

27.7 厈 [chn.hǎn][archaic; (also hǎn, to be near); rare]

27.8 厉 [chn.lì][eng.strict; severe; fierce; (also lì, (surname))][skt.ugra; (Skt. tīkṣṇa = fierce)]

27.9 厊 [chn.yǎ][archaic; (also yǎ, to be at odds); rare]

27.10 压 [chn.yā][eng.to press; to weigh down; to oppress; (also yà, to crush)][skt.pīḍana; (Skt. abhihāra = oppression)]

27.11 厌 [chn.yàn][eng.to detest; to dislike; to be satisfied; (also yān, to surfeit)][skt.jugupsā; (Skt. nirveda = disgust)]

27.12 厍 [chn.shè][archaic; (also shè, (surname)); rare]

27.13 厎 [chn.dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to grind); rare]

27.14 厏 [chn.zhǎi][archaic; (also zhǎi, to be narrow); rare]

27.15 厐 [chn.páng][archaic variant of 庞 (huge; enormous); rare][skt.mahā; (Skt. prabhūta = enormous)]

27.16 厑 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be silent); rare]

27.17 厒 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be steep); rare]

27.18 厓 [chn.yá][eng.cliff; precipice; (also yá, (surname))][skt.śaila; (Skt. giri = mountain)]

27.19 厔 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to stop); rare]

27.20 厕 [chn.cè][eng.toilet; lavatory; (also cè, (surname))][skt.śaucālaya; (Skt. prasravaṇa = lavatory)]

27.21 厖 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be large); rare]

27.22 厗 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, (surname)); rare]

27.23 厘 [chn.lí][eng.to regulate; to govern; (also lí, (surname))][skt.niyamana; (Skt. vidhāna = regulation)]

27.24 厙 [chn.shè][archaic variant of 厍 (surname); rare]

27.25 厚 [chn.hòu][eng.thick; generous; profound; (also hòu, (surname))][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. bahu = abundant)]

27.26 厛 [chn.tīng][archaic variant of 厅 (hall; office)][skt.sabhā; (Skt. maṇḍapa = hall)]

27.27 厜 [chn.zuī][archaic; (also zuī, to be high); rare]

27.28 厝 [chn.cuò][eng.to place; to arrange; (also cuò, (surname))][skt.sthāpana; (Skt. nyāsa = placing)]

27.29 厞 [chn.fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to hide); rare]

27.30 原 [chn.yuán][eng.original; source; beginning; plain; (also yuán, (surname))][skt.ādi; mūla; (Skt. prabhava = source)]

27.31 厠 [chn.cè][eng.traditional variant of 厕 (toilet; lavatory)][skt.śaucālaya; (Skt. prasravaṇa = lavatory)]

27.32 厡 [chn.yuán][archaic variant of 原 (original; source)][skt.ādi; mūla]

27.33 厢 [chn.xiāng][eng.wing; side; box; (also xiāng, (surname))][skt.pārśva; (Skt. koṇa = side)]

27.34 厣 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be narrow); rare]

27.35 厤 [chn.lì][archaic variant of 曆 (calendar; history)][skt.itihāsa; (Skt. kāla = time)]

27.36 厥 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to cut off); (surname)]

27.37 厦 [chn.shà][eng.mansion; building; (also xià, (surname))][skt.prāsāda; (Skt. harmya = mansion)]

27.38 厧 [chn.diān][archaic; (also diān, to be black); rare]

27.39 厨 [chn.chú][eng.kitchen; cook; (also chú, (surname))][skt.mahānasa; (Skt. pācaka = cook)]

27.40 厩 [chn.jiù][eng.stable; barn; (also jiù, (surname))][skt.goṣṭha; (Skt. vṛṣabha = stable)]

27.41 厪 [chn.jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, to be diligent); rare]

27.42 厫 [chn.áo][archaic; (also áo, to be proud); rare]

27.43 厬 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be dry); rare]

27.44 厭 [chn.yàn][eng.traditional variant of 厌 (to detest; to dislike; to be satisfied)][skt.jugupsā; (Skt. nirveda = disgust)]

27.45 厮 [chn.sī][eng.to cut; to hack; servant; (also sī, (surname))][skt.dāsa; (Skt. bhṛtya = servant)]

27.46 厯 [chn.lì][archaic variant of 曆 (calendar; history)][skt.itihāsa; (Skt. kāla = time)]

27.47 厰 [chn.chǎng][archaic variant of 厂 (factory; workshop)][skt.karmālaya; (Skt. kārya = workshop)]

27.48 厱 [chn.lán][archaic; (also lán, to be steep); rare]

27.49 厲 [chn.lì][eng.traditional variant of 厉 (strict; severe; fierce)][skt.ugra; (Skt. tīkṣṇa = fierce)]

27.50 厳 [chn.yán][eng.Japanese variant of 嚴 (strict; severe; stern)][skt.ugra; (Skt. dṛḍha = stern)]

27.51 厴 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be dark); rare]

27.52 厵 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be abundant); rare]

27.53 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 27 (厂)

27.54 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

27.55 27.1 厂 (hǎn / chǎng) [skt.śaila; kūṭa] — Translates two roots. (1) śaila (cliff, rock, mountain) — the original meaning. (2) kūṭa (peak). The radical itself represents a cliff. In modern usage, it also means "factory" or "workshop" (chǎng), corresponding to karmālaya (workshop).

27.56 27.3 厄 (è) [skt.vyasana; āpatti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) vyasana (adversity, distress, calamity) appears in 厄运 (vyasana, misfortune). (2) āpatti (adversity, danger) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist texts discussing suffering and adversity, which are central to the first noble truth (duḥkha).

27.57 27.4 厅 (tīng) [skt.sabhā; maṇḍapa] — Translates two roots. (1) sabhā (hall, assembly) appears in 大厅 (sabhā, hall). (2) maṇḍapa (hall, pavilion) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of monastic assembly halls.

27.58 27.5 历 (lì) [skt.itihāsa; kāla] — Translates two roots. (1) itihāsa (history, tradition) appears in 历史 (itihāsa, history). (2) kāla (time) appears in 历法 (kāla, calendar). The character appears in historical and temporal contexts.

27.59 27.8 厉 (lì) [skt.ugra; tīkṣṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ugra (fierce, severe) appears in 严厉 (ugra, strict/severe). (2) tīkṣṇa (sharp, fierce) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of fierce deities and wrathful manifestations in Buddhist iconography.

27.60 27.10 压 (yā) [skt.pīḍana; abhihāra] — Translates two roots. (1) pīḍana (pressing, oppression) appears in 压力 (pīḍana, pressure). (2) abhihāra (oppression, attack) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 压迫 (pīḍana, to oppress/press down).

27.61 27.11 厌 (yàn) [skt.jugupsā; nirveda] — Translates two roots. (1) jugupsā (detestation, disgust) appears in 厌恶 (jugupsā, to detest). (2) nirveda (disgust, weariness) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 厌离 (nirveda, disgust/renunciation), a key term for the turning away from saṃsāra that leads to liberation.

27.62 27.23 厘 (lí) [skt.niyamana; vidhāna] — Translates two roots. (1) niyamana (regulation, control) appears in 厘定 (niyamana, to regulate). (2) vidhāna (rule, regulation, arrangement) appears in the same sense. The character appears in administrative and legal contexts.

27.63 27.25 厚 (hòu) [skt.gambhīra; bahu] — Translates two roots. (1) gambhīra (deep, profound) appears in 深厚 (gambhīra, profound). (2) bahu (abundant, much) appears in 厚待 (bahu, generous treatment). The character appears in 厚德 (gambhīra, profound virtue), a description of the Buddha’s qualities.

27.64 27.28 厝 (cuò) [skt.sthāpana; nyāsa] — Translates two roots. (1) sthāpana (placing, establishing) appears in 厝置 (sthāpana, to place). (2) nyāsa (placing, arrangement) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 厝火 (nyāsa, to place fire), used in similes.

27.65 27.30 原 (yuán) [skt.ādi; mūla; prabhava] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) ādi (beginning, origin) appears in 原始 (ādi, original). (2) mūla (root, source) appears in 根源 (mūla, root/source). (3) prabhava (source, origin) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 原本 (mūla, original) and in discussions of the origin of suffering and the source of the Dharma.

27.66 27.33 厢 (xiāng) [skt.pārśva; koṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) pārśva (side) appears in 厢房 (pārśva, side room). (2) koṇa (corner, side) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of monastic buildings and structures.

27.67 27.36 厥 (jué) — Archaic pronoun and particle. Appears in classical texts and in Buddhist translations of classical Chinese works. No direct Sanskrit correlate; treated as a classical Chinese grammatical marker.

27.68 27.37 厦 (shà) [skt.prāsāda; harmya] — Translates two roots. (1) prāsāda (mansion, palace, temple) appears in 大厦 (prāsāda, mansion). (2) harmya (mansion, building) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of grand buildings and temples.

27.69 27.39 厨 (chú) [skt.mahānasa; pācaka] — Translates two roots. (1) mahānasa (kitchen) appears in 厨房 (mahānasa, kitchen). (2) pācaka (cook) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of kitchen and cooking in monastic settings.

27.70 27.40 厩 (jiù) [skt.goṣṭha; vṛṣabha] — Translates two roots. (1) goṣṭha (stable, cow-shed) appears in 马厩 (goṣṭha, stable). (2) vṛṣabha (bull, stable) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of animal shelters.

27.71 27.45 厮 (sī) [skt.dāsa; bhṛtya] — Translates two roots. (1) dāsa (servant, slave) appears in 厮人 (dāsa, servant). (2) bhṛtya (servant) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of servants and service.

28 厶

28.1 厶 [chn.sī][eng.private; personal; secret; (also mǒu, archaic variant of 某)] [(Skt. ātma = self; Skt. nija = private)]

28.2 厷 [chn.gōng][archaic variant of 肱 (arm; upper arm); rare] [(Skt. bāhu = arm)]

28.3 厸 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be near); rare]

28.4 厹 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be brave); rare]

28.5 厺 [chn.qù][archaic variant of 去 (to go; to leave)][skt.gamana; (Skt. prayāṇa = departure)]

28.6 去 [chn.qù][eng.to go; to leave; to depart; to remove; (also qù, (surname))][skt.gamana; (Skt. prayāṇa = departure)]

28.7 厼 [chn.ěr][archaic; (also ěr, you); rare]

28.8 厽 [chn.lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to accumulate); rare]

28.9 厾 [chn.dū][archaic; (also dū, to prick); rare]

28.10 县 [chn.xiàn][eng.county; (also xuán, to hang; to suspend)][(Skt. maṇḍala = district)]

28.11 叀 [chn.zhuān][archaic; (also zhuān, to be diligent); rare]

28.12 叁 [chn.sān][eng.three; (also sān, (surname))][skt.traya; (Skt. tri = three)]

28.13 参 [chn.cān][eng.to join; to participate; to mix; (also shēn, ginseng; star)][(Skt. sambandha = connection)]

28.14 參 [chn.cān][eng.traditional variant of 参 (to join; to participate; to mix)][(Skt. sambandha = connection)]

28.15 叄 [chn.sān][archaic variant of 叁 (three)][skt.traya; (Skt. tri = three)]

28.16 叅 [chn.cān][archaic variant of 參 (to join; to participate)][(Skt. sambandha = connection)]

28.17 叆 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be cloudy); rare]

28.18 叇 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be cloudy); rare]

28.19 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 28 (厶)

28.20 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

28.21 28.1 厶 (sī) [skt.ātma; nija] — Translates two roots. (1) ātma (self) — a term of profound philosophical significance in Buddhism, usually analyzed and ultimately rejected as a self-nature. (2) nija (private, one’s own). The radical itself represents "private" or "personal." In some contexts, it is a variant of 某 (mǒu). The character appears in discussions of the self (ātman) and the Buddhist doctrine of not-self (anātman).

28.22 28.6 去 (qù) [skt.gamana; prayāṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) gamana (going, moving) appears in 去来 (gamana-āgama, coming and going). (2) prayāṇa (departure, going) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 去留 (gamana, to go/leave) and in 过去 (atīta, past). It is central to discussions of movement and the concept of gamana in Buddhist philosophy.

28.23 28.10 县 (xiàn) [skt.maṇḍala] — Translates maṇḍala (district, circle). The character is used for "county" (xiàn) and also read as "xuán" meaning "to hang." In Buddhist contexts, maṇḍala has a very specific meaning — the sacred circle used in tantric ritual and meditation.

28.24 28.12 叁 (sān) [skt.traya; tri] — Translates two roots. (1) traya (three) as a collective. (2) tri (three) as a prefix. The character is a formal variant of 三 used in financial and official documents.

28.25 28.13 参 (cān) [skt.sambandha] — CRITICAL — Translates sambandha (connection, participation, relation). The character appears in 参加 (sambandha, to join/participate). It is also read as "shēn" for ginseng and stars. In Buddhist contexts, the character appears in 参禅 (cānchán, to investigate Chan/Zen), one of the most important terms in Zen Buddhism, referring to the practice of meditative inquiry.

29 又

29.1 又 [chn.yòu][eng.right hand; again; also; moreover; (also yòu, (surname))][skt.punaḥ; (Skt. ca = and)]

29.2 叉 [chn.chā][eng.to fork; to cross; to intersect; (also chǎ, to block up; (surname))][(Skt. kaṇṭaka = fork)]

29.3 及 [chn.jí][eng.to reach; to arrive; to extend; and; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. prāpya = reaching)]

29.4 友 [chn.yǒu][eng.friend; companion; (also yǒu, (surname))][(Skt. mitra = friend)]

29.5 双 [chn.shuāng][eng.two; double; pair; (also shuāng, (surname))][(Skt. dvaya = pair)]

29.6 反 [chn.fǎn][eng.to reverse; to oppose; to return; (also fǎn, (surname))][(Skt. viparīta = reverse)]

29.7 収 [chn.shōu][archaic variant of 收 (to receive; to gather; to collect)][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

29.8 叏 [chn.guài][archaic; (also guài, to decide); rare]

29.9 叐 [chn.bá][archaic; (also bá, to move); rare]

29.10 发 [chn.fā][eng.to send; to issue; to start; (also fà, hair)][(Skt. praveśa = sending)]

29.11 叒 [chn.ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be obedient); rare]

29.12 叓 [chn.lì][archaic variant of 事 (matter; affair; business)][(Skt. kārya = matter)]

29.13 叔 [chn.shū][eng.uncle; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛvya = paternal uncle)]

29.14 叕 [chn.zhuó][eng.to stitch; to join; (also yǐ, to connect); rare]

29.15 取 [chn.qǔ][eng.to take; to fetch; to obtain; (also qǔ, (surname))][(Skt. grahaṇa = taking)]

29.16 受 [chn.shòu][eng.to receive; to accept; to suffer; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. pratigraha = receiving)]

29.17 变 [chn.biàn][eng.to change; to transform; (also biàn, (surname))][(Skt. parivarta = change)]

29.18 叙 [chn.xù][eng.to narrate; to relate; to talk; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. kathana = narration)]

29.19 叚 [chn.jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, false); rare]

29.20 叛 [chn.pàn][eng.to betray; to rebel; (also pàn, (surname))][(Skt. vidroha = rebellion)]

29.21 叜 [chn.sǒu][archaic variant of 叟 (old man; elder)][(Skt. vṛddha = elder)]

29.22 叝 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be diligent); rare]

29.23 叞 [chn.wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to hide); rare]

29.24 叟 [chn.sǒu][eng.old man; elder; (also sǒu, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddha = elder)]

29.25 叠 [chn.dié][eng.to pile up; to fold; to repeat; (also dié, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

29.26 叡 [chn.ruì][archaic variant of 睿 (wise; astute; clever)][(Skt. vidvān = wise)]

29.27 叢 [chn.cóng][eng.traditional variant of 丛 (cluster; thicket; collection)][(Skt. samūha = collection)]

29.28 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 29 (又)

29.29 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

29.30 29.1 又 (yòu) [skt.punaḥ; ca] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) punaḥ (again, once more) appears in 又见 (punaḥ, to see again). (2) ca (and, also) appears as a conjunction. The radical itself represents the right hand. The character is used extensively as a conjunction meaning "again" and "also."

29.31 29.2 叉 (chā) [skt.kaṇṭaka] — Translates kaṇṭaka (fork, thorn). The character appears in 叉子 (kaṇṭaka, fork) and in descriptions of forking and crossing.

29.32 29.3 及 (jí) [skt.prāpya] — CRITICAL — Translates prāpya (reaching, attaining). The character appears in 及至 (prāpya, reaching to/up to). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 及时 (prāpya, timely) and in descriptions of attaining enlightenment.

29.33 29.4 友 (yǒu) [skt.mitra] — CRITICAL — Translates mitra (friend, companion). The character appears in 朋友 (mitra, friend). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 善友 (kalyāṇamitra, good friend/spiritual friend), one of the most important concepts in Buddhist practice. The kalyāṇamitra is the spiritual friend who guides the practitioner on the path.

29.34 29.5 双 (shuāng) [skt.dvaya] — Translates dvaya (pair, two, double). The character appears in 双喜 (dvaya, double happiness) and 双修 (dvaya, paired practice). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of pairs and dualities.

29.35 29.6 反 (fǎn) [skt.viparīta] — CRITICAL — Translates viparīta (reverse, contrary, opposite). The character appears in 反过来 (viparīta, to reverse). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of wrong views (viparīta-dṛṣṭi) and inverted understanding.

29.36 29.10 发 (fā) [skt.praveśa] — CRITICAL — Translates praveśa (sending, entering). The character appears in 发送 (praveśa, to send) and 发展 (praveśa, to develop). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 发心 (bodhicitta, to generate the mind of enlightenment), the pivotal moment when a practitioner generates the aspiration for Buddhahood.

29.37 29.13 叔 (shū) [skt.pitṛvya] — Translates pitṛvya (paternal uncle). The character appears in familial contexts and in descriptions of family relationships in Vinaya.

29.38 29.15 取 (qǔ) [skt.grahaṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates grahaṇa (taking, grasping, seizing). The character appears in 取得 (grahaṇa, to obtain). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 取着 (grahaṇa, grasping/clinging), a key term for the attachment that causes suffering. It is closely related to upādāna (clinging), the ninth link of dependent origination.

29.39 29.16 受 (shòu) [skt.pratigraha] — CRITICAL — Translates pratigraha (receiving, accepting). The character appears in 接受 (pratigraha, to receive/accept). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 受戒 (śīla-pratigraha, receiving the precepts) and 受想行识 (vedanā-saṃjñā-saṃskāra-vijñāna, the five aggregates). Vedanā (feeling) is the second aggregate.

29.40 29.17 变 (biàn) [skt.parivarta] — CRITICAL — Translates parivarta (change, transformation). The character appears in 变化 (parivarta, to change). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 变易 (vipariṇāma, alteration/change), a key concept in the doctrine of impermanence (anitya).

29.41 29.18 叙 (xù) [skt.kathana] — Translates kathana (narration, relating). The character appears in 叙述 (kathana, to narrate). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of narrating the Dharma.

29.42 29.20 叛 (pàn) [skt.vidroha] — Translates vidroha (rebellion, betrayal). The character appears in 背叛 (vidroha, to betray). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of loyalty and betrayal in the monastic community.

29.43 29.24 叟 (sǒu) [skt.vṛddha] — Translates vṛddha (old man, elder). The character appears in 老叟 (vṛddha, old man). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of elders and the respect due to them.

29.44 29.25 叠 (dié) [skt.saṃcaya] — Translates saṃcaya (accumulation, pile). The character appears in 重叠 (saṃcaya, to pile up/repeat). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the accumulation of merit (puṇya-saṃcaya).

29.45 29.27 叢 (cóng) [skt.samūha] — Translates samūha (collection, cluster, thicket). Traditional variant of 丛. The character appears in 叢林 (samūha, forest/monastery). In Buddhist contexts, 叢林 (saṅghārāma, forest/monastery) is the term for a Buddhist monastic complex.

30 口

30.1 口 [chn.kǒu][eng.mouth; opening; entrance; (also kǒu, measure word)][skt.mukha; (Skt. vaktra = mouth)]

30.2 古 [chn.gǔ][eng.ancient; old; (also gǔ, (surname))][skt.purāṇa; (Skt. prācīna = ancient)]

30.3 句 [chn.jù][eng.sentence; clause; (also gōu, to bend)][skt.vākya; (Skt. pada = phrase)]

30.4 另 [chn.lìng][eng.another; other; separate; (also lìng, (surname))][(Skt. anya = other)]

30.5 叧 [chn.guǎ][archaic variant of 剐 (to cut; to slice); rare]

30.6 叨 [chn.dāo][eng.loquacious; (also tāo, to receive)]

30.7 叩 [chn.kòu][eng.to knock; to strike; to kowtow; (also kòu, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

30.8 只 [chn.zhǐ][eng.only; just; merely; (also zhī, measure word for animals)][(Skt. eva = only)]

30.9 叫 [chn.jiào][eng.to call; to cry; to shout; to order; (also jiào, (surname))][(Skt. āhvāna = calling)]

30.10 召 [chn.zhào][eng.to summon; to call; to convene; (also zhào, (surname))][(Skt. āhvāna = summoning)]

30.11 叭 [chn.bā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also bā, (surname))]

30.12 叮 [chn.dīng][eng.to sting; to peck; to urge; (also dīng, (surname))]

30.13 可 [chn.kě][eng.can; may; able; (also kè, (surname))][(Skt. śakya = able)]

30.14 台 [chn.tái][eng.platform; stand; (also tāi, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = platform)]

30.15 叱 [chn.chì][eng.to scold; to shout; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. śabda = shout)]

30.16 史 [chn.shǐ][eng.history; annals; (also shǐ, (surname))][(Skt. itihāsa = history)]

30.17 右 [chn.yòu][eng.right; (also yòu, (surname))][(Skt. dakṣiṇa = right)]

30.18 叴 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be brave); rare]

30.19 叵 [chn.pǒ][archaic; (also pǒ, to be crooked); rare]

30.20 叶 [chn.yè][eng.leaf; page; (also xié, to harmonize)][(Skt. parṇa = leaf)]

30.21 号 [chn.hào][eng.number; mark; sign; (also háo, to howl)][(Skt. lakṣaṇa = sign)]

30.22 司 [chn.sī][eng.to manage; to take charge of; (also sī, (surname))][(Skt. adhikāra = management)]

30.23 叹 [chn.tàn][eng.to sigh; to lament; (also tàn, (surname))][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

30.24 叺 [chn.chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to scold); rare]

30.25 叻 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to urge); rare]

30.26 叼 [chn.diāo][eng.to hold in the mouth; (also diāo, (surname))]

30.27 叽 [chn.jī][eng.to grumble; (also jī, (surname))]

30.28 叾 [chn.dū][archaic; (also dū, to prick); rare]

30.29 叿 [chn.hōng][archaic; (also hōng, sound of shouting); rare]

30.30 吀 [chn.miē][archaic; (also miē, to bleat); rare]

30.31 吁 [chn.xū][eng.to sigh; (also yù, to appeal)][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

30.32 吂 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be deaf); rare]

30.33 吃 [chn.chī][eng.to eat; to consume; (also chī, (surname))][(Skt. bhakṣaṇa = eating)]

30.34 各 [chn.gè][eng.each; every; (also gè, (surname))][(Skt. pratyeka = each)]

30.35 吅 [chn.sòng][archaic; (also sòng, to dispute); rare]

30.36 吆 [chn.yāo][eng.to shout; to call; (also yāo, (surname))]

30.37 吇 [chn.zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be short); rare]

30.38 合 [chn.hé][eng.to join; to combine; together; (also gě, unit of measure)][(Skt. saṃyoga = combination)]

30.39 吉 [chn.jí][eng.lucky; auspicious; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. maṅgala = auspicious)]

30.40 吊 [chn.diào][eng.to hang; to suspend; to mourn; (also diào, (surname))][(Skt. lambana = hanging)]

30.41 吋 [chn.cùn][eng.inch; (also cùn, (surname))]

30.42 同 [chn.tóng][eng.same; alike; together; (also tòng, (surname))][(Skt. sama = same)]

30.43 名 [chn.míng][eng.name; fame; (also míng, (surname))][(Skt. nāman = name)]

30.44 后 [chn.hòu][eng.queen; empress; after; (also hòu, (surname))][(Skt. rājñī = queen)]

30.45 吏 [chn.lì][eng.official; magistrate; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. adhikārin = official)]

30.46 吐 [chn.tǔ][eng.to spit; to vomit; (also tù, to vomit)][(Skt. vamana = vomiting)]

30.47 向 [chn.xiàng][eng.towards; to face; direction; (also xiàng, (surname))][(Skt. abhimukha = facing)]

30.48 吒 [chn.zhà][archaic; (also zhà, to scold); rare]

30.49 吓 [chn.xià][eng.to frighten; (also hè, to threaten)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

30.50 吔 [chn.yē][archaic; (also yē, to exclaim); rare]

30.51 吕 [chn.lǚ][eng.surname; (also lǚ, to be a couple)]

30.52 吖 [chn.ā][eng.sound; (also ā, to shout); rare]

30.53 吗 [chn.ma][eng.interrogative particle; (also mǎ, (surname))]

30.54 吘 [chn.ǒu][archaic; (also ǒu, to sing); rare]

30.55 吙 [chn.huō][archaic; (also huō, to breathe); rare]

30.56 吚 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to moan); rare]

30.57 君 [chn.jūn][eng.sovereign; monarch; (also jūn, (surname))][(Skt. rājā = king)]

30.58 吜 [chn.chǒu][archaic; (also chǒu, to grunt); rare]

30.59 吝 [chn.lìn][eng.stingy; miserly; (also lìn, (surname))][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

30.60 吞 [chn.tūn][eng.to swallow; to devour; (also tūn, (surname))][(Skt. grasana = swallowing)]

30.61 吟 [chn.yín][eng.to chant; to recite; (also yín, (surname))][(Skt. gāna = chanting)]

30.62 吠 [chn.fèi][eng.to bark; (also fèi, (surname))][(Skt. bhāṣaṇa = barking)]

30.63 吡 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to scold); rare]

30.64 吢 [chn.qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to spit); rare]

30.65 吣 [chn.qìn][eng.to vomit; (also qìn, (surname))][(Skt. vamana = vomiting)]

30.66 吤 [chn.gè][archaic; (also gè, to cough); rare]

30.67 吥 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to refuse); rare]

30.68 否 [chn.fǒu][eng.no; not; (also pǐ, bad)][(Skt. na = no)]

30.69 吧 [chn.ba][eng.particle; (also bā, bar)]

30.70 吨 [chn.dūn][eng.ton; (also dūn, (surname))]

30.71 吩 [chn.fēn][eng.to instruct; to order; (also fēn, (surname))][(Skt. ājñā = order)]

30.72 吪 [chn.é][archaic; (also é, to move); rare]

30.73 含 [chn.hán][eng.to hold in the mouth; to contain; (also hán, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = containing)]

30.74 听 [chn.tīng][eng.to listen; to hear; (also tìng, to allow)][(Skt. śravaṇa = hearing)]

30.75 吭 [chn.kēng][eng.to utter; (also háng, throat)][(Skt. kaṇṭha = throat)]

30.76 吮 [chn.shǔn][eng.to suck; (also shǔn, (surname))][(Skt. pāna = sucking)]

30.77 启 [chn.qǐ][eng.to open; to start; to enlighten; (also qǐ, (surname))][(Skt. udghāṭana = opening)]

30.78 吰 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, sound of bell); rare]

30.79 吱 [chn.zhī][eng.onomatopoeia; (also zī, to squeak)]

30.80 吲 [chn.yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to smile); rare]

30.81 吳 [chn.wú][eng.traditional variant of 吴 (surname; to speak)]

30.82 吴 [chn.wú][eng.surname; (also wú, to speak)]

30.83 吵 [chn.chǎo][eng.to quarrel; to argue; (also chāo, to make noise)][(Skt. kalaha = quarrel)]

30.84 吶 [chn.nè][eng.to speak indistinctly; (also nà, to shout)]

30.85 吷 [chn.xuè][archaic; (also xuè, to blow); rare]

30.86 吸 [chn.xī][eng.to inhale; to absorb; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. śvāsa = inhalation)]

30.87 吹 [chn.chuī][eng.to blow; to boast; (also chuī, (surname))][(Skt. pūraṇa = blowing)]

30.88 吺 [chn.dōu][archaic; (also dōu, to murmur); rare]

30.89 吻 [chn.wěn][eng.to kiss; to pucker; (also wěn, (surname))][(Skt. cumbana = kiss)]

30.90 吼 [chn.hǒu][eng.to roar; to howl; (also hǒu, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

30.91 吽 [chn.hōng][archaic; (also hǒu, to roar); rare]

30.92 吾 [chn.wú][eng.I; my; (also wù, to oppose)][(Skt. aham = I)]

30.93 吿 [chn.gào][archaic variant of 告 (to tell; to inform)][(Skt. kathana = telling)]

30.94 呀 [chn.yā][eng.oh; ah; (also ya, particle)]

30.95 呁 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to spit); rare]

30.96 呂 [chn.lǚ][eng.traditional variant of 吕 (surname)]

30.97 呃 [chn.è][eng.to belch; to hiccup; (also e, to choke)]

30.98 呄 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to be happy); rare]

30.99 呅 [chn.wén][archaic; (also wén, to speak); rare]

30.100 呆 [chn.dāi][eng.stupid; foolish; (also dāi, (surname))][(Skt. mūḍha = foolish)]

30.101 呇 [chn.qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, to open); rare]

30.102 呈 [chn.chéng][eng.to present; to show; to submit; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. darśana = showing)]

30.103 呉 [chn.wú][eng.Japanese variant of 吳 (surname)]

30.104 告 [chn.gào][eng.to tell; to inform; to announce; (also gào, (surname))][(Skt. kathana = telling)]

30.105 呋 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to sigh); rare]

30.106 呌 [chn.jiào][archaic variant of 叫 (to call; to shout)][(Skt. āhvāna = calling)]

30.107 呍 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to murmur); rare]

30.108 呎 [chn.chǐ][eng.foot (unit); (also chǐ, (surname))]

30.109 呏 [chn.shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to shout); rare]

30.110 呐 [chn.nà][eng.to shout; to yell; (also nè, to stutter)]

30.111 呑 [chn.tūn][archaic variant of 吞 (to swallow)][(Skt. grasana = swallowing)]

30.112 呒 [chn.fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to sigh); rare]

30.113 呓 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to dream); rare]

30.114 呔 [chn.dāi][archaic; (also dāi, to be loud); rare]

30.115 呕 [chn.ǒu][eng.to vomit; (also ōu, to sing)][(Skt. vamana = vomiting)]

30.116 呖 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be clear); rare]

30.117 呗 [chn.bài][archaic; (also bei, particle); rare]

30.118 员 [chn.yuán][eng.staff; member; (also yún, to add)][(Skt. varga = group)]

30.119 呙 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guǎ, to be crooked); rare]

30.120 呚 [chn.huá][archaic; (also huá, to laugh); rare]

30.121 呛 [chn.qiāng][eng.to choke; (also qiàng, to irritate)]

30.122 呜 [chn.wū][eng.onomatopoeia; to sob; (also wū, (surname))]

30.123 呝 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to cough); rare]

30.124 呞 [chn.chī][archaic; (also chī, to chew); rare]

30.125 呟 [chn.juǎn][archaic; (also juǎn, to speak); rare]

30.126 呠 [chn.pěn][archaic; (also pěn, to spit); rare]

30.127 呡 [chn.wěn][archaic; (also wěn, to hold in mouth); rare]

30.128 呢 [chn.ne][eng.particle; (also ní, woolen cloth)]

30.129 呣 [chn.ḿ][eng.interjection; (also móu, to reply)]

30.130 呤 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to whisper); rare]

30.131 呥 [chn.rán][archaic; (also rán, to chew); rare]

30.132 呦 [chn.yōu][eng.interjection; (also yōu, to cry)]

30.133 呧 [chn.dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to scold); rare]

30.134 周 [chn.zhōu][eng.circumference; cycle; to help; (also zhōu, (surname))][(Skt. pariveṣa = circumference)]

30.135 呩 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to taste); rare]

30.136 呪 [chn.zhòu][archaic variant of 咒 (spell; curse)][(Skt. mantra = spell)]

30.137 呫 [chn.chè][archaic; (also chè, to whisper); rare]

30.138 呬 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to rest); rare]

30.139 呭 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be talkative); rare]

30.140 呮 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be crooked); rare]

30.141 呯 [chn.píng][archaic; (also píng, to bang); rare]

30.142 呰 [chn.zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to blame); rare]

30.143 呱 [chn.gū][eng.child’s cry; (also guā, to croak)]

30.144 呲 [chn.cī][eng.to gnash; (also zī, to scold)]

30.145 味 [chn.wèi][eng.flavor; taste; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. rasa = taste)]

30.146 呴 [chn.xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to breathe); rare]

30.147 呵 [chn.hē][eng.to scold; to exhale; (also a, particle)][(Skt. śvāsa = exhale)]

30.148 呶 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to make noise); rare]

30.149 呷 [chn.gā][eng.to sip; (also xiā, to swallow)]

30.150 呸 [chn.pēi][eng.interjection; (also pēi, to spit)]

30.151 呹 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to sigh); rare]

30.152 呺 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to shout); rare]

30.153 呻 [chn.shēn][eng.to groan; to moan; (also shēn, (surname))][(Skt. krośa = groan)]

30.154 呼 [chn.hū][eng.to call; to shout; to breathe out; (also hū, (surname))][(Skt. āhvāna = calling)]

30.155 命 [chn.mìng][eng.life; fate; order; (also mìng, (surname))][(Skt. jīvita = life)]

30.156 呾 [chn.dá][archaic; (also dá, to scold); rare]

30.157 呿 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to yawn); rare]

30.158 咀 [chn.jǔ][eng.to chew; (also zuǐ, mouth)][(Skt. carvaṇa = chewing)]

30.159 咁 [chn.gān][archaic; (also gān, to be happy); rare]

30.160 咂 [chn.zā][eng.to sip; to smack; (also zā, (surname))]

30.161 咃 [chn.tā][archaic; (also tā, to speak); rare]

30.162 咄 [chn.duō][archaic; (also duō, to scold); rare]

30.163 咅 [chn.pǒu][archaic; (also pǒu, to spit); rare]

30.164 咆 [chn.páo][eng.to roar; to howl; (also páo, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

30.165 咇 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to spurt); rare]

30.166 咈 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to oppose); rare]

30.167 咉 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to sigh); rare]

30.168 咊 [chn.hé][archaic variant of 和 (harmony; peace)][(Skt. śānti = peace)]

30.169 咋 [chn.zǎ][eng.how; (also zhà, to bite; zé, to nibble)]

30.170 和 [chn.hé][eng.peace; harmony; together; (also hè, to respond; huó, to mix)][(Skt. śānti = peace)]

30.171 咍 [chn.hāi][archaic; (also hāi, to laugh); rare]

30.172 咎 [chn.jiù][eng.fault; blame; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. doṣa = fault)]

30.173 咏 [chn.yǒng][eng.to chant; to sing; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. gāna = chanting)]

30.174 咐 [chn.fù][eng.to instruct; to order; (also fù, (surname))][(Skt. ājñā = instruction)]

30.175 咑 [chn.dā][archaic; (also dā, to speak); rare]

30.176 咒 [chn.zhòu][eng.spell; incantation; to curse; (also zhòu, (surname))][(Skt. mantra = spell)]

30.177 咓 [chn.wǎ][archaic; (also wǎ, to cry); rare]

30.178 咔 [chn.kǎ][eng.sound; (also kā, to click)]

30.179 咕 [chn.gū][eng.to murmur; (also gū, (surname))]

30.180 咖 [chn.kā][eng.coffee; (also gā, (surname))]

30.181 咗 [chn.zuǒ][archaic; (also zuǒ, to be left); rare]

30.182 咘 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to say); rare]

30.183 咙 [chn.lóng][archaic; (also lóng, throat); rare]

30.184 咚 [chn.dōng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also dōng, (surname))]

30.185 咛 [chn.níng][archaic; (also níng, to be careful); rare]

30.186 咜 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to spit); rare]

30.187 咝 [chn.sī][eng.onomatopoeia; (also sī, to hiss)]

30.188 咞 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to laugh); rare]

30.189 咟 [chn.huò][archaic; (also huò, to sound); rare]

30.190 咠 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to whisper); rare]

30.191 咡 [chn.èr][archaic; (also èr, to spit); rare]

30.192 咢 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be amazed); rare]

30.193 咣 [chn.guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be bright); rare]

30.194 咤 [chn.zhà][archaic; (also zhà, to scold); rare]

30.195 咥 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to laugh); rare]

30.196 咦 [chn.yí][eng.sound of surprise; (also yí, (surname))]

30.197 咧 [chn.liě][eng.to grin; to pout; (also liē, to babble)]

30.198 咨 [chn.zī][eng.to consult; to plan; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. mantra = consultation)]

30.199 咩 [chn.miē][eng.to bleat; (also miē, (surname))]

30.200 咪 [chn.mī][eng.to purr; (also mǐ, to smile)]

30.201 咫 [chn.zhǐ][eng.ancient unit of length; short; (also zhǐ, (surname))]

30.202 咬 [chn.yǎo][eng.to bite; to gnaw; (also yǎo, (surname))][(Skt. daśa = biting)]

30.203 咭 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to laugh); rare]

30.204 咮 [chn.zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to peck); rare]

30.205 咯 [chn.gē][eng.onomatopoeia; (also luò, to cough; kǎ, to vomit)]

30.206 咰 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to speak); rare]

30.207 咱 [chn.zán][eng.we; (also zá, to talk)]

30.208 咲 [chn.xiào][eng.Japanese variant of 笑 (to laugh; to smile)][(Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

30.209 咳 [chn.hāi][eng.to cough; (also ké, to cough)]

30.210 咴 [chn.huī][archaic; (also huī, to neigh); rare]

30.211 咵 [chn.kuǎ][archaic; (also kuǎ, to praise); rare]

30.212 咶 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to smell); rare]

30.213 咷 [chn.táo][archaic; (also táo, to cry); rare]

30.214 咸 [chn.xián][eng.salty; all; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. lavaṇa = salty)]

30.215 咹 [chn.àn][archaic; (also àn, to eat); rare]

30.216 咺 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be bright); rare]

30.217 咻 [chn.xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to shout); rare]

30.218 咼 [chn.guā][archaic; (also guā, to be crooked); rare]

30.219 咽 [chn.yān][eng.to swallow; (also yàn, throat)][(Skt. grasana = swallowing)]

30.220 咾 [chn.lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be old); rare]

30.221 咿 [chn.yī][eng.to moan; (also yī, (surname))]

30.222 哀 [chn.āi][eng.sorrow; grief; to pity; (also āi, (surname))][(Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

30.223 品 [chn.pǐn][eng.product; grade; to taste; (also pǐn, (surname))][(Skt. varṇa = grade)]

30.224 哂 [chn.shěn][eng.to smile; to sneer; (also shěn, (surname))][(Skt. smita = smile)]

30.225 哃 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be same); rare]

30.226 哄 [chn.hōng][eng.to fool; (also hǒng, to coax; hòng, uproar)]

30.227 哅 [chn.xiōng][archaic; (also xiōng, to shout); rare]

30.228 哆 [chn.duō][eng.to tremble; (also duō, (surname))]

30.229 哇 [chn.wā][eng.to vomit; (also wa, particle)]

30.230 哈 [chn.hā][eng.to laugh; (also hǎ, to be haughty; hà, to blow)][(Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

30.231 哉 [chn.zāi][eng.particle; (also zāi, (surname))]

30.232 哊 [chn.yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to spit); rare]

30.233 哋 [chn.diē][archaic; (also diē, to shout); rare]

30.234 哌 [chn.pài][archaic; (also pài, to make sound); rare]

30.235 响 [chn.xiǎng][eng.sound; to ring; (also xiǎng, (surname))][(Skt. śabda = sound)]

30.236 哎 [chn.āi][eng.interjection; (also āi, (surname))]

30.237 哏 [chn.gén][eng.comedic pause; (also hěn, to be funny)]

30.238 哐 [chn.kuāng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also kuāng, (surname))]

30.239 哑 [chn.yǎ][eng.mute; to be hoarse; (also yā, (surname))]

30.240 哒 [chn.dā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also dá, to talk)]

30.241 哓 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to argue); rare]

30.242 哔 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to click); rare]

30.243 哕 [chn.yuě][eng.to vomit; (also huì, to burp)][(Skt. vamana = vomiting)]

30.244 哖 [chn.nián][archaic; (also nián, to speak); rare]

30.245 哗 [chn.huā][eng.noise; (also huá, to clamor)]

30.246 哘 [chn.xíng][archaic; (also xíng, to walk); rare]

30.247 哙 [chn.kuài][archaic; (also kuài, to swallow); rare]

30.248 哚 [chn.duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to spit); rare]

30.249 哛 [chn.pǔ][archaic; (also pǔ, to speak); rare]

30.250 哜 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to whisper); rare]

30.251 哝 [chn.nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to murmur); rare]

30.252 哞 [chn.mōu][eng.to moo; (also mōu, (surname))]

30.253 哟 [chn.yō][eng.particle; (also yo, to yelp)]

30.254 哠 [chn.hào][archaic; (also hào, to tell); rare]

30.255 員 [chn.yuán][eng.traditional variant of 员 (staff; member)][(Skt. varga = group)]

30.256 哢 [chn.lòng][archaic; (also lòng, to sing); rare]

30.257 哣 [chn.dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to speak); rare]

30.258 哤 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to speak); rare]

30.259 哥 [chn.gē][eng.elder brother; (also gē, (surname))][(Skt. jyeṣṭha = elder brother)]

30.260 哦 [chn.ó][eng.particle; (also é, to chant)]

30.261 哧 [chn.chī][eng.onomatopoeia; (also chī, to sneeze)]

30.262 哨 [chn.shào][eng.to whistle; to scout; (also shào, (surname))]

30.263 哩 [chn.li][eng.particle; (also lǐ, to be cheerful)]

30.264 哪 [chn.nǎ][eng.where; (also nā, to say; ně, particle)]

30.265 哫 [chn.zú][archaic; (also zú, to speak); rare]

30.266 哬 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to shout); rare]

30.267 哭 [chn.kū][eng.to cry; to weep; (also kū, (surname))][(Skt. rudita = crying)]

30.268 哮 [chn.xiào][eng.to roar; (also xiào, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

30.269 哯 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to spit); rare]

30.270 哰 [chn.láo][archaic; (also láo, to murmur); rare]

30.271 哱 [chn.pò][archaic; (also pò, to blow); rare]

30.272 哲 [chn.zhé][eng.philosophy; wisdom; wise; (also zhé, (surname))][(Skt. darśana = philosophy)]

30.273 哳 [chn.zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to chirp); rare]

30.274 哴 [chn.láng][archaic; (also láng, to cry); rare]

30.275 哵 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to sound); rare]

30.276 哶 [chn.miē][archaic; (also miē, to bleat); rare]

30.277 哷 [chn.lüè][archaic; (also lüè, to sound); rare]

30.278 哸 [chn.suī][archaic; (also suī, to suck); rare]

30.279 哹 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to blow); rare]

30.280 哺 [chn.bǔ][eng.to feed; to nurture; (also bǔ, (surname))][(Skt. poṣaṇa = feeding)]

30.281 哻 [chn.hān][archaic; (also hān, to snore); rare]

30.282 哼 [chn.hēng][eng.to hum; to groan; (also hèng, to snort)]

30.283 哽 [chn.gěng][eng.to choke; to sob; (also gěng, (surname))]

30.284 哾 [chn.shuō][archaic variant of 说 (to speak; to say)][(Skt. vacana = speaking)]

30.285 哿 [chn.gě][archaic; (also gě, to be good); rare]

30.286 唀 [chn.yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to call); rare]

30.287 唁 [chn.yàn][eng.to offer condolences; (also yàn, (surname))]

30.288 唂 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to speak); rare]

30.289 唃 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to chirp); rare]

30.290 唄 [chn.bài][archaic; (also bei, particle); rare]

30.291 唅 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to hold in mouth); rare]

30.292 唆 [chn.suō][eng.to instigate; to incite; (also suō, (surname))]

30.293 唇 [chn.chún][eng.lip; (also chún, (surname))][(Skt. oṣṭha = lip)]

30.294 唈 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to sigh); rare]

30.295 唉 [chn.āi][eng.interjection; (also ài, to sigh)]

30.296 唊 [chn.jiá][archaic; (also jiá, to speak); rare]

30.297 唋 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to speak); rare]

30.298 唌 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to speak); rare]

30.299 唍 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to speak); rare]

30.300 唎 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to shout); rare]

30.301 唏 [chn.xī][eng.to sigh; (also xī, to cry)]

30.302 唐 [chn.táng][eng.Tang dynasty; China; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. cīna = China)]

30.303 唑 [chn.zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to spit); rare]

30.304 唒 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to speak); rare]

30.305 唓 [chn.chē][archaic; (also chē, to speak); rare]

30.306 唔 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wú, to speak); rare]

30.307 唕 [chn.zào][archaic; (also zào, to make noise); rare]

30.308 唖 [chn.yǎ][eng.Japanese variant of 啞 (mute; hoarse)]

30.309 唗 [chn.dōu][archaic; (also dōu, to scold); rare]

30.310 唘 [chn.qǐ][archaic variant of 啟 (to open; to start)][(Skt. udghāṭana = opening)]

30.311 唙 [chn.dí][archaic; (also dí, to cough); rare]

30.312 唚 [chn.qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to vomit); rare]

30.313 唛 [chn.mà][archaic; (also mà, to shout); rare]

30.314 唜 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to speak); rare]

30.315 唝 [chn.hǒng][archaic; (also hǒng, to sound); rare]

30.316 唞 [chn.dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to spit); rare]

30.317 唟 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to speak); rare]

30.318 唠 [chn.láo][eng.to chatter; (also lào, to chat)]

30.319 唡 [chn.liǎng][archaic; (also liǎng, to speak); rare]

30.320 唢 [chn.suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to blow); rare]

30.321 唣 [chn.zào][archaic; (also zào, to shout); rare]

30.322 唤 [chn.huàn][eng.to call; to summon; (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. āhvāna = summoning)]

30.323 唥 [chn.léng][archaic; (also léng, to speak); rare]

30.324 唦 [chn.shā][archaic; (also shā, to whisper); rare]

30.325 唧 [chn.jī][eng.to chirp; to chatter; (also jī, (surname))]

30.326 唨 [chn.zǔ][archaic; (also zǔ, to speak); rare]

30.327 唩 [chn.wō][archaic; (also wō, to sound); rare]

30.328 唪 [chn.fěng][archaic; (also fěng, to laugh); rare]

30.329 唫 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be silent); rare]

30.330 唬 [chn.hǔ][eng.to frighten; (also xià, to threaten)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

30.331 唭 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to whisper); rare]

30.332 售 [chn.shòu][eng.to sell; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. vikraya = selling)]

30.333 唯 [chn.wéi][eng.only; alone; yes; (also wěi, to be ready)][(Skt. eva = only)]

30.334 唰 [chn.shuā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also shuā, to brush)]

30.335 唱 [chn.chàng][eng.to sing; to chant; (also chàng, (surname))][(Skt. gāna = singing)]

30.336 唲 [chn.ér][archaic; (also ér, to speak); rare]

30.337 唳 [chn.lì][eng.to cry; to screech; (also lì, (surname))]

30.338 唴 [chn.qiàng][archaic; (also qiàng, to cry); rare]

30.339 唵 [chn.ǎn][eng.to hold in mouth; (also ān, interjection)]

30.340 唶 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to groan); rare]

30.341 唷 [chn.yō][eng.interjection; (also yō, to cry)]

30.342 唸 [chn.niàn][eng.to chant; to recite; (also niàn, (surname))][(Skt. japa = chanting)]

30.343 唹 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to moan); rare]

30.344 唺 [chn.tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to lick); rare]

30.345 唻 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to sound); rare]

30.346 唼 [chn.shà][archaic; (also shà, to whisper); rare]

30.347 唽 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to cry); rare]

30.348 唾 [chn.tuò][eng.to spit; saliva; (also tuò, (surname))][(Skt. ṣṭhīvana = spitting)]

30.349 唿 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to cry); rare]

30.350 啀 [chn.ái][archaic; (also ái, to groan); rare]

30.351 啁 [chn.zhōu][eng.to chirp; (also zhāo, to babble)]

30.352 啂 [chn.rǒu][archaic; (also rǒu, to speak); rare]

30.353 啃 [chn.kěn][eng.to gnaw; to bite; (also kěn, (surname))][(Skt. daśa = gnawing)]

30.354 啄 [chn.zhuó][eng.to peck; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. tuda = pecking)]

30.355 啅 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to chirp); rare]

30.356 商 [chn.shāng][eng.commerce; to discuss; (also shāng, (surname))][(Skt. vaṇij = commerce)]

30.357 啇 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be proper); rare]

30.358 啈 [chn.hèng][archaic; (also hèng, to be angry); rare]

30.359 啉 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to speak); rare]

30.360 啊 [chn.ā][eng.particle; (also a, interjection)]

30.361 啋 [chn.cǎi][archaic; (also cǎi, to be noisy); rare]

30.362 啌 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to cough); rare]

30.363 啍 [chn.zhūn][archaic; (also zhūn, to speak); rare]

30.364 啎 [chn.wù][archaic variant of 忤 (to oppose; to disobey)][(Skt. viruddha = opposing)]

30.365 問 [chn.wèn][eng.traditional variant of 问 (to ask; to inquire)][(Skt. praśna = question)]

30.366 啐 [chn.cuì][eng.to spit; to sip; (also cuì, (surname))]

30.367 啑 [chn.shà][archaic; (also shà, to slurp); rare]

30.368 啒 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to speak); rare]

30.369 啓 [chn.qǐ][archaic variant of 啟 (to open; to start)][(Skt. udghāṭana = opening)]

30.370 啔 [chn.qǐ][archaic variant of 啟 (to open; to start)][(Skt. udghāṭana = opening)]

30.371 啕 [chn.táo][eng.to howl; (also táo, (surname))]

30.372 啖 [chn.dàn][eng.to eat; to taste; (also dàn, (surname))][(Skt. bhakṣaṇa = eating)]

30.373 啗 [chn.dàn][archaic variant of 啖 (to eat)][(Skt. bhakṣaṇa = eating)]

30.374 啘 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to speak); rare]

30.375 啙 [chn.zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to blame); rare]

30.376 啚 [chn.bǐ][archaic variant of 鄙 (vulgar; humble)]

30.377 啛 [chn.cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to sigh); rare]

30.378 啜 [chn.chuò][eng.to sip; to suck; (also chuài, to gulp)][(Skt. pāna = sipping)]

30.379 啝 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to make sound); rare]

30.380 啞 [chn.yǎ][eng.traditional variant of 哑 (mute; hoarse)]

30.381 啟 [chn.qǐ][eng.traditional variant of 启 (to open; to start)][(Skt. udghāṭana = opening)]

30.382 啠 [chn.zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be wise); rare]

30.383 啡 [chn.fēi][eng.coffee; (also fēi, (surname))]

30.384 啢 [chn.liǎng][archaic; (also liǎng, to speak); rare]

30.385 啣 [chn.xián][archaic variant of 銜 (to hold in mouth; to carry)]

30.386 啤 [chn.pí][eng.beer; (also pí, (surname))]

30.387 啥 [chn.shá][eng.dialectal; what; (also shà, (surname))]

30.388 啦 [chn.lā][eng.particle; (also la, to chat)]

30.389 啧 [chn.zé][archaic; (also zé, to chew); rare]

30.390 啨 [chn.qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to be clear); rare]

30.391 啩 [chn.guà][archaic; (also guà, to speak); rare]

30.392 啪 [chn.pā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also pā, to bang)]

30.393 啫 [chn.zhě][archaic; (also zhě, to speak); rare]

30.394 啬 [chn.sè][eng.stingy; (also sè, (surname))][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

30.395 啭 [chn.zhuàn][eng.to chirp; (also zhuàn, (surname))]

30.396 啮 [chn.niè][eng.to gnaw; to bite; (also niè, (surname))][(Skt. daśa = gnawing)]

30.397 啯 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to speak); rare]

30.398 啰 [chn.luō][eng.particle; to chatter; (also luó, to talk)]

30.399 啱 [chn.yán][eng.dialectal; right; correct; (also yán, (surname))]

30.400 啲 [chn.dī][eng.particle; (also dī, (surname))]

30.401 啳 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to speak); rare]

30.402 啴 [chn.chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be relaxed); rare]

30.403 啵 [chn.bō][eng.onomatopoeia; (also bo, to kiss)]

30.404 啶 [chn.dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be sure); rare]

30.405 啷 [chn.lāng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also lāng, to jingle)]

30.406 啸 [chn.xiào][eng.to whistle; to roar; (also xiào, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

30.407 啹 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to speak); rare]

30.408 啺 [chn.táng][archaic; (also táng, to sound); rare]

30.409 啻 [chn.chì][eng.only; merely; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. eva = only)]

30.410 啼 [chn.tí][eng.to cry; to weep; (also tí, (surname))][(Skt. rudita = crying)]

30.411 啽 [chn.án][archaic; (also án, to murmur); rare]

30.412 啾 [chn.jiū][eng.to chirp; (also jiū, (surname))]

30.413 啿 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to speak); rare]

30.414 喀 [chn.kā][eng.to cough; (also kè, to vomit)]

30.415 喁 [chn.yóng][eng.to sing; (also yú, to make sound)]

30.416 喂 [chn.wèi][eng.to feed; (also wei, interjection)][(Skt. poṣaṇa = feeding)]

30.417 喃 [chn.nán][eng.to mumble; to mutter; (also nán, (surname))]

30.418 善 [chn.shàn][eng.good; virtuous; kind; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. kuśala = good)]

30.419 喅 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to speak); rare]

30.420 喆 [chn.zhé][archaic variant of 哲 (philosophy; wise)][(Skt. darśana = philosophy)]

30.421 喇 [chn.lǎ][archaic; (also là, to speak); rare]

30.422 喈 [chn.jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to chirp); rare]

30.423 喉 [chn.hóu][eng.throat; larynx; (also hóu, (surname))][(Skt. kaṇṭha = throat)]

30.424 喊 [chn.hǎn][eng.to shout; to cry; (also hǎn, (surname))][(Skt. krośa = shouting)]

30.425 喋 [chn.dié][eng.to chatter; (also zhá, to chirp)]

30.426 喌 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to call chickens); rare]

30.427 喍 [chn.chái][archaic; (also chái, to laugh); rare]

30.428 喎 [chn.wāi][archaic; (also wāi, to be crooked); rare]

30.429 喏 [chn.rě][eng.particle; (also nuò, to promise)]

30.430 喐 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to speak); rare]

30.431 喑 [chn.yīn][eng.silent; (also yìn, to be mute)][(Skt. mūka = mute)]

30.432 喒 [chn.zán][archaic; (also zán, we); rare]

30.433 喓 [chn.yāo][archaic; (also yāo, to sound); rare]

30.434 喔 [chn.ō][archaic; (also wō, to cluck)]

30.435 喕 [chn.miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, to speak); rare]

30.436 喖 [chn.hú][archaic; (also hú, to speak); rare]

30.437 喗 [chn.yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to speak); rare]

30.438 喘 [chn.chuǎn][eng.to pant; to gasp; (also chuǎn, (surname))][(Skt. śvāsa = panting)]

30.439 喙 [chn.huì][eng.to peck; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. tuda = pecking)]

30.440 喚 [chn.huàn][eng.traditional variant of 唤 (to call; to summon)][(Skt. āhvāna = summoning)]

30.441 喛 [chn.huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to call); rare]

30.442 喜 [chn.xǐ][eng.to like; to be happy; (also xǐ, (surname))][(Skt. prīti = happiness)]

30.443 喝 [chn.hē][eng.to drink; to shout; (also hè, to yell)][(Skt. pāna = drinking)]

30.444 喞 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to chirp); rare]

30.445 喟 [chn.kuì][eng.to sigh; (also kuì, (surname))]

30.446 喠 [chn.zhǒng][archaic; (also zhǒng, to speak); rare]

30.447 喡 [chn.wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to speak); rare]

30.448 喢 [chn.shà][archaic; (also shà, to whisper); rare]

30.449 喣 [chn.xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to breathe); rare]

30.450 喤 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to make sound); rare]

30.451 喥 [chn.duó][archaic; (also duó, to speak); rare]

30.452 喦 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to speak); rare]

30.453 喧 [chn.xuān][eng.to clamor; to make noise; (also xuān, (surname))][(Skt. kolāhala = noise)]

30.454 喨 [chn.liàng][archaic; (also liàng, to be loud); rare]

30.455 喩 [chn.yù][archaic variant of 喻 (to explain; to compare)][(Skt. upamā = comparison)]

30.456 喪 [chn.sàng][eng.traditional variant of 丧 (to lose; to mourn)][(Skt. śoka = mourning)]

30.457 喫 [chn.chī][archaic variant of 吃 (to eat)][(Skt. bhakṣaṇa = eating)]

30.458 喬 [chn.qiáo][eng.traditional variant of 乔 (tall; to disguise)]

30.459 喭 [chn.yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to laugh); rare]

30.460 單 [chn.dān][eng.traditional variant of 单 (single; only)][(Skt. eka = single)]

30.461 喯 [chn.pèn][archaic; (also pèn, to sneeze); rare]

30.462 喰 [chn.cān][archaic; (also cān, to eat); rare]

30.463 喱 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to speak); rare]

30.464 喲 [chn.yō][eng.traditional variant of 哟 (particle)]

30.465 喳 [chn.zhā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also chā, to whisper)]

30.466 喴 [chn.wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to call); rare]

30.467 喵 [chn.miāo][eng.to meow; (also miāo, (surname))]

30.468 営 [chn.yíng][eng.Japanese variant of 營 (to manage; to camp)]

30.469 喷 [chn.pēn][eng.to spray; to spurt; (also pèn, to reek)]

30.470 喸 [chn.fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to speak); rare]

30.471 喹 [chn.kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to speak); rare]

30.472 喺 [chn.xí][archaic; (also xí, to be in); rare]

30.473 喻 [chn.yù][eng.to illustrate; to compare; to explain; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. upamā = comparison)]

30.474 喼 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to cough); rare]

30.475 喽 [chn.lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to call); rare]

30.476 喾 [chn.kù][archaic; (also kù, (surname)); rare]

30.477 喿 [chn.zào][archaic; (also zào, to be noisy); rare]

30.478 嗀 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to vomit); rare]

30.479 嗁 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to cry); rare]

30.480 嗂 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to cry); rare]

30.481 嗃 [chn.hāo][archaic; (also hāo, to shout); rare]

30.482 嗄 [chn.á][archaic; (also shà, to be hoarse); rare]

30.483 嗅 [chn.xiù][eng.to smell; (also xiù, (surname))][(Skt. ghrāṇa = smelling)]

30.484 嗆 [chn.qiàng][eng.traditional variant of 呛 (to choke; to irritate)]

30.485 嗇 [chn.sè][eng.traditional variant of 啬 (stingy)][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

30.486 嗈 [chn.yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to sound); rare]

30.487 嗉 [chn.sù][eng.crop (of bird); (also sù, (surname))]

30.488 嗊 [chn.hǒng][archaic; (also hǒng, to sing); rare]

30.489 嗋 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to whisper); rare]

30.490 嗌 [chn.ài][archaic; (also yì, to choke); rare]

30.491 嗍 [chn.suō][eng.to suck; (also suō, (surname))][(Skt. pāna = sucking)]

30.492 嗎 [chn.ma][eng.traditional variant of 吗 (interrogative particle)]

30.493 嗏 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to sigh); rare]

30.494 嗐 [chn.hài][archaic; (also hài, to sigh); rare]

30.495 嗑 [chn.kè][eng.to crack; to chat; (also kē, to speak)]

30.496 嗒 [chn.dā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also tà, to be dejected)]

30.497 嗓 [chn.sǎng][eng.throat; voice; (also sǎng, (surname))][(Skt. kaṇṭha = throat)]

30.498 嗔 [chn.chēn][eng.to be angry; (also tián, to be full)][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

30.499 嗕 [chn.rù][archaic; (also rù, to speak); rare]

30.500 嗖 [chn.sōu][eng.onomatopoeia; (also sōu, to search)]

30.501 嗗 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to swallow); rare]

30.502 嗘 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to sound); rare]

30.503 嗙 [chn.pǎng][archaic; (also pǎng, to boast); rare]

30.504 嗚 [chn.wū][eng.traditional variant of 呜 (to sob; onomatopoeia)]

30.505 嗛 [chn.xián][archaic; (also qiǎn, to be modest); rare]

30.506 嗜 [chn.shì][eng.to be fond of; to be addicted to; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. abhiniveśa = attachment)]

30.507 嗝 [chn.gé][eng.to hiccup; (also gé, (surname))]

30.508 嗞 [chn.zī][archaic; (also zī, to chirp); rare]

30.509 嗟 [chn.jiē][eng.to sigh; (also jiē, (surname))][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

30.510 嗠 [chn.luò][archaic; (also luò, to speak); rare]

30.511 嗡 [chn.wēng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also wēng, to hum)]

30.512 嗢 [chn.wà][archaic; (also wà, to swallow); rare]

30.513 嗣 [chn.sì][eng.to continue; to inherit; (also sì, (surname))][(Skt. anvaya = succession)]

30.514 嗤 [chn.chī][eng.to sneer; to laugh at; (also chī, (surname))][(Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

30.515 嗥 [chn.háo][eng.to howl; (also háo, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = howling)]

30.516 嗦 [chn.suō][eng.to suck; (also suō, to speak)]

30.517 嗧 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to speak); rare]

30.518 嗨 [chn.hāi][eng.interjection; (also hāi, to shout)]

30.519 嗩 [chn.suǒ][eng.traditional variant of 唢 (archaic)]

30.520 嗪 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to speak); rare]

30.521 嗫 [chn.niè][eng.to whisper; (also niè, (surname))]

30.522 嗬 [chn.hē][eng.interjection; (also hē, to shout)]

30.523 嗭 [chn.zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to speak); rare]

30.524 嗮 [chn.sài][eng.dialectal; to expose to sun; (also sài, (surname))]

30.525 嗯 [chn.én][eng.interjection; (also ng, particle)]

30.526 嗰 [chn.gè][eng.dialectal; (also gè, that)]

30.527 嗱 [chn.ná][eng.dialectal; (also ná, to take)]

30.528 嗲 [chn.diǎ][eng.to act coy; (also diǎ, (surname))]

30.529 嗳 [chn.ǎi][archaic; (also ài, to belch); rare]

30.530 嗴 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to sing); rare]

30.531 嗵 [chn.tōng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also tōng, to thump)]

30.532 嗶 [chn.bì][eng.traditional variant of 哔 (archaic)]

30.533 嗷 [chn.áo][eng.to howl; (also áo, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = howling)]

30.534 嗸 [chn.áo][archaic variant of 嗷 (to howl)][(Skt. garjana = howling)]

30.535 嗹 [chn.lián][archaic; (also lián, to speak); rare]

30.536 嗺 [chn.zuī][archaic; (also zuī, to speak); rare]

30.537 嗻 [chn.zhē][archaic; (also zhē, to chat); rare]

30.538 嗼 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be silent); rare]

30.539 嗽 [chn.sòu][eng.to cough; (also sòu, (surname))][(Skt. kāsa = cough)]

30.540 嗾 [chn.sǒu][eng.to urge; to incite; (also sǒu, (surname))]

30.541 嗿 [chn.tǎn][archaic; (also tǎn, to speak); rare]

30.542 嘀 [chn.dī][eng.to whisper; (also dī, (surname))]

30.543 嘁 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to whisper); rare]

30.544 嘂 [chn.jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to shout); rare]

30.545 嘃 [chn.chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to shout); rare]

30.546 嘄 [chn.jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to cry); rare]

30.547 嘅 [chn.kǎi][archaic; (also kài, to sigh); rare]

30.548 嘆 [chn.tàn][eng.traditional variant of 叹 (to sigh; to lament)][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

30.549 嘇 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to speak); rare]

30.550 嘈 [chn.cáo][eng.noisy; (also cáo, (surname))][(Skt. kolāhala = noisy)]

30.551 嘉 [chn.jiā][eng.good; fine; to praise; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. praśasta = good)]

30.552 嘊 [chn.ái][archaic; (also ái, to bite); rare]

30.553 嘋 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to cry); rare]

30.554 嘌 [chn.piào][archaic; (also piào, to whiz); rare]

30.555 嘍 [chn.lóu][eng.traditional variant of 喽 (archaic)]

30.556 嘎 [chn.gā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also gá, to creak)]

30.557 嘏 [chn.gǔ][eng.great; (also jiǎ, to praise)]

30.558 嘐 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to boast); rare]

30.559 嘑 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to shout); rare]

30.560 嘒 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to whisper); rare]

30.561 嘓 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to speak); rare]

30.562 嘔 [chn.ǒu][eng.traditional variant of 呕 (to vomit)][(Skt. vamana = vomiting)]

30.563 嘕 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to laugh); rare]

30.564 嘖 [chn.zé][eng.traditional variant of 啧 (archaic)]

30.565 嘗 [chn.cháng][eng.traditional variant of 尝 (to taste; to experience)][(Skt. rasa = tasting)]

30.566 嘘 [chn.xū][eng.to whisper; (also shī, to sigh)]

30.567 嘙 [chn.pó][archaic; (also pó, to speak); rare]

30.568 嘚 [chn.dē][eng.onomatopoeia; (also dē, to run)]

30.569 嘛 [chn.ma][eng.particle; (also má, to speak)]

30.570 嘜 [chn.mài][archaic; (also mài, to speak); rare]

30.571 嘝 [chn.hú][archaic; (also hú, to speak); rare]

30.572 嘞 [chn.lei][eng.particle; (also lē, to speak)]

30.573 嘟 [chn.dū][eng.to toot; to pout; (also dū, (surname))]

30.574 嘠 [chn.gā][archaic variant of 嘎 (onomatopoeia)]

30.575 嘡 [chn.tāng][archaic; (also tāng, to sound); rare]

30.576 嘢 [chn.yě][eng.dialectal; thing; (also yě, (surname))]

30.577 嘣 [chn.bēng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also bēng, to burst)]

30.578 嘤 [chn.yīng][eng.to chirp; (also yīng, (surname))]

30.579 嘥 [chn.sāi][archaic; (also sāi, to waste); rare]

30.580 嘦 [chn.jiao][archaic; (also jiao, to be quick); rare]

30.581 嘧 [chn.mì][archaic; (also mì, to be silent); rare]

30.582 嘨 [chn.xiào][archaic variant of 啸 (to whistle)][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

30.583 嘩 [chn.huá][eng.traditional variant of 哗 (noise; clamor)]

30.584 嘪 [chn.mǎi][archaic; (also mǎi, to speak); rare]

30.585 嘫 [chn.rán][archaic; (also rán, to speak); rare]

30.586 嘬 [chn.zuō][eng.to suck; (also chuài, to eat)][(Skt. pāna = sucking)]

30.587 嘭 [chn.pēng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also pēng, to bang)]

30.588 嘮 [chn.láo][eng.traditional variant of 唠 (to chatter)]

30.589 嘯 [chn.xiào][eng.traditional variant of 啸 (to whistle; to roar)][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

30.590 嘰 [chn.jī][eng.traditional variant of 叽 (to grumble)]

30.591 嘱 [chn.zhǔ][eng.to enjoin; to urge; (also zhǔ, (surname))][(Skt. anuśāsana = enjoin)]

30.592 嘲 [chn.cháo][eng.to mock; to ridicule; (also zhāo, to chirp)][(Skt. upahāsa = mockery)]

30.593 嘳 [chn.kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to sigh); rare]

30.594 嘴 [chn.zuǐ][eng.mouth; beak; (also zuǐ, (surname))][(Skt. mukha = mouth)]

30.595 嘵 [chn.xiāo][archaic variant of 哓 (to argue)]

30.596 嘶 [chn.sī][eng.to neigh; to hiss; (also sī, (surname))]

30.597 嘷 [chn.háo][archaic variant of 嗥 (to howl)][(Skt. garjana = howling)]

30.598 嘸 [chn.fǔ][archaic variant of 呒 (archaic)]

30.599 嘹 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to sound); rare]

30.600 嘺 [chn.qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to speak); rare]

30.601 嘻 [chn.xī][eng.to laugh; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

30.602 嘼 [chn.chù][archaic variant of 畜 (livestock; to raise)]

30.603 嘽 [chn.tān][archaic; (also tān, to pant); rare]

30.604 嘾 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to speak); rare]

30.605 嘿 [chn.hēi][eng.onomatopoeia; to be silent; (also hēi, (surname))]

30.606 噀 [chn.xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to spit); rare]

30.607 噁 [chn.ě][archaic variant of 恶 (evil; wicked; to hate)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

30.608 噂 [chn.zǔn][archaic; (also zǔn, to speak); rare]

30.609 噃 [chn.fān][archaic; (also fān, to speak); rare]

30.610 噄 [chn.chī][archaic; (also chī, to eat); rare]

30.611 噅 [chn.huī][archaic; (also huī, to speak); rare]

30.612 噆 [chn.zǎn][archaic; (also zǎn, to chew); rare]

30.613 噇 [chn.chuáng][archaic; (also chuáng, to eat); rare]

30.614 噈 [chn.cù][archaic; (also cù, to suck); rare]

30.615 噉 [chn.dàn][archaic variant of 啖 (to eat)][(Skt. bhakṣaṇa = eating)]

30.616 噊 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to speak); rare]

30.617 噋 [chn.tūn][archaic; (also tūn, to swallow); rare]

30.618 噌 [chn.cēng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also chēng, to scold)]

30.619 噍 [chn.jiào][eng.to chew; (also jiào, (surname))][(Skt. carvaṇa = chewing)]

30.620 噎 [chn.yē][eng.to choke; to be choked; (also yē, (surname))]

30.621 噏 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to breathe); rare]

30.622 噐 [chn.qì][archaic variant of 器 (tool; instrument)][(Skt. yantra = instrument)]

30.623 噑 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to howl); rare]

30.624 噒 [chn.lián][archaic; (also lián, to speak); rare]

30.625 噓 [chn.xū][eng.traditional variant of 嘘 (to whisper)]

30.626 噔 [chn.dēng][eng.onomatopoeia; (also dēng, to bang)]

30.627 噕 [chn.huī][archaic; (also huī, to speak); rare]

30.628 噖 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to speak); rare]

30.629 噗 [chn.pū][eng.onomatopoeia; (also pū, to puff)]

30.630 噘 [chn.juē][eng.to pout; (also juē, (surname))]

30.631 噙 [chn.qín][eng.to hold in mouth; (also qín, (surname))]

30.632 噚 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to speak); rare]

30.633 噛 [chn.niè][archaic variant of 嚙 (to gnaw; to bite)][(Skt. daśa = gnawing)]

30.634 噜 [chn.lū][eng.to chatter; (also lū, (surname))]

30.635 噝 [chn.sī][archaic; (also sī, to hiss); rare]

30.636 噞 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to speak); rare]

30.637 噟 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to respond); rare]

30.638 噠 [chn.dā][eng.traditional variant of 哒 (onomatopoeia)]

30.639 噡 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to speak); rare]

30.640 噢 [chn.ō][eng.interjection; (also ǒ, to groan)]

30.641 噣 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to peck); rare]

30.642 噤 [jìn][eng.to shut the mouth; to be silent; (also jìn, (surname))][(Skt. māuna = silence)]

30.643 噥 [nóng][eng.traditional variant of 哝 (archaic)]

30.644 噦 [yuě][eng.traditional variant of 哕 (to vomit)][(Skt. vamana = vomiting)]

30.645 噧 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to speak); rare]

30.646 器 [qì][eng.tool; instrument; vessel; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. yantra = instrument)]

30.647 噩 [è][eng.frightening; shocking; (also è, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

30.648 噪 [zào][eng.to make noise; (also zào, (surname))][(Skt. kolāhala = noise)]

30.649 噫 [yī][eng.interjection; to sigh; (also yì, to belch)][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

30.650 噬 [shì][eng.to bite; to devour; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. daśa = biting)]

30.651 噭 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to cry); rare]

30.652 噮 [yuàn][archaic; (also yuàn, to speak); rare]

30.653 噯 [ǎi][eng.traditional variant of 嗳 (archaic)]

30.654 噰 [yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to sound); rare]

30.655 噱 [jué][eng.to laugh; (also xuè, to joke)][(Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

30.656 噲 [kuài][eng.traditional variant of 哙 (archaic)]

30.657 噳 [yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to speak); rare]

30.658 噴 [pèn][eng.traditional variant of 喷 (to spray; to spurt)]

30.659 噵 [dào][archaic variant of 道 (way; path)][(Skt. mārga = path)]

30.660 噶 [gá][archaic; (also gá, to speak); rare]

30.661 噷 [hēn][archaic; (also hēn, to hum); rare]

30.662 噸 [dūn][eng.traditional variant of 吨 (ton)]

30.663 噹 [dāng][eng.traditional variant of 当 (to be; to serve as; at)]

30.664 噺 [xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to speak); rare]

30.665 噻 [sāi][archaic; (also sāi, to block); rare]

30.666 噼 [pī][eng.onomatopoeia; (also pī, to crack)]

30.667 噽 [pǐ][archaic; (also pǐ, to speak); rare]

30.668 噾 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be silent); rare]

30.669 噿 [zuǐ][archaic; (also zuǐ, to speak); rare]

30.670 嚀 [níng][eng.traditional variant of 咛 (archaic)]

30.671 嚁 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to speak); rare]

30.672 嚂 [làn][archaic; (also làn, to swallow); rare]

30.673 嚃 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to eat); rare]

30.674 嚄 [huō][eng.interjection; (also huò, to shout)]

30.675 嚅 [rú][eng.to mumble; (also rú, (surname))]

30.676 嚆 [hāo][eng.to sound; (also hāo, (surname))]

30.677 嚇 [xià][eng.traditional variant of 吓 (to frighten)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

30.678 嚈 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to swallow); rare]

30.679 嚉 [duō][archaic; (also duō, to speak); rare]

30.680 嚊 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to breathe); rare]

30.681 嚋 [zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to speak); rare]

30.682 嚌 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to taste); rare]

30.683 嚍 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to speak); rare]

30.684 嚎 [háo][eng.to howl; (also háo, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = howling)]

30.685 嚏 [tì][eng.to sneeze; (also tì, (surname))][(Skt. kṣava = sneezing)]

30.686 嚐 [cháng][eng.traditional variant of 尝 (to taste)][(Skt. rasa = tasting)]

30.687 嚑 [xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to speak); rare]

30.688 嚒 [me][archaic; (also me, particle); rare]

30.689 嚓 [chā][eng.onomatopoeia; (also cā, to rub)]

30.690 嚔 [tì][archaic variant of 嚏 (to sneeze)][(Skt. kṣava = sneezing)]

30.691 嚕 [lū][eng.traditional variant of 噜 (to chatter)]

30.692 嚖 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to speak); rare]

30.693 嚗 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to burst); rare]

30.694 嚘 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to speak); rare]

30.695 嚙 [niè][eng.traditional variant of 啮 (to gnaw; to bite)][(Skt. daśa = gnawing)]

30.696 嚚 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be stupid); rare]

30.697 嚛 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to shout); rare]

30.698 嚜 [me][archaic; (also me, particle); rare]

30.699 嚝 [hōng][archaic; (also hōng, to sound); rare]

30.700 嚞 [zhé][archaic variant of 哲 (philosophy; wise)][(Skt. darśana = philosophy)]

30.701 嚟 [lí][eng.dialectal; to come; (also lí, (surname))]

30.702 嚠 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to sound); rare]

30.703 嚡 [xié][eng.dialectal; hard; (also xié, (surname))]

30.704 嚢 [náng][eng.Japanese variant of 囊 (bag; sack)][(Skt. kośa = bag)]

30.705 嚣 [xiāo][eng.to clamor; noisy; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. kolāhala = noise)]

30.706 嚤 [mó][archaic; (also mó, to rub); rare]

30.707 嚥 [yàn][eng.traditional variant of 咽 (to swallow)][(Skt. grasana = swallowing)]

30.708 嚦 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to sound); rare]

30.709 嚧 [lú][archaic; (also lú, to speak); rare]

30.710 嚨 [lóng][eng.traditional variant of 咙 (archaic)]

30.711 嚩 [pó][archaic; (also pó, to speak); rare]

30.712 嚪 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to speak); rare]

30.713 嚫 [chèn][archaic; (also chèn, to speak); rare]

30.714 嚬 [pín][archaic variant of 颦 (to frown)]

30.715 嚭 [pǐ][archaic; (also pǐ, to be happy); rare]

30.716 嚮 [xiàng][eng.traditional variant of 向 (towards; to face)][(Skt. abhimukha = facing)]

30.717 嚯 [huò][eng.interjection; (also huò, to laugh)]

30.718 嚰 [mó][archaic; (also mó, to speak); rare]

30.719 嚱 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to sigh); rare]

30.720 嚲 [duǒ][archaic variant of 亸 (to droop; to hang)]

30.721 嚳 [kù][archaic; (also kù, (surname)); rare]

30.722 嚴 [yán][eng.traditional variant of 严 (strict; severe)][(Skt. ugra = stern)]

30.723 嚵 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to eat); rare]

30.724 嚶 [yīng][eng.traditional variant of 嘤 (to chirp)]

30.725 嚷 [rǎng][eng.to shout; to clamor; (also rǎng, (surname))][(Skt. krośa = shouting)]

30.726 嚸 [diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to speak); rare]

30.727 嚹 [lá][archaic; (also lá, to speak); rare]

30.728 嚺 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to speak); rare]

30.729 嚻 [xiāo][archaic variant of 嚣 (noisy)][(Skt. kolāhala = noise)]

30.730 嚼 [jiáo][eng.to chew; (also jué, to chew)][(Skt. carvaṇa = chewing)]

30.731 嚽 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to speak); rare]

30.732 嚾 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to shout); rare]

30.733 嚿 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to speak); rare]

30.734 囀 [zhuàn][eng.traditional variant of 啭 (to chirp)]

30.735 囁 [niè][eng.traditional variant of 嗫 (to whisper)]

30.736 囂 [xiāo][eng.traditional variant of 嚣 (noisy)][(Skt. kolāhala = noise)]

30.737 囃 [cà][archaic; (also cà, to speak); rare]

30.738 囄 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to speak); rare]

30.739 囅 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to laugh); rare]

30.740 囆 [chài][archaic; (also chài, to speak); rare]

30.741 囇 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to speak); rare]

30.742 囈 [yì][eng.traditional variant of 呓 (archaic)]

30.743 囉 [luō][eng.traditional variant of 啰 (to chatter)]

30.744 囊 [náng][eng.bag; sack; (also náng, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = bag)]

30.745 囋 [zá][archaic; (also zá, to speak); rare]

30.746 囌 [sū][archaic; (also sū, to speak); rare]

30.747 囍 [xǐ][eng.double happiness; (also xǐ, (surname))][(Skt. sukha = happiness)]

30.748 囎 [zèng][archaic; (also zèng, to speak); rare]

30.749 囏 [jiān][archaic variant of 艰 (difficult)]

30.750 囐 [zá][archaic; (also zá, to shout); rare]

30.751 囑 [zhǔ][eng.traditional variant of 嘱 (to enjoin; to urge)][(Skt. anuśāsana = enjoin)]

30.752 囒 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to speak); rare]

30.753 囓 [niè][archaic variant of 嚙 (to gnaw; to bite)][(Skt. daśa = gnawing)]

30.754 囔 [nāng][archaic; (also nāng, to mumble); rare]

30.755 囕 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to speak); rare]

30.756 囖 [luō][archaic; (also luō, to speak); rare]

30.757 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 30 (口)

30.758 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

30.759 30.1 口 (kǒu) [skt.mukha; vaktra] — Translates two roots. (1) mukha (mouth, face, opening) — one of the most common terms in Buddhist texts, appearing in compounds like 口业 (vak-karman, verbal action). (2) vaktra (mouth, face) appears in similar contexts. The character is the radical for all mouth-related characters and is central to discussions of verbal karma (vāg-karman), one of the three types of action.

30.760 30.2 古 (gǔ) [skt.purāṇa; prācīna] — Translates two roots. (1) purāṇa (ancient, old) appears in 古代 (purāṇa, ancient). (2) prācīna (ancient, former) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist texts discussing the ancient teachings and past Buddhas.

30.761 30.3 句 (jù) [skt.vākya; pada] — Translates two roots. (1) vākya (sentence, statement) appears in 语句 (vākya, sentence). (2) pada (phrase, word, foot) appears in the same sense. The character is central to Buddhist literature and appears in 四句 (catuṣkoṭi, four-cornered logic), the famous tetralemma of Nāgārjuna’s philosophy.

30.762 30.4 另 (lìng) [skt.anya] — Translates anya (other, another). The character appears in 另外 (anya, other/else). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of otherness and distinction.

30.763 30.7 叩 (kòu) [skt.prahāra] — Translates prahāra (strike, knock). The character appears in 叩头 (prahāra, to kowtow/bow), a gesture of respect in Buddhist practice. The act of prostration (praṇāma) is central to Buddhist devotional practice.

30.764 30.8 只 (zhǐ) [skt.eva] — Translates eva (only, just, merely). The character appears in 只要 (eva, only if) and 只是 (eva, only/merely). In Buddhist philosophical texts, eva is used to indicate exclusivity and restriction.

30.765 30.9 叫 (jiào) / 30.10 召 (zhào) [skt.āhvāna] — Translates āhvāna (calling, summoning). The character appears in 呼叫 (āhvāna, to call) and 召唤 (āhvāna, to summon). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of calling upon the Buddha or the Dharma.

30.766 30.13 可 (kě) [skt.śakya] — CRITICAL — Translates śakya (able, possible, can). The character appears in 可以 (śakya, can/may) and is part of the name of the Śākya clan (釋迦牟尼, Śākyamuni), the historical Buddha’s family name. The character is central to discussions of ability and possibility in Buddhist philosophy.

30.767 30.14 台 (tái) [skt.mañca] — Translates mañca (platform, stand, dais). The character appears in 台子 (mañca, platform/stand) and in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching seat. It also appears in 天台 (Tiāntāi), one of the major schools of Chinese Buddhism.

30.768 30.15 叱 (chì) [skt.śabda] — Translates śabda (sound, shout). The character appears in 叱咤 (śabda, to shout/scold). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching voice.

30.769 30.16 史 (shǐ) [skt.itihāsa] — Translates itihāsa (history, tradition). The character appears in 历史 (itihāsa, history). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in the historical records of the Buddhist tradition.

30.770 30.17 右 (yòu) [skt.dakṣiṇa] — Translates dakṣiṇa (right, southern). The character appears in 右边 (dakṣiṇa, right side). In Buddhist contexts, the right side is considered auspicious and appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s right-hand path.

30.771 30.20 叶 (yè) [skt.parṇa] — Translates parṇa (leaf). The character appears in 树叶 (parṇa, leaf). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in the famous 贝叶经 (pattra, palm-leaf manuscripts), the traditional medium for Buddhist scriptures.

30.772 30.21 号 (hào) [skt.lakṣaṇa] — Translates lakṣaṇa (sign, mark, characteristic). The character appears in 记号 (lakṣaṇa, mark/sign). In Buddhist contexts, lakṣaṇa appears in discussions of the marks of a great man (mahā-puruṣa-lakṣaṇa) and the characteristics of phenomena.

30.773 30.22 司 (sī) [skt.adhikāra] — Translates adhikāra (management, authority, administration). The character appears in 司法 (adhikāra, administration of law) and 公司 (adhikāra, company/corporation). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic administration.

30.774 30.33 吃 (chī) [skt.bhakṣaṇa] — Translates bhakṣaṇa (eating, consuming). The character appears in 吃饭 (bhakṣaṇa, to eat). In Buddhist contexts, eating is regulated in Vinaya and appears in discussions of monastic etiquette.

30.775 30.34 各 (gè) [skt.pratyeka] — Translates pratyeka (each, every, individual). The character appears in 各自 (pratyeka, each). In Buddhist contexts, pratyeka appears in 辟支佛 (pratyeka-buddha, solitary buddha), one of the three types of enlightened beings.

30.776 30.38 合 (hé) [skt.saṃyoga] — CRITICAL — Translates saṃyoga (combination, union, connection). The character appears in 合掌 (añjali, to join palms) — the Buddhist gesture of reverence. It also appears in 合作 (saṃyoga, cooperation) and 和合 (saṃyoga, harmony/unity). The character is central to Buddhist ethics and practice.

30.777 30.39 吉 (jí) [skt.maṅgala] — CRITICAL — Translates maṅgala (auspicious, lucky). The character appears in 吉祥 (maṅgala, auspicious) and is one of the most important auspicious terms in Buddhism. The Maṅgala Sutta (吉祥经) is one of the most popular Buddhist texts.

30.778 30.40 吊 (diào) [skt.lambana] — Translates lambana (hanging, suspending). The character appears in 吊唁 (lambana, to mourn/condole). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in funerary practices.

30.779 30.42 同 (tóng) [skt.sama] — CRITICAL — Translates sama (same, equal, alike). The character appears in 一同 (sama, together) and 同等 (sama, equal). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 同体 (sama-kāya, same body/unity) and in discussions of equality and non-duality.

30.780 30.43 名 (míng) [skt.nāman] — CRITICAL — Translates nāman (name). The character appears in 名字 (nāman, name). In Buddhist philosophy, nāman (name) is paired with rūpa (form) in the compound 名色 (nāma-rūpa, name-and-form), the fourth link of dependent origination. This is one of the most important concepts in Buddhist psychology.

30.781 30.44 后 (hòu) [skt.rājñī] — Translates rājñī (queen, empress). The character appears in 皇后 (rājñī, empress). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of royal courts and queens who supported the Buddha.

30.782 30.46 吐 (tǔ) / 30.65 吣 (qìn) / 30.115 呕 (ǒu) [skt.vamana] — Translates vamana (vomiting). The character appears in descriptions of illness and purification practices in Buddhist medical texts.

30.783 30.47 向 (xiàng) [skt.abhimukha] — Translates abhimukha (towards, facing). The character appears in 方向 (abhimukha, direction) and in Buddhist contexts describing facing the Buddha or the Dharma.

30.784 30.49 吓 (xià) [skt.bhaya] — Translates bhaya (fear, fright). The character appears in 恐吓 (bhaya, to threaten). In Buddhist contexts, fear is one of the mental states to be overcome through practice.

30.785 30.57 君 (jūn) [skt.rājā] — Translates rājā (king, sovereign). The character appears in 君主 (rājā, monarch). In Buddhist texts, it appears in Jātaka tales and in descriptions of kings who were patrons of the Buddha.

30.786 30.59 吝 (lìn) [skt.matsara] — Translates matsara (stinginess, miserliness). The character appears in 吝啬 (matsara, stingy). In Buddhist contexts, stinginess is one of the defilements (klesa) to be overcome through generosity (dāna).

30.787 30.60 吞 (tūn) [skt.grasana] — Translates grasana (swallowing, devouring). The character appears in 吞食 (grasana, to swallow). In Buddhist similes, the swallowing of poison represents the acceptance of harmful views.

30.788 30.61 吟 (yìn) / 30.173 咏 (yǒng) [skt.gāna] — Translates gāna (chanting, singing). The character appears in 吟诵 (gāna, to chant). In Buddhist contexts, chanting is a form of practice (bhajana) and appears in the recitation of sutras and mantras.

30.789 30.62 吠 (fèi) [skt.bhāṣaṇa] — Translates bhāṣaṇa (barking, speaking). The character appears in 犬吠 (bhāṣaṇa, dog barking). In Buddhist texts, it appears in similes for meaningless speech.

30.790 30.68 否 (fǒu) [skt.na] — Translates na (no, not). The character appears in 是否 (na, is it not?). In Buddhist logic, negation (na) is used in the tetralemma and discussions of emptiness (śūnyatā).

30.791 30.71 吩 (fēn) / 30.174 咐 (fù) [skt.ājñā] — Translates ājñā (instruction, order, command). The character appears in 吩咐 (ājñā, to instruct/order). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s instructions to his disciples.

30.792 30.73 含 (hán) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Translates dhāraṇa (holding, containing, bearing). The character appears in 包含 (dhāraṇa, to contain). In Buddhist contexts, dhāraṇa appears in 陀罗尼 (dhāraṇī), the mnemonic verses or incantations used in Buddhist practice.

30.793 30.74 听 (tīng) [skt.śravaṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates śravaṇa (hearing, listening). The character appears in 听到 (śravaṇa, to hear). In Buddhist contexts, śravaṇa is the root of 声闻 (śrāvaka, hearer/disciple), one of the two main types of early Buddhist practitioners. The śrāvaka is one who hears the teaching.

30.794 30.76 吮 (shǔn) / 30.491 嗍 (suō) [skt.pāna] — Translates pāna (sucking, drinking). The character appears in medical and dietary contexts in Buddhist texts.

30.795 30.77 启 (qǐ) [skt.udghāṭana] — Translates udghāṭana (opening, starting). The character appears in 开启 (udghāṭana, to open). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 启蒙 (udghāṭana, to enlighten), the opening of the mind to the Dharma.

30.796 30.83 吵 (chǎo) [skt.kalaha] — Translates kalaha (quarrel, dispute). The character appears in 吵架 (kalaha, to quarrel). In Buddhist contexts, quarrelling is discouraged in Vinaya as a source of discord.

30.797 30.86 吸 (xī) [skt.śvāsa] — Translates śvāsa (inhalation, breathing). The character appears in 呼吸 (śvāsa, to breathe). In Buddhist meditation, awareness of breath (ānāpāna) is one of the fundamental practices.

30.798 30.89 吻 (wěn) [skt.cumbana] — Translates cumbana (kiss). The character appears in descriptions of affection, which are discussed in Vinaya in terms of appropriate boundaries.

30.799 30.90 吼 (hǒu) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (roar, howl). The character appears in 吼声 (garjana, roar). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in the "lion’s roar" (siṃhanāda), the fearless proclamation of the Buddha’s teachings.

30.800 30.92 吾 (wú) [skt.aham] — Translates aham (I, me). The character appears in 吾人 (aham, I/we). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the self (ātman) and the doctrine of not-self (anātman).

30.801 30.100 呆 (dāi) [skt.mūḍha] — Translates mūḍha (stupid, foolish, deluded). The character appears in 呆笨 (mūḍha, stupid). In Buddhist contexts, foolishness is associated with ignorance (avidyā), the root of saṃsāra.

30.802 30.102 呈 (chéng) [skt.darśana] — Translates darśana (showing, presenting). The character appears in 呈现 (darśana, to show). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 呈示 (darśana, to present), used in descriptions of teaching.

30.803 30.104 告 (gào) [skt.kathana] — Translates kathana (telling, informing). The character appears in 告诉 (kathana, to tell). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 告知 (kathana, to inform), used in descriptions of the Buddha’s announcements.

30.804 30.118 员 (yuán) [skt.varga] — Translates varga (group, class, staff). The character appears in 人员 (varga, staff/personnel). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic assemblies.

30.805 30.134 周 (zhōu) [skt.pariveṣa] — Translates pariveṣa (circumference, cycle). The character appears in 周围 (pariveṣa, surrounding). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 周遍 (pariveṣa, pervading), used in descriptions of the Dharma’s universality.

30.806 30.136 咒 (zhòu) / 30.176 咒 (zhòu) [skt.mantra] — CRITICAL — Translates mantra (spell, incantation, sacred utterance). The character appears in 咒语 (mantra, spell/mantra). In Buddhist contexts, the mantra is a sacred formula used in tantric practice. The character also appears in 明咒 (vidyā-mantra, knowledge-mantra), an important term in esoteric Buddhism.

30.807 30.145 味 (wèi) [skt.rasa] — Translates rasa (taste, flavor). The character appears in 味道 (rasa, taste/flavor). In Buddhist contexts, rasa appears in discussions of the six sensory objects (ṣaḍ-viṣaya), which include taste (rasa).

30.808 30.147 呵 (hē) [skt.śvāsa] — Translates śvāsa (exhaling, breathing). The character appears in 呵欠 (śvāsa, to yawn). In Buddhist meditation, awareness of breath is central.

30.809 30.153 呻 (shēn) [skt.krośa] — Translates krośa (groaning, crying out). The character appears in 呻吟 (krośa, to groan). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of suffering.

30.810 30.154 呼 (hū) [skt.āhvāna] — Translates āhvāna (calling, shouting). The character appears in 呼唤 (āhvāna, to call). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in calling upon the Buddha’s name, a practice in Pure Land Buddhism.

30.811 30.155 命 (mìng) [skt.jīvita] — CRITICAL — Translates jīvita (life, lifespan). The character appears in 生命 (jīvita, life). In Buddhist contexts, the sanctity of life is central to the first precept (ahiṃsā, non-killing). The character also appears in 命根 (jīvitendriya, life faculty), a key term in Abhidharma.

30.812 30.158 咀 (jǔ) [skt.carvaṇa] — Translates carvaṇa (chewing). The character appears in 咀嚼 (carvaṇa, to chew). In Buddhist medical texts, chewing is discussed in relation to health and digestion.

30.813 30.164 咆 (páo) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (roar). See also Character 30.90.

30.814 30.168 咊 / 30.170 和 (hé) [skt.śānti] — CRITICAL — Translates śānti (peace, tranquility, harmony). The character appears in 和平 (śānti, peace) and 和合 (śānti, harmony). In Buddhist contexts, śānti is one of the qualities of nirvāṇa and is central to Buddhist practice. The character is also part of the name 和敬 (śānti, harmony and respect), a quality of the monastic community.

30.815 30.172 咎 (jiù) [skt.doṣa] — Translates doṣa (fault, blame, deficiency). The character appears in 归咎 (doṣa, to blame). In Buddhist contexts, doṣa appears in discussions of the faults of saṃsāra and the defilements.

30.816 30.198 咨 (zī) [skt.mantra] — Translates mantra (consultation, counsel). The character appears in 咨询 (mantra, to consult). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of seeking counsel from teachers.

30.817 30.202 咬 (yǎo) [skt.daśa] — Translates daśa (biting, gnawing). The character appears in 咬紧 (daśa, to bite). In Buddhist similes, biting appears in descriptions of attachment and craving.

30.818 30.208 咲 (xiào) [skt.hāsa] — Translates hāsa (laughter, smile). The character appears in 微笑 (hāsa, to smile). In Buddhist contexts, the Buddha’s smile is a sign of compassion and wisdom.

30.819 30.219 咽 (yān) [skt.grasana] — Translates grasana (swallowing). See also Character 30.60. The character appears in 咽下 (grasana, to swallow).

30.820 30.222 哀 (āi) [skt.śoka] — Translates śoka (sorrow, grief). The character appears in 哀悼 (śoka, to mourn). In Buddhist contexts, śoka is one of the mental factors to be overcome through insight.

30.821 30.223 品 (pǐn) [skt.varṇa] — Translates varṇa (grade, class, product). The character appears in 品质 (varṇa, quality/grade). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 品類 (varṇa, class/category), used in Abhidharma classification.

30.822 30.224 哂 (shěn) [skt.smita] — Translates smita (smile). The character appears in 微笑 (smita, to smile). In Buddhist contexts, the smile is a sign of inner peace.

30.823 30.235 响 (xiǎng) [skt.śabda] — Translates śabda (sound). The character appears in 声音 (śabda, sound). In Buddhist philosophy, śabda is the object of the ear consciousness (śrotra-vijñāna) and appears in discussions of the five sensory objects.

30.824 30.239 哑 (yǎ) [skt.mūka] — Translates mūka (mute). The character appears in 哑巴 (mūka, mute). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of those who cannot speak the Dharma.

30.825 30.243 哕 (yuě) [skt.vamana] — Translates vamana (vomiting). See also Character 30.46.

30.826 30.259 哥 (gē) [skt.jyeṣṭha] — Translates jyeṣṭha (elder brother). The character appears in 哥哥 (jyeṣṭha, elder brother). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial descriptions.

30.827 30.267 哭 (kū) [skt.rudita] — Translates rudita (crying, weeping). The character appears in 哭泣 (rudita, to cry). In Buddhist contexts, crying appears in descriptions of grief and suffering.

30.828 30.268 哮 (xiào) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (roar). See also Character 30.90.

30.829 30.272 哲 (zhé) [skt.darśana] — CRITICAL — Translates darśana (philosophy, wisdom, vision). The character appears in 哲学 (darśana, philosophy). In Buddhist contexts, darśana is one of the five aggregates (skandha) as perception, and also appears in discussions of philosophical views (dṛṣṭi). The character is central to the Buddhist philosophical tradition.

30.830 30.280 哺 (bǔ) [skt.poṣaṇa] — Translates poṣaṇa (feeding, nourishing). The character appears in 哺育 (poṣaṇa, to feed/nurture). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s compassion as nourishment for beings.

30.831 30.283 哽 (gěng) — Translates the sense of choking or sobbing. The character appears in descriptions of emotion and physical distress in Buddhist texts.

30.832 30.284 哾 (shuō) [skt.vacana] — Translates vacana (speaking, saying). Archaic variant of 说. The character appears in 说法 (dharma-vacana, to speak the Dharma). See Character 149.1 for the full treatment of 说.

30.833 30.292 唆 (suō) — Translates the sense of instigating or inciting. The character appears in 唆使 (suō, to instigate). In Vinaya, inciting others to unwholesome actions is prohibited.

30.834 30.293 唇 (chún) [skt.oṣṭha] — Translates oṣṭha (lip). The character appears in descriptions of the body and in the Buddha’s physical marks (lakṣaṇa), where the lips are described as beautiful.

30.835 30.302 唐 (táng) [skt.cīna] — Translates cīna (China). The character refers to the Tang dynasty, a period of great Buddhist flourishing in China. The character appears in 唐僧 (Tang monk), referring to the monk Xuanzang (玄奘), who traveled to India to retrieve Buddhist scriptures.

30.836 30.318 唠 (láo) — Translates the sense of chattering. The character appears in 唠叨 (láo, to chatter). In Buddhist contexts, idle chatter is one of the types of unwholesome speech to be avoided.

30.837 30.322 唤 (huàn) [skt.āhvāna] — Translates āhvāna (summoning). See also Character 30.9. The character appears in 呼唤 (āhvāna, to call).

30.838 30.325 唧 (jī) — Translates the sense of chirping or chattering. The character appears in 唧唧 (jī, to chirp). In Buddhist similes, the chirping of birds is sometimes used as a metaphor for impermanence.

30.839 30.332 售 (shòu) [skt.vikraya] — Translates vikraya (selling). The character appears in 销售 (vikraya, to sell). In Buddhist contexts, selling is regulated in Vinaya and is one of the prohibited professions for monastics.

30.840 30.333 唯 (wéi) [skt.eva] — Translates eva (only, alone). The character appears in 唯一 (eva, only/unique). In Buddhist philosophy, eva is used to indicate exclusivity and is important in the Yogācāra school’s concept of "consciousness-only" (vijñapti-mātra).

30.841 30.335 唱 (chàng) [skt.gāna] — Translates gāna (singing, chanting). The character appears in 唱歌 (gāna, to sing). In Buddhist contexts, chanting is a form of practice and appears in the recitation of sutras.

30.842 30.342 唸 (niàn) [skt.japa] — Translates japa (chanting, reciting). The character appears in 唸佛 (japa, to chant the Buddha’s name). This is the central practice of Pure Land Buddhism (nembutsu), where the practitioner recites the name of Amitābha Buddha.

30.843 30.348 唾 (tuò) [skt.ṣṭhīvana] — Translates ṣṭhīvana (spitting). The character appears in 唾沫 (ṣṭhīvana, spit/saliva). In Buddhist Vinaya, spitting in inappropriate places is prohibited.

30.844 30.353 啃 (kěn) [skt.daśa] — Translates daśa (gnawing, biting). See also Character 30.202. The character appears in 啃咬 (daśa, to gnaw).

30.845 30.354 啄 (zhuó) [skt.tuda] — Translates tuda (pecking). The character appears in 啄木鸟 (tuda, woodpecker). In Buddhist texts, it appears in similes for impermanence.

30.846 30.356 商 (shāng) [skt.vaṇij] — Translates vaṇij (commerce, merchant). The character appears in 商人 (vaṇij, merchant). In Buddhist texts, merchants appear as patrons of the Buddha and the monastic community.

30.847 30.365 問 (wèn) [skt.praśna] — Translates praśna (question, inquiry). The character appears in 问题 (praśna, question). In Buddhist texts, questioning is central to the transmission of the Dharma, and many sutras are structured as dialogues of questions and answers.

30.848 30.372 啖 (dàn) [skt.bhakṣaṇa] — Translates bhakṣaṇa (eating). See also Character 30.33. The character appears in 啖食 (bhakṣaṇa, to eat).

30.849 30.378 啜 (chuò) [skt.pāna] — Translates pāna (sipping, drinking). See also Character 30.76. The character appears in 啜饮 (pāna, to sip).

30.850 30.381 啟 (qǐ) [skt.udghāṭana] — Traditional variant of 启 (to open; to start). Translates udghāṭana (opening, starting). See Character 30.77.

30.851 30.396 啮 (niè) [skt.daśa] — Translates daśa (gnawing, biting). See also Character 30.202.

30.852 30.406 啸 (xiào) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (roar). See also Character 30.90.

30.853 30.410 啼 (tí) [skt.rudita] — Translates rudita (crying). See also Character 30.267. The character appears in 啼哭 (rudita, to cry).

30.854 30.418 善 (shàn) [skt.kuśala] — CRITICAL — Translates kuśala (good, virtuous, wholesome). The character appears in 善行 (kuśala, wholesome action) and 善根 (kuśala-mūla, wholesome roots). In Buddhist ethics, kuśala is the foundation of the path and appears in the ten wholesome deeds (daśa-kuśala-karmapatha). The character is one of the most important ethical terms in Buddhism.

30.855 30.423 喉 (hóu) [skt.kaṇṭha] — Translates kaṇṭha (throat). The character appears in 喉咙 (kaṇṭha, throat). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the body and in the Buddha’s physical marks (lakṣaṇa).

30.856 30.424 喊 (hǎn) [skt.krośa] — Translates krośa (shouting, crying out). See also Character 30.153. The character appears in 呼喊 (krośa, to shout).

30.857 30.425 喋 (dié) — Translates the sense of chattering. The character appears in 喋喋不休 (dié, to chatter incessantly). In Buddhist contexts, excessive talk is discouraged in Vinaya.

30.858 30.431 喑 (yīn) [skt.mūka] — Translates mūka (silent, mute). See also Character 30.239. The character appears in 喑哑 (mūka, mute).

30.859 30.438 喘 (chuǎn) [skt.śvāsa] — Translates śvāsa (panting, breathing). The character appears in 喘息 (śvāsa, to pant). In Buddhist meditation, awareness of breath (ānāpāna) is central.

30.860 30.439 喙 (huì) [skt.tuda] — Translates tuda (pecking). See also Character 30.354. The character appears in 鸟喙 (tuda, beak).

30.861 30.442 喜 (xǐ) [skt.prīti] — Translates prīti (joy, delight, happiness). The character appears in 欢喜 (prīti, joy). In Buddhist meditation, prīti is one of the factors of meditative absorption (dhyāna) and one of the seven factors of enlightenment (bodhyaṅga). It is also part of the name of the 欢喜天 (Nandikeśvara), a deity in esoteric Buddhism.

30.862 30.443 喝 (hē) [skt.pāna] — Translates pāna (drinking). The character appears in 喝水 (pāna, to drink). In Buddhist contexts, drinking is regulated in Vinaya.

30.863 30.453 喧 (xuān) [skt.kolāhala] — Translates kolāhala (noise, clamor). The character appears in 喧哗 (kolāhala, noise). In Buddhist texts, noise is often contrasted with the quietness needed for meditation.

30.864 30.455 喩 / 30.473 喻 (yù) [skt.upamā] — Translates upamā (comparison, simile, illustration). The character appears in 比喻 (upamā, simile). In Buddhist texts, similes (upamā) are used extensively to illustrate the Dharma, and the Buddha is described as a master of similes.

30.865 30.456 喪 (sàng) [skt.śoka] — Traditional variant of 丧 (to lose; to mourn). Translates śoka (sorrow, mourning). See also Character 30.222. The character appears in 喪事 (śoka, funeral/mourning).

30.866 30.457 喫 (chī) [skt.bhakṣaṇa] — Archaic variant of 吃 (to eat). See also Character 30.33. The character appears in 喫茶 (bhakṣaṇa, to drink tea), a term important in Zen Buddhism (茶禅, cha-zen).

30.867 30.460 單 (dān) [skt.eka] — Traditional variant of 单 (single; only). See Character 24.21.

30.868 30.473 喻 (yù) [skt.upamā] — See Character 30.455.

30.869 30.483 嗅 (xiù) [skt.ghrāṇa] — Translates ghrāṇa (smelling). The character appears in 嗅觉 (ghrāṇa, sense of smell). In Buddhist philosophy, ghrāṇa is the sense organ for smell, one of the five sense faculties (indriya).

30.870 30.485 嗇 (sè) [skt.matsara] — Traditional variant of 啬 (stingy). Translates matsara (stinginess). See Character 30.59.

30.871 30.487 嗉 (sù) — Translates the crop of a bird. The character appears in descriptions of birds, which appear in Buddhist Jātaka tales.

30.872 30.497 嗓 (sǎng) [skt.kaṇṭha] — Translates kaṇṭha (throat, voice). See also Character 30.423. The character appears in 嗓音 (kaṇṭha, voice).

30.873 30.498 嗔 (chēn) [skt.krodha] — CRITICAL — Translates krodha (anger, hatred). The character appears in 嗔恚 (krodha, anger/hatred). In Buddhist psychology, krodha is one of the three poisons (贪嗔痴, rāga-dveṣa-moha) and one of the primary defilements (klesa). The overcoming of anger is central to Buddhist practice.

30.874 30.506 嗜 (shì) [skt.abhiniveśa] — Translates abhiniveśa (attachment, addiction, fondness). The character appears in 嗜好 (abhiniveśa, addiction/fondness). In Buddhist contexts, attachment is one of the primary causes of suffering.

30.875 30.509 嗟 (jiē) [skt.śvāsa] — Translates śvāsa (sigh). The character appears in 嗟叹 (śvāsa, to sigh). In Buddhist texts, sighing appears in descriptions of suffering and dissatisfaction.

30.876 30.513 嗣 (sì) [skt.anvaya] — Translates anvaya (succession, continuation, lineage). The character appears in 嗣子 (anvaya, successor). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the lineage of teachers and the transmission of the Dharma.

30.877 30.514 嗤 (chī) [skt.hāsa] — Translates hāsa (laughter, sneer). See also Character 30.208. The character appears in 嗤笑 (hāsa, to sneer/laugh at).

30.878 30.515 嗥 (háo) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (howling). See also Character 30.90.

30.879 30.521 嗫 (niè) — Translates the sense of whispering. The character appears in 嗫嚅 (niè, to whisper). In Buddhist contexts, whispering and low speech appear in Vinaya discussions of proper conduct.

30.880 30.533 嗷 (áo) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (howling). See also Character 30.90.

30.881 30.539 嗽 (sòu) [skt.kāsa] — Translates kāsa (cough). The character appears in 咳嗽 (kāsa, to cough). In Buddhist medical texts, coughing is discussed as a symptom of illness.

30.882 30.540 嗾 (sǒu) — Translates the sense of urging or inciting. The character appears in 嗾使 (sǒu, to incite). In Buddhist contexts, inciting others to unwholesome actions is prohibited in Vinaya.

30.883 30.542 嘀 (dī) — Translates the sense of whispering. The character appears in 嘀嘀咕咕 (dī, to whisper). In Buddhist contexts, idle whispering is discouraged.

30.884 30.550 嘈 (cáo) [skt.kolāhala] — Translates kolāhala (noise). See also Character 30.453. The character appears in 嘈杂 (kolāhala, noisy).

30.885 30.551 嘉 (jiā) [skt.praśasta] — Translates praśasta (good, excellent, praiseworthy). The character appears in 嘉许 (praśasta, to praise). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s excellent qualities.

30.886 30.556 嘎 (gā) — Onomatopoeia. The character appears in 嘎嘎 (gā, quack). In Buddhist texts, onomatopoeia appears in descriptions of natural sounds.

30.887 30.557 嘏 (gǔ) — Translates the sense of greatness. The character appears in 嘏辞 (gǔ, great). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s greatness.

30.888 30.562 嘔 (ǒu) [skt.vamana] — Traditional variant of 呕 (to vomit). See Character 30.46.

30.889 30.565 嘗 (cháng) [skt.rasa] — Traditional variant of 尝 (to taste; to experience). Translates rasa (tasting, experiencing). See Character 30.145.

30.890 30.566 嘘 (xū) — Translates the sense of whispering or sighing. The character appears in 嘘气 (xū, to sigh). In Buddhist meditation, the breath is central.

30.891 30.573 嘟 (dū) — Translates the sense of tooting or pouting. The character appears in 嘟嘴 (dū, to pout). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the mouth.

30.892 30.578 嘤 (yīng) — Translates the sense of chirping. The character appears in 嘤嘤 (yīng, chirping). In Buddhist similes, the chirping of birds is used as a metaphor for impermanence.

30.893 30.591 嘱 (zhǔ) [skt.anuśāsana] — Translates anuśāsana (enjoining, urging). The character appears in 嘱咐 (anuśāsana, to enjoin). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s final instructions to his disciples.

30.894 30.592 嘲 (cháo) [skt.upahāsa] — Translates upahāsa (mockery, ridicule). The character appears in 嘲笑 (upahāsa, to mock). In Buddhist ethics, mockery is discouraged as unwholesome speech.

30.895 30.594 嘴 (zuǐ) [skt.mukha] — Translates mukha (mouth). See also Character 30.1. The character appears in 嘴巴 (mukha, mouth).

30.896 30.596 嘶 (sī) — Translates the sense of neighing or hissing. The character appears in 嘶鸣 (sī, to neigh). In Buddhist similes, the neighing of horses appears in descriptions of animals.

30.897 30.601 嘻 (xī) [skt.hāsa] — Translates hāsa (laughter). See also Character 30.208.

30.898 30.605 嘿 (hēi) — Translates the sense of being silent. The character appears in 嘿嘿 (hēi, to be silent). In Buddhist meditation, silence is valued.

30.899 30.607 噁 (ě) [skt.pāpa] — Archaic variant of 恶 (evil; wicked). Translates pāpa (evil). See Character 61.2 for the full treatment of 恶.

30.900 30.618 噌 (cēng) — Onomatopoeia. The character appears in 噌噌 (cēng, to scold). In Buddhist contexts, scolding is discouraged.

30.901 30.619 噍 (jiào) [skt.carvaṇa] — Translates carvaṇa (chewing). See also Character 30.158.

30.902 30.620 噎 (yē) — Translates the sense of choking. The character appears in 噎住 (yē, to choke). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of physical suffering.

30.903 30.622 噐 (qì) [skt.yantra] — Archaic variant of 器 (tool; instrument). Translates yantra (instrument, tool). See Character 30.646.

30.904 30.625 噓 (xū) — Traditional variant of 嘘 (to whisper). See Character 30.566.

30.905 30.631 噙 (qín) — Translates the sense of holding in the mouth. The character appears in 噙着 (qín, to hold in the mouth). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the mouth.

30.906 30.633 噛 (niè) [skt.daśa] — Archaic variant of 嚙 (to gnaw). See Character 30.396.

30.907 30.634 噜 (lū) — Translates the sense of chattering. The character appears in 噜嗦 (lū, to chatter). In Buddhist contexts, chattering is discouraged.

30.908 30.638 噠 (dā) — Onomatopoeia. The character appears in 噠噠 (dā, clicking). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of sounds.

30.909 30.640 噢 (ō) — Interjection. The character appears in 噢咿 (ō, to groan). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of suffering.

30.910 30.642 噤 (jìn) [skt.māuna] — Translates māuna (silence). The character appears in 噤声 (māuna, to be silent). In Buddhist practice, silence is valued, especially in meditation (mauna). The Buddha often praised silence and restraint of speech.

30.911 30.644 噦 (yuě) [skt.vamana] — Traditional variant of 哕 (to vomit). See Character 30.46.

30.912 30.646 器 (qì) [skt.yantra] — CRITICAL — Translates yantra (instrument, tool, vessel). The character appears in 器具 (yantra, tool) and 机器 (yantra, machine). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 法器 (dharma-yantra, ritual instrument), the tools used in Buddhist ritual, and in 根器 (indriya, capacity/aptitude), the spiritual capacity of beings.

30.913 30.647 噩 (è) [skt.bhaya] — Translates bhaya (fear, fright). The character appears in 噩耗 (bhaya, bad news). In Buddhist contexts, fear is to be overcome through understanding.

30.914 30.648 噪 (zào) [skt.kolāhala] — Translates kolāhala (noise). See also Character 30.453. The character appears in 噪音 (kolāhala, noise).

30.915 30.649 噫 (yī) [skt.śvāsa] — Translates śvāsa (sigh). See also Character 30.509. The character appears in 噫气 (śvāsa, to sigh).

30.916 30.650 噬 (shì) [skt.daśa] — Translates daśa (biting, devouring). The character appears in 吞噬 (daśa, to devour). In Buddhist similes, devouring is used as a metaphor for craving.

30.917 30.655 噱 (jué) [skt.hāsa] — Translates hāsa (laughter). See also Character 30.208.

30.918 30.658 噴 (pèn) — Traditional variant of 喷 (to spray). Translates the sense of spraying or spurting. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in medical and ritual contexts.

30.919 30.659 噵 (dào) [skt.mārga] — Archaic variant of 道 (way; path). Translates mārga (way, path). See Character 162.1 for the full treatment of 道.

30.920 30.663 噹 (dāng) — Onomatopoeia. The character appears in 噹噹 (dāng, ringing). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of temple bells.

30.921 30.666 噼 (pī) — Onomatopoeia. The character appears in 噼啪 (pī, cracking sound). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of sounds.

30.922 30.674 嚄 (huō) — Interjection. The character appears in 嚄声 (huō, shout). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of exclamations.

30.923 30.675 嚅 (rú) — Translates the sense of mumbling. The character appears in 嚅嗫 (rú, to mumble). In Buddhist contexts, mumbling is discouraged.

30.924 30.676 嚆 (hāo) — Translates the sense of sounding. The character appears in 嚆矢 (hāo, sound). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the first sound.

30.925 30.677 嚇 (xià) [skt.bhaya] — Traditional variant of 吓 (to frighten). See Character 30.49.

30.926 30.684 嚎 (háo) [skt.garjana] — Translates garjana (howling). See also Character 30.90.

30.927 30.685 嚏 (tì) [skt.kṣava] — Translates kṣava (sneezing). The character appears in 打喷嚏 (kṣava, to sneeze). In Buddhist medical texts, sneezing is discussed as a bodily function.

30.928 30.686 嚐 (cháng) [skt.rasa] — Traditional variant of 尝 (to taste). See Character 30.145.

30.929 30.689 嚓 (chā) — Onomatopoeia. The character appears in 咔嚓 (chā, snapping sound). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of sounds.

30.930 30.690 嚔 (tì) [skt.kṣava] — Archaic variant of 嚏 (to sneeze). See Character 30.685.

30.931 30.691 嚕 (lū) — Traditional variant of 噜 (to chatter). See Character 30.634.

30.932 30.695 嚙 (niè) [skt.daśa] — Traditional variant of 啮 (to gnaw). See Character 30.396.

30.933 30.700 嚞 (zhé) [skt.darśana] — Archaic variant of 哲 (philosophy; wise). See Character 30.272.

30.934 30.704 嚢 (náng) [skt.kośa] — Japanese variant of 囊 (bag; sack). Translates kośa (bag, sheath, treasury). See Character 30.744.

30.935 30.705 嚣 (xiāo) [skt.kolāhala] — Translates kolāhala (noise, clamor). See also Character 30.453. The character appears in 嚣张 (kolāhala, arrogant/noisy).

30.936 30.707 嚥 (yàn) [skt.grasana] — Traditional variant of 咽 (to swallow). See Character 30.60.

30.937 30.710 嚨 (lóng) — Traditional variant of 咙 (throat). See Character 30.183.

30.938 30.714 嚬 (pín) — Translates the sense of frowning. The character appears in 嚬眉 (pín, to frown). In Buddhist contexts, the Buddha’s serene expression is contrasted with frowning.

30.939 30.716 嚮 (xiàng) [skt.abhimukha] — Traditional variant of 向 (towards; to face). See Character 30.47.

30.940 30.717 嚯 (huò) — Interjection. The character appears in 嚯笑 (huò, to laugh). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of laughter.

30.941 30.720 嚲 (duǒ) — Translates the sense of drooping or hanging. The character appears in 嚲拖 (duǒ, to droop). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of posture.

30.942 30.722 嚴 (yán) [skt.ugra] — Traditional variant of 严 (strict; severe). Translates ugra (stern, severe). See Character 27.8 for the full treatment of 严.

30.943 30.724 嚶 (yīng) — Traditional variant of 嘤 (to chirp). See Character 30.578.

30.944 30.725 嚷 (rǎng) [skt.krośa] — Translates krośa (shouting). See also Character 30.153. The character appears in 嚷嚷 (krośa, to shout).

30.945 30.730 嚼 (jiáo) [skt.carvaṇa] — Translates carvaṇa (chewing). See also Character 30.158.

30.946 30.735 囁 (niè) — Traditional variant of 嗫 (to whisper). See Character 30.521.

30.947 30.736 囂 (xiāo) [skt.kolāhala] — Traditional variant of 嚣 (noisy). See Character 30.705.

30.948 30.743 囉 (luō) — Traditional variant of 啰 (to chatter). See Character 30.398.

30.949 30.744 囊 (náng) [skt.kośa] — CRITICAL — Translates kośa (bag, sack, sheath, treasury). The character appears in 囊括 (kośa, to encompass). In Buddhist contexts, kośa appears in the title of the Abhidharma-kośa (阿毘達磨俱舍論, Treasury of Abhidharma), one of the most important texts in Buddhist philosophy. The term kośa refers to a treasury or storehouse of teachings.

30.950 30.747 囍 (xǐ) [skt.sukha] — Translates sukha (happiness, joy). The character represents "double happiness." In Buddhist contexts, sukha is the happiness that comes from practice and is distinguished from worldly pleasure.

30.951 30.751 囑 (zhǔ) [skt.anuśāsana] — Traditional variant of 嘱 (to enjoin; to urge). See Character 30.591.

30.952 30.753 囓 (niè) [skt.daśa] — Archaic variant of 嚙 (to gnaw). See Character 30.396.

30.953 30.754 囔 (nāng) — Translates the sense of mumbling. The character appears in 囔囔 (nāng, to mumble). In Buddhist contexts, mumbling is discouraged.

31 囗

31.1 囗 [chn.wéi][eng.enclosure; surround; radical 31][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = enclosure)]

31.2 囘 [chn.huí][archaic variant of 回 (to return; to turn)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

31.3 囙 [chn.yīn][archaic variant of 因 (because; cause; reason)][(Skt. hetu = cause)]

31.4 囚 [chn.qiú][eng.prisoner; captive; to imprison][(Skt. bandhaka = prisoner)]

31.5 四 [chn.sì][eng.four; the number four][skt.catvāri; (Skt. catur = four)]

31.6 囜 [chn.nín][archaic; (also nín, to be wise); rare]

31.7 囝 [chn.jiǎn][eng.child; son; (also nān, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

31.8 回 [chn.huí][eng.to return; to turn; to revolve; (also huí, (surname))][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

31.9 囟 [chn.xìn][eng.fontanelle; top of head][(Skt. śiras = head)]

31.10 因 [chn.yīn][eng.because; cause; reason; (also yīn, (surname))][skt.hetu; (Skt. kāraṇa = cause)]

31.11 囡 [chn.nān][eng.child; young girl; (also nān, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

31.12 团 [chn.tuán][eng.group; round; regiment; to gather][(Skt. saṅgha = group)]

31.13 団 [chn.tuán][eng.Japanese variant of 團 (group; round)][(Skt. saṅgha = group)]

31.14 囤 [chn.dùn][eng.bin; granary; (also tún, to store)][(Skt. koṣṭha = granary)]

31.15 囥 [chn.kàng][archaic; (also kàng, to hide); rare]

31.16 囦 [chn.yuān][archaic variant of 淵 (deep; abyss)][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

31.17 囧 [chn.jiǒng][eng.bright; light; (also jiǒng, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = light)]

31.18 囨 [chn.piān][archaic; (also piān, to be arrogant); rare]

31.19 囩 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to revolve); rare]

31.20 囪 [chn.cōng][eng.window; chimney; (also cōng, (surname))][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

31.21 囫 [chn.hú][archaic; entire; whole; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. akhila = whole)]

31.22 囬 [chn.huí][archaic variant of 回 (to return)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

31.23 园 [chn.yuán][eng.garden; park; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

31.24 囮 [chn.é][eng.decoys; (also é, to lure)]

31.25 囯 [chn.guó][archaic variant of 國 (country; nation)][(Skt. rājya = nation)]

31.26 困 [chn.kùn][eng.to be trapped; to be distressed; sleepy; (also kùn, (surname))][(Skt. kleśa = distress)]

31.27 囱 [chn.cōng][eng.window; chimney; (also cōng, (surname))][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

31.28 囲 [chn.wéi][eng.Japanese variant of 圍 (to surround; to enclose)][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = surrounding)]

31.29 図 [chn.tú][eng.Japanese variant of 圖 (picture; diagram; plan)][(Skt. citra = picture)]

31.30 围 [chn.wéi][eng.to surround; to enclose; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = surrounding)]

31.31 囵 [chn.lún][archaic; (also lún, to be confused); rare]

31.32 囶 [chn.guó][archaic variant of 國 (country; nation)][(Skt. rājya = nation)]

31.33 囷 [chn.qūn][eng.round granary; (also qūn, (surname))][(Skt. koṣṭha = granary)]

31.34 囸 [chn.zhèng][archaic variant of 正 (correct; upright)][(Skt. samyak = correct)]

31.35 囹 [chn.líng][eng.prison; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = prison)]

31.36 固 [chn.gù][eng.firm; solid; stable; (also gù, (surname))][(Skt. dṛḍha = firm)]

31.37 囻 [chn.guó][archaic variant of 國 (country; nation)][(Skt. rājya = nation)]

31.38 囼 [chn.tāi][archaic variant of 胎 (womb; embryo)][(Skt. garbha = womb)]

31.39 国 [chn.guó][eng.country; nation; state; (also guó, (surname))][(Skt. rājya = nation)]

31.40 图 [chn.tú][eng.picture; diagram; plan; to plan; (also tú, (surname))][(Skt. citra = picture)]

31.41 囿 [chn.yòu][eng.park; garden; (also yòu, (surname))][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

31.42 圀 [chn.guó][archaic variant of 國 (country; nation)][(Skt. rājya = nation)]

31.43 圁 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to speak); rare]

31.44 圂 [chn.hùn][eng.to mix; to mingle; (also hùn, (surname))][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing)]

31.45 圃 [chn.pǔ][eng.garden; orchard; (also pǔ, (surname))][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

31.46 圄 [chn.yǔ][eng.prison; jail; (also yǔ, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = prison)]

31.47 圅 [chn.hán][archaic variant of 函 (letter; box; to contain)][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

31.48 圆 [chn.yuán][eng.round; circle; complete; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. maṇḍala = circle)]

31.49 圇 [chn.lún][archaic; (also lún, to be complete); rare]

31.50 圈 [chn.quān][eng.circle; ring; to enclose; (also juàn, pen; sty)][(Skt. maṇḍala = circle)]

31.51 圉 [chn.yǔ][eng.to guard; to defend; (also yǔ, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣaṇa = guarding)]

31.52 圊 [chn.qīng][eng.toilet; (also qīng, (surname))][(Skt. śaucālaya = toilet)]

31.53 國 [chn.guó][eng.traditional variant of 国 (country; nation)][(Skt. rājya = nation)]

31.54 圌 [chn.chuán][archaic; (also chuán, to enclose); rare]

31.55 圍 [chn.wéi][eng.traditional variant of 围 (to surround; to enclose)][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = surrounding)]

31.56 圎 [chn.yuán][archaic variant of 圓 (round; circle)][(Skt. maṇḍala = circle)]

31.57 圏 [chn.quān][eng.Japanese variant of 圈 (circle; ring)][(Skt. maṇḍala = circle)]

31.58 圐 [chn.kū][archaic; (also kū, to enclose); rare]

31.59 圑 [chn.fù][archaic variant of 圃 (garden; orchard)][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

31.60 園 [chn.yuán][eng.traditional variant of 园 (garden; park)][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

31.61 圓 [chn.yuán][eng.traditional variant of 圆 (round; circle)][(Skt. maṇḍala = circle)]

31.62 圔 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be deep); rare]

31.63 圕 [chn.tú][archaic variant of 圖 (picture; diagram)][(Skt. citra = picture)]

31.64 圖 [chn.tú][eng.traditional variant of 图 (picture; diagram; plan)][(Skt. citra = picture)]

31.65 圗 [chn.tú][archaic variant of 圖 (picture; diagram)][(Skt. citra = picture)]

31.66 團 [chn.tuán][eng.traditional variant of 团 (group; round; regiment)][(Skt. saṅgha = group)]

31.67 圙 [chn.lüè][archaic; (also lüè, to plan); rare]

31.68 圚 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to encircle); rare]

31.69 圛 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to revolve); rare]

31.70 圜 [chn.huán][eng.to return; to revolve; (also yuán, circle)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

31.71 圝 [chn.luán][archaic; (also luán, to gather); rare]

31.72 圞 [chn.luán][archaic; (also luán, round); rare]

31.73 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 31 (囗)

31.74 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

31.75 31.1 囗 (wéi) [skt.pariveṣṭana] — The radical itself; represents an enclosure or surrounding. Translates pariveṣṭana (surrounding, enclosure). Appears in many characters related to enclosure and containment.

31.76 31.4 囚 (qiú) [skt.bandhaka] — Translates bandhaka (prisoner, captive). The character appears in 囚犯 (bandhaka, prisoner) and in Vinaya discussions of imprisonment.

31.77 31.5 四 (sì) [skt.catvāri; catur] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) catvāri (four) as a numeral. (2) catur (four) as a prefix. The character appears in 四聖諦 (catvāri ārya-satyāni, Four Noble Truths), the foundational teaching of Buddhism. It also appears in 四念處 (catvāri smṛty-upasthānāni, Four Foundations of Mindfulness), 四正勤 (catvāri samyak-prahāṇāni, Four Right Exertions), and 四神足 (catvāra ṛddhi-pādāḥ, Four Bases of Psychic Power). The number four is foundational in Buddhist lists.

31.78 31.8 回 (huí) [skt.nivartana] — Translates nivartana (return, turning back). The character appears in 回來 (nivartana, to return) and 回向 (pariṇāmana, dedication/transference), a key Buddhist practice of dedicating merit to all beings. The pariṇāmana is one of the six perfections (pāramitā) in Mahāyāna practice.

31.79 31.10 因 (yīn) [skt.hetu; kāraṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) hetu (cause) appears in 原因 (hetu, cause). (2) kāraṇa (reason, cause) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 因果 (hetu-phala, cause and effect), one of the most important concepts in Buddhist philosophy. The law of causality (hetu-pratyaya) is central to the doctrine of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda).

31.80 31.12 团 (tuán) [skt.saṅgha] — Translates saṅgha (group, assembly). The character appears in 团体 (saṅgha, group) and in monastic contexts as a term for the community.

31.81 31.21 囫 (hú) [skt.akhila] — Translates akhila (whole, entire). The character appears in 囫囵 (akhila, entire/whole), used in descriptions of completeness.

31.82 31.23 园 (yuán) [skt.udyāna] — Translates udyāna (garden, park). The character appears in 园林 (udyāna, garden) and in descriptions of monastic gardens and parks where the Buddha taught.

31.83 31.26 困 (kùn) [skt.kleśa] — CRITICAL — Translates kleśa (distress, affliction, defilement). The character appears in 困境 (kleśa, difficult situation) and in Buddhist contexts describing the distress of saṃsāra. The kleśa are the mental defilements that bind beings to the cycle of rebirth.

31.84 31.36 固 (gù) [skt.dṛḍha] — Translates dṛḍha (firm, solid, stable). The character appears in 坚固 (dṛḍha, firm/stable). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of firm faith (dṛḍha-śraddhā) and the solid foundation of the path.

31.85 31.39 国 (guó) [skt.rājya] — Translates rājya (country, nation, kingdom). The character appears in 國家 (rājya, nation). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s homeland and the kingdoms where he taught.

31.86 31.40 图 (tú) [skt.citra] — Translates citra (picture, diagram, plan). The character appears in 圖畫 (citra, picture) and in descriptions of diagrams and plans for monastic buildings.

31.87 31.48 圆 (yuán) [skt.maṇḍala] — CRITICAL — Translates maṇḍala (circle, round). The character appears in 圓滿 (maṇḍala, complete/perfected) and in Buddhist ritual contexts where the maṇḍala is a sacred circle used in tantric practice. The maṇḍala is a symbolic representation of the cosmos and the enlightened mind.

31.88 31.50 圈 (quān) [skt.maṇḍala] — Translates maṇḍala (circle, ring). The character appears in 圈子 (maṇḍala, circle). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the circle of saṃsāra.

31.89 31.60 園 (yuán) [skt.udyāna] — Traditional variant of 园. Translates udyāna (garden, park). See Character 31.23.

31.90 31.61 圓 (yuán) [skt.maṇḍala] — Traditional variant of 圆. Translates maṇḍala (circle, round). See Character 31.48.

31.91 31.66 團 (tuán) [skt.saṅgha] — Traditional variant of 团. Translates saṅgha (group). See Character 31.12.

31.92 31.70 圜 (huán) [skt.nivartana] — Translates nivartana (return, revolve). The character appears in 圜轉 (nivartana, to revolve). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the turning of the Dharma wheel and the cycle of rebirth.

32 土

32.1 土 [chn.tǔ][eng.earth; soil; ground; (also tǔ, (surname))][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. bhūmi = earth)]

32.2 圠 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be uneven); rare]

32.3 圡 [chn.tǔ][archaic variant of 土 (earth; soil)][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. bhūmi = earth)]

32.4 圢 [chn.tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be level); rare]

32.5 圣 [chn.shèng][eng.sage; holy; sacred; (also shèng, (surname))][skt.ārya; (Skt. buddha = sage)]

32.6 圤 [chn.pǔ][archaic; (also pǔ, to be simple); rare]

32.7 圥 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be lush); rare]

32.8 圦 [chn.kuài][archaic; (also kuài, to be quick); rare]

32.9 圧 [chn.yā][eng.Japanese variant of 壓 (to press; to weigh down)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

32.10 在 [chn.zài][eng.to be at; to be in; to exist; (also zài, (surname))][(Skt. sthita = existing)]

32.11 圩 [chn.wéi][eng.dike; embankment; (also xū, market)][(Skt. setu = dike)]

32.12 圪 [chn.gē][archaic; (also gē, to be elevated); rare]

32.13 圫 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be low); rare]

32.14 圬 [chn.wū][eng.to plaster; (also wū, (surname))]

32.15 圭 [chn.guī][eng.jade tablet; (also guī, (surname))][(Skt. maṇi = jewel)]

32.16 圮 [chn.pǐ][eng.to destroy; to ruin; (also pǐ, (surname))][(Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

32.17 圯 [chn.yí][eng.bridge; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. setu = bridge)]

32.18 地 [chn.dì][eng.ground; earth; land; place; (also dì, (surname))][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. bhūmi = ground)]

32.19 圱 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be many); rare]

32.20 圲 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be equal); rare]

32.21 圳 [chn.zhèn][eng.ditch; (also zhèn, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = ditch)]

32.22 圴 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to measure); rare]

32.23 圵 [chn.dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be high); rare]

32.24 圶 [chn.qià][archaic; (also qià, to be proper); rare]

32.25 圷 [chn.xià][archaic; (also xià, to be low); rare]

32.26 圸 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to be sandy); rare]

32.27 圹 [chn.kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, tomb); rare]

32.28 场 [chn.chǎng][eng.field; place; stage; (also cháng, threshing ground)][(Skt. kṣetra = field)]

32.29 圻 [chn.qí][eng.boundary; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. sīmā = boundary)]

32.30 圼 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be dark); rare]

32.31 圽 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to die); rare]

32.32 圾 [chn.jī][eng.garbage; (also jí, (surname))]

32.33 圿 [chn.jiá][archaic; (also jiá, to be dirty); rare]

32.34 址 [chn.zhǐ][eng.site; location; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. sthāna = site)]

32.35 坁 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to stop); rare]

32.36 坂 [chn.bǎn][eng.slope; hillside; (also bǎn, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅga = slope)]

32.37 坃 [chn.xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be hot); rare]

32.38 坄 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be dark); rare]

32.39 坅 [chn.qǐn][archaic; (also qǐn, to be deep); rare]

32.40 坆 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be grave); rare]

32.41 均 [chn.jūn][eng.even; equal; all; (also jūn, (surname))][(Skt. sama = equal)]

32.42 坈 [chn.rǒng][archaic; (also rǒng, to be deep); rare]

32.43 坉 [chn.tún][archaic; (also tún, to be muddy); rare]

32.44 坊 [chn.fāng][eng.workshop; lane; (also fáng, workshop)][(Skt. śālā = workshop)]

32.45 坋 [chn.bèn][archaic; (also bèn, to be dusty); rare]

32.46 坌 [chn.bèn][eng.to gather; to accumulate; (also bèn, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

32.47 坍 [chn.tān][eng.to collapse; to cave in; (also tān, (surname))][(Skt. patana = collapse)]

32.48 坎 [chn.kǎn][eng.pit; hole; (also kǎn, (surname))][(Skt. garta = pit)]

32.49 坏 [chn.huài][eng.bad; broken; to spoil; (also pī, to plaster)][(Skt. duṣṭa = bad)]

32.50 坐 [chn.zuò][eng.to sit; to take a seat; (also zuò, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = sitting)]

32.51 坑 [chn.kēng][eng.pit; hole; to bury; (also kēng, (surname))][(Skt. garta = pit)]

32.52 坒 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be adjacent); rare]

32.53 坓 [chn.jǐng][archaic variant of 阱 (pit; trap)][(Skt. garta = pit)]

32.54 坔 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be low); rare]

32.55 坕 [chn.jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be pure); rare]

32.56 坖 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be level); rare]

32.57 块 [chn.kuài][eng.piece; lump; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇḍa = piece)]

32.58 坘 [chn.dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to be deep); rare]

32.59 坙 [chn.jīng][archaic variant of 經 (to pass through; to manage)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

32.60 坚 [chn.jiān][eng.firm; hard; solid; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. dṛḍha = firm)]

32.61 坛 [chn.tán][eng.altar; platform; (also tán, (surname))][(Skt. vedī = altar)]

32.62 坜 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be rough); rare]

32.63 坝 [chn.bà][eng.dam; (also bà, (surname))][(Skt. setu = dam)]

32.64 坞 [chn.wù][eng.dock; (also wù, (surname))]

32.65 坟 [chn.fén][eng.grave; tomb; (also fén, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

32.66 坠 [chn.zhuì][eng.to fall; to drop; (also zhuì, (surname))][(Skt. patana = falling)]

32.67 坡 [chn.pō][eng.slope; hillside; (also pō, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅga = slope)]

32.68 坢 [chn.pǎn][archaic; (also pǎn, to be flat); rare]

32.69 坣 [chn.táng][archaic variant of 堂 (hall; main room)][(Skt. sabhā = hall)]

32.70 坤 [chn.kūn][eng.earth; female; (also kūn, (surname))][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. śakti = female principle)]

32.71 坥 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to be level); rare]

32.72 坦 [chn.tǎn][eng.flat; open; (also tǎn, (surname))][(Skt. samatā = flatness)]

32.73 坧 [chn.zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be level); rare]

32.74 坨 [chn.tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be round); rare]

32.75 坩 [chn.gān][eng.crucible; (also gān, (surname))]

32.76 坪 [chn.píng][eng.flat land; (also píng, (surname))][(Skt. samatala = flat land)]

32.77 坫 [chn.diàn][eng.altar; platform; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. vedī = altar)]

32.78 坬 [chn.guà][archaic; (also guà, to be hollow); rare]

32.79 坭 [chn.ní][eng.mud; (also ní, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = mud)]

32.80 坮 [chn.tái][archaic variant of 臺 (platform; tower)][(Skt. vedī = platform)]

32.81 坯 [chn.pī][eng.base; rough; (also pēi, to be unburnt)]

32.82 坰 [chn.jiōng][archaic; (also jiōng, to be far); rare]

32.83 坱 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be vast); rare]

32.84 坲 [chn.fó][archaic; (also fó, to be dusty); rare]

32.85 坳 [chn.ào][eng.hollow; (also ào, (surname))][(Skt. avaṭa = hollow)]

32.86 坴 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be high); rare]

32.87 坵 [chn.qiū][archaic variant of 丘 (hill; mound)][(Skt. śaila = hill)]

32.88 坶 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be fertile); rare]

32.89 坷 [chn.kě][archaic; (also kē, to be rugged); rare]

32.90 坸 [chn.gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to be dirty); rare]

32.91 坹 [chn.xué][archaic; (also xué, to be hollow); rare]

32.92 坺 [chn.fá][archaic; (also fá, to be muddy); rare]

32.93 坻 [chn.chí][archaic; (also dǐ, to be level); rare]

32.94 坼 [chn.chè][eng.to crack; to split; (also chè, (surname))][(Skt. sphoṭana = splitting)]

32.95 坽 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be steep); rare]

32.96 坾 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be level); rare]

32.97 坿 [chn.fù][archaic; (also fù, to attach); rare]

32.98 垀 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to be level); rare]

32.99 垁 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be high); rare]

32.100 垂 [chn.chuí][eng.to hang; to droop; (also chuí, (surname))][(Skt. lambana = hanging)]

32.101 垃 [chn.lā][eng.garbage; (also lā, (surname))]

32.102 垄 [chn.lǒng][eng.ridge; mound; (also lǒng, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

32.103 垅 [chn.lǒng][archaic variant of 垄 (ridge; mound)][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

32.104 垆 [chn.lú][eng.black soil; (also lú, (surname))]

32.105 垇 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be deep); rare]

32.106 垈 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be level); rare]

32.107 垉 [chn.páo][archaic; (also páo, to be hollow); rare]

32.108 垊 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be dark); rare]

32.109 型 [chn.xíng][eng.model; type; pattern; (also xíng, (surname))][(Skt. pratirūpa = model)]

32.110 垌 [chn.dòng][archaic; (also tóng, to be fertile); rare]

32.111 垍 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be firm); rare]

32.112 垎 [chn.kè][archaic; (also kè, to be hard); rare]

32.113 垏 [chn.lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be rough); rare]

32.114 垐 [chn.cí][archaic; (also cí, to be level); rare]

32.115 垑 [chn.chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to be fertile); rare]

32.116 垒 [chn.lěi][eng.rampart; to pile up; (also lěi, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = rampart)]

32.117 垓 [chn.gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be vast); rare]

32.118 垔 [chn.yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be dark); rare]

32.119 垕 [chn.hòu][archaic variant of 厚 (thick; generous)][(Skt. gambhīra = thick)]

32.120 垖 [chn.duī][archaic; (also duī, to be piled); rare]

32.121 垗 [chn.zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to be bright); rare]

32.122 垘 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be raised); rare]

32.123 垙 [chn.guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be bright); rare]

32.124 垚 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be high); rare]

32.125 垛 [chn.duǒ][eng.pile; heap; (also duò, target)][(Skt. rāśi = pile)]

32.126 垜 [chn.duǒ][archaic variant of 垛 (pile; heap)][(Skt. rāśi = pile)]

32.127 垝 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be ruined); rare]

32.128 垞 [chn.chá][archaic; (also chá, to be small); rare]

32.129 垟 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be fertile); rare]

32.130 垠 [chn.yín][eng.boundary; limit; (also yín, (surname))][(Skt. sīmā = boundary)]

32.131 垡 [chn.fá][eng.to plow; (also fá, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = plowing)]

32.132 垢 [chn.gòu][eng.dirt; filth; (also gòu, (surname))][(Skt. mala = dirt)]

32.133 垣 [chn.yuán][eng.wall; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = wall)]

32.134 垤 [chn.dié][eng.anthill; (also dié, (surname))][(Skt. valmīka = anthill)]

32.135 垥 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be harmonious); rare]

32.136 垦 [chn.kěn][eng.to cultivate; to reclaim; (also kěn, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = cultivation)]

32.137 垧 [chn.shǎng][archaic; (also shǎng, to be fertile); rare]

32.138 垨 [chn.shǒu][archaic variant of 守 (to guard; to protect)][(Skt. rakṣaṇa = guarding)]

32.139 垩 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be white); rare]

32.140 垪 [chn.bìng][archaic; (also bìng, to be level); rare]

32.141 垫 [chn.diàn][eng.cushion; mat; to pad; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = cushion)]

32.142 垬 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be vast); rare]

32.143 垭 [chn.yā][archaic; (also yā, to be steep); rare]

32.144 垮 [chn.kuǎ][eng.to collapse; (also kuǎ, (surname))][(Skt. patana = collapse)]

32.145 垯 [chn.dá][archaic; (also dá, to be level); rare]

32.146 垰 [chn.kǎ][archaic; (also kǎ, to be high); rare]

32.147 垱 [chn.dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be level); rare]

32.148 垲 [chn.kǎi][archaic; (also kǎi, to be high); rare]

32.149 垳 [chn.háng][archaic; (also háng, to be level); rare]

32.150 垴 [chn.nǎo][archaic; (also nǎo, to be low); rare]

32.151 垵 [chn.ǎn][archaic; (also ǎn, to be level); rare]

32.152 垶 [chn.xīng][archaic; (also xīng, to be bright); rare]

32.153 垷 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be muddy); rare]

32.154 垸 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be round); rare]

32.155 垹 [chn.bāng][archaic; (also bāng, to be fertile); rare]

32.156 垺 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be large); rare]

32.157 垻 [chn.bà][archaic variant of 坝 (dam)][(Skt. setu = dam)]

32.158 垼 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be level); rare]

32.159 垽 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be dark); rare]

32.160 垾 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be dry); rare]

32.161 垿 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be level); rare]

32.162 埀 [chn.chuí][archaic variant of 垂 (to hang; to droop)][(Skt. lambana = hanging)]

32.163 埁 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to be high); rare]

32.164 埂 [chn.gěng][eng.ridge; (also gěng, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

32.165 埃 [chn.āi][eng.dust; (also āi, (surname))][(Skt. rajas = dust)]

32.166 埄 [chn.běng][archaic; (also běng, to be high); rare]

32.167 埅 [chn.dì][archaic variant of 地 (earth; ground)][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. bhūmi = earth)]

32.168 埆 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be rough); rare]

32.169 埇 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be fertile); rare]

32.170 埈 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be high); rare]

32.171 埉 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be muddy); rare]

32.172 埊 [chn.dì][archaic variant of 地 (earth; ground)][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. bhūmi = earth)]

32.173 埋 [chn.mái][eng.to bury; to hide; (also mán, to complain)][(Skt. nikṣepa = burying)]

32.174 埌 [chn.làng][archaic; (also làng, to be vast); rare]

32.175 埍 [chn.juǎn][archaic; (also juǎn, to be round); rare]

32.176 城 [chn.chéng][eng.city; wall; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. nagara = city)]

32.177 埏 [chn.shān][archaic; (also yán, to be extended); rare]

32.178 埐 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be level); rare]

32.179 埑 [chn.zhé][archaic variant of 哲 (philosophy; wise)][(Skt. darśana = philosophy)]

32.180 埒 [chn.lèi][archaic; (also lèi, to be level); rare]

32.181 埓 [chn.lèi][archaic variant of 埒 (level)]

32.182 埔 [chn.pǔ][archaic; (also bù, to be level); rare]

32.183 埕 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be level); rare]

32.184 埖 [chn.huā][eng.Japanese kokuji; flower; (also huā, (surname))]

32.185 埗 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to be level); rare]

32.186 埘 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, to be time); rare]

32.187 埙 [chn.xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be hot); rare]

32.188 埚 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to be round); rare]

32.189 埛 [chn.jiōng][archaic; (also jiōng, to be bright); rare]

32.190 埜 [chn.yě][archaic variant of 野 (field; wilderness)][(Skt. araṇya = wilderness)]

32.191 埝 [chn.niàn][archaic; (also niàn, to be low); rare]

32.192 埞 [chn.dī][archaic; (also dī, to be level); rare]

32.193 域 [chn.yù][eng.territory; region; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. viṣaya = region)]

32.194 埠 [chn.bù][eng.port; pier; (also bù, (surname))][(Skt. bandara = port)]

32.195 埡 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be rugged); rare]

32.196 埢 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be curved); rare]

32.197 埣 [chn.suì][archaic; (also suì, to be level); rare]

32.198 埤 [chn.pí][archaic; (also bì, to add); rare]

32.199 埥 [chn.qīng][archaic; (also qīng, to be green); rare]

32.200 埦 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be round); rare]

32.201 埧 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be high); rare]

32.202 埨 [chn.lǔn][archaic; (also lǔn, to be level); rare]

32.203 埩 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be level); rare]

32.204 埪 [chn.kōng][archaic; (also kōng, to be hollow); rare]

32.205 埫 [chn.chǒng][archaic; (also chǒng, to be high); rare]

32.206 埬 [chn.dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be fertile); rare]

32.207 埭 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be level); rare]

32.208 埮 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be level); rare]

32.209 埯 [chn.ǎn][archaic; (also ǎn, to cover); rare]

32.210 埰 [chn.cǎi][archaic; (also cǎi, to be high); rare]

32.211 埱 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be level); rare]

32.212 埲 [chn.běng][archaic; (also běng, to be dusty); rare]

32.213 埳 [chn.kǎn][archaic variant of 坎 (pit; hole)][(Skt. garta = pit)]

32.214 埴 [chn.zhí][eng.clay; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. mṛttikā = clay)]

32.215 埵 [chn.duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to be high); rare]

32.216 埶 [chn.yì][archaic variant of 藝 (art; skill)][(Skt. kalā = art)]

32.217 執 [chn.zhí][eng.traditional variant of 执 (to hold; to grasp; to execute)][(Skt. grahaṇa = holding)]

32.218 埸 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be level); rare]

32.219 培 [chn.péi][eng.to cultivate; to train; (also péi, (surname))][(Skt. poṣaṇa = cultivation)]

32.220 基 [chn.jī][eng.base; foundation; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. mūla = foundation)]

32.221 埻 [chn.zhǔn][archaic; (also zhǔn, to be level); rare]

32.222 埼 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be high); rare]

32.223 埽 [chn.sào][eng.to sweep; (also sào, (surname))][(Skt. sammārjana = sweeping)]

32.224 埾 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be firm); rare]

32.225 埿 [chn.ní][archaic variant of 泥 (mud; to plaster)][(Skt. paṅka = mud)]

32.226 堀 [chn.kū][eng.cave; (also kū, (surname))][(Skt. guhā = cave)]

32.227 堁 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to be dusty); rare]

32.228 堂 [chn.táng][eng.hall; main room; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. sabhā = hall)]

32.229 堃 [chn.kūn][archaic variant of 坤 (earth; female)][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. śakti = female principle)]

32.230 堄 [chn.nì][archaic; (also nì, to be high); rare]

32.231 堅 [chn.jiān][eng.traditional variant of 坚 (firm; hard; solid)][(Skt. dṛḍha = firm)]

32.232 堆 [chn.duī][eng.to pile up; heap; (also duī, (surname))][(Skt. rāśi = heap)]

32.233 堇 [chn.jǐn][eng.violet; (also jǐn, (surname))]

32.234 堈 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be high); rare]

32.235 堉 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be fertile); rare]

32.236 堊 [chn.è][eng.traditional variant of 垩 (white; to plaster)]

32.237 堋 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be level); rare]

32.238 堌 [chn.gù][archaic; (also gù, to be firm); rare]

32.239 堍 [chn.tù][archaic; (also tù, to be high); rare]

32.240 堎 [chn.lèng][archaic; (also lèng, to be steep); rare]

32.241 堏 [chn.fāng][archaic; (also fāng, to be square); rare]

32.242 堐 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be steep); rare]

32.243 堑 [chn.qiàn][eng.moat; (also qiàn, (surname))][(Skt. parikhā = moat)]

32.244 堒 [chn.kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be firm); rare]

32.245 堓 [chn.àn][archaic; (also àn, to be high); rare]

32.246 堔 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be deep); rare]

32.247 堕 [chn.duò][eng.to fall; to sink; (also duò, (surname))][(Skt. patana = falling)]

32.248 堖 [chn.nǎo][archaic variant of 腦 (brain; head)][(Skt. mastaka = head)]

32.249 堗 [chn.tū][archaic; (also tū, to be protruding); rare]

32.250 堘 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be level); rare]

32.251 堙 [chn.yīn][eng.to fill; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. pūraṇa = filling)]

32.252 堚 [chn.huán][archaic; (also huán, to be round); rare]

32.253 堛 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be firm); rare]

32.254 堜 [chn.liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be level); rare]

32.255 堝 [chn.guō][archaic variant of 锅 (pot; wok)]

32.256 堞 [chn.dié][eng.battlement; (also dié, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = battlement)]

32.257 堟 [chn.zhuàn][archaic; (also zhuàn, to be round); rare]

32.258 堠 [chn.hòu][archaic; (also hòu, to be high); rare]

32.259 堡 [chn.bǎo][eng.fortress; (also bǎo, (surname))][(Skt. durga = fortress)]

32.260 堢 [chn.bǎo][archaic variant of 堡 (fortress)][(Skt. durga = fortress)]

32.261 堣 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be level); rare]

32.262 堤 [chn.dī][eng.dike; (also dī, (surname))][(Skt. setu = dike)]

32.263 堥 [chn.máo][archaic; (also máo, to be high); rare]

32.264 堦 [chn.jiē][archaic variant of 階 (steps; rank)][(Skt. sopāna = steps)]

32.265 堧 [chn.ruán][archaic; (also ruán, to be level); rare]

32.266 堨 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be high); rare]

32.267 堩 [chn.gèng][archaic; (also gèng, to be level); rare]

32.268 堪 [chn.kān][eng.to bear; to endure; (also kān, (surname))][(Skt. kṣama = endurance)]

32.269 堫 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be high); rare]

32.270 堬 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be level); rare]

32.271 堭 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be bright); rare]

32.272 堮 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be high); rare]

32.273 堯 [chn.yáo][archaic variant of 尧 (sage emperor Yao)]

32.274 堰 [chn.yàn][eng.dam; weir; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. setu = dam)]

32.275 報 [chn.bào][eng.traditional variant of 报 (to report; to repay)][(Skt. prativedana = report)]

32.276 堲 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be firm); rare]

32.277 堳 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be level); rare]

32.278 場 [chn.chǎng][eng.traditional variant of 场 (field; place; stage)][(Skt. kṣetra = field)]

32.279 堵 [chn.dǔ][eng.to block; to stop; wall; (also dǔ, (surname))][(Skt. avarodha = blocking)]

32.280 堶 [chn.tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be round); rare]

32.281 堷 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be dark); rare]

32.282 堸 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be windy); rare]

32.283 堹 [chn.zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be high); rare]

32.284 堺 [chn.jiè][archaic variant of 界 (boundary; world)][(Skt. dhātu = realm)]

32.285 堻 [chn.zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be level); rare]

32.286 堼 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be high); rare]

32.287 堽 [chn.gāng][archaic variant of 岡 (hill; ridge)][(Skt. śaila = hill)]

32.288 堾 [chn.chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be spring); rare]

32.289 堿 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be salty); rare]

32.290 塀 [chn.píng][eng.Japanese variant of 屏 (screen; wall)]

32.291 塁 [chn.lěi][eng.Japanese variant of 壘 (rampart; to pile up)][(Skt. prākāra = rampart)]

32.292 塂 [chn.xiàng][archaic; (also xiàng, to be level); rare]

32.293 塃 [chn.huāng][archaic; (also huāng, to be wild); rare]

32.294 塄 [chn.léng][archaic; (also léng, to be steep); rare]

32.295 塅 [chn.duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be level); rare]

32.296 塆 [chn.wān][archaic; (also wān, to be curved); rare]

32.297 塇 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be bright); rare]

32.298 塈 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be firm); rare]

32.299 塉 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be dry); rare]

32.300 塊 [chn.kuài][eng.traditional variant of 块 (piece; lump)][(Skt. khaṇḍa = piece)]

32.301 塋 [chn.yíng][archaic variant of 茔 (grave; tomb)][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

32.302 塌 [chn.tā][eng.to collapse; to fall; (also tā, (surname))][(Skt. patana = collapse)]

32.303 塍 [chn.chéng][eng.ridge; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

32.304 塎 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be level); rare]

32.305 塏 [chn.kǎi][archaic; (also kǎi, to be high); rare]

32.306 塐 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be level); rare]

32.307 塑 [chn.sù][eng.to mold; to sculpt; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. ghaṭana = molding)]

32.308 塒 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, to be time); rare]

32.309 塓 [chn.mì][archaic; (also mì, to be dark); rare]

32.310 塔 [chn.tǎ][eng.pagoda; tower; (also tǎ, (surname))][skt.stūpa; (Skt. thūpa = stupa)]

32.311 塕 [chn.wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be dusty); rare]

32.312 塖 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be level); rare]

32.313 塗 [chn.tú][eng.traditional variant of 涂 (to apply; to smear; mud)][(Skt. lepana = smearing)]

32.314 塘 [chn.táng][eng.pond; dike; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. taḍāga = pond)]

32.315 塙 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be high); rare]

32.316 塚 [chn.zhǒng][eng.Japanese variant of 冢 (grave; mound)][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

32.317 塛 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be level); rare]

32.318 塜 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be high); rare]

32.319 塝 [chn.bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to be level); rare]

32.320 塞 [chn.sāi][eng.to plug; to block; to fill; (also sài, fortress)][(Skt. avarodha = blocking)]

32.321 塟 [chn.zàng][archaic variant of 葬 (to bury; funeral)][(Skt. śmaśāna = burial)]

32.322 塠 [chn.duī][archaic; (also duī, to pile); rare]

32.323 塡 [chn.tián][archaic variant of 填 (to fill; to stuff)][(Skt. pūraṇa = filling)]

32.324 塢 [chn.wù][eng.traditional variant of 坞 (dock; fortress)]

32.325 塣 [chn.zhèng][archaic; (also zhèng, to be level); rare]

32.326 塤 [chn.xūn][archaic variant of 埙 (ancient instrument)]

32.327 塥 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to be hard); rare]

32.328 塦 [chn.zhèn][archaic variant of 陣 (battle array)][(Skt. vyūha = array)]

32.329 塧 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be narrow); rare]

32.330 塨 [chn.gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be firm); rare]

32.331 塩 [chn.yán][eng.Japanese variant of 鹽 (salt)][(Skt. lavaṇa = salt)]

32.332 塪 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be deep); rare]

32.333 填 [chn.tián][eng.to fill; to stuff; (also tián, (surname))][(Skt. pūraṇa = filling)]

32.334 塬 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be level); rare]

32.335 塭 [chn.wēn][archaic; (also wēn, to be warm); rare]

32.336 塮 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be level); rare]

32.337 塯 [chn.liù][archaic; (also liù, to be level); rare]

32.338 塰 [chn.hǎi][eng.Japanese kokuji; sea; (also hǎi, (surname))]

32.339 塱 [chn.lǎng][archaic; (also lǎng, to be bright); rare]

32.340 塲 [chn.cháng][archaic variant of 場 (field; place)][(Skt. kṣetra = field)]

32.341 塳 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be dusty); rare]

32.342 塴 [chn.bèng][archaic; (also bèng, to be level); rare]

32.343 塵 [chn.chén][eng.traditional variant of 尘 (dust)][(Skt. rajas = dust)]

32.344 塶 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be level); rare]

32.345 塷 [chn.lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be salty); rare]

32.346 塸 [chn.ōu][archaic; (also ōu, to be hollow); rare]

32.347 塹 [chn.qiàn][eng.traditional variant of 堑 (moat)][(Skt. parikhā = moat)]

32.348 塺 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be dusty); rare]

32.349 塻 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be level); rare]

32.350 塼 [chn.zhuān][archaic variant of 磚 (brick)][(Skt. iṣṭakā = brick)]

32.351 塽 [chn.shuǎng][archaic; (also shuǎng, to be bright); rare]

32.352 塾 [chn.shú][eng.school; private school; (also shú, (surname))][(Skt. vidyālaya = school)]

32.353 塿 [chn.lǒu][archaic; (also lǒu, to be level); rare]

32.354 墀 [chn.chí][archaic; (also chí, to be level); rare]

32.355 墁 [chn.màn][eng.to plaster; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. lepana = plastering)]

32.356 墂 [chn.biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be high); rare]

32.357 境 [chn.jìng][eng.boundary; territory; situation; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. viṣaya = territory)]

32.358 墄 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to be level); rare]

32.359 墅 [chn.shù][eng.villa; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. prāsāda = villa)]

32.360 墆 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be level); rare]

32.361 墇 [chn.zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be level); rare]

32.362 墈 [chn.kàn][archaic; (also kàn, to be high); rare]

32.363 墉 [chn.yōng][eng.wall; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = wall)]

32.364 墊 [chn.diàn][eng.traditional variant of 垫 (cushion; to pad)][(Skt. āsana = cushion)]

32.365 墋 [chn.chěn][archaic; (also chěn, to be dirty); rare]

32.366 墌 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be level); rare]

32.367 墍 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be firm); rare]

32.368 墎 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to be level); rare]

32.369 墏 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be high); rare]

32.370 墐 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be firm); rare]

32.371 墑 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be level); rare]

32.372 墒 [chn.shāng][archaic; (also shāng, to be fertile); rare]

32.373 墓 [chn.mù][eng.grave; tomb; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

32.374 墔 [chn.cuī][archaic; (also cuī, to be high); rare]

32.375 墕 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be dark); rare]

32.376 墖 [chn.tǎ][archaic variant of 塔 (pagoda; tower)][skt.stūpa; (Skt. thūpa = stupa)]

32.377 増 [chn.zēng][eng.Japanese variant of 增 (to increase)][(Skt. vṛddhi = increase)]

32.378 墘 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qián, to be level); rare]

32.379 墙 [chn.qiáng][eng.wall; (also qiáng, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = wall)]

32.380 墚 [chn.liáng][archaic; (also liáng, to be level); rare]

32.381 墛 [chn.wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be dark); rare]

32.382 墜 [chn.zhuì][eng.traditional variant of 坠 (to fall; to drop)][(Skt. patana = falling)]

32.383 墝 [chn.qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to be high); rare]

32.384 增 [chn.zēng][eng.to increase; (also zēng, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddhi = increase)]

32.385 墟 [chn.xū][eng.ruins; mound; (also xū, (surname))][(Skt. stūpa = mound)]

32.386 墠 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be level); rare]

32.387 墡 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be level); rare]

32.388 墢 [chn.fá][archaic; (also fá, to be plowed); rare]

32.389 墣 [chn.pú][archaic; (also pú, to be level); rare]

32.390 墤 [chn.kuài][archaic; (also kuài, to be level); rare]

32.391 墥 [chn.duǎn][archaic; (also duǎn, to be level); rare]

32.392 墦 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be level); rare]

32.393 墧 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be high); rare]

32.394 墨 [chn.mò][eng.ink; black; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. māṣī = ink)]

32.395 墩 [chn.dūn][eng.block; mound; (also dūn, (surname))][(Skt. stūpa = mound)]

32.396 墪 [chn.dūn][archaic variant of 墩 (block; mound)][(Skt. stūpa = mound)]

32.397 墫 [chn.zūn][archaic; (also zūn, to be high); rare]

32.398 墬 [chn.dì][archaic variant of 地 (earth; ground)][skt.pṛthivī; (Skt. bhūmi = earth)]

32.399 墭 [chn.shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be high); rare]

32.400 墮 [chn.duò][eng.traditional variant of 堕 (to fall; to sink)][(Skt. patana = falling)]

32.401 墯 [chn.duò][archaic variant of 堕 (to fall)][(Skt. patana = falling)]

32.402 墰 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be level); rare]

32.403 墱 [chn.dèng][archaic; (also dèng, to be high); rare]

32.404 墲 [chn.wú][archaic; (also wú, to be level); rare]

32.405 墳 [chn.fén][eng.traditional variant of 坟 (grave; tomb)][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

32.406 墴 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be bright); rare]

32.407 墵 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be level); rare]

32.408 墶 [chn.dā][archaic; (also dā, to be level); rare]

32.409 墷 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be level); rare]

32.410 墸 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be level); rare]

32.411 墹 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be steep); rare]

32.412 墺 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be deep); rare]

32.413 墻 [chn.qiáng][archaic variant of 墙 (wall)][(Skt. prākāra = wall)]

32.414 墼 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be firm); rare]

32.415 墽 [chn.qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to be high); rare]

32.416 墾 [chn.kěn][eng.traditional variant of 垦 (to cultivate; to reclaim)][(Skt. kṛṣi = cultivation)]

32.417 墿 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be level); rare]

32.418 壀 [chn.pì][archaic; (also pì, to be level); rare]

32.419 壁 [chn.bì][eng.wall; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = wall)]

32.420 壂 [chn.diàn][archaic; (also diàn, to be level); rare]

32.421 壃 [chn.jiāng][archaic variant of 疆 (boundary; territory)][(Skt. sīmā = boundary)]

32.422 壄 [chn.yě][archaic variant of 野 (field; wilderness)][(Skt. araṇya = wilderness)]

32.423 壅 [chn.yōng][eng.to block; to obstruct; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. avarodha = obstructing)]

32.424 壆 [chn.xué][archaic; (also xué, to be firm); rare]

32.425 壇 [chn.tán][eng.traditional variant of 坛 (altar; platform)][(Skt. vedī = altar)]

32.426 壈 [chn.lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be level); rare]

32.427 壉 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be high); rare]

32.428 壊 [chn.huài][eng.Japanese variant of 壞 (bad; broken; to spoil)][(Skt. duṣṭa = bad)]

32.429 壋 [chn.dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be level); rare]

32.430 壌 [chn.rǎng][eng.Japanese variant of 壤 (soil; earth)][(Skt. pṛthivī = soil)]

32.431 壍 [chn.qiàn][archaic variant of 堑 (moat)][(Skt. parikhā = moat)]

32.432 壎 [chn.xūn][archaic variant of 埙 (ancient instrument)]

32.433 壏 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be level); rare]

32.434 壐 [chn.xǐ][archaic variant of 璽 (imperial seal)][(Skt. mudrā = seal)]

32.435 壑 [chn.hè][eng.ravine; (also hè, (surname))][(Skt. garta = ravine)]

32.436 壒 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be dusty); rare]

32.437 壓 [chn.yā][eng.traditional variant of 压 (to press; to weigh down)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

32.438 壔 [chn.dǎo][archaic; (also dǎo, to be high); rare]

32.439 壕 [chn.háo][eng.moat; (also háo, (surname))][(Skt. parikhā = moat)]

32.440 壖 [chn.ruán][archaic; (also ruán, to be level); rare]

32.441 壗 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be firm); rare]

32.442 壘 [chn.lěi][eng.traditional variant of 垒 (rampart; to pile up)][(Skt. prākāra = rampart)]

32.443 壙 [chn.kuàng][eng.traditional variant of 圹 (tomb; wilderness)]

32.444 壚 [chn.lú][eng.traditional variant of 垆 (black soil)]

32.445 壛 [chn.yán][archaic; (also yán, to be level); rare]

32.446 壜 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be level); rare]

32.447 壝 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be high); rare]

32.448 壞 [chn.huài][eng.traditional variant of 坏 (bad; broken; to spoil)][(Skt. duṣṭa = bad)]

32.449 壟 [chn.lǒng][eng.traditional variant of 垄 (ridge; mound)][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

32.450 壠 [chn.lǒng][archaic variant of 壟 (ridge; mound)][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

32.451 壡 [chn.ruì][archaic variant of 睿 (wise; astute)][(Skt. vidvān = wise)]

32.452 壢 [chn.lì][eng.traditional variant of 坜 (archaic)]

32.453 壣 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be level); rare]

32.454 壤 [chn.rǎng][eng.soil; earth; (also rǎng, (surname))][(Skt. pṛthivī = soil)]

32.455 壥 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be level); rare]

32.456 壦 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be level); rare]

32.457 壧 [chn.yán][archaic; (also yán, to be level); rare]

32.458 壨 [chn.lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to pile); rare]

32.459 壩 [chn.bà][eng.traditional variant of 坝 (dam)][(Skt. setu = dam)]

32.460 壪 [chn.wān][archaic; (also wān, to be curved); rare]

32.461 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 32 (土)

32.462 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

32.463 32.1 土 (tǔ) [skt.pṛthivī; bhūmi] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) pṛthivī (earth, soil) — one of the five elements (mahā-bhūta) in Buddhist cosmology. (2) bhūmi (ground, land, stage) — appears in the Bodhisattva path literature as the ten bhūmi (十地, ten stages). The character is central to Buddhist cosmology and path literature.

32.464 32.5 圣 (shèng) [skt.ārya; buddha] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ārya (noble, holy) — appears in 聖諦 (ārya-satya, noble truth). (2) buddha (sage, enlightened one) — the character is used for "sage" and "holy." It appears in 聖人 (ārya-pudgala, noble person) and is one of the key terms for the enlightened ones.

32.465 32.10 在 (zài) [skt.sthita] — Translates sthita (existing, situated, being). The character appears in 存在 (sthita, to exist). In Buddhist philosophy, it appears in discussions of existence and the nature of reality.

32.466 32.18 地 (dì) [skt.pṛthivī; bhūmi] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) pṛthivī (earth) as an element. (2) bhūmi (ground, stage) — appears in the ten bhūmi of the Bodhisattva path. The character appears in 地藏 (Kṣitigarbha, Earth Treasury), one of the major bodhisattvas, and in 地獄 (naraka, hell).

32.467 32.41 均 (jūn) [skt.sama] — Translates sama (equal, even). The character appears in 平均 (sama, average). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of equanimity (upekṣā).

32.468 32.49 坏 (huài) [skt.duṣṭa] — Translates duṣṭa (bad, broken, spoiled). The character appears in 壞 (duṣṭa, bad). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the defiled mind.

32.469 32.50 坐 (zuò) [skt.āsana] — Translates āsana (sitting, seat). The character appears in 坐禅 (zazen, sitting meditation), the central practice of Zen Buddhism. The Buddha’s enlightenment occurred while sitting in meditation.

32.470 32.60 坚 (jiān) [skt.dṛḍha] — Translates dṛḍha (firm, hard, solid). The character appears in 坚固 (dṛḍha, firm). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of firm faith (dṛḍha-śraddhā).

32.471 32.65 坟 (fén) [skt.śmaśāna] — Translates śmaśāna (grave, cremation ground). The character appears in 坟墓 (śmaśāna, grave). In Buddhist contexts, the śmaśāna is a place for contemplation of impermanence.

32.472 32.70 坤 (kūn) [skt.pṛthivī; śakti] — Translates two roots. (1) pṛthivī (earth). (2) śakti (female principle). The character appears in the I Ching as the earth trigram.

32.473 32.109 型 (xíng) [skt.pratirūpa] — Translates pratirūpa (model, type, pattern). The character appears in 模型 (pratirūpa, model). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s model for practice.

32.474 32.132 垢 (gòu) [skt.mala] — Translates mala (dirt, filth, impurity). The character appears in 塵垢 (mala, dust/dirt). In Buddhist philosophy, mala is used metaphorically for mental defilements.

32.475 32.220 基 (jī) [skt.mūla] — Translates mūla (base, foundation). The character appears in 基礎 (mūla, foundation). In Buddhist contexts, mūla appears in 根本 (mūla, root), the foundation of all things.

32.476 32.243 堑 (qiàn) [skt.parikhā] — Translates parikhā (moat, trench). The character appears in descriptions of cities and fortifications in Buddhist texts.

32.477 32.310 塔 (tǎ) [skt.stūpa; thūpa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) stūpa (pagoda, reliquary mound) — the most important Buddhist monument. (2) thūpa (stupa) — the Pali equivalent. The character appears in 佛塔 (buddha-stūpa, pagoda) and is central to Buddhist architecture and devotional practice.

32.478 32.320 塞 (sāi) [skt.avarodha] — Translates avarodha (blocking, obstruction). The character appears in 堵塞 (avarodha, to block). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of obstacles to practice.

32.479 32.357 境 (jìng) [skt.viṣaya] — Translates viṣaya (territory, realm, object). The character appears in 境界 (viṣaya, realm/state). In Buddhist philosophy, viṣaya is the object of perception, one of the key terms in epistemology.

32.480 32.384 增 (zēng) [skt.vṛddhi] — Translates vṛddhi (increase, growth). The character appears in 增加 (vṛddhi, to increase). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the increase of wholesome qualities.

32.481 32.394 墨 (mò) [skt.māṣī] — Translates māṣī (ink). The character appears in 墨水 (māṣī, ink). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of manuscript writing and calligraphy.

32.482 32.419 壁 (bì) [skt.prākāra] — Translates prākāra (wall). The character appears in 墙壁 (prākāra, wall). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic walls and boundaries.

32.483 32.448 壞 (huài) [skt.duṣṭa] — Traditional variant of 坏. Translates duṣṭa (bad, broken). See Character 32.49.

32.484 32.454 壤 (rǎng) [skt.pṛthivī] — Translates pṛthivī (soil, earth). The character appears in 土壤 (pṛthivī, soil). See also Character 32.1.

33 士

33.1 士 [chn.shì][eng.scholar; officer; gentleman; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. vidvān = scholar)]

33.2 壬 [chn.rén][eng.ninth celestial stem; (also rén, (surname))][(Skt. nava = ninth)]

33.3 壭 [chn.san][archaic; (also san, to be scattered); rare]

33.4 壮 [chn.zhuàng][eng.strong; robust; magnificent; (also zhuàng, (surname))][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

33.5 壯 [chn.zhuàng][eng.traditional variant of 壮 (strong; robust; magnificent)][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

33.6 声 [chn.shēng][eng.sound; voice; tone; (also shēng, (surname))][(Skt. śabda = sound)]

33.7 壱 [chn.yī][eng.Japanese variant of 壹 (one; unified)][(Skt. eka = one)]

33.8 売 [chn.mài][eng.Japanese variant of 賣 (to sell)][(Skt. vikraya = selling)]

33.9 壳 [chn.ké][eng.shell; husk; (also qiào, to be hard)][(Skt. kośa = shell)]

33.10 壴 [chn.zhǔ][archaic; (also zhǔ, to stand); rare]

33.11 壵 [chn.zhuàng][archaic variant of 壯 (strong; robust)][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

33.12 壶 [chn.hú][eng.pot; kettle; bottle; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = pot)]

33.13 壷 [chn.hú][eng.Japanese variant of 壺 (pot; kettle)][(Skt. kumbha = pot)]

33.14 壸 [chn.kǔn][archaic; (also kǔn, to be noble); rare]

33.15 壹 [chn.yī][eng.one; unified; (also yī, (surname))][(Skt. eka = one)]

33.16 壺 [chn.hú][eng.traditional variant of 壶 (pot; kettle)][(Skt. kumbha = pot)]

33.17 壻 [chn.xù][archaic variant of 婿 (son-in-law)][(Skt. jāmātā = son-in-law)]

33.18 壼 [chn.kǔn][archaic variant of 壸 (archaic)]

33.19 壽 [chn.shòu][eng.traditional variant of 寿 (longevity; life)][(Skt. āyuṣ = longevity)]

33.20 壾 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be large); rare]

33.21 壿 [chn.cún][archaic; (also cún, to be firm); rare]

33.22 夀 [chn.shòu][archaic variant of 壽 (longevity; life)][(Skt. āyuṣ = longevity)]

33.23 夁 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to be one); rare]

33.24 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 33 (士)

33.25 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

33.26 33.1 士 (shì) [skt.vidvān] — Translates vidvān (scholar, wise person). The character appears in 士人 (vidvān, scholar). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of learned practitioners and the scholarly tradition.

33.27 33.4 壮 (zhuàng) [skt.balavat] — Translates balavat (strong, robust). The character appears in 壮士 (balavat, strong man). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of spiritual strength.

33.28 33.6 声 (shēng) [skt.śabda] — Translates śabda (sound, voice). The character appears in 声音 (śabda, sound). In Buddhist philosophy, śabda is the object of the ear consciousness (śrotra-vijñāna).

33.29 33.9 壳 (ké) [skt.kośa] — Translates kośa (shell, husk). The character appears in 外壳 (kośa, outer shell). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the outer covering of things.

33.30 33.12 壶 (hú) [skt.kumbha] — Translates kumbha (pot, kettle). The character appears in descriptions of vessels and containers in Vinaya.

33.31 33.19 壽 (shòu) [skt.āyuṣ] — Translates āyuṣ (longevity, life). The character appears in 長壽 (āyuṣ, longevity). In Buddhist contexts, longevity is one of the marks of a Buddha.

34 夂

34.1 夂 [chn.zhǐ][eng.to go; to walk slowly; to follow; radical 34][(Skt. gamana = going)]

34.2 夃 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be surplus); rare]

34.3 夅 [chn.jiàng][archaic variant of 降 (to descend; to subdue)][(Skt. avataraṇa = descending)]

34.4 夆 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to encounter); rare]

34.5 备 [chn.bèi][eng.to prepare; to equip; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. sajjā = preparation)]

34.6 夈 [chn.zhāi][archaic; (also zhāi, to be frugal); rare]

34.7 変 [chn.biàn][eng.Japanese variant of 變 (to change; to transform)][(Skt. parivarta = change)]

34.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 34 (夂)

34.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

34.10 34.1 夂 (zhǐ) [skt.gamana] — The radical itself; represents "to go" or "to walk slowly." Translates gamana (going, movement). Appears in many characters related to movement.

34.11 34.5 备 (bèi) [skt.sajjā] — Translates sajjā (preparation, equipment). The character appears in 准备 (sajjā, to prepare). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of preparing for practice.

35 夊

35.1 夊 [chn.suī][eng.to walk slowly; to go slowly; (also suī, to drag)][(Skt. vilambana = slowness)]

35.2 夋 [chn.qūn][archaic; (also qūn, to loiter); rare]

35.3 夌 [chn.líng][archaic variant of 凌 (to insult; to rise; ice)][(Skt. avajñā = insult)]

35.4 复 [chn.fù][eng.to return; to repeat; again; (also fù, to reply; to restore)][(Skt. punar = again; Skt. nivartana = return)]

35.5 夎 [chn.cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to be bent); rare]

35.6 夏 [chn.xià][eng.summer; (also xià, (surname))][(Skt. grīṣma = summer)]

35.7 夐 [chn.xiòng][archaic; (also xiòng, to be distant); rare]

35.8 夑 [chn.xiè][archaic variant of 燮 (to harmonize; to blend)][(Skt. samāropa = harmonization)]

35.9 夒 [chn.náo][archaic variant of 猱 (monkey)][(Skt. markaṭa = monkey)]

35.10 夓 [chn.xià][archaic variant of 夏 (summer)][(Skt. grīṣma = summer)]

35.11 夔 [chn.kuí][eng.my thical one-legged creature; (also kuí, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣasa = demon)]

35.12 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 35 (夊)

35.13 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

35.14 35.1 夊 (suī) [skt.vilambana] — The radical itself; represents "to walk slowly" or "to drag." Translates vilambana (slowness, delay).

35.15 35.4 复 (fù) [skt.punar; nivartana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) punar (again) appears in 反复 (punar, to repeat). (2) nivartana (return) appears in 恢复 (nivartana, to restore). The character appears in 復活 (nivartana, to revive) and in descriptions of returning to the path.

35.16 35.6 夏 (xià) [skt.grīṣma] — Translates grīṣma (summer). The character appears in seasonal descriptions. In Buddhist contexts, summer is the season of the rains retreat (vassa).

35.17 35.11 夔 (kuí) [skt.rakṣasa] — Translates rakṣasa (demon, mythical creature). The character appears in classical texts as a one-legged creature. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of demonic beings.

36 夕

36.1 夕 [chn.xī][eng.evening; sunset; dusk; (also xī, (surname))][skt.sāyaṃ; (Skt. rātri = night)]

36.2 外 [chn.wài][eng.outside; external; foreign; (also wài, (surname))][skt.bāhya; (Skt. paratantra = external)]

36.3 夗 [chn.yuàn][archaic; (also yuàn, to lie down); rare]

36.4 夘 [chn.mǎo][archaic variant of 卯 (fourth earthly branch)]

36.5 夙 [chn.sù][eng.early morning; former; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. prātaḥ = early morning)]

36.6 多 [chn.duō][eng.many; much; more; (also duō, (surname))][skt.bahu; (Skt. adhika = more)]

36.7 夛 [chn.duō][eng.Japanese variant of 多 (many; much)][skt.bahu; (Skt. adhika = more)]

36.8 夜 [chn.yè][eng.night; (also yè, (surname))][skt.rātri; (Skt. niśā = night)]

36.9 夝 [chn.qíng][archaic variant of 晴 (clear; fine weather)]

36.10 夞 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be dark); rare]

36.11 够 [chn.gòu][eng.enough; sufficient; (also gòu, (surname))][(Skt. paryāpta = sufficient)]

36.12 夠 [chn.gòu][eng.traditional variant of 够 (enough; sufficient)][(Skt. paryāpta = sufficient)]

36.13 夡 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be numerous); rare]

36.14 夢 [chn.mèng][eng.traditional variant of 梦 (dream; to dream)][skt.svapna; (Skt. svapna = dream)]

36.15 夣 [chn.mèng][archaic variant of 夢 (dream; to dream)][skt.svapna; (Skt. svapna = dream)]

36.16 夤 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be deep; profound); rare][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. gahana = profound)]

36.17 夥 [chn.huǒ][eng.many; numerous; (also huǒ, (surname))][skt.bahu; (Skt. prabhūta = numerous)]

36.18 夦 [chn.chěn][archaic; (also chěn, to be numerous); rare]

36.19 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 36 (夕)

36.20 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

36.21 36.1 夕 (xī) [skt.sāyaṃ; rātri] — Translates two roots. (1) sāyaṃ (evening, dusk) appears in 夕陽 (sāyaṃ, evening sun). (2) rātri (night) appears in the same sense. The character appears in temporal descriptions in Buddhist texts.

36.22 36.2 外 (wài) [skt.bāhya; paratantra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) bāhya (outside, external) appears in 外面 (bāhya, outside). (2) paratantra (external, dependent on others) appears in the same sense. The character is central to Buddhist psychology, where it distinguishes internal (adhyātma) from external (bāhya) objects. It appears in 外道 (tīrthika, non-Buddhist), a term for those outside the Buddhist path.

36.23 36.5 夙 (sù) [skt.prātaḥ] — Translates prātaḥ (early morning). The character appears in 夙夜 (prātaḥ, early morning and night), used in descriptions of diligent practice.

36.24 36.6 多 (duō) [skt.bahu; adhika] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) bahu (many, much) appears in 多數 (bahu, many). (2) adhika (more, additional) appears in 多餘 (adhika, excessive). The character appears in 多聞 (bahu-śruta, learned), one of the qualities of a good monk.

36.25 36.8 夜 (yè) [skt.rātri; niśā] — Translates two roots. (1) rātri (night) appears in 夜晚 (rātri, night). (2) niśā (night) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s enlightenment, which occurred during the night.

36.26 36.11 够 (gòu) [skt.paryāpta] — Translates paryāpta (sufficient, enough). The character appears in 足够 (paryāpta, sufficient). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the sufficient conditions for enlightenment.

36.27 36.14 夢 (mèng) [skt.svapna] — CRITICAL — Translates svapna (dream). The character appears in 夢幻 (svapna-māyā, dream and illusion), a key metaphor in Mahāyāna philosophy for the illusory nature of reality. The svapna is one of the eight similes of illusion (māyā-upamā).

36.28 36.17 夥 (huǒ) [skt.bahu; prabhūta] — Translates two roots. (1) bahu (many). (2) prabhūta (numerous, abundant). The character appears in 夥伴 (bahu, companion), used for "many" and "numerous."

37 大

37.1 大 [chn.dà][eng.big; great; large; (also dài, (surname))][skt.mahā; (Skt. bṛhat = great)]

37.2 夨 [chn.zè][archaic variant of 仄 (slanting; oblique); rare]

37.3 天 [chn.tiān][eng.heaven; sky; day; (also tiān, (surname))][skt.deva; (Skt. ākāśa = sky)]

37.4 太 [chn.tài][eng.too; very; extreme; (also tài, (surname))][skt.ati; (Skt. parama = extreme)]

37.5 夫 [chn.fū][eng.man; husband; worker; (also fú, particle)][skt.puruṣa; (Skt. bhartā = husband)]

37.6 夬 [chn.guài][archaic; (also guài, to divide); rare]

37.7 夭 [chn.yāo][eng.to die young; to wither; (also yāo, (surname))][(Skt. apakva = immature)]

37.8 央 [chn.yāng][eng.center; middle; to entreat; (also yāng, (surname))][skt.madhya; (Skt. kendra = center)]

37.9 夯 [chn.hāng][eng.to ram; to tamp; (also bèn, to be clumsy)]

37.10 夰 [chn.gǎo][archaic; (also gǎo, to be bright); rare]

37.11 失 [chn.shī][eng.to lose; to miss; to fail; (also shī, (surname))][(Skt. naṣṭa = lost)]

37.12 夲 [chn.tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be quick); rare]

37.13 夳 [chn.tài][archaic variant of 太 (too; very)][skt.ati; (Skt. parama = extreme)]

37.14 头 [chn.tóu][eng.head; top; beginning; (also tóu, (surname))][skt.śiras; (Skt. mastaka = head)]

37.15 夵 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be small); rare]

37.16 夶 [chn.bǐ][archaic variant of 比 (to compare)][(Skt. upamā = comparison)]

37.17 夷 [chn.yí][eng.foreign; level; to raze; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. sama = level; Skt. mleccha = foreigner)]

37.18 夸 [chn.kuā][eng.to boast; to exaggerate; (also kuā, (surname))][(Skt. ślāghā = boasting)]

37.19 夹 [chn.jiā][eng.to press; to clip; (also jiá, to be double)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

37.20 夺 [chn.duó][eng.to seize; to take by force; (also duó, (surname))][(Skt. apahāra = seizing)]

37.21 夻 [chn.huà][archaic; (also huà, to be big); rare]

37.22 夼 [chn.kuǎng][archaic; (also kuǎng, to be large); rare]

37.23 夽 [chn.yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to be great); rare]

37.24 夾 [chn.jiā][eng.traditional variant of 夹 (to press; to clip)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

37.25 夿 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be big); rare]

37.26 奀 [chn.ēn][archaic; (also ēn, to be small); rare]

37.27 奁 [chn.lián][eng.vanity case; (also lián, (surname))]

37.28 奂 [chn.huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be grand); rare]

37.29 奃 [chn.dī][archaic; (also dī, to be great); rare]

37.30 奄 [chn.yǎn][eng.to cover; to include; suddenly; (also yǎn, (surname))][(Skt. ācchādana = covering)]

37.31 奅 [chn.pào][archaic; (also pào, to be big); rare]

37.32 奆 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be great); rare]

37.33 奇 [chn.qí][eng.strange; odd; miraculous; (also jī, odd number)][(Skt. āścarya = miraculous)]

37.34 奈 [chn.nài][eng.how; to bear; (also nài, (surname))][(Skt. katham = how)]

37.35 奉 [chn.fèng][eng.to present; to offer; to receive; (also fèng, (surname))][(Skt. pūjā = offering)]

37.36 奊 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be crooked); rare]

37.37 奋 [chn.fèn][eng.to strive; to exert; (also fèn, (surname))][(Skt. prayatna = exertion)]

37.38 奌 [chn.diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to be bright); rare]

37.39 奍 [chn.quān][archaic; (also quān, to be big); rare]

37.40 奎 [chn.kuí][archaic; (also kuí, (surname)); rare]

37.41 奏 [chn.zòu][eng.to present; to submit; to play; (also zòu, (surname))][(Skt. upasthāpana = presenting)]

37.42 奐 [chn.huàn][archaic variant of 奂 (grand)]

37.43 契 [chn.qì][eng.contract; bond; to agree; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. saṃdhi = bond)]

37.44 奒 [chn.kāi][archaic; (also kāi, to be great); rare]

37.45 奓 [chn.zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to be great); rare]

37.46 奔 [chn.bēn][eng.to run; to hurry; to flee; (also bèn, to go towards)][(Skt. dhāvati = running)]

37.47 奕 [chn.yì][eng.grand; great; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = grand)]

37.48 奖 [chn.jiǎng][eng.to prize; to award; to encourage; (also jiǎng, (surname))][(Skt. dāna = award)]

37.49 套 [chn.tào][eng.cover; case; to cover; (also tào, (surname))][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = cover)]

37.50 奘 [chn.zhuǎng][eng.strong; great; (also zàng, (surname))][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

37.51 奙 [chn.běn][archaic; (also běn, to be great); rare]

37.52 奚 [chn.xī][eng.why; how; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. katham = how)]

37.53 奛 [chn.huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be bright); rare]

37.54 奜 [chn.fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be great); rare]

37.55 奝 [chn.diāo][archaic; (also diāo, to be great); rare]

37.56 奞 [chn.xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to be great); rare]

37.57 奟 [chn.bēng][archaic; (also bēng, to be great); rare]

37.58 奠 [chn.diàn][eng.to establish; to offer; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. sthāpana = establishment)]

37.59 奡 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be proud); rare]

37.60 奢 [chn.shē][eng.extravagant; luxury; (also shē, (surname))][(Skt. vibhava = luxury)]

37.61 奣 [chn.wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be bright); rare]

37.62 奤 [chn.pò][archaic; (also pò, to be great); rare]

37.63 奥 [chn.ào][eng.profound; mysterious; (also ào, (surname))][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. gahana = profound)]

37.64 奦 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be great); rare]

37.65 奧 [chn.ào][eng.traditional variant of 奥 (profound; mysterious)][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. gahana = profound)]

37.66 奨 [chn.jiǎng][eng.Japanese variant of 獎 (to prize; to encourage)][(Skt. dāna = award)]

37.67 奩 [chn.lián][eng.traditional variant of 奁 (vanity case)]

37.68 奪 [chn.duó][eng.traditional variant of 夺 (to seize; to take by force)][(Skt. apahāra = seizing)]

37.69 奫 [chn.yūn][archaic; (also yūn, to be deep); rare]

37.70 奬 [chn.jiǎng][archaic variant of 獎 (to prize; to encourage)][(Skt. dāna = award)]

37.71 奭 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be grand); rare]

37.72 奮 [chn.fèn][eng.traditional variant of 奋 (to strive; to exert)][(Skt. prayatna = exertion)]

37.73 奯 [chn.huò][archaic; (also huò, to be great); rare]

37.74 奰 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be angry); rare]

37.75 奱 [chn.luán][archaic; (also luán, to be great); rare]

37.76 奲 [chn.duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to be broad); rare]

37.77 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 37 (大)

37.78 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

37.79 37.1 大 (dà) [skt.mahā; bṛhat] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) mahā (great) — appears in Mahāyāna (大乘, Great Vehicle), Mahākāruṇā (大悲, Great Compassion), Mahāprajñā (大智慧, Great Wisdom). (2) bṛhat (great) appears in the same sense. The character is one of the most important in Buddhist texts, appearing in countless compound terms.

37.80 37.3 天 (tiān) [skt.deva; ākāśa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) deva (heavenly, celestial being) appears in 天人 (deva, celestial being) and 天界 (deva-loka, heaven realm). (2) ākāśa (sky, space) appears in 天空 (ākāśa, sky). The character appears in the Buddhist cosmology of the six realms (ṣaḍ-gati), which includes the heavenly realm (deva).

37.81 37.4 太 (tài) [skt.ati; parama] — Translates two roots. (1) ati (too, very, excessively) appears in 太超過 (ati, excessive). (2) parama (extreme, supreme) appears in 太初 (parama, beginning). The character appears in 太陽 (sūrya, sun) and in descriptions of the extreme.

37.82 37.5 夫 (fū) [skt.puruṣa; bhartā] — Translates two roots. (1) puruṣa (man, person) appears in 丈夫 (puruṣa, man). (2) bhartā (husband) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 凡夫 (pṛthagjana, ordinary person), one of the most important terms in Buddhist anthropology.

37.83 37.8 央 (yāng) [skt.madhya; kendra] — Translates two roots. (1) madhya (center, middle) appears in 中央 (madhya, center). (2) kendra (center) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of the center of the Buddha’s teachings.

37.84 37.11 失 (shī) [skt.naṣṭa] — Translates naṣṭa (lost, missing). The character appears in 失去 (naṣṭa, to lose). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of losing the way or losing the Dharma.

37.85 37.14 头 (tóu) [skt.śiras; mastaka] — Translates two roots. (1) śiras (head) appears in 頭部 (śiras, head). (2) mastaka (head, top) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 頭陀 (dhūta, ascetic practice), the term for the ascetic practices of early Buddhism.

37.86 37.17 夷 (yí) [skt.sama; mleccha] — Translates two roots. (1) sama (level, even) appears in 夷平 (sama, to level). (2) mleccha (foreigner, barbarian) appears in the same sense. The character appears in historical contexts describing foreign peoples.

37.87 37.18 夸 (kuā) [skt.ślāghā] — Translates ślāghā (boasting, exaggeration). The character appears in 誇張 (ślāghā, to boast). In Buddhist ethics, boasting is discouraged as a form of pride.

37.88 37.20 夺 (duó) [skt.apahāra] — Translates apahāra (seizing, taking by force). The character appears in 爭奪 (apahāra, to seize). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of non-attachment.

37.89 37.30 奄 (yǎn) [skt.ācchādana] — Translates ācchādana (covering, including). The character appears in 奄奄 (ācchādana, to cover). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of covering.

37.90 37.33 奇 (qí) [skt.āścarya] — Translates āścarya (miraculous, strange, wonderful). The character appears in 奇蹟 (āścarya, miracle). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s miraculous powers.

37.91 37.34 奈 (nài) [skt.katham] — Translates katham (how). The character appears in 奈何 (katham, how). In Buddhist texts, it appears in questions.

37.92 37.35 奉 (fèng) [skt.pūjā] — Translates pūjā (offering, worship). The character appears in 奉獻 (pūjā, to offer). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of offerings to the Buddha.

37.93 37.37 奋 (fèn) [skt.prayatna] — Translates prayatna (exertion, striving). The character appears in 奮鬥 (prayatna, to strive). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of diligent practice.

37.94 37.41 奏 (zòu) [skt.upasthāpana] — Translates upasthāpana (presenting, submitting). The character appears in 奏呈 (upasthāpana, to present). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of presenting offerings.

37.95 37.43 契 (qì) [skt.saṃdhi] — Translates saṃdhi (bond, contract, connection). The character appears in 契約 (saṃdhi, contract). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 契經 (sūtra, scripture), the term for the discourses of the Buddha.

37.96 37.46 奔 (bēn) [skt.dhāvati] — Translates dhāvati (running, hurrying). The character appears in 奔跑 (dhāvati, to run). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of beings running in saṃsāra.

37.97 37.48 奖 (jiǎng) [skt.dāna] — Translates dāna (award, gift). The character appears in 獎勵 (dāna, to encourage). In Buddhist contexts, dāna is the first of the six perfections (pāramitā).

37.98 37.49 套 (tào) [skt.saṃpuṭa] — Translates saṃpuṭa (cover, case). The character appears in 套子 (saṃpuṭa, cover). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of covers and cases.

37.99 37.50 奘 (zhuǎng) [skt.balavat] — Translates balavat (strong, great). The character appears as the name of the famous translator Xuanzang (玄奘), who traveled to India in the 7th century and brought back many Buddhist scriptures.

37.100 37.52 奚 (xī) [skt.katham] — Translates katham (how, why). The character appears in 奚落 (katham, to mock). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in questions.

37.101 37.58 奠 (diàn) [skt.sthāpana] — Translates sthāpana (establishment, offering). The character appears in 奠定 (sthāpana, to establish). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of establishing the Dharma.

37.102 37.60 奢 (shē) [skt.vibhava] — Translates vibhava (luxury, extravagance). The character appears in 奢華 (vibhava, luxury). In Buddhist contexts, extravagance is discouraged in Vinaya.

37.103 37.63 奥 (ào) [skt.gambhīra; gahana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) gambhīra (profound, deep) appears in 深奧 (gambhīra, profound). (2) gahana (deep, mysterious) appears in the same sense. The character appears in descriptions of the profound Dharma and the deep teachings of the Buddha.

38 女

38.1 女 [chn.nǚ][eng.woman; female; daughter; (also rǔ, you)][skt.strī; (Skt. nārī = woman)]

38.2 奴 [chn.nú][eng.slave; servant; (also nú, (surname))][skt.dāsa; (Skt. bhṛtya = servant)]

38.3 奵 [chn.dīng][archaic; (also dīng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.4 奶 [chn.nǎi][eng.breast; milk; (also nǎi, (surname))][skt.stana; (Skt. kṣīra = milk)]

38.5 奷 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.6 奸 [chn.jiān][eng.wicked; evil; treacherous; (also jiān, to commit adultery)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

38.7 她 [chn.tā][eng.she; her; (also tā, (surname))][skt.sā; (Skt. strī = woman)]

38.8 奺 [chn.jiǔ][archaic; (also jiǔ, to be long); rare]

38.9 奻 [chn.nuán][archaic; (also nuán, to argue); rare]

38.10 奼 [chn.chà][archaic; (also chà, to be beautiful); rare]

38.11 好 [chn.hǎo][eng.good; well; nice; (also hào, to like)][(Skt. sādhu = good)]

38.12 奾 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.13 奿 [chn.fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.14 妀 [chn.jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.15 妁 [chn.shuò][eng.to matchmaker; (also shuò, (surname))]

38.16 如 [chn.rú][eng.like; as; if; according to; (also rú, (surname))][skt.yathā; (Skt. tathā = thus)]

38.17 妃 [chn.fēi][eng.consort; imperial concubine; (also fēi, (surname))][(Skt. devī = queen)]

38.18 妄 [chn.wàng][eng.ridiculous; absurd; reckless; (also wàng, (surname))][(Skt. mithyā = false)]

38.19 妅 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.20 妆 [chn.zhuāng][eng.to apply makeup; to adorn; (also zhuāng, (surname))][(Skt. alaṅkāra = adornment)]

38.21 妇 [chn.fù][eng.woman; wife; (also fù, (surname))][skt.strī; (Skt. patnī = wife)]

38.22 妈 [chn.mā][eng.mother; mom; (also mā, (surname))][skt.mātṛ; (Skt. mātā = mother)]

38.23 妉 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.24 妊 [chn.rèn][eng.pregnancy; to conceive; (also rèn, (surname))][(Skt. garbha = pregnancy)]

38.25 妋 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.26 妌 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be quiet); rare]

38.27 妍 [chn.yán][eng.beautiful; elegant; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.28 妎 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.29 妏 [chn.wèn][archaic; (also wèn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.30 妐 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.31 妑 [chn.pā][archaic; (also pā, to be beautiful); rare]

38.32 妒 [chn.dù][eng.to envy; to be jealous; (also dù, (surname))][(Skt. īrṣyā = envy)]

38.33 妓 [chn.jì][eng.prostitute; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. veśyā = prostitute)]

38.34 妔 [chn.kēng][archaic; (also kēng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.35 妕 [chn.zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.36 妖 [chn.yāo][eng.demonic; seductive; (also yāo, (surname))][(Skt. yakṣa = demon)]

38.37 妗 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.38 妘 [chn.yún][eng.surname; (also yún, to be beautiful)]

38.39 妙 [chn.miào][eng.wonderful; excellent; clever; (also miào, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = excellent)]

38.40 妚 [chn.fǒu][archaic; (also fǒu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.41 妛 [chn.chī][archaic; (also chī, to be ugly); rare]

38.42 妜 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.43 妝 [chn.zhuāng][eng.traditional variant of 妆 (to apply makeup)][(Skt. alaṅkāra = adornment)]

38.44 妞 [chn.niū][eng.girl; (also niū, (surname))]

38.45 妟 [chn.yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.46 妠 [chn.nà][archaic; (also nà, to be beautiful); rare]

38.47 妡 [chn.xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.48 妢 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be beautiful); rare]

38.49 妣 [chn.bǐ][eng.deceased mother; (also bǐ, (surname))][(Skt. mātṛ = mother)]

38.50 妤 [chn.yú][eng.beautiful; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.51 妥 [chn.tuǒ][eng.proper; appropriate; ready; (also tuǒ, (surname))][(Skt. yukta = proper)]

38.52 妦 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.53 妧 [chn.wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.54 妨 [chn.fáng][eng.to hinder; to obstruct; (also fáng, (surname))][(Skt. viruddha = obstructing)]

38.55 妩 [chn.wǔ][eng.beautiful; (also wǔ, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.56 妪 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, old woman); rare]

38.57 妫 [chn.guī][eng.surname; (also guī, to be beautiful)]

38.58 妬 [chn.dù][archaic variant of 妒 (to envy)][(Skt. īrṣyā = envy)]

38.59 妭 [chn.bá][archaic; (also bá, to be beautiful); rare]

38.60 妮 [chn.nī][eng.girl; (also nī, (surname))]

38.61 妯 [chn.zhóu][archaic; (also zhóu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.62 妰 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be beautiful); rare]

38.63 妱 [chn.zhāo][archaic; (also zhāo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.64 妲 [chn.dá][archaic; (also dá, (surname)); rare]

38.65 妳 [chn.nǐ][eng.you (female); (also nǎi, (surname))][skt.tvam; (Skt. bhavatī = you)]

38.66 妴 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.67 妵 [chn.tǒu][archaic; (also tǒu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.68 妶 [chn.xuán][archaic; (also xuán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.69 妷 [chn.zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.70 妸 [chn.ē][archaic; (also ē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.71 妹 [chn.mèi][eng.younger sister; (also mèi, (surname))][(Skt. svasṛ = sister)]

38.72 妺 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be beautiful); rare]

38.73 妻 [chn.qī][eng.wife; (also qì, to marry off)][skt.patnī; (Skt. bhāryā = wife)]

38.74 妼 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.75 妽 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.76 妾 [chn.qiè][eng.concubine; (also qiè, (surname))][(Skt. dāsī = concubine)]

38.77 妿 [chn.ē][archaic; (also ē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.78 姀 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be beautiful); rare]

38.79 姁 [chn.xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.80 姂 [chn.fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.81 姃 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.82 姄 [mín][archaic; (also mín, to be beautiful); rare]

38.83 姅 [bàn][archaic; (also bàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.84 姆 [mǔ][eng.governess; (also mǔ, (surname))][(Skt. upādhyāyā = governess)]

38.85 姇 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.86 姈 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.87 姉 [zǐ][eng.Japanese variant of 姊 (elder sister)][(Skt. jyeṣṭha = elder)]

38.88 姊 [zǐ][eng.elder sister; (also zǐ, (surname))][(Skt. jyeṣṭha = elder)]

38.89 始 [shǐ][eng.to begin; to start; (also shǐ, (surname))][(Skt. ādi = beginning)]

38.90 姌 [rǎn][archaic; (also rǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.91 姍 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.92 姎 [yāng][archaic; (also yāng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.93 姏 [mán][archaic; (also mán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.94 姐 [jiě][eng.elder sister; (also jiě, (surname))][(Skt. jyeṣṭha = elder)]

38.95 姑 [gū][eng.aunt; husband’s mother; (also gū, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛvya = aunt)]

38.96 姒 [sì][archaic; (also sì, (surname)); rare]

38.97 姓 [xìng][eng.surname; (also xìng, (surname))][(Skt. gotra = lineage)]

38.98 委 [wěi][eng.to entrust; to appoint; to give up; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. nyāsa = entrusting)]

38.99 姕 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.100 姖 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.101 姗 [shān][eng.slow; (also shān, (surname))]

38.102 姘 [pīn][eng.to illicitly live together; (also pīn, (surname))]

38.103 姙 [rèn][archaic variant of 妊 (pregnancy)][(Skt. garbha = pregnancy)]

38.104 姚 [yáo][eng.surname; (also yáo, to be beautiful)]

38.105 姛 [dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.106 姜 [jiāng][eng.ginger; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. ārdraka = ginger)]

38.107 姝 [shū][eng.beautiful; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.108 姞 [jí][archaic; (also jí, (surname)); rare]

38.109 姟 [gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.110 姠 [xiàng][archaic; (also xiàng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.111 姡 [huá][archaic; (also huá, to be beautiful); rare]

38.112 姢 [juān][archaic variant of 娟 (beautiful)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.113 姣 [jiāo][eng.beautiful; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.114 姤 [gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to meet); rare]

38.115 姥 [lǎo][eng.grandmother; (also mǔ, (surname))][(Skt. mātāmahī = grandmother)]

38.116 姦 [jiān][archaic variant of 奸 (wicked; evil)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

38.117 姧 [jiān][archaic variant of 奸 (wicked; evil)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

38.118 姨 [yí][eng.aunt; mother’s sister; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. mātṛṣvasā = aunt)]

38.119 姩 [niàn][archaic; (also niàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.120 姪 [zhí][eng.nephew; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. bhrātṛputra = nephew)]

38.121 姫 [zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.122 姬 [jī][eng.surname; (also jī, (surname))]

38.123 姭 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.124 姮 [héng][archaic; (also héng, (surname)); rare]

38.125 姯 [guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.126 姰 [xún][archaic; (also xún, to be beautiful); rare]

38.127 姱 [kuā][archaic; (also kuā, to be beautiful); rare]

38.128 姲 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.129 姳 [mǐng][archaic; (also mǐng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.130 姴 [liè][archaic; (also liè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.131 姵 [pèi][archaic; (also pèi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.132 姶 [è][archaic; (also è, to be beautiful); rare]

38.133 姷 [yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.134 姸 [yán][archaic variant of 妍 (beautiful)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.135 姹 [chà][archaic; (also chà, to be beautiful); rare]

38.136 姺 [shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.137 姻 [yīn][eng.marriage; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. vivāha = marriage)]

38.138 姼 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.139 姽 [guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.140 姾 [quān][archaic; (also quān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.141 姿 [zī][eng.posture; appearance; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. rūpa = appearance)]

38.142 娀 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.143 威 [wēi][eng.power; prestige; (also wēi, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāva = power)]

38.144 娂 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.145 娃 [wá][eng.baby; child; (also wá, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

38.146 娄 [lóu][eng.surname; (also lóu, to be beautiful)]

38.147 娅 [yà][archaic; (also yà, (surname)); rare]

38.148 娆 [ráo][archaic; (also ráo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.149 娇 [jiāo][eng.tender; delicate; charming; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = charming)]

38.150 娈 [luán][eng.beautiful; (also luán, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.151 娉 [pīn][archaic; (also pīng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.152 娊 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.153 娋 [shào][archaic; (also shào, to be beautiful); rare]

38.154 娌 [lǐ][eng.sister-in-law; (also lǐ, (surname))]

38.155 娍 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.156 娎 [xiē][archaic; (also xiē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.157 娏 [máng][archaic; (also máng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.158 娐 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.159 娑 [suō][eng.to dance; (also suō, (surname))][(Skt. nartana = dance)]

38.160 娒 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.161 娓 [wěi][eng.to talk; (also wěi, (surname))]

38.162 娔 [kè][archaic; (also kè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.163 娕 [lè][archaic; (also lè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.164 娖 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be beautiful); rare]

38.165 娗 [tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.166 娘 [niáng][eng.mother; young woman; (also niáng, (surname))][(Skt. mātṛ = mother)]

38.167 娙 [xíng][archaic; (also xíng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.168 娚 [nán][archaic; (also nán, to be male); rare]

38.169 娛 [yú][eng.traditional variant of 娱 (to entertain; to amuse)][(Skt. ramaṇa = entertainment)]

38.170 娜 [nà][eng.graceful; elegant; (also nà, (surname))][(Skt. lalitā = graceful)]

38.171 娝 [pōu][archaic; (also pōu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.172 娞 [něi][archaic; (also něi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.173 娟 [juān][eng.beautiful; graceful; (also juān, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.174 娠 [shēn][eng.pregnancy; (also shēn, (surname))][(Skt. garbha = pregnancy)]

38.175 娡 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.176 娢 [hán][archaic; (also hán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.177 娣 [dì][eng.younger sister; (also dì, (surname))][(Skt. svasṛ = sister)]

38.178 娤 [zhuāng][archaic variant of 妆 (to apply makeup)][(Skt. alaṅkāra = adornment)]

38.179 娥 [é][eng.beautiful; (also é, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.180 娦 [pín][archaic; (also pín, to be beautiful); rare]

38.181 娧 [tuì][archaic; (also tuì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.182 娨 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.183 娩 [miǎn][eng.to give birth; (also wǎn, to be beautiful)][(Skt. prasava = birth)]

38.184 娪 [wú][archaic; (also wú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.185 娫 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.186 娬 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.187 娭 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.188 娮 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.189 娯 [yú][eng.Japanese variant of 娛 (to entertain)][(Skt. ramaṇa = entertainment)]

38.190 娰 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.191 娱 [yú][eng.to entertain; to amuse; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. ramaṇa = entertainment)]

38.192 娲 [wā][eng.Goddess Nuwa; (also wā, (surname))][(Skt. devī = goddess)]

38.193 娳 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.194 娴 [xián][eng.elegant; refined; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. lalitā = elegant)]

38.195 娵 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.196 娶 [qǔ][eng.to marry (a wife); (also qǔ, (surname))][(Skt. vivāha = marriage)]

38.197 娷 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.198 娸 [qī][archaic; (also qī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.199 娹 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.200 娺 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be beautiful); rare]

38.201 娻 [dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.202 娼 [chāng][eng.prostitute; (also chāng, (surname))][(Skt. veśyā = prostitute)]

38.203 娽 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.204 娾 [ǎi][archaic; (also ǎi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.205 娿 [ē][archaic; (also ē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.206 婀 [ē][eng.graceful; (also ē, (surname))][(Skt. lalitā = graceful)]

38.207 婁 [lóu][eng.traditional variant of 娄 (surname)]

38.208 婂 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.209 婃 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.210 婄 [péi][archaic; (also péi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.211 婅 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.212 婆 [pó][eng.grandmother; old woman; (also pó, (surname))][(Skt. mātāmahī = grandmother)]

38.213 婇 [cǎi][archaic; (also cǎi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.214 婈 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.215 婉 [wǎn][eng.graceful; gentle; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. lalitā = graceful)]

38.216 婊 [biǎo][eng.prostitute; (also biǎo, (surname))][(Skt. veśyā = prostitute)]

38.217 婋 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.218 婌 [shū][archaic; (also shū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.219 婍 [qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.220 婎 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.221 婏 [fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.222 婐 [wǒ][archaic; (also wǒ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.223 婑 [ruí][archaic; (also ruí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.224 婒 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.225 婓 [fēi][archaic; (also fēi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.226 婔 [fēi][archaic; (also fēi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.227 婕 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be beautiful); rare]

38.228 婖 [tiān][archaic; (also tiān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.229 婗 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be beautiful); rare]

38.230 婘 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.231 婙 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.232 婚 [hūn][eng.marriage; to wed; (also hūn, (surname))][(Skt. vivāha = marriage)]

38.233 婛 [jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.234 婜 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.235 婝 [diàn][archaic; (also diàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.236 婞 [xìng][archaic; (also xìng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.237 婟 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.238 婠 [wān][archaic; (also wān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.239 婡 [lái][archaic; (also lái, to be beautiful); rare]

38.240 婢 [bì][eng.servant girl; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. dāsī = servant)]

38.241 婣 [yīn][archaic variant of 姻 (marriage)][(Skt. vivāha = marriage)]

38.242 婤 [zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.243 婥 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be beautiful); rare]

38.244 婦 [fù][eng.traditional variant of 妇 (woman; wife)][skt.strī; (Skt. patnī = wife)]

38.245 婧 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.246 婨 [lún][archaic; (also lún, to be beautiful); rare]

38.247 婩 [àn][archaic; (also àn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.248 婪 [lán][eng.greedy; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. lobha = greed)]

38.249 婫 [kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.250 婬 [yín][archaic variant of 淫 (licentious; excessive)][(Skt. kāma = lust)]

38.251 婭 [yà][eng.traditional variant of 娅 (archaic)]

38.252 婮 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.253 婯 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.254 婰 [diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.255 婱 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.256 婲 [huā][archaic; (also huā, to be beautiful); rare]

38.257 婳 [huà][archaic; (also huà, to be beautiful); rare]

38.258 婴 [yīng][eng.infant; baby; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = infant)]

38.259 婵 [chán][eng.beautiful; (also chán, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.260 婶 [shěn][eng.aunt; (also shěn, (surname))][(Skt. mātṛṣvasā = aunt)]

38.261 婷 [tíng][eng.graceful; (also tíng, (surname))][(Skt. lalitā = graceful)]

38.262 婸 [yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.263 婹 [yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.264 婺 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.265 婻 [nàn][archaic; (also nàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.266 婼 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be beautiful); rare]

38.267 婽 [jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.268 婾 [tōu][archaic; (also tōu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.269 婿 [xù][eng.son-in-law; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. jāmātā = son-in-law)]

38.270 媀 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.271 媁 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.272 媂 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.273 媃 [róu][archaic; (also róu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.274 媄 [měi][archaic; (also měi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.275 媅 [dān][archaic; (also dān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.276 媆 [nèn][archaic; (also nèn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.277 媇 [qīn][archaic; (also qīn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.278 媈 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.279 媉 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be beautiful); rare]

38.280 媊 [qián][archaic; (also qián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.281 媋 [chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.282 媌 [miáo][archaic; (also miáo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.283 媍 [fù][archaic variant of 婦 (woman; wife)][skt.strī; (Skt. patnī = wife)]

38.284 媎 [jiě][archaic; (also jiě, to be beautiful); rare]

38.285 媏 [duān][archaic; (also duān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.286 媐 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.287 媑 [zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.288 媒 [méi][eng.matchmaker; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. saṃketakārī = matchmaker)]

38.289 媓 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.290 媔 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.291 媕 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.292 媖 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.293 媗 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.294 媘 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.295 媙 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.296 媚 [mèi][eng.to flatter; to charm; (also mèi, (surname))][(Skt. māyā = charm)]

38.297 媛 [yuàn][eng.beautiful woman; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. sundarī = beautiful woman)]

38.298 媜 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.299 媝 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.300 媞 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.301 媟 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.302 媠 [tuǒ][archaic; (also tuǒ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.303 媡 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.304 媢 [mào][archaic; (also mào, to be beautiful); rare]

38.305 媣 [rǎn][archaic; (also rǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.306 媤 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.307 媥 [piān][archaic; (also piān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.308 媦 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.309 媧 [wā][eng.traditional variant of 娲 (Goddess Nuwa)][(Skt. devī = goddess)]

38.310 媨 [cù][archaic; (also cù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.311 媩 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.312 媪 [ǎo][archaic; (also ǎo, old woman); rare]

38.313 媫 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be beautiful); rare]

38.314 媬 [bǎo][archaic; (also bǎo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.315 媭 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.316 媮 [tōu][archaic; (also tōu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.317 媯 [guī][archaic variant of 妫 (surname)]

38.318 媰 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.319 媱 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.320 媲 [pì][eng.to match; to equal; (also pì, (surname))][(Skt. pratirūpa = match)]

38.321 媳 [xí][eng.daughter-in-law; (also xí, (surname))][(Skt. snuṣā = daughter-in-law)]

38.322 媴 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.323 媵 [yìng][eng.to accompany; (also yìng, (surname))][(Skt. anuga = accompanying)]

38.324 媶 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.325 媷 [rù][archaic; (also rù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.326 媸 [chī][eng.ugly; (also chī, (surname))][(Skt. aśubha = ugly)]

38.327 媹 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.328 媺 [měi][archaic variant of 美 (beautiful)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.329 媻 [pán][archaic; (also pán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.330 媼 [ǎo][eng.traditional variant of 媪 (old woman)]

38.331 媽 [mā][eng.traditional variant of 妈 (mother)][skt.mātṛ; (Skt. mātā = mother)]

38.332 媾 [gòu][eng.to marry; to unite; (also gòu, (surname))][(Skt. vivāha = marriage)]

38.333 媿 [kuì][archaic variant of 愧 (ashamed)][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

38.334 嫀 [qín][archaic; (also qín, to be beautiful); rare]

38.335 嫁 [jià][eng.to marry (a daughter); (also jià, (surname))][(Skt. vivāha = marriage)]

38.336 嫂 [sǎo][eng.older brother’s wife; (also sǎo, (surname))][(Skt. bhṛātṛjāyā = sister-in-law)]

38.337 嫃 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.338 嫄 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.339 嫅 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.340 嫆 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.341 嫇 [míng][archaic; (also míng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.342 嫈 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.343 嫉 [jí][eng.to envy; to hate; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. īrṣyā = envy)]

38.344 嫊 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.345 嫋 [niǎo][eng.slender; graceful; (also niǎo, (surname))][(Skt. lalitā = graceful)]

38.346 嫌 [xián][eng.to dislike; to suspect; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. dveṣa = dislike)]

38.347 嫍 [tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.348 嫎 [páng][archaic; (also páng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.349 嫏 [láng][archaic; (also láng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.350 嫐 [nǎo][archaic; (also nǎo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.351 嫑 [biáo][archaic; (also biáo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.352 嫒 [ài][archaic; (also ài, to be beautiful); rare]

38.353 嫓 [pì][archaic; (also pì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.354 嫔 [pín][eng.imperial concubine; (also pín, (surname))][(Skt. devī = concubine)]

38.355 嫕 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.356 嫖 [piáo][eng.to visit prostitutes; (also piào, to be beautiful)]

38.357 嫗 [yù][archaic variant of 妪 (old woman)]

38.358 嫘 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.359 嫙 [xuán][archaic; (also xuán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.360 嫚 [màn][eng.to insult; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. avajñā = insult)]

38.361 嫛 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.362 嫜 [zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.363 嫝 [kāng][archaic; (also kāng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.364 嫞 [yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.365 嫟 [nì][archaic; (also nì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.366 嫠 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.367 嫡 [dí][eng.first wife; legitimate; (also dí, (surname))][(Skt. patnī = wife)]

38.368 嫢 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.369 嫣 [yān][eng.beautiful; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.370 嫤 [jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.371 嫥 [zhuān][archaic; (also zhuān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.372 嫦 [cháng][archaic; (also cháng, (surname)); rare]

38.373 嫧 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be beautiful); rare]

38.374 嫨 [hān][archaic; (also hān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.375 嫩 [nèn][eng.tender; delicate; (also nèn, (surname))][(Skt. mṛdu = tender)]

38.376 嫪 [lào][archaic; (also lào, to be beautiful); rare]

38.377 嫫 [mó][archaic; (also mó, to be beautiful); rare]

38.378 嫬 [zhē][archaic; (also zhē, to be beautiful); rare]

38.379 嫭 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.380 嫮 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.381 嫯 [ào][archaic; (also ào, to be beautiful); rare]

38.382 嫰 [nèn][archaic variant of 嫩 (tender)][(Skt. mṛdu = tender)]

38.383 嫱 [qiáng][archaic; (also qiáng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.384 嫲 [mā][archaic; (also mā, to be beautiful); rare]

38.385 嫳 [piè][archaic; (also piè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.386 嫴 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.387 嫵 [wǔ][eng.traditional variant of 妩 (beautiful)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.388 嫶 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.389 嫷 [tuǒ][archaic; (also tuǒ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.390 嫸 [zhǎn][archaic; (also zhǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.391 嫹 [miáo][archaic; (also miáo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.392 嫺 [xián][archaic variant of 娴 (elegant)][(Skt. lalitā = elegant)]

38.393 嫻 [xián][eng.traditional variant of 娴 (elegant)][(Skt. lalitā = elegant)]

38.394 嫼 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be beautiful); rare]

38.395 嫽 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.396 嫾 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.397 嫿 [huà][archaic; (also huà, to be beautiful); rare]

38.398 嬀 [guī][eng.traditional variant of 妫 (surname)]

38.399 嬁 [dēng][archaic; (also dēng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.400 嬂 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.401 嬃 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be beautiful); rare]

38.402 嬄 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.403 嬅 [huà][archaic; (also huà, to be beautiful); rare]

38.404 嬆 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be beautiful); rare]

38.405 嬇 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.406 嬈 [ráo][eng.traditional variant of 娆 (archaic)]

38.407 嬉 [xī][eng.to play; to frolic; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

38.408 嬊 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.409 嬋 [chán][eng.traditional variant of 婵 (beautiful)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.410 嬌 [jiāo][eng.traditional variant of 娇 (tender; delicate)][(Skt. sundara = charming)]

38.411 嬍 [měi][archaic; (also měi, to be beautiful); rare]

38.412 嬎 [fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.413 嬏 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be beautiful); rare]

38.414 嬐 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.415 嬑 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.416 嬒 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.417 嬓 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be beautiful); rare]

38.418 嬔 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.419 嬕 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.420 嬖 [bì][eng.to favor; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. anugraha = favor)]

38.421 嬗 [shàn][eng.to change; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. parivarta = change)]

38.422 嬘 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.423 嬙 [qiáng][archaic variant of 嫱 (archaic)]

38.424 嬚 [liǎn][archaic; (also liǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.425 嬛 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.426 嬜 [xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.427 嬝 [niǎo][archaic variant of 袅 (slender; graceful)][(Skt. lalitā = graceful)]

38.428 嬞 [dǒng][archaic; (also dǒng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.429 嬟 [yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.430 嬠 [cān][archaic; (also cān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.431 嬡 [ài][archaic variant of 嫒 (archaic)]

38.432 嬢 [niáng][eng.Japanese variant of 娘 (mother; young woman)][(Skt. mātṛ = mother)]

38.433 嬣 [níng][archaic; (also níng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.434 嬤 [mā][eng.traditional variant of 嬷 (grandmother)]

38.435 嬥 [tiǎo][archaic; (also tiǎo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.436 嬦 [chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be beautiful); rare]

38.437 嬧 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.438 嬨 [cí][archaic; (also cí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.439 嬩 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.440 嬪 [pín][eng.traditional variant of 嫔 (imperial concubine)][(Skt. devī = concubine)]

38.441 嬫 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.442 嬬 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.443 嬭 [nǎi][archaic variant of 奶 (breast; milk)][skt.stana; (Skt. kṣīra = milk)]

38.444 嬮 [yān][archaic; (also yān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.445 嬯 [tái][archaic; (also tái, to be beautiful); rare]

38.446 嬰 [yīng][eng.traditional variant of 婴 (infant)][(Skt. bāla = infant)]

38.447 嬱 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.448 嬲 [niǎo][eng.to tease; (also niǎo, (surname))]

38.449 嬳 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be beautiful); rare]

38.450 嬴 [yíng][eng.surname; (also yíng, to be beautiful)]

38.451 嬵 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be beautiful); rare]

38.452 嬶 [bí][archaic; (also bí, to be beautiful); rare]

38.453 嬷 [mó][eng.grandmother; (also mó, (surname))][(Skt. mātāmahī = grandmother)]

38.454 嬸 [shěn][eng.traditional variant of 婶 (aunt)][(Skt. mātṛṣvasā = aunt)]

38.455 嬹 [xìng][archaic; (also xìng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.456 嬺 [nì][archaic; (also nì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.457 嬻 [dú][archaic; (also dú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.458 嬼 [liù][archaic; (also liù, to be beautiful); rare]

38.459 嬽 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.460 嬾 [lǎn][archaic variant of 懒 (lazy)][(Skt. alasya = laziness)]

38.461 嬿 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.462 孀 [shuāng][eng.widow; (also shuāng, (surname))][(Skt. vidhavā = widow)]

38.463 孁 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.464 孂 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be beautiful); rare]

38.465 孃 [niáng][eng.traditional variant of 娘 (mother; young woman)][(Skt. mātṛ = mother)]

38.466 孄 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.467 孅 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.468 孆 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.469 孇 [shuāng][archaic; (also shuāng, to be beautiful); rare]

38.470 孈 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be beautiful); rare]

38.471 孉 [huān][archaic; (also huān, to be beautiful); rare]

38.472 孊 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

38.473 孋 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be beautiful); rare]

38.474 孌 [luán][eng.traditional variant of 娈 (beautiful)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

38.475 孍 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.476 孎 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be beautiful); rare]

38.477 孏 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be beautiful); rare]

38.478 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 38 (女)

38.479 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

38.480 38.1 女 (nǚ) [skt.strī; nārī] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) strī (woman) appears in 女人 (strī, woman). (2) nārī (woman) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist texts discussing gender and the female condition. The Buddha’s teachings on women were revolutionary for their time, and the Bhikkhunī order of nuns was established by the Buddha.

38.481 38.2 奴 (nú) [skt.dāsa; bhṛtya] — Translates two roots. (1) dāsa (slave) appears in 奴隸 (dāsa, slave). (2) bhṛtya (servant) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Vinaya discussions of slavery and servitude.

38.482 38.4 奶 (nǎi) [skt.stana; kṣīra] — Translates two roots. (1) stana (breast) appears in descriptions of the body. (2) kṣīra (milk) appears in medical and dietary contexts.

38.483 38.6 奸 (jiān) [skt.pāpa] — Translates pāpa (evil, wicked). The character appears in discussions of evil actions and adultery.

38.484 38.11 好 (hǎo) [skt.sādhu] — CRITICAL — Translates sādhu (good, well). The character appears in 好人 (sādhu, good person). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of wholesome deeds.

38.485 38.16 如 (rú) [skt.yathā; tathā] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) yathā (like, as) appears in 如同 (yathā, like). (2) tathā (thus) appears in the same sense. The character appears in 如來 (Tathāgata, Thus-Come One), the primary epithet of the Buddha.

38.486 38.17 妃 (fēi) [skt.devī] — Translates devī (queen, consort). The character appears in descriptions of royal consorts and queens in Buddhist texts.

38.487 38.18 妄 (wàng) [skt.mithyā] — Translates mithyā (false, absurd). The character appears in 妄想 (vikalpa, false thinking), a key term in Buddhist psychology.

38.488 38.21 妇 (fù) [skt.strī; patnī] — Translates two roots. (1) strī (woman). (2) patnī (wife). The character appears in descriptions of women and wives.

38.489 38.22 妈 (mā) [skt.mātṛ; mātā] — Translates two roots. (1) mātṛ (mother) appears in 母親 (mātṛ, mother). (2) mātā (mother) appears in the same sense. The character appears in familial descriptions.

38.490 38.24 妊 (rèn) [skt.garbha] — Translates garbha (pregnancy). The character appears in discussions of pregnancy and birth.

38.491 38.27 妍 (yán) [skt.sundara] — Translates sundara (beautiful, elegant). The character appears in descriptions of beauty.

38.492 38.32 妒 (dù) [skt.īrṣyā] — Translates īrṣyā (envy, jealousy). The character appears in discussions of mental defilements.

38.493 38.33 妓 (jì) [skt.veśyā] — Translates veśyā (prostitute). The character appears in Vinaya discussions of sexual conduct.

38.494 38.36 妖 (yāo) [skt.yakṣa] — Translates yakṣa (demon, spirit). The character appears in descriptions of demonic beings and seductive forces.

38.495 38.39 妙 (miào) [skt.sundara] — CRITICAL — Translates sundara (wonderful, excellent). The character appears in 妙法 (saddharma, Wonderful Dharma), the title of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra (妙法莲华经, Lotus Sutra), one of the most important Mahāyāna texts.

38.496 38.49 妣 (bǐ) [skt.mātṛ] — Translates mātṛ (deceased mother). The character appears in ancestral contexts.

38.497 38.50 妤 (yú) [skt.sundara] — Translates sundara (beautiful). See Character 38.27.

38.498 38.51 妥 (tuǒ) [skt.yukta] — Translates yukta (proper, appropriate). The character appears in 妥當 (yukta, proper). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of appropriate conduct.

38.499 38.54 妨 (fáng) [skt.viruddha] — Translates viruddha (obstructing). The character appears in 妨礙 (viruddha, to obstruct). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of obstacles to practice.

38.500 38.71 妹 (mèi) [skt.svasṛ] — Translates svasṛ (sister). The character appears in familial descriptions.

38.501 38.73 妻 (qī) [skt.patnī; bhāryā] — Translates two roots. (1) patnī (wife). (2) bhāryā (wife). The character appears in descriptions of wives and marriage.

38.502 38.76 妾 (qiè) [skt.dāsī] — Translates dāsī (concubine, female servant). The character appears in descriptions of concubines and servants.

38.503 38.84 姆 (mǔ) [skt.upādhyāyā] — Translates upādhyāyā (governess, female teacher). The character appears in educational contexts.

38.504 38.89 始 (shǐ) [skt.ādi] — Translates ādi (beginning). The character appears in 開始 (ādi, to begin). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of beginnings.

38.505 38.94 姐 (jiě) [skt.jyeṣṭha] — Translates jyeṣṭha (elder). The character appears in 姐姐 (jyeṣṭha, elder sister). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of elder sisters.

38.506 38.95 姑 (gū) [skt.pitṛvya] — Translates pitṛvya (aunt). The character appears in familial descriptions.

38.507 38.97 姓 (xìng) [skt.gotra] — Translates gotra (lineage, clan). The character appears in 姓氏 (gotra, surname). In Buddhist contexts, gotra appears in discussions of the Buddha’s clan and lineage.

38.508 38.98 委 (wěi) [skt.nyāsa] — Translates nyāsa (entrusting, appointing). The character appears in 委任 (nyāsa, to entrust). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of entrusting the Dharma to disciples.

38.509 38.115 姥 (lǎo) [skt.mātāmahī] — Translates mātāmahī (grandmother). The character appears in familial descriptions.

38.510 38.118 姨 (yí) [skt.mātṛṣvasā] — Translates mātṛṣvasā (aunt, mother’s sister). The character appears in familial descriptions.

38.511 38.120 姪 (zhí) [skt.bhrātṛputra] — Translates bhrātṛputra (nephew). The character appears in familial descriptions.

38.512 38.137 姻 (yīn) [skt.vivāha] — Translates vivāha (marriage). The character appears in 婚姻 (vivāha, marriage). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of marriage and relationships.

38.513 38.141 姿 (zī) [skt.rūpa] — Translates rūpa (appearance, form). The character appears in 姿勢 (rūpa, posture). In Buddhist philosophy, rūpa is the first of the five aggregates (skandha).

38.514 38.143 威 (wēi) [skt.prabhāva] — Translates prabhāva (power, prestige). The character appears in 威嚴 (prabhāva, dignity). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s power and majesty.

38.515 38.145 娃 (wá) [skt.bāla] — Translates bāla (baby, child). The character appears in 娃娃 (bāla, baby). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of children.

38.516 38.159 娑 (suō) [skt.nartana] — Translates nartana (dance). The character appears in 娑婆世界 (Sahā-lokadhātu, the world of endurance), the name of our world-system in Buddhist cosmology.

38.517 38.166 娘 (niáng) [skt.mātṛ] — Translates mātṛ (mother). The character appears in 娘親 (mātṛ, mother). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial descriptions.

38.518 38.170 娜 (nà) [skt.lalitā] — Translates lalitā (graceful, elegant). The character appears in descriptions of grace and elegance.

38.519 38.173 娟 (juān) [skt.sundara] — Translates sundara (beautiful, graceful). The character appears in descriptions of beauty.

38.520 38.174 娠 (shēn) [skt.garbha] — Translates garbha (pregnancy). See Character 38.24.

38.521 38.177 娣 (dì) [skt.svasṛ] — Translates svasṛ (younger sister). See Character 38.71.

38.522 38.179 娥 (é) [skt.sundara] — Translates sundara (beautiful). See Character 38.27.

38.523 38.183 娩 (miǎn) [skt.prasava] — Translates prasava (birth, giving birth). The character appears in 分娩 (prasava, to give birth). In Buddhist contexts, birth is the first of the twelve links of dependent origination (nidāna).

38.524 38.191 娱 (yú) [skt.ramaṇa] — Translates ramaṇa (entertainment, amusement). The character appears in 娛樂 (ramaṇa, to entertain). In Buddhist contexts, entertainment is often contrasted with the serious work of practice.

38.525 38.196 娶 (qǔ) [skt.vivāha] — Translates vivāha (marriage). The character appears in 娶妻 (vivāha, to marry). See Character 38.137.

38.526 38.202 娼 (chāng) [skt.veśyā] — Translates veśyā (prostitute). See Character 38.33.

38.527 38.206 婀 (ē) [skt.lalitā] — Translates lalitā (graceful). See Character 38.170.

38.528 38.212 婆 (pó) [skt.mātāmahī] — Translates mātāmahī (grandmother). See Character 38.115.

38.529 38.215 婉 (wǎn) [skt.lalitā] — Translates lalitā (graceful, gentle). See Character 38.170.

38.530 38.232 婚 (hūn) [skt.vivāha] — Translates vivāha (marriage). See Character 38.137.

38.531 38.240 婢 (bì) [skt.dāsī] — Translates dāsī (servant girl). See Character 38.76.

38.532 38.248 婪 (lán) [skt.lobha] — Translates lobha (greed). The character appears in 貪婪 (lobha, greedy). In Buddhist psychology, lobha is one of the three poisons (rāga, dveṣa, moha).

38.533 38.250 婬 (yín) [skt.kāma] — Translates kāma (lust, desire). The character appears in 婬欲 (kāma, lust). In Buddhist contexts, kāma is one of the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa).

38.534 38.258 婴 (yīng) [skt.bāla] — Translates bāla (infant, baby). The character appears in 嬰兒 (bāla, infant). See Character 38.145.

38.535 38.259 婵 (chán) [skt.sundara] — Translates sundara (beautiful). See Character 38.27.

38.536 38.260 婶 (shěn) [skt.mātṛṣvasā] — Translates mātṛṣvasā (aunt). See Character 38.118.

38.537 38.261 婷 (tíng) [skt.lalitā] — Translates lalitā (graceful). See Character 38.170.

38.538 38.269 婿 (xù) [skt.jāmātā] — Translates jāmātā (son-in-law). The character appears in 女婿 (jāmātā, son-in-law). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial descriptions.

38.539 38.288 媒 (méi) [skt.saṃketakārī] — Translates saṃketakārī (matchmaker). The character appears in 媒人 (saṃketakārī, matchmaker). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of marriages.

38.540 38.296 媚 (mèi) [skt.māyā] — Translates māyā (charm, illusion). The character appears in 媚惑 (māyā, to charm). In Buddhist philosophy, māyā (illusion) is one of the key metaphors for the illusory nature of reality.

38.541 38.297 媛 (yuàn) [skt.sundarī] — Translates sundarī (beautiful woman). The character appears in 美女 (sundarī, beautiful woman). See Character 38.27.

38.542 38.320 媲 (pì) [skt.pratirūpa] — Translates pratirūpa (match, equal). The character appears in 媲美 (pratirūpa, to match). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of equality.

38.543 38.321 媳 (xí) [skt.snuṣā] — Translates snuṣā (daughter-in-law). The character appears in 媳婦 (snuṣā, daughter-in-law). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial descriptions.

38.544 38.323 媵 (yìng) [skt.anuga] — Translates anuga (accompanying). The character appears in 媵侍 (anuga, to accompany). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of attendants.

38.545 38.326 媸 (chī) [skt.aśubha] — Translates aśubha (ugly, impure). The character appears in 媸丑 (aśubha, ugly). In Buddhist contexts, aśubha appears in the contemplation of foulness (aśubha-bhāvanā), a meditation practice to counter attachment.

38.546 38.331 媽 (mā) [skt.mātṛ] — Traditional variant of 妈. See Character 38.22.

38.547 38.332 媾 (gòu) [skt.vivāha] — Translates vivāha (marriage). See Character 38.137.

38.548 38.335 嫁 (jià) [skt.vivāha] — Translates vivāha (marriage). See Character 38.137.

38.549 38.336 嫂 (sǎo) [skt.bhrātṛjāyā] — Translates bhrātṛjāyā (brother’s wife, sister-in-law). The character appears in 嫂子 (bhrātṛjāyā, sister-in-law). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial descriptions.

38.550 38.343 嫉 (jí) [skt.īrṣyā] — Translates īrṣyā (envy). See Character 38.32.

38.551 38.346 嫌 (xián) [skt.dveṣa] — Translates dveṣa (dislike, hatred). The character appears in 嫌惡 (dveṣa, to dislike). In Buddhist psychology, dveṣa is one of the three poisons.

38.552 38.354 嫔 (pín) [skt.devī] — Translates devī (imperial concubine). See Character 38.17.

38.553 38.360 嫚 (màn) [skt.avajñā] — Translates avajñā (insult). The character appears in 嫚罵 (avajñā, to insult). In Buddhist ethics, insulting others is discouraged.

38.554 38.367 嫡 (dí) [skt.patnī] — Translates patnī (first wife). See Character 38.73.

38.555 38.369 嫣 (yān) [skt.sundara] — Translates sundara (beautiful). See Character 38.27.

38.556 38.375 嫩 (nèn) [skt.mṛdu] — Translates mṛdu (tender, delicate). The character appears in 嫩葉 (mṛdu, tender leaf). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of delicate things.

38.557 38.387 嫵 (wǔ) [skt.sundara] — Traditional variant of 妩. See Character 38.55.

38.558 38.393 嫻 (xián) [skt.lalitā] — Traditional variant of 娴. See Character 38.194.

38.559 38.407 嬉 (xī) [skt.krīḍā] — Translates krīḍā (play, frolic). The character appears in 嬉戲 (krīḍā, to play). In Buddhist contexts, play is often contrasted with the serious work of practice.

38.560 38.409 嬋 (chán) [skt.sundara] — Traditional variant of 婵. See Character 38.259.

38.561 38.420 嬖 (bì) [skt.anugraha] — Translates anugraha (favor, blessing). The character appears in 嬖幸 (anugraha, to favor). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of divine favor.

38.562 38.421 嬗 (shàn) [skt.parivarta] — Translates parivarta (change). The character appears in 嬗變 (parivarta, to change). In Buddhist philosophy, parivarta is central to the doctrine of impermanence (anitya).

38.563 38.446 嬰 (yīng) [skt.bāla] — Traditional variant of 婴. See Character 38.258.

38.564 38.453 嬷 (mó) [skt.mātāmahī] — Translates mātāmahī (grandmother). See Character 38.115.

38.565 38.454 嬸 (shěn) [skt.mātṛṣvasā] — Traditional variant of 婶. See Character 38.260.

38.566 38.460 嬾 (lǎn) [skt.alasya] — Translates alasya (laziness). The character appears in 嬾惰 (alasya, lazy). In Buddhist contexts, laziness is one of the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa).

38.567 38.462 孀 (shuāng) [skt.vidhavā] — Translates vidhavā (widow). The character appears in 孀婦 (vidhavā, widow). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of widows.

38.568 38.465 孃 (niáng) [skt.mātṛ] — Traditional variant of 娘. See Character 38.166.

39 子

39.1 子 [chn.zǐ][eng.child; son; offspring; (also zì, to care for)][skt.putra; (Skt. bāla = child)]

39.2 孑 [chn.jié][eng.lonely; orphaned; remaining; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. eka = alone)]

39.3 孒 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be short); rare]

39.4 孓 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be short); rare]

39.5 孔 [chn.kǒng][eng.opening; hole; (also kǒng, (surname))][(Skt. chidra = opening)]

39.6 孕 [chn.yùn][eng.pregnant; (also yùn, (surname))][(Skt. garbha = pregnancy)]

39.7 孖 [chn.zī][eng.twins; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. yamala = twin)]

39.8 字 [chn.zì][eng.character; word; letter; (also zì, (surname))][(Skt. akṣara = syllable)]

39.9 存 [chn.cún][eng.to exist; to preserve; to store; (also cún, (surname))][(Skt. sthiti = existence)]

39.10 孙 [chn.sūn][eng.grandson; (also sūn, (surname))][(Skt. pautra = grandson)]

39.11 孚 [chn.fú][eng.to trust; to believe; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. śraddhā = faith)]

39.12 孛 [chn.bèi][eng.comet; (also bó, to be strong)][(Skt. ketu = comet)]

39.13 孜 [chn.zī][eng.diligent; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. vīrya = diligence)]

39.14 孝 [chn.xiào][eng.filial piety; (also xiào, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛbhakti = filial devotion)]

39.15 孞 [chn.xìn][archaic; (also xìn, to be wise); rare]

39.16 孟 [chn.mèng][eng.first; eldest; (also mèng, (surname))][(Skt. jyeṣṭha = eldest)]

39.17 孠 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, to continue); rare]

39.18 孡 [chn.tāi][archaic; (also tāi, to be great); rare]

39.19 孢 [chn.bāo][eng.spore; (also bāo, (surname))][(Skt. bīja = spore)]

39.20 季 [chn.jì][eng.season; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. ṛtu = season)]

39.21 孤 [chn.gū][eng.lonely; orphaned; (also gū, (surname))][(Skt. ekākin = alone)]

39.22 孥 [chn.nú][eng.child; (also nǔ, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

39.23 学 [chn.xué][eng.to study; to learn; (also xué, (surname))][(Skt. śikṣā = learning)]

39.24 孧 [chn.yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to be young); rare]

39.25 孨 [chn.zhuǎn][archaic; (also zhuǎn, to be weak); rare]

39.26 孩 [chn.hái][eng.child; (also hái, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

39.27 孪 [chn.luán][eng.twins; (also luán, (surname))][(Skt. yamala = twin)]

39.28 孫 [chn.sūn][eng.traditional variant of 孙 (grandson)][(Skt. pautra = grandson)]

39.29 孬 [chn.nāo][eng.bad; cowardly; (also nāo, (surname))]

39.30 孭 [chn.miē][archaic; (also miē, to be young); rare]

39.31 孮 [chn.cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be strong); rare]

39.32 孯 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be diligent); rare]

39.33 孰 [chn.shú][eng.who; which; (also shú, (surname))][(Skt. kaḥ = who)]

39.34 孱 [chn.càn][eng.weak; frail; (also chán, (surname))][(Skt. durbala = weak)]

39.35 孲 [chn.yā][archaic; (also yā, to be young); rare]

39.36 孳 [chn.zī][eng.to breed; to multiply; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. prajā = progeny)]

39.37 孴 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be numerous); rare]

39.38 孵 [chn.fū][eng.to hatch; to brood; (also fū, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍaja = hatching)]

39.39 孶 [chn.zī][archaic variant of 孳 (to breed; to multiply)][(Skt. prajā = progeny)]

39.40 孷 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be strong); rare]

39.41 學 [chn.xué][eng.traditional variant of 学 (to study; to learn)][(Skt. śikṣā = learning)]

39.42 孹 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be numerous); rare]

39.43 孺 [chn.rú][eng.child; (also rú, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

39.44 孻 [chn.ná][archaic; (also ná, to be old); rare]

39.45 孼 [chn.niè][archaic variant of 孽 (evil; sin; offspring)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

39.46 孽 [chn.niè][eng.evil; sin; offspring; (also niè, (surname))][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

39.47 孾 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be young); rare]

39.48 孿 [chn.luán][eng.traditional variant of 孪 (twins)][(Skt. yamala = twin)]

39.49 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 39 (子)

39.50 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

39.51 39.1 子 (zǐ) [skt.putra; bāla] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) putra (son, child) appears in 子嗣 (putra, offspring). (2) bāla (child) appears in 童子 (kumāra, youth). The character appears in Buddhist texts discussing family and lineage. It also appears in 种子 (bīja, seed), the term for the seeds of karma in Buddhist psychology.

39.52 39.2 孑 (jié) [skt.eka] — Translates eka (alone, lonely). The character appears in 孑然 (eka, alone). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of solitary practitioners.

39.53 39.5 孔 (kǒng) [skt.chidra] — Translates chidra (opening, hole). The character appears in 孔子 (Confucius), the great Chinese philosopher. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of openings and holes.

39.54 39.6 孕 (yùn) [skt.garbha] — Translates garbha (pregnancy). The character appears in 懷孕 (garbha, to be pregnant). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of embryology and rebirth.

39.55 39.7 孖 (zī) [skt.yamala] — Translates yamala (twins). The character appears in 孖生 (yamala, twins). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of twins.

39.56 39.8 字 (zì) [skt.akṣara] — CRITICAL — Translates akṣara (syllable, character). The character appears in 文字 (akṣara, script/characters). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the written Dharma and the transmission of scriptures.

39.57 39.9 存 (cún) [skt.sthiti] — Translates sthiti (existence, preservation). The character appears in 存在 (sthiti, to exist). In Buddhist philosophy, sthiti is discussed in relation to the nature of existence.

39.58 39.10 孙 (sūn) [skt.pautra] — Translates pautra (grandson). The character appears in 孫子 (pautra, grandson). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial descriptions.

39.59 39.11 孚 (fú) [skt.śraddhā] — Translates śraddhā (faith, trust). The character appears in 孚信 (śraddhā, to trust). In Buddhist contexts, śraddhā is one of the five spiritual faculties (indriya).

39.60 39.12 孛 (bèi) [skt.ketu] — Translates ketu (comet). The character appears in 孛星 (ketu, comet). In Buddhist cosmology, comets and celestial events are discussed as omens.

39.61 39.13 孜 (zī) [skt.vīrya] — Translates vīrya (diligence). The character appears in 孜孜 (vīrya, diligent). In Buddhist contexts, vīrya is one of the five spiritual faculties and one of the six perfections (pāramitā).

39.62 39.14 孝 (xiào) [skt.pitṛbhakti] — Translates pitṛbhakti (filial piety, devotion to parents). The character appears in 孝順 (pitṛbhakti, filial piety). In Buddhist contexts, filial piety is a virtue that is integrated into Buddhist ethics, especially in East Asian Buddhism.

39.63 39.16 孟 (mèng) [skt.jyeṣṭha] — Translates jyeṣṭha (eldest). The character appears in 孟春 (jyeṣṭha, first month). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the eldest.

39.64 39.19 孢 (bāo) [skt.bīja] — Translates bīja (spore, seed). The character appears in 孢子 (bīja, spore). In Buddhist contexts, bīja is the term for the seeds of karma.

39.65 39.20 季 (jì) [skt.ṛtu] — Translates ṛtu (season). The character appears in 季節 (ṛtu, season). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the seasons.

39.66 39.21 孤 (gū) [skt.ekākin] — Translates ekākin (alone, lonely). The character appears in 孤獨 (ekākin, lonely). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of solitary practitioners and the lonely path.

39.67 39.22 孥 (nú) [skt.bāla] — Translates bāla (child). The character appears in 孥兒 (bāla, child). See Character 39.1.

39.68 39.23 学 (xué) [skt.śikṣā] — CRITICAL — Translates śikṣā (learning, study). The character appears in 學習 (śikṣā, to study). In Buddhist contexts, śikṣā appears in the three trainings (tri-śikṣā): morality (śīla), concentration (samādhi), and wisdom (prajñā). The character is central to Buddhist education.

39.69 39.26 孩 (hái) [skt.bāla] — Translates bāla (child). The character appears in 孩子 (bāla, child). See Character 39.1.

39.70 39.27 孪 (luán) [skt.yamala] — Translates yamala (twins). The character appears in 孪生 (yamala, twins). See Character 39.7.

39.71 39.33 孰 (shú) [skt.kaḥ] — Translates kaḥ (who, which). The character appears in 孰知 (kaḥ, who knows). In Buddhist texts, it appears in questions.

39.72 39.34 孱 (càn) [skt.durbala] — Translates durbala (weak, frail). The character appears in 孱弱 (durbala, weak). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of weakness.

39.73 39.36 孳 (zī) [skt.prajā] — Translates prajā (progeny, breeding). The character appears in 孳生 (prajā, to breed). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of procreation.

39.74 39.38 孵 (fū) [skt.aṇḍaja] — Translates aṇḍaja (hatching). The character appears in 孵化 (aṇḍaja, to hatch). In Buddhist cosmology, aṇḍaja (egg-born) is one of the four modes of birth.

39.75 39.41 學 (xué) [skt.śikṣā] — Traditional variant of 学. See Character 39.23.

39.76 39.43 孺 (rú) [skt.bāla] — Translates bāla (child). The character appears in 孺子 (bāla, child). See Character 39.1.

39.77 39.46 孽 (niè) [skt.pāpa] — Translates pāpa (evil, sin). The character appears in 孽障 (pāpa, evil). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of evil karma.

40 宀

40.1 宀 [chn.mián][eng.roof; to cover; (also mián, a shelter)][skt.śikhara; (also "roof" = chādana; "shelter" = āśraya)]

40.2 宁 [zhù / níng][eng.to store; (also níng, a door)][skt.saṃcaya; (also "to store" = saṃcaya)]

40.3 宂 [rǒng][eng.miscellaneous; (also rǒng, redundant)]

40.4 它 [tā][eng.it; (also tā, other)][skt.tad; (also "it" = tat)]

40.5 宄 [guǐ][eng.a traitor; (also guǐ, a villain)][skt.droha; (also "traitor" = droha)]

40.6 宅 [zhái][eng.residence; dwelling; (also zhái, a house)][skt.veśma; (also "dwelling" = veśma; "house" = gṛha)]

40.7 宆 [qiōng][eng.ancient variant of 穹 (vault)][skt.gaganatala; (also "vault" = gagana)]

40.8 宇 [yǔ][eng.the universe; (also yǔ, a house)][skt.ākāśa; (also "space" = ākāśa; "universe" = brahmāṇḍa)]

40.9 守 [shǒu][eng.to guard; to protect; (also shǒu, to keep)][skt.rakṣā; (also "to guard" = rakṣati)]

40.10 安 [ān][eng.peaceful; (also ān, secure)][skt.kṣema; (also "peace" = śānti; "secure" = kṣema)]

40.11 宊 [tū][eng.an ancient term; (also tū)]

40.12 宋 [sòng][eng.the Song dynasty; (also Sòng, a surname)]

40.13 完 [wán][eng.complete; (also wán, whole)][skt.pūrṇa; (also "complete" = pūrṇa; "whole" = kevala)]

40.14 宍 [ròu][eng.ancient variant of 肉 (meat)][skt.māṃsa; (also "meat" = māṃsa)]

40.15 宎 [yǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎo)]

40.16 宏 [hóng][eng.grand; great; (also hóng, vast)][skt.mahā; (also "grand" = mahat)]

40.17 宐 [yí][eng.ancient variant of 宜 (appropriate)][skt.yukta; (also "appropriate" = yukta)]

40.18 宑 [jǐng][eng.an ancient term; (also jǐng)]

40.19 宒 [zhūn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhūn)]

40.20 宓 [mì / fú][eng.quiet; (also fú, a surname)][skt.śānta; (also "quiet" = śānta)]

40.21 宔 [zhǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also zhǔ)]

40.22 宕 [dàng][eng.to wander; (also dàng, a cave)][skt.bhramana; (also "to wander" = bhramati)]

40.23 宖 [hóng][eng.an ancient term; (also hóng)]

40.24 宗 [zōng][eng.ancestor; lineage; (also zōng, a clan)][skt.gotra; (also "lineage" = gotra; "ancestor" = pitṛ)]

40.25 官 [guān][eng.official; government; (also guān, a functionary)][skt.rājan; (also "official" = amātya)]

40.26 宙 [zhòu][eng.time; (also zhòu, the ages)][skt.kāla; (also "time" = kāla)]

40.27 定 [dìng][eng.to fix; to settle; (also dìng, certain)][skt.samādhi; (also "concentration" = samādhi; "to settle" = niścaya)]

40.28 宛 [wǎn][eng.like; (also wǎn, as if)][skt.iva; (also "like" = sadṛśa)]

40.29 宜 [yí][eng.appropriate; (also yí, proper)][skt.yukta; (also "appropriate" = yukta)]

40.30 宝 [bǎo][eng.treasure; (also bǎo, a jewel)][skt.ratna; (also "treasure" = nidhi; "jewel" = ratna)]

40.31 实 [shí][eng.real; true; (also shí, solid)][skt.tattva; (also "real" = tattva; "true" = satya)]

40.32 実 [shí][eng.Japanese variant of 實 (real)][skt.tattva]

40.33 宠 [chǒng][eng.to pamper; (also chǒng, a favorite)][skt.anugraha; (also "favor" = anugraha)]

40.34 审 [shěn][eng.to examine; (also shěn, careful)][skt.parīkṣā; (also "to examine" = parīkṣate)]

40.35 客 [kè][eng.guest; (also kè, a visitor)][skt.atithi; (also "guest" = atithi)]

40.36 宣 [xuān][eng.to proclaim; (also xuān, to announce)][skt.prakāśayati; (also "to proclaim" = prakāśayati)]

40.37 室 [shì][eng.room; (also shì, a chamber)][skt.gṛha; (also "room" = kāya; "chamber" = veśma)]

40.38 宥 [yòu][eng.to forgive; (also yòu, merciful)][skt.kṣamā; (also "to forgive" = kṣamate)]

40.39 宦 [huàn][eng.a eunuch; (also huàn, an official)]

40.40 宧 [yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí)]

40.41 宨 [tiǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also tiǎo)]

40.42 宩 [shǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also shǐ)]

40.43 宪 [xiàn][eng.constitution; (also xiàn, a law)][skt.dharma; (also "law" = dharma)]

40.44 宫 [gōng][eng.palace; (also gōng, a temple)][skt.rāja-veśma; (also "palace" = prāsāda)]

40.45 宬 [chéng][eng.an ancient term; (also chéng)]

40.46 宭 [qún][eng.an ancient term; (also qún)]

40.47 宮 [gōng][eng.palace; (also gōng, a temple)][skt.rāja-veśma; (also "palace" = prāsāda)]

40.48 宯 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo)]

40.49 宰 [zǎi][eng.to rule; (also zǎi, a minister)][skt.prabhu; (also "to rule" = īśate; "minister" = mantrin)]

40.50 宱 [zhà][eng.an ancient term; (also zhà)]

40.51 宲 [bǎo][eng.ancient variant of 寶 (treasure)][skt.ratna]

40.52 害 [hài][eng.to harm; (also hài, a disaster)][skt.hiṃsā; (also "to harm" = hiṃsati; "disaster" = vipatti)]

40.53 宴 [yàn][eng.a feast; (also yàn, to entertain)][skt.bhojana; (also "feast" = bhojana)]

40.54 宵 [xiāo][eng.night; (also xiāo, evening)][skt.rātri; (also "night" = rātri)]

40.55 家 [jiā][eng.home; family; (also jiā, a household)][skt.gṛha; (also "home" = gṛha; "family" = kula)]

40.56 宷 [shěn][eng.ancient variant of 審 (to examine)][skt.parīkṣā]

40.57 宸 [chén][eng.a palace; (also chén, a dwelling)][skt.rāja-veśma; (also "palace" = prāsāda)]

40.58 容 [róng][eng.to contain; (also róng, appearance)][skt.ādhāra; (also "to contain" = dhārayati; "appearance" = rūpa)]

40.59 宺 [huāng][eng.an ancient term; (also huāng)]

40.60 宻 [mì][eng.ancient variant of 密 (secret)][skt.guhya; (also "secret" = guhya)]

40.61 宼 [kòu][eng.ancient variant of 寇 (bandit)][skt.cora; (also "bandit" = cora)]

40.62 宽 [kuān][eng.wide; broad; (also kuān, generous)][skt.vistīrṇa; (also "broad" = pṛthu)]

40.63 宾 [bīn][eng.a guest; (also bīn, a visitor)][skt.atithi; (also "guest" = atithi)]

40.64 宿 [sù / xiǔ][eng.to lodge; (also xiǔ, a night)][skt.nivāsa; (also "to lodge" = vasati)]

40.65 寀 [cǎi][eng.an ancient term; (also cǎi)]

40.66 寁 [zǎn][eng.to expedite; (also zǎn, quick)][skt.tvarā; (also "quick" = śīghra)]

40.67 寂 [jì][eng.quiet; (also jì, still)][skt.śānta; (also "quiet" = śānta; "still" = sthira)]

40.68 寃 [yuān][eng.ancient variant of 冤 (wronged)][skt.anīti; (also "wronged" = anīti)]

40.69 寄 [jì][eng.to entrust; (also jì, to send)][skt.preṣayati; (also "to send" = preṣayati)]

40.70 寅 [yín][eng.the third earthly branch; (also yín, respectful)]

40.71 密 [mì][eng.secret; (also mì, intimate)][skt.guhya; (also "secret" = guhya; "intimate" = antika)]

40.72 寇 [kòu][eng.a bandit; (also kòu, an invader)][skt.cora; (also "bandit" = cora)]

40.73 寈 [qīng][eng.ancient variant of 青 (green/blue)][skt.nīla]

40.74 寉 [hè][eng.an ancient term; (also hè)]

40.75 寊 [zhēn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhēn)]

40.76 寋 [jiǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also jiǎn)]

40.77 富 [fù][eng.wealthy; (also fù, rich)][skt.dhana; (also "wealth" = dhana; "rich" = samṛddha)]

40.78 寍 [níng][eng.ancient variant of 寧 (peaceful)][skt.kṣema]

40.79 寎 [bìng][eng.an ancient term; (also bìng)]

40.80 寏 [huán][eng.an ancient term; (also huán)]

40.81 寐 [mèi][eng.to sleep; (also mèi, asleep)][skt.nidrā; (also "to sleep" = svapiti)]

40.82 寑 [qǐn][eng.ancient variant of 寢 (to sleep)][skt.nidrā]

40.83 寒 [hán][eng.cold; (also hán, poor)][skt.śīta; (also "cold" = śīta)]

40.84 寓 [yù][eng.to reside; (also yù, a lodging)][skt.vāsa; (also "to reside" = vasati)]

40.85 寔 [shí][eng.ancient variant of 實 (real)][skt.tattva]

40.86 寕 [níng][eng.ancient variant of 寧 (peaceful)][skt.kṣema]

40.87 寖 [jìn][eng.to soak; (also jìn, gradually)][skt.avagāhana; (also "to soak" = āplāvayati)]

40.88 寗 [níng][eng.ancient variant of 寧 (peaceful)][skt.kṣema]

40.89 寘 [zhì][eng.to place; (also zhì, to put)][skt.sthāpayati; (also "to place" = sthāpayati)]

40.90 寙 [yǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔ)]

40.91 寚 [bǎo][eng.ancient variant of 寶 (treasure)][skt.ratna]

40.92 寛 [kuān][eng.wide; Japanese variant of 寬][skt.vistīrṇa]

40.93 寜 [níng][eng.peaceful; Japanese variant of 寧][skt.kṣema]

40.94 寝 [qǐn][eng.to sleep; (also qǐn, a bedroom)][skt.nidrā; (also "to sleep" = svapiti)]

40.95 寞 [mò][eng.quiet; (also mò, lonely)][skt.śānta; (also "lonely" = vivikta)]

40.96 察 [chá][eng.to examine; (also chá, to investigate)][skt.parīkṣā; (also "to examine" = parīkṣate)]

40.97 寠 [jù][eng.poor; (also jù, humble)][skt.daridra; (also "poor" = daridra)]

40.98 寡 [guǎ][eng.few; (also guǎ, a widow)][skt.alpa; (also "few" = alpa; "widow" = vidhavā)]

40.99 寢 [qǐn][eng.to sleep; (also qǐn, a bedroom)][skt.nidrā; (also "to sleep" = svapiti)]

40.100 寣 [hū][eng.an ancient term; (also hū)]

40.101 寤 [wù][eng.to wake up; (also wù, to realize)][skt.budhyate; (also "to awaken" = budhyate)]

40.102 寥 [liáo][eng.empty; (also liáo, vast)][skt.śūnya; (also "empty" = śūnya; "vast" = vipula)]

40.103 實 [shí][eng.real; (also shí, true)][skt.tattva; (also "real" = tattva; "true" = satya)]

40.104 寧 [níng][eng.peaceful; (also níng, a preference)][skt.kṣema; (also "peaceful" = śānta)]

40.105 寨 [zhài][eng.a stockade; (also zhài, a fort)][skt.prakāra; (also "fort" = durga)]

40.106 審 [shěn][eng.to examine; (also shěn, careful)][skt.parīkṣā; (also "to examine" = parīkṣate)]

40.107 寪 [wěi][eng.an ancient term; (also wěi)]

40.108 寫 [xiě][eng.to write; (also xiě, to paint)][skt.likhati; (also "to write" = likhati)]

40.109 寬 [kuān][eng.wide; (also kuān, broad)][skt.vistīrṇa; (also "broad" = pṛthu)]

40.110 寭 [huì][eng.an ancient term; (also huì)]

40.111 寮 [liáo][eng.a small room; (also liáo, a hut)][skt.kuṭī; (also "hut" = kuṭī)]

40.112 寯 [jùn][eng.an ancient term; (also jùn)]

40.113 寰 [huán][eng.the world; (also huán, the cosmos)][skt.jagat; (also "world" = jagat; "cosmos" = brahmāṇḍa)]

40.114 寱 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì)]

40.115 寲 [yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí)]

40.116 寳 [bǎo][eng.ancient variant of 寶 (treasure)][skt.ratna]

40.117 寴 [qīn][eng.an ancient term; (also qīn)]

40.118 寵 [chǒng][eng.to favor; (also chǒng, a favorite)][skt.anugraha; (also "favor" = anugraha)]

40.119 寶 [bǎo][eng.treasure; (also bǎo, a jewel)][skt.ratna; (also "treasure" = nidhi; "jewel" = ratna)]

40.120 寷 [fēng][eng.an ancient term; (also fēng)]

40.121 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 40 (宀)

40.122 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

40.123 40.1 宀 (mián) [skt.śikhara; chādana; āśraya] — The radical itself; represents a roof or covering. Translates three roots. (1) śikhara (roof, peak). (2) chādana (covering). (3) āśraya (shelter). The radical is central to concepts of dwelling, protection, and the inner space of the mind.

40.124 40.6 宅 (zhái) [skt.veśma; gṛha] — Translates two roots. (1) veśma (residence, dwelling). (2) gṛha (house). The character appears in descriptions of monastic dwellings and lay residences.

40.125 40.8 宇 (yǔ) [skt.ākāśa; brahmāṇḍa] — Translates two roots. (1) ākāśa (space, sky) — one of the five elements. (2) brahmāṇḍa (universe, cosmos). The character appears in 宇宙 (brahmāṇḍa, universe), a term used in Buddhist cosmology.

40.126 40.9 守 (shǒu) [skt.rakṣā] — Translates rakṣā (guarding, protecting). The character appears in 守戒 (śīla-rakṣā, guarding the precepts), a key term in Buddhist ethics.

40.127 40.10 安 (ān) [skt.kṣema; śānti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) kṣema (peace, security, well-being). (2) śānti (peace, tranquility). The character appears in 安住 (kṣema-vihāra, peaceful abiding) and 安心 (kṣema-citta, peaceful mind). It is a key term for the peace that comes from practice.

40.128 40.13 完 (wán) [skt.pūrṇa; kevala] — Translates two roots. (1) pūrṇa (complete, full). (2) kevala (whole, entire). The character appears in descriptions of the completeness of the Buddha’s teachings.

40.129 40.24 宗 (zōng) [skt.gotra; pitṛ] — Translates two roots. (1) gotra (lineage, clan). (2) pitṛ (ancestor). The character appears in 宗派 (gotra, school/lineage) and in descriptions of the Buddha’s lineage.

40.130 40.26 宙 (zhòu) [skt.kāla] — Translates kāla (time). The character appears in 宇宙 (brahmāṇḍa, universe) and in temporal contexts.

40.131 40.27 定 (dìng) [skt.samādhi; niścaya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) samādhi (concentration, meditative absorption) — one of the threefold trainings (戒, 定, 慧 — śīla, samādhi, prajñā). (2) niścaya (determination, settling). The character appears in 定心 (samādhi-citta, concentrated mind) and is central to Buddhist meditation practice.

40.132 40.29 宜 (yí) [skt.yukta] — Translates yukta (appropriate, proper). The character appears in 适宜 (yukta, appropriate). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of appropriate conduct.

40.133 40.30 宝 (bǎo) [skt.ratna; nidhi] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ratna (jewel, treasure) — appears in 三寶 (tri-ratna, Three Jewels): Buddha, Dharma, Saṅgha. (2) nidhi (treasure, store). The character is foundational to Buddhist faith and practice.

40.134 40.31 实 (shí) [skt.tattva; satya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) tattva (reality, truth) — appears in 真實 (tattva, reality). (2) satya (truth) — appears in 實相 (tattva-lakṣaṇa, true nature). The character is central to Buddhist philosophy, particularly in discussions of ultimate reality.

40.135 40.35 客 (kè) [skt.atithi] — Translates atithi (guest). The character appears in 客人 (atithi, guest). In Buddhist contexts, guests and hospitality are discussed in Vinaya.

40.136 40.36 宣 (xuān) [skt.prakāśayati] — Translates prakāśayati (to proclaim, to announce). The character appears in 宣說 (prakāśayati, to proclaim/teach). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha proclaiming the Dharma.

40.137 40.37 室 (shì) [skt.gṛha; veśma] — Translates two roots. (1) gṛha (room, house). (2) veśma (chamber). The character appears in descriptions of meditation halls and monastic rooms.

40.138 40.38 宥 (yòu) [skt.kṣamā] — Translates kṣamā (forgiveness, forbearance). The character appears in 宽宥 (kṣamā, to forgive). In Buddhist contexts, forgiveness is a key virtue.

40.139 40.43 宪 (xiàn) [skt.dharma] — Translates dharma (law, constitution). The character appears in 憲法 (dharma, constitution). In Buddhist contexts, dharma is the teaching of the Buddha.

40.140 40.44 宫 (gōng) [skt.rāja-veśma; prāsāda] — Translates two roots. (1) rāja-veśma (royal palace). (2) prāsāda (palace, temple). The character appears in descriptions of palaces in Buddhist narratives.

40.141 40.49 宰 (zǎi) [skt.prabhu; mantrin] — Translates two roots. (1) prabhu (lord, ruler). (2) mantrin (minister). The character appears in descriptions of ministers and rulers.

40.142 40.52 害 (hài) [skt.hiṃsā; vipatti] — Translates two roots. (1) hiṃsā (harm, injury) — the opposite of non-violence (ahiṃsā). (2) vipatti (disaster, calamity). The character appears in discussions of non-harm, a central Buddhist precept.

40.143 40.53 宴 (yàn) [skt.bhojana] — Translates bhojana (feast, meal). The character appears in descriptions of feasts and meals in Buddhist narratives.

40.144 40.55 家 (jiā) [skt.gṛha; kula] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) gṛha (home, house). (2) kula (family, clan). The character appears in 出家 (pravrajyā, going forth from the home) — the term for monastic ordination — and in 在家 (gṛha-stha, layperson). The radical 宀 itself represents the shelter that one leaves behind when becoming a monk.

40.145 40.58 容 (róng) [skt.ādhāra; rūpa] — Translates two roots. (1) ādhāra (container, support). (2) rūpa (appearance, form). The character appears in 容納 (ādhāra, to contain) and 容貌 (rūpa, appearance).

40.146 40.62 宽 (kuān) [skt.vistīrṇa; pṛthu] — Translates two roots. (1) vistīrṇa (wide, broad). (2) pṛthu (broad, extensive). The character appears in 寬廣 (vistīrṇa, broad). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s broad mind.

40.147 40.64 宿 (sù) [skt.nivāsa] — Translates nivāsa (lodging, dwelling). The character appears in 宿泊 (nivāsa, to lodge). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic dwellings.

40.148 40.67 寂 (jì) [skt.śānta; sthira] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śānta (quiet, calm, peaceful) — appears in 寂静 (śānta, peaceful). (2) sthira (still, steady). The character appears in 涅槃 (nirvāṇa), often described as the state of peace and stillness. It is one of the key terms for the peace of nirvāṇa.

40.149 40.69 寄 (jì) [skt.preṣayati] — Translates preṣayati (to send, to entrust). The character appears in 寄託 (preṣayati, to entrust). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of entrusting the Dharma.

40.150 40.71 密 (mì) [skt.guhya; antika] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) guhya (secret, hidden) — appears in 秘密 (guhya, secret). (2) antika (intimate, near). The character appears in 密教 (guhya-śāsana, esoteric teaching) and in 密宗 (Vajrayāna, esoteric Buddhism). It is central to esoteric Buddhist traditions.

40.151 40.72 寇 (kòu) [skt.cora] — Translates cora (bandit, thief). The character appears in 寇賊 (cora, bandit). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in Vinaya discussions of theft.

40.152 40.77 富 (fù) [skt.dhana; samṛddha] — Translates two roots. (1) dhana (wealth). (2) samṛddha (rich, prosperous). The character appears in 財富 (dhana, wealth). In Buddhist contexts, wealth is often contrasted with spiritual poverty.

40.153 40.81 寐 (mèi) [skt.nidrā] — Translates nidrā (sleep). The character appears in 睡眠 (nidrā, sleep). In Buddhist psychology, sleep is one of the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa).

40.154 40.83 寒 (hán) [skt.śīta] — Translates śīta (cold). The character appears in 寒冷 (śīta, cold). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the cold hells.

40.155 40.84 寓 (yù) [skt.vāsa] — Translates vāsa (residence, lodging). The character appears in 寓所 (vāsa, lodging). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of dwellings.

40.156 40.89 寘 (zhì) [skt.sthāpayati] — Translates sthāpayati (to place, to put). The character appears in 放置 (sthāpayati, to place). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of placing offerings.

40.157 40.94 寝 (qǐn) [skt.nidrā] — Translates nidrā (sleep). See Character 40.81.

40.158 40.95 寞 (mò) [skt.śānta; vivikta] — Translates two roots. (1) śānta (quiet, peaceful). (2) vivikta (lonely, secluded). The character appears in 寂寞 (vivikta, lonely). In Buddhist contexts, seclusion (vivikta) is valued for meditation.

40.159 40.96 察 (chá) [skt.parīkṣā] — Translates parīkṣā (examination, investigation). The character appears in 觀察 (avalokana, to observe/investigate), a key term in Buddhist meditation and philosophy.

40.160 40.97 寠 (jù) [skt.daridra] — Translates daridra (poor). The character appears in 貧寠 (daridra, poor). In Buddhist contexts, poverty is often contrasted with spiritual wealth.

40.161 40.98 寡 (guǎ) [skt.alpa; vidhavā] — Translates two roots. (1) alpa (few, little). (2) vidhavā (widow). The character appears in 寡婦 (vidhavā, widow). In Buddhist contexts, widows appear in Vinaya discussions.

40.162 40.101 寤 (wù) [skt.budhyate] — CRITICAL — Translates budhyate (to wake up, to awaken). The character is the root of the word Buddha (覺者, buddha, the awakened one). It appears in 寤寐 (budhyate, waking and sleeping), and is central to the Buddhist concept of awakening from the sleep of ignorance.

40.163 40.102 寥 (liáo) [skt.śūnya; vipula] — Translates two roots. (1) śūnya (empty, void) — a foundational Buddhist term. (2) vipula (vast, extensive). The character appears in 寥廓 (śūnya, empty/vast). In Buddhist philosophy, śūnya is the central term of the Madhyamaka school.

40.164 40.103 實 (shí) [skt.tattva; satya] — Traditional variant of 实. See Character 40.31.

40.165 40.104 寧 (níng) [skt.kṣema; śānta] — Translates two roots. (1) kṣema (peace, security). (2) śānta (peaceful). The character appears in 安寧 (kṣema, peaceful). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of peaceful abiding.

40.166 40.108 寫 (xiě) [skt.likhati] — Translates likhati (to write, to inscribe). The character appears in 抄寫 (likhati, to copy). In Buddhist contexts, the copying of scriptures is a highly meritorious act.

40.167 40.111 寮 (liáo) [skt.kuṭī] — Translates kuṭī (hut, small room). The character appears in 寮房 (kuṭī, monastic cell). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic dwellings.

40.168 40.113 寰 (huán) [skt.jagat; brahmāṇḍa] — Translates two roots. (1) jagat (world, universe). (2) brahmāṇḍa (cosmos). The character appears in 寰宇 (jagat, world). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the world-system.

40.169 40.118 寵 (chǒng) [skt.anugraha] — Traditional variant of 宠. Translates anugraha (favor, blessing). See Character 40.33.

40.170 40.119 寶 (bǎo) [skt.ratna; nidhi] — Traditional variant of 宝. Translates ratna (jewel). See Character 40.30.

41 寸

41.1 寸 [chn.cùn][eng.thumb; inch; a unit of length; (also cùn, (surname))][skt.aṅgula; (Skt. pāṇi = hand)]

41.2 对 [chn.duì][eng.to face; to match; to answer; correct; (also duì, (surname))][(Skt. prati = towards)]

41.3 寺 [chn.sì][eng.temple; monastery; (also sì, (surname))][skt.vihāra; (Skt. ārāma = monastery)]

41.4 寻 [chn.xún][eng.to seek; to search; (also xún, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = seeking)]

41.5 导 [chn.dǎo][eng.to lead; to guide; to conduct; (also dǎo, (surname))][(Skt. netṛ = guide)]

41.6 寽 [chn.lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to take); rare]

41.7 対 [chn.duì][eng.Japanese variant of 對 (to face; to oppose)][(Skt. prati = towards)]

41.8 寿 [chn.shòu][eng.longevity; life; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. āyuṣ = longevity)]

41.9 尀 [chn.pǒ][archaic; (also pǒ, to be impossible); rare]

41.10 封 [chn.fēng][eng.to seal; to enclose; feudal; (also fēng, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = seal)]

41.11 専 [chn.zhuān][eng.Japanese variant of 專 (specialized; concentrated; exclusive)][(Skt. ekāgratā = concentration)]

41.12 尃 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to spread); rare]

41.13 射 [chn.shè][eng.to shoot; to project; to emit; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. kṣepa = shooting)]

41.14 尅 [chn.kè][archaic variant of 克 (to overcome; to prevail)][(Skt. jaya = victory)]

41.15 将 [chn.jiāng][eng.will; shall; to bring; (also jiàng, general)][(Skt. bhaviṣyat = future)]

41.16 將 [chn.jiāng][eng.traditional variant of 将 (will; shall; to bring)][(Skt. bhaviṣyat = future)]

41.17 專 [chn.zhuān][eng.traditional variant of 专 (specialized; concentrated; exclusive)][(Skt. ekāgratā = concentration)]

41.18 尉 [chn.wèi][eng.military officer; (also yù, to comfort)][(Skt. senāpati = commander)]

41.19 尊 [chn.zūn][eng.to venerate; to honor; esteemed; (also zūn, (surname))][(Skt. pūjā = veneration)]

41.20 尋 [chn.xún][eng.traditional variant of 寻 (to seek; to search)][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = seeking)]

41.21 尌 [chn.shù][archaic; (also shù, to establish); rare]

41.22 對 [chn.duì][eng.traditional variant of 对 (to face; to match; to answer)][(Skt. prati = towards)]

41.23 導 [chn.dǎo][eng.traditional variant of 导 (to lead; to guide)][(Skt. netṛ = guide)]

41.24 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 41 (寸)

41.25 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

41.26 41.1 寸 (cùn) [skt.aṅgula; pāṇi] — The radical itself; represents the thumb or a unit of measurement. Translates two roots. (1) aṅgula (thumb, inch). (2) pāṇi (hand). Appears in measurements and descriptions of the body.

41.27 41.2 对 (duì) [skt.prati] — CRITICAL — Translates prati (towards, against, opposite). The character appears in 相對 (prati, opposite/relative) and 對治 (pratipakṣa, antidote/counteragent), a key term in Buddhist practice where specific practices are used as antidotes to specific defilements.

41.28 41.3 寺 (sì) [skt.vihāra; ārāma] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) vihāra (monastery, temple) — the term for a Buddhist monastic dwelling. (2) ārāma (monastery, park). The character appears in 寺院 (vihāra, temple/monastery) and is one of the most common terms for Buddhist institutions.

41.29 41.4 寻 (xún) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Translates anveṣaṇa (seeking, searching). The character appears in 尋求 (anveṣaṇa, to seek). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of seeking the truth.

41.30 41.5 导 (dǎo) [skt.netṛ] — CRITICAL — Translates netṛ (guide, leader). The character appears in 導師 (nāyaka, teacher/guide). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha as the guide to enlightenment.

41.31 41.8 寿 (shòu) [skt.āyuṣ] — CRITICAL — Translates āyuṣ (longevity, life). The character appears in 長壽 (āyuṣ, long life). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in aspirations for long life and in descriptions of the Buddha’s lifespan.

41.32 41.10 封 (fēng) [skt.mudrā] — Translates mudrā (seal). The character appears in 封印 (mudrā, seal). In Buddhist contexts, mudrā also refers to ritual hand gestures.

41.33 41.13 射 (shè) [skt.kṣepa] — Translates kṣepa (shooting, projection). The character appears in 射箭 (kṣepa, to shoot). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in similes for the focused mind.

41.34 41.14 尅 (kè) [skt.jaya] — Translates jaya (victory, conquest). The character appears in 尅服 (jaya, to overcome). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of overcoming defilements.

41.35 41.15 将 (jiāng) [skt.bhaviṣyat] — Translates bhaviṣyat (future). The character appears as a future tense marker. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of future events.

41.36 41.17 專 (zhuān) [skt.ekāgratā] — CRITICAL — Translates ekāgratā (concentration, one-pointedness). The character appears in 專心 (ekāgratā, concentrated mind). In Buddhist contexts, ekāgratā is a key factor of samādhi (meditative concentration).

41.37 41.18 尉 (wèi) [skt.senāpati] — Translates senāpati (commander, military officer). The character appears in military contexts.

41.38 41.19 尊 (zūn) [skt.pūjā] — CRITICAL — Translates pūjā (veneration, honor). The character appears in 世尊 (bhagavān, World-Honored One), one of the primary epithets of the Buddha. It also appears in 尊敬 (pūjā, to respect).

41.39 41.20 尋 (xún) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Traditional variant of 寻. See Character 41.4.

41.40 41.22 對 (duì) [skt.prati] — Traditional variant of 对. See Character 41.2.

41.41 41.23 導 (dǎo) [skt.netṛ] — Traditional variant of 导. See Character 41.5.

42 小

42.1 小 [chn.xiǎo][eng.small; little; minor; (also xiǎo, (surname))][skt.alpa; (Skt. kṣudra = small)]

42.2 尐 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be few); rare]

42.3 少 [chn.shǎo][eng.few; little; to lack; (also shào, young)][skt.alpa; (Skt. svalpa = little)]

42.4 尒 [chn.ěr][archaic variant of 尔 (you; thus); rare][skt.tvam; (Skt. eva = thus)]

42.5 尓 [chn.ěr][archaic variant of 尔 (you; thus); rare][skt.tvam; (Skt. eva = thus)]

42.6 尔 [chn.ěr][eng.you; thus; (also ěr, (surname))][skt.tvam; (Skt. eva = thus)]

42.7 尕 [chn.gǎ][eng.small; little; (also gǎ, (surname))][skt.alpa; (Skt. kṣudra = small)]

42.8 尖 [chn.jiān][eng.point; tip; sharp; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. agra = tip)]

42.9 尗 [chn.shú][archaic variant of 叔 (uncle); (also shú, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛvya = uncle)]

42.10 尘 [chn.chén][eng.dust; (also chén, (surname))][skt.rajas; (Skt. dhūli = dust)]

42.11 尙 [chn.shàng][archaic variant of 尚 (still; yet; to value)][(Skt. api = still)]

42.12 尚 [chn.shàng][eng.still; yet; to esteem; (also shàng, (surname))][(Skt. api = still)]

42.13 尛 [chn.mó][archaic variant of 麽 (small; tiny); rare][skt.alpa; (Skt. kṣudra = tiny)]

42.14 尜 [chn.gá][archaic; (also gá, to be small); rare]

42.15 尝 [chn.cháng][eng.to taste; to try; once; (also cháng, (surname))][(Skt. rasa = taste)]

42.16 尞 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be distant); rare]

42.17 尟 [chn.xiǎn][archaic variant of 鮮 (fresh; few)][skt.alpa; (Skt. navīna = fresh)]

42.18 尠 [chn.xiǎn][archaic variant of 鮮 (fresh; few)][skt.alpa; (Skt. navīna = fresh)]

42.19 尡 [chn.hǔn][archaic; (also hǔn, to be bright); rare]

42.20 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 42 (小)

42.21 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

42.22 42.1 小 (xiǎo) [skt.alpa; kṣudra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) alpa (small, little) appears in 小乘 (Hīnayāna, Lesser Vehicle). (2) kṣudra (small, minor) appears in 小人 (kṣudra, inferior person). The character appears in 小乘 (Hīnayāna), the term for the early Buddhist schools, and in many compounds meaning "small" or "minor."

42.23 42.3 少 (shǎo) [skt.alpa; svalpa] — Translates two roots. (1) alpa (few). (2) svalpa (very little). The character appears in 多少 (alpa, how many) and is the opposite of 多 (bahu, many).

42.24 42.6 尔 (ěr) [skt.tvam; eva] — Translates two roots. (1) tvam (you). (2) eva (thus). The character appears in classical Chinese and in 尔时 (eva, at that time), a common phrase in Buddhist sutras.

42.25 42.7 尕 (gǎ) [skt.alpa; kṣudra] — Translates two roots. (1) alpa (small). (2) kṣudra (small). A dialectal character used for "small" and "little."

42.26 42.8 尖 (jiān) [skt.agra] — Translates agra (tip, point, sharp). The character appears in 尖銳 (agra, sharp). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of sharp wisdom.

42.27 42.10 尘 (chén) [skt.rajas; dhūli] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) rajas (dust, impurity) appears in 塵勞 (rajas, defilement). (2) dhūli (dust) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist texts as a metaphor for defilements and worldly attachments. The overcoming of defilements is central to the path.

42.28 42.12 尚 (shàng) [skt.api] — Translates api (still, yet, also). The character appears in 尚且 (api, still). In Buddhist texts, it appears in classical Chinese constructions.

42.29 42.15 尝 (cháng) [skt.rasa] — Translates rasa (taste). The character appears in 嘗試 (rasa, to taste). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in experiential contexts of tasting the Dharma.

43 尢

43.1 尢 [chn.wāng][eng.lame; crippled; (also wāng, (surname))][(Skt. khañja = lame)]

43.2 尣 [chn.wāng][archaic variant of 尢 (lame; crippled)][(Skt. khañja = lame)]

43.3 尤 [chn.yóu][eng.especially; particularly; outstanding; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. viśeṣa = especially)]

43.4 尥 [chn.liào][eng.to limp; to hobble; (also liào, (surname))][(Skt. khañjati = to limp)]

43.5 尦 [chn.liào][archaic variant of 尥 (to limp; to hobble)][(Skt. khañjati = to limp)]

43.6 尧 [chn.yáo][eng.legendary emperor Yao; (also yáo, (surname))]

43.7 尨 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be large); rare]

43.8 尩 [chn.wāng][archaic variant of 尢 (lame; crippled)][(Skt. khañja = lame)]

43.9 尪 [chn.wāng][archaic variant of 尢 (lame; crippled)][(Skt. khañja = lame)]

43.10 尫 [chn.wāng][archaic variant of 尢 (lame; crippled)][(Skt. khañja = lame)]

43.11 尬 [chn.gà][archaic; (also gà, to be embarrassed); rare]

43.12 尭 [chn.yáo][eng.Japanese variant of 堯 (emperor Yao)]

43.13 尮 [chn.duò][archaic; (also duò, to be lame); rare]

43.14 尯 [chn.kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to be tired); rare]

43.15 尰 [chn.zhǒng][archaic; (also zhǒng, to be swollen); rare]

43.16 就 [chn.jiù][eng.to approach; to accomplish; then; already; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. eva = then)]

43.17 尲 [chn.gān][archaic; (also gān, to be embarrassed); rare]

43.18 尳 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be lame); rare]

43.19 尴 [chn.gān][eng.embarrassed; awkward; (also gān, (surname))][(Skt. lajjā = embarrassment)]

43.20 尵 [chn.tuí][archaic; (also tuí, to be lame); rare]

43.21 尶 [chn.gān][archaic variant of 尴 (embarrassed; awkward)][(Skt. lajjā = embarrassment)]

43.22 尷 [chn.gān][eng.traditional variant of 尴 (embarrassed; awkward)][(Skt. lajjā = embarrassment)]

43.23 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 43 (尢)

43.24 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

43.25 43.1 尢 (wāng) [skt.khañja] — The radical itself; represents lameness or weakness. Translates khañja (lame, crippled). Appears in characters related to physical weakness.

43.26 43.3 尤 (yóu) [skt.viśeṣa] — Translates viśeṣa (especially, particularly). The character appears in 尤其 (viśeṣa, especially). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of particular qualities.

43.27 43.4 尥 (liào) [skt.khañjati] — Translates khañjati (to limp, to hobble). The character appears in descriptions of lameness.

43.28 43.6 尧 (yáo) — The legendary emperor Yao. Appears in historical and classical texts.

43.29 43.7 尨 (máng) [skt.mahā] — Translates mahā (large, great). An archaic character meaning "large" or "hairy."

43.30 43.11 尬 (gà) [skt.vihvala] — Translates vihvala (embarrassed, distressed). The character appears in 尷尬 (lajjā, embarrassment).

43.31 43.16 就 (jiù) [skt.eva] — CRITICAL — Translates eva (then, already, immediately). One of the most common characters in classical Chinese. The character appears in 成就 (samiddhi, accomplishment/attainment), a key Buddhist term for spiritual accomplishment.

43.32 43.19 尴 (gān) [skt.lajjā] — Translates lajjā (embarrassment, shame). The character appears in 尷尬 (lajjā, embarrassed). In Buddhist contexts, shame (hrī) is considered a wholesome mental factor.

44 尸

44.1 尸 [chn.shī][eng.corpse; (also jǐ, archaic reading); radical 44][(Skt. śava = corpse)]

44.2 尹 [chn.yǐn][eng.to govern; (also yǐn, (surname))][(Skt. śāsana = governing)]

44.3 尺 [chn.chǐ][eng.foot (measure); ruler; (also chǐ, (surname))][(Skt. pāda = foot)]

44.4 尻 [chn.kāo][eng.buttocks; rump; (also kāo, (surname))][(Skt. sthi = buttocks)]

44.5 尼 [chn.ní][eng.nun; (also ní, (surname))][skt.bhikṣuṇī; (Skt. nir = neither)]

44.6 尽 [chn.jìn][eng.to exhaust; to use up; to the limit; (also jǐn, as much as possible)][(Skt. kṣaya = exhaustion)]

44.7 尾 [chn.wěi][eng.tail; end; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. puccha = tail)]

44.8 尿 [chn.niào][eng.urine; to urinate; (also suī, (surname))][(Skt. mūtra = urine)]

44.9 局 [chn.jú][eng.office; bureau; situation; (also jú, (surname))][(Skt. sthāna = office)]

44.10 屁 [chn.pì][eng.fart; (also pì, (surname))]

44.11 层 [chn.céng][eng.layer; level; floor; (also céng, (surname))][(Skt. bhūmi = layer)]

44.12 屃 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be bold); rare]

44.13 屄 [chn.bī][eng.vulgar; (also bī, female genitalia); rare]

44.14 居 [chn.jū][eng.to dwell; to reside; to occupy; (also jū, (surname))][(Skt. nivāsa = dwelling)]

44.15 屆 [chn.jiè][eng.traditional variant of 届 (to arrive; to reach; session)][(Skt. prāpti = reaching)]

44.16 屇 [chn.tián][archaic; (also tián, to be full); rare]

44.17 屈 [chn.qū][eng.to bend; to submit; (also qū, (surname))][(Skt. nam = bending)]

44.18 屉 [chn.tì][eng.drawer; (also tì, (surname))]

44.19 届 [chn.jiè][eng.to arrive; to reach; session; (also jiè, (surname))][(Skt. prāpti = reaching)]

44.20 屋 [chn.wū][eng.house; room; (also wū, (surname))][(Skt. gṛha = house)]

44.21 屌 [chn.diǎo][eng.vulgar; (also diǎo, penis); rare]

44.22 屍 [chn.shī][eng.traditional variant of 尸 (corpse)][(Skt. śava = corpse)]

44.23 屎 [chn.shǐ][eng.feces; excrement; (also shǐ, (surname))][(Skt. purīṣa = feces)]

44.24 屏 [chn.píng][eng.screen; to shield; to reject; (also bǐng, to dismiss)][(Skt. prākāra = screen)]

44.25 屐 [chn.jī][eng.wooden clogs; (also jī, (surname))]

44.26 屑 [chn.xiè][eng.remnants; bits; to care; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. śeṣa = remnants)]

44.27 屒 [chn.zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be deep); rare]

44.28 屓 [chn.xì][archaic variant of 屃 (bold)]

44.29 屔 [chn.ní][archaic; (also ní, to be muddy); rare]

44.30 展 [chn.zhǎn][eng.to unfold; to extend; to spread out; (also zhǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vistara = extension)]

44.31 屖 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be calm); rare]

44.32 屗 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be weak); rare]

44.33 屘 [chn.mǎn][archaic; (also mǎn, to be young); rare]

44.34 屙 [chn.ē][archaic; (also ē, to defecate); rare]

44.35 屚 [chn.lòu][archaic variant of 漏 (to leak)][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = leaking)]

44.36 屛 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 屏 (screen; to shield)][(Skt. prākāra = screen)]

44.37 屜 [chn.tì][eng.traditional variant of 屉 (drawer)]

44.38 屝 [chn.fèi][archaic; (also fèi, straw sandals); rare]

44.39 属 [chn.shǔ][eng.to belong to; category; (also zhǔ, to connect)][(Skt. sambandha = connection)]

44.40 屟 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to step); rare]

44.41 屠 [chn.tú][eng.to slaughter; (also tú, (surname))][(Skt. vadha = slaughter)]

44.42 屡 [chn.lǚ][eng.repeatedly; frequently; (also lǚ, (surname))][(Skt. punaḥ = repeatedly)]

44.43 屢 [chn.lǚ][eng.traditional variant of 屡 (repeatedly; frequently)][(Skt. punaḥ = repeatedly)]

44.44 屣 [chn.xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to put on shoes); rare]

44.45 層 [chn.céng][eng.traditional variant of 层 (layer; level)][(Skt. bhūmi = layer)]

44.46 履 [chn.lǚ][eng.shoe; to tread on; to fulfill; (also lǚ, (surname))][(Skt. pādukā = shoe)]

44.47 屦 [chn.jù][archaic variant of 屨 (straw sandal)]

44.48 屧 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to step); rare]

44.49 屨 [chn.jù][eng.straw sandal; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. pādukā = sandal)]

44.50 屩 [chn.juē][archaic; (also juē, straw sandal); rare]

44.51 屪 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be weak); rare]

44.52 屫 [chn.juē][archaic variant of 屩 (straw sandal)]

44.53 屬 [chn.shǔ][eng.traditional variant of 属 (to belong to; category)][(Skt. sambandha = connection)]

44.54 屭 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be bold); rare]

44.55 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 44 (尸)

44.56 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

44.57 44.1 尸 (shī) [skt.śava] — The radical itself; represents a corpse. Translates śava (corpse). The character appears in the contemplation of the corpse (aśubha-bhāvanā), a key meditation practice for overcoming attachment to the body. It also appears in śīla (尸羅, morality/conduct) through a phonetic loan.

44.58 44.2 尹 (yǐn) [skt.śāsana] — Translates śāsana (governing, rule). The character appears in 尹氏 (śāsana, ruling). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of governance.

44.59 44.3 尺 (chǐ) [skt.pāda] — Translates pāda (foot, measure). The character is a unit of measurement. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s footprints and measurements of stūpas.

44.60 44.5 尼 (ní) [skt.bhikṣuṇī; nir] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) bhikṣuṇī (nun) — appears in 比丘尼 (bhikṣuṇī, Buddhist nun). (2) nir (neither) — appears in 涅槃 (nirvāṇa, liberation). The character is central to discussions of the female monastic order established by the Buddha.

44.61 44.6 尽 (jìn) [skt.kṣaya] — CRITICAL — Translates kṣaya (exhaustion, end). The character appears in 盡頭 (kṣaya, end). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the end of defilements and the exhaustion of karma.

44.62 44.7 尾 (wěi) [skt.puccha] — Translates puccha (tail). The character appears in 尾巴 (puccha, tail). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of animals.

44.63 44.9 局 (jú) [skt.sthāna] — Translates sthāna (office, situation, place). The character appears in 局面 (sthāna, situation). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in administrative contexts.

44.64 44.11 层 (céng) [skt.bhūmi] — Translates bhūmi (layer, level, stage). The character appears in 層次 (bhūmi, level). In Buddhist contexts, bhūmi is the term for the ten stages of the Bodhisattva path.

44.65 44.14 居 (jū) [skt.nivāsa] — CRITICAL — Translates nivāsa (dwelling, residence). The character appears in 居住 (nivāsa, to dwell). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s dwelling places and the monastic residence.

44.66 44.17 屈 (qū) [skt.nam] — Translates nam (bending, submission). The character appears in 屈服 (nam, to submit). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of bowing and submission to the Dharma.

44.67 44.19 届 (jiè) [skt.prāpti] — Translates prāpti (reaching, arrival). The character appears in 屆時 (prāpti, at the appointed time). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of reaching the goal.

44.68 44.20 屋 (wū) [skt.gṛha] — Translates gṛha (house, room). The character appears in 屋子 (gṛha, house). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of houses and dwellings.

44.69 44.22 屍 (shī) [skt.śava] — Traditional variant of 尸. See Character 44.1.

44.70 44.24 屏 (píng) [skt.prākāra] — Translates prākāra (screen, wall, enclosure). The character appears in 屏風 (prākāra, screen). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic enclosures.

44.71 44.26 屑 (xiè) [skt.śeṣa] — Translates śeṣa (remnants, remainder). The character appears in 屑末 (śeṣa, bits). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of leftovers and remnants.

44.72 44.30 展 (zhǎn) [skt.vistara] — Translates vistara (extension, unfolding). The character appears in 展開 (vistara, to unfold). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of spreading the Dharma.

44.73 44.39 属 (shǔ) [skt.sambandha] — CRITICAL — Translates sambandha (connection, relation, belonging). The character appears in 屬于 (sambandha, to belong to). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of causality and dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda).

44.74 44.41 屠 (tú) [skt.vadha] — Translates vadha (slaughter, killing). The character appears in 屠殺 (vadha, to slaughter). In Buddhist contexts, killing is the first of the five precepts (śīla).

44.75 44.42 屡 (lǚ) [skt.punaḥ] — Translates punaḥ (repeatedly, frequently). The character appears in 屢次 (punaḥ, repeatedly). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of repeated practice.

44.76 44.45 層 (céng) [skt.bhūmi] — Traditional variant of 层. See Character 44.11.

44.77 44.46 履 (lǚ) [skt.pādukā] — Translates pādukā (shoe, sandal). The character appears in 履行 (carita, to practice/fulfill), a key term for the practice of the precepts.

44.78 44.49 屨 (jù) [skt.pādukā] — Translates pādukā (sandal). See Character 44.46.

44.79 44.53 屬 (shǔ) [skt.sambandha] — Traditional variant of 属. See Character 44.39.

45 屮

45.1 屮 [chn.chè][eng.sprout; young plant; to grow; radical 45][(Skt. aṅkura = sprout)]

45.2 屯 [chn.tún][eng.to assemble; to station; village; (also zhūn, to be difficult)][(Skt. saṃniveśa = assembly)]

45.3 屰 [chn.nì][archaic; (also nì, to rebel); rare]

45.4 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 45 (屮)

45.5 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

45.6 45.1 屮 (chè) [skt.aṅkura] — The radical itself; represents a sprout or young plant. Translates aṅkura (sprout, shoot). In Buddhist terms, it is a beautiful metaphor for the arising of bodhicitta (the mind of awakening) — the first sprout of the Bodhisattva’s path. Not to be confused with 艸 (cǎo, grass).

45.7 45.2 屯 (tún) [skt.saṃniveśa] — CRITICAL — Translates saṃniveśa (assembly, stationing). The character appears in 屯兵 (saṃniveśa, to station troops). It is also read as zhūn, meaning "difficult." Appears in the Yijing (I Ching) and in compound 屯田 (tún tián, military agriculture).

45.8 45.3 屰 (nì) [skt.vidroha] — Translates vidroha (rebellion, opposition). Archaic variant of 逆 (nì) meaning "to rebel" or "to oppose"; rare.

46 山

46.1 山 [chn.shān][eng.mountain; hill; (also shān, (surname))][skt.giri; (Skt. parvata = mountain)]

46.2 屲 [chn.wā][archaic; (also wā, to be low); rare]

46.3 屳 [chn.xiān][archaic variant of 仙 (immortal; fairy)][skt.ṛṣi; (Skt. deva = celestial)]

46.4 屴 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be towering); rare]

46.5 屵 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be high); rare]

46.6 屶 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be dangerous); rare]

46.7 屷 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be steep); rare]

46.8 屸 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be grand); rare]

46.9 屹 [chn.yì][eng.towering; majestic; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = towering)]

46.10 屺 [chn.qǐ][eng.hill without trees; (also qǐ, (surname))]

46.11 屻 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be high); rare]

46.12 屼 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be lofty); rare]

46.13 屽 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be high); rare]

46.14 屾 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be twin peaks); rare]

46.15 屿 [chn.yǔ][eng.islet; small island; (also yǔ, (surname))][(Skt. dvīpa = island)]

46.16 岀 [chn.chū][archaic variant of 出 (to go out; to issue)][(Skt. nirgama = going out)]

46.17 岁 [chn.suì][eng.year; age; (also suì, (surname))][(Skt. varṣa = year)]

46.18 岂 [chn.qǐ][eng.how; (also qǐ, (surname))][(Skt. katham = how)]

46.19 岃 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be high); rare]

46.20 岄 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be steep); rare]

46.21 岅 [chn.bǎn][archaic variant of 坂 (slope; hillside)][(Skt. śṛṅga = slope)]

46.22 岆 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be deep); rare]

46.23 岇 [chn.áng][archaic; (also áng, to be lofty); rare]

46.24 岈 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be steep); rare]

46.25 岉 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be towering); rare]

46.26 岊 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be high); rare]

46.27 岋 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be unstable); rare]

46.28 岌 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be dangerous); rare]

46.29 岍 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be lofty); rare]

46.30 岎 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be high); rare]

46.31 岏 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to be lofty); rare]

46.32 岐 [chn.qí][eng.branch; fork; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

46.33 岑 [chn.cén][archaic; (also cén, (surname)); rare]

46.34 岒 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qián, to be high); rare]

46.35 岓 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be steep); rare]

46.36 岔 [chn.chà][eng.fork; branch; (also chà, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

46.37 岕 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be between); rare]

46.38 岖 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to be rugged); rare]

46.39 岗 [chn.gǎng][eng.hill; ridge; (also gàng, sentry)][(Skt. śaila = hill)]

46.40 岘 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be steep); rare]

46.41 岙 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be deep); rare]

46.42 岚 [chn.lán][eng.mountain mist; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = mist)]

46.43 岛 [chn.dǎo][eng.island; (also dǎo, (surname))][(Skt. dvīpa = island)]

46.44 岜 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be high); rare]

46.45 岝 [chn.zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be lofty); rare]

46.46 岞 [chn.zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be high); rare]

46.47 岟 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be steep); rare]

46.48 岠 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be high); rare]

46.49 岡 [chn.gāng][archaic variant of 冈 (ridge; hill)][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

46.50 岢 [chn.kě][archaic; (also kě, to be high); rare]

46.51 岣 [chn.gǒu][archaic; (also gǒu, to be steep); rare]

46.52 岤 [chn.xuè][archaic; (also xuè, to be steep); rare]

46.53 岥 [chn.pō][archaic; (also pō, to be sloping); rare]

46.54 岦 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be towering); rare]

46.55 岧 [chn.tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be lofty); rare]

46.56 岨 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to be rugged); rare]

46.57 岩 [chn.yán][eng.rock; cliff; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = rock)]

46.58 岪 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be steep); rare]

46.59 岫 [chn.xiù][eng.cave; (also xiù, (surname))][(Skt. guhā = cave)]

46.60 岬 [chn.jiǎ][eng.cape; headland; (also jiǎ, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = cape)]

46.61 岭 [chn.lǐng][eng.mountain range; ridge; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = mountain range)]

46.62 岮 [chn.tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be sloping); rare]

46.63 岯 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be high); rare]

46.64 岰 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be steep); rare]

46.65 岱 [chn.dài][eng.Mount Tai; (also dài, (surname))]

46.66 岲 [chn.kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be lofty); rare]

46.67 岳 [chn.yuè][eng.peak; mountain; (also yuè, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.68 岴 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to be rugged); rare]

46.69 岵 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be high); rare]

46.70 岶 [chn.pò][archaic; (also pò, to be rugged); rare]

46.71 岷 [chn.mín][eng.Mount Min; (also mín, (surname))]

46.72 岸 [chn.àn][eng.bank; shore; coast; (also àn, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = shore)]

46.73 岹 [chn.tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be lofty); rare]

46.74 岺 [chn.líng][archaic variant of 岭 (mountain range)][(Skt. śaila = mountain range)]

46.75 岻 [chn.dī][archaic; (also dī, to be high); rare]

46.76 岼 [chn.píng][archaic; (also píng, to be level); rare]

46.77 岽 [chn.dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be high); rare]

46.78 岾 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be steep); rare]

46.79 岿 [chn.kuī][archaic; (also kuī, to be tall); rare]

46.80 峀 [chn.yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to be cavernous); rare]

46.81 峁 [chn.mǎo][archaic; (also mǎo, to be lofty); rare]

46.82 峂 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be high); rare]

46.83 峃 [chn.xué][archaic; (also xué, to be rocky); rare]

46.84 峄 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be lofty); rare]

46.85 峅 [chn.bìng][archaic; (also bìng, to be high); rare]

46.86 峆 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be steep); rare]

46.87 峇 [chn.kè][archaic; (also kè, to be rocky); rare]

46.88 峈 [chn.luò][archaic; (also luò, to be lofty); rare]

46.89 峉 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be rugged); rare]

46.90 峊 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be high); rare]

46.91 峋 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be steep); rare]

46.92 峌 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be lofty); rare]

46.93 峍 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be towering); rare]

46.94 峎 [chn.ěn][archaic; (also ěn, to be high); rare]

46.95 峏 [chn.ér][archaic; (also ér, to be lofty); rare]

46.96 峐 [chn.gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be high); rare]

46.97 峑 [chn.quān][archaic; (also quān, to be steep); rare]

46.98 峒 [chn.dòng][eng.cave; cavern; (also tóng, (surname))][(Skt. guhā = cave)]

46.99 峓 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be lofty); rare]

46.100 峔 [chn.mǔ][archaic; (also mǔ, to be high); rare]

46.101 峕 [chn.shí][archaic variant of 时 (time; season)][(Skt. kāla = time)]

46.102 峖 [chn.ān][archaic; (also ān, to be safe); rare]

46.103 峗 [chn.wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be high); rare]

46.104 峘 [chn.huán][archaic; (also huán, to be lofty); rare]

46.105 峙 [chn.zhì][eng.to stand; to tower; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. sthita = standing)]

46.106 峚 [chn.mì][archaic; (also mì, to be deep); rare]

46.107 峛 [chn.lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to be steep); rare]

46.108 峜 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be high); rare]

46.109 峝 [chn.tóng][archaic variant of 峒 (cave; cavern)][(Skt. guhā = cave)]

46.110 峞 [chn.wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be steep); rare]

46.111 峟 [chn.yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to be lofty); rare]

46.112 峠 [chn.tō][eng.Japanese kokuji; mountain pass; (also tō, (surname))]

46.113 峡 [chn.xiá][eng.gorge; ravine; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇḍa = ravine)]

46.114 峢 [chn.lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to be lofty); rare]

46.115 峣 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be high); rare]

46.116 峤 [chn.jiào][archaic; (also qiáo, to be lofty); rare]

46.117 峥 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be steep); rare]

46.118 峦 [chn.luán][eng.peaks; mountain range; (also luán, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = peaks)]

46.119 峧 [chn.jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be high); rare]

46.120 峨 [chn.é][eng.lofty; towering; (also é, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = lofty)]

46.121 峩 [chn.é][archaic variant of 峨 (lofty; towering)][(Skt. ucchrāya = lofty)]

46.122 峪 [chn.yù][eng.ravine; valley; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇḍa = ravine)]

46.123 峫 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be steep); rare]

46.124 峬 [chn.bū][archaic; (also bū, to be high); rare]

46.125 峭 [chn.qiào][eng.steep; precipitous; (also qiào, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaura = steep)]

46.126 峮 [chn.qún][archaic; (also qún, to be lofty); rare]

46.127 峯 [chn.fēng][archaic variant of 峰 (peak; summit)][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.128 峰 [chn.fēng][eng.peak; summit; (also fēng, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.129 峱 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to be steep); rare]

46.130 峲 [chn.lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to be lofty); rare]

46.131 峳 [chn.yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be high); rare]

46.132 峴 [chn.xiàn][archaic variant of 岘 (steep)]

46.133 峵 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be grand); rare]

46.134 島 [chn.dǎo][eng.traditional variant of 岛 (island)][(Skt. dvīpa = island)]

46.135 峷 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be high); rare]

46.136 峸 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be high); rare]

46.137 峹 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be steep); rare]

46.138 峺 [chn.gěng][archaic; (also gěng, to be high); rare]

46.139 峻 [chn.jùn][eng.steep; severe; (also jùn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaura = steep)]

46.140 峼 [chn.gào][archaic; (also gào, to be high); rare]

46.141 峽 [chn.xiá][eng.traditional variant of 峡 (gorge; ravine)][(Skt. khaṇḍa = ravine)]

46.142 峾 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be deep); rare]

46.143 峿 [chn.wú][archaic; (also wú, to be lofty); rare]

46.144 崀 [chn.lǎng][archaic; (also lǎng, to be lofty); rare]

46.145 崁 [chn.kàn][archaic; (also kàn, to be high); rare]

46.146 崂 [chn.láo][archaic; (also láo, to be lofty); rare]

46.147 崃 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to be high); rare]

46.148 崄 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be dangerous); rare]

46.149 崅 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be steep); rare]

46.150 崆 [chn.kōng][archaic; (also kōng, to be cavernous); rare]

46.151 崇 [chn.chóng][eng.to venerate; to esteem; lofty; (also chóng, (surname))][(Skt. pūjā = veneration)]

46.152 崈 [chn.chóng][archaic variant of 崇 (to venerate; lofty)][(Skt. pūjā = veneration)]

46.153 崉 [chn.tà][archaic; (also tà, to be steep); rare]

46.154 崊 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be high); rare]

46.155 崋 [chn.huá][archaic variant of 华 (splendid; China)][(Skt. prabhā = splendor)]

46.156 崌 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to be lofty); rare]

46.157 崍 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to be high); rare]

46.158 崎 [chn.qí][eng.steep; rugged; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaura = rugged)]

46.159 崏 [chn.mín][archaic variant of 岷 (Mount Min)]

46.160 崐 [chn.kūn][archaic variant of 昆 (Kunlun Mountains)]

46.161 崑 [chn.kūn][eng.Kunlun Mountains; (also kūn, (surname))]

46.162 崒 [chn.zú][archaic; (also zú, to be lofty); rare]

46.163 崓 [chn.gù][archaic; (also gù, to be high); rare]

46.164 崔 [chn.cuī][eng.lofty; towering; (also cuī, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = lofty)]

46.165 崕 [chn.yá][archaic variant of 崖 (cliff; precipice)][(Skt. śaila = cliff)]

46.166 崖 [chn.yá][eng.cliff; precipice; (also yá, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = cliff)]

46.167 崗 [chn.gāng][eng.traditional variant of 岗 (hill; ridge)][(Skt. śaila = hill)]

46.168 崘 [chn.lún][archaic variant of 仑 (Kunlun Mountains)]

46.169 崙 [chn.lún][eng.Kunlun Mountains; (also lún, (surname))]

46.170 崚 [chn.léng][archaic; (also léng, to be lofty); rare]

46.171 崛 [chn.jué][eng.to rise suddenly; towering; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = towering)]

46.172 崜 [chn.duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to be high); rare]

46.173 崝 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be steep); rare]

46.174 崞 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to be lofty); rare]

46.175 崟 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be lofty); rare]

46.176 崠 [chn.dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be high); rare]

46.177 崡 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to be steep); rare]

46.178 崢 [chn.zhēng][archaic variant of 峥 (steep; lofty)]

46.179 崣 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be high); rare]

46.180 崤 [chn.xiáo][archaic; (also xiáo, (surname)); rare]

46.181 崥 [chn.pí][archaic; (also pí, to be low); rare]

46.182 崦 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be dark); rare]

46.183 崧 [chn.sōng][archaic variant of 嵩 (lofty; Mount Song)]

46.184 崨 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be high); rare]

46.185 崩 [chn.bēng][eng.to collapse; to crumble; (also bēng, (surname))][(Skt. pāta = collapse)]

46.186 崪 [chn.zú][archaic; (also zú, to be lofty); rare]

46.187 崫 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be towering); rare]

46.188 崬 [chn.dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be high); rare]

46.189 崭 [chn.zhǎn][eng.steep; towering; (also zhǎn, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = towering)]

46.190 崮 [chn.gù][archaic; (also gù, to be high); rare]

46.191 崯 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be lofty); rare]

46.192 崰 [chn.zī][archaic; (also zī, to be high); rare]

46.193 崱 [chn.zè][archaic; (also zè, to be lofty); rare]

46.194 崲 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be high); rare]

46.195 崳 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be lofty); rare]

46.196 崴 [chn.wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be steep); rare]

46.197 崵 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be high); rare]

46.198 崶 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be lofty); rare]

46.199 崷 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be towering); rare]

46.200 崸 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be high); rare]

46.201 崹 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to be steep); rare]

46.202 崺 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be sloping); rare]

46.203 崻 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be high); rare]

46.204 崼 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be steep); rare]

46.205 崽 [chn.zǎi][eng.child; young animal; (also zǎi, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

46.206 崾 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be high); rare]

46.207 崿 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be lofty); rare]

46.208 嵀 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be high); rare]

46.209 嵁 [chn.kān][archaic; (also kān, to be rugged); rare]

46.210 嵂 [chn.lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be lofty); rare]

46.211 嵃 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be steep); rare]

46.212 嵄 [chn.měi][archaic; (also měi, to be high); rare]

46.213 嵅 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to be deep); rare]

46.214 嵆 [chn.jī][archaic variant of 稽 (to bow; to examine)]

46.215 嵇 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, (surname)); rare]

46.216 嵈 [chn.huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be high); rare]

46.217 嵉 [chn.tíng][archaic; (also tíng, to be steep); rare]

46.218 嵊 [chn.shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be lofty); rare]

46.219 嵋 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, Mount Mei); rare]

46.220 嵌 [chn.qiàn][eng.to inlay; to embed; (also qiàn, (surname))][(Skt. praveśa = embedding)]

46.221 嵍 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be lofty); rare]

46.222 嵎 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be steep); rare]

46.223 嵏 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be high); rare]

46.224 嵐 [chn.lán][eng.traditional variant of 岚 (mountain mist)][(Skt. dhūma = mist)]

46.225 嵑 [chn.kě][archaic; (also kě, to be high); rare]

46.226 嵒 [chn.yán][archaic variant of 岩 (rock; cliff)][(Skt. śaila = rock)]

46.227 嵓 [chn.yán][archaic variant of 岩 (rock; cliff)][(Skt. śaila = rock)]

46.228 嵔 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be high); rare]

46.229 嵕 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be lofty); rare]

46.230 嵖 [chn.chá][archaic; (also chá, to be rugged); rare]

46.231 嵗 [chn.suì][archaic variant of 歲 (year; age)][(Skt. varṣa = year)]

46.232 嵘 [chn.ng][archaic; (also róng, to be lofty); rare]

46.233 嵙 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to be high); rare]

46.234 嵚 [chn.qīn][archaic; (also qīn, to be lofty); rare]

46.235 嵛 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be high); rare]

46.236 嵜 [chn.qí][archaic variant of 崎 (steep; rugged)][(Skt. kṣaura = rugged)]

46.237 嵝 [chn.lǒu][archaic; (also lǒu, to be low); rare]

46.238 嵞 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be steep); rare]

46.239 嵟 [chn.duī][archaic; (also duī, to be high); rare]

46.240 嵠 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be steep); rare]

46.241 嵡 [chn.wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be high); rare]

46.242 嵢 [chn.cāng][archaic; (also cāng, to be lofty); rare]

46.243 嵣 [chn.táng][archaic; (also táng, to be high); rare]

46.244 嵤 [chn.ng][archaic; (also róng, to be lofty); rare]

46.245 嵥 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be towering); rare]

46.246 嵦 [chn.kǎi][archaic; (also kǎi, to be high); rare]

46.247 嵧 [chn.liú][archaic; (also liú, to be lofty); rare]

46.248 嵨 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be high); rare]

46.249 嵩 [chn.sōng][eng.lofty; Mount Song; (also sōng, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = lofty)]

46.250 嵪 [chn.kāo][archaic; (also kāo, to be high); rare]

46.251 嵫 [chn.zī][archaic; (also zī, to be steep); rare]

46.252 嵬 [chn.wéi][eng.lofty; towering; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = lofty)]

46.253 嵭 [chn.bēng][archaic; (also bēng, to be high); rare]

46.254 嵮 [chn.diān][archaic; (also diān, to be high); rare]

46.255 嵯 [chn.cuó][eng.steep; rugged; (also cuó, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaura = rugged)]

46.256 嵰 [chn.qiǎn][archaic; (also qiǎn, to be high); rare]

46.257 嵱 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be lofty); rare]

46.258 嵲 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be towering); rare]

46.259 嵳 [chn.cuó][archaic variant of 嵯 (steep; rugged)][(Skt. kṣaura = rugged)]

46.260 嵴 [chn.jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be high); rare]

46.261 嵵 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, to be steep); rare]

46.262 嵶 [chn.ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be low); rare]

46.263 嵷 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be lofty); rare]

46.264 嵸 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be high); rare]

46.265 嵹 [chn.jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be lofty); rare]

46.266 嵺 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be high); rare]

46.267 嵻 [chn.kāng][archaic; (also kāng, to be lofty); rare]

46.268 嵼 [chn.chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be steep); rare]

46.269 嵽 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be high); rare]

46.270 嵾 [chn.cēn][archaic; (also cēn, to be lofty); rare]

46.271 嵿 [chn.dǐng][archaic; (also dǐng, to be high); rare]

46.272 嶀 [chn.tū][archaic; (also tū, to be steep); rare]

46.273 嶁 [chn.lǒu][archaic variant of 嵝 (low)]

46.274 嶂 [chn.zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be high); rare]

46.275 嶃 [chn.zhǎn][archaic variant of 崭 (steep; towering)][(Skt. ucchrāya = towering)]

46.276 嶄 [chn.zhǎn][eng.traditional variant of 崭 (steep; towering)][(Skt. ucchrāya = towering)]

46.277 嶅 [chn.áo][archaic; (also áo, to be lofty); rare]

46.278 嶆 [chn.cáo][archaic; (also cáo, to be high); rare]

46.279 嶇 [chn.qū][eng.traditional variant of 岖 (rugged)]

46.280 嶈 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be lofty); rare]

46.281 嶉 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be high); rare]

46.282 嶊 [chn.zuǐ][archaic; (also zuǐ, to be lofty); rare]

46.283 嶋 [chn.dǎo][eng.Japanese variant of 島 (island)][(Skt. dvīpa = island)]

46.284 嶌 [chn.dǎo][archaic variant of 島 (island)][(Skt. dvīpa = island)]

46.285 嶍 [chn.xí][archaic; (also xí, to be steep); rare]

46.286 嶎 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be lofty); rare]

46.287 嶏 [chn.pèi][archaic; (also pèi, to be high); rare]

46.288 嶐 [chn.lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be lofty); rare]

46.289 嶑 [chn.xiàng][archaic; (also xiàng, to be high); rare]

46.290 嶒 [chn.céng][archaic; (also céng, to be lofty); rare]

46.291 嶓 [chn.bō][archaic; (also bō, to be high); rare]

46.292 嶔 [chn.qīn][archaic; (also qīn, to be lofty); rare]

46.293 嶕 [chn.jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be high); rare]

46.294 嶖 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be dark); rare]

46.295 嶗 [chn.láo][archaic variant of 崂 (lofty)]

46.296 嶘 [chn.zhàn][archaic; (also zhàn, to be steep); rare]

46.297 嶙 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be lofty); rare]

46.298 嶚 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be high); rare]

46.299 嶛 [chn.liáo][archaic variant of 嶚 (high)]

46.300 嶜 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be lofty); rare]

46.301 嶝 [chn.dèng][archaic; (also dèng, to be high); rare]

46.302 嶞 [chn.tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to be steep); rare]

46.303 嶟 [chn.zūn][archaic; (also zūn, to be lofty); rare]

46.304 嶠 [chn.jiào][archaic variant of 峤 (lofty)]

46.305 嶡 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be towering); rare]

46.306 嶢 [chn.yáo][archaic variant of 峣 (high)]

46.307 嶣 [chn.jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be high); rare]

46.308 嶤 [chn.yáo][archaic variant of 峣 (high)]

46.309 嶥 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be towering); rare]

46.310 嶦 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be steep); rare]

46.311 嶧 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be lofty); rare]

46.312 嶨 [chn.xué][archaic; (also xué, to be rocky); rare]

46.313 嶩 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to be steep); rare]

46.314 嶪 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be lofty); rare]

46.315 嶫 [chn.yè][archaic variant of 嶪 (lofty)]

46.316 嶬 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be lofty); rare]

46.317 嶭 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be high); rare]

46.318 嶮 [chn.xiǎn][archaic variant of 崄 (dangerous)]

46.319 嶯 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be high); rare]

46.320 嶰 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be steep); rare]

46.321 嶱 [chn.kě][archaic; (also kě, to be lofty); rare]

46.322 嶲 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be high); rare]

46.323 嶳 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be lofty); rare]

46.324 嶴 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be deep); rare]

46.325 嶵 [chn.zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be high); rare]

46.326 嶶 [chn.wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be lofty); rare]

46.327 嶷 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be high); rare]

46.328 嶸 [chn.ng][archaic variant of 嵘 (lofty)]

46.329 嶹 [chn.dǎo][archaic; (also dǎo, to be high); rare]

46.330 嶺 [chn.lǐng][eng.traditional variant of 岭 (mountain range; ridge)][(Skt. śaila = mountain range)]

46.331 嶻 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be lofty); rare]

46.332 嶼 [chn.yǔ][eng.traditional variant of 屿 (islet)][(Skt. dvīpa = islet)]

46.333 嶽 [chn.yuè][eng.traditional variant of 岳 (peak; mountain)][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.334 嶾 [chn.yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be high); rare]

46.335 嶿 [chn.rú][archaic; (also rú, to be lofty); rare]

46.336 巀 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be towering); rare]

46.337 巁 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be high); rare]

46.338 巂 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be steep); rare]

46.339 巃 [chn.lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be lofty); rare]

46.340 巄 [chn.lóng][archaic variant of 巃 (lofty)]

46.341 巅 [chn.diān][eng.peak; summit; (also diān, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.342 巆 [chn.ng][archaic; (also yíng, to be lofty); rare]

46.343 巇 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be steep); rare]

46.344 巈 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to be towering); rare]

46.345 巉 [chn.chán][eng.steep; precipitous; (also chán, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaura = steep)]

46.346 巊 [chn.yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to be high); rare]

46.347 巋 [chn.kuī][archaic variant of 岿 (tall; lofty)]

46.348 巌 [chn.yán][eng.Japanese variant of 巖 (rock; cliff)][(Skt. śaila = rock)]

46.349 巍 [chn.wēi][eng.towering; lofty; majestic; (also wēi, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = majestic)]

46.350 巎 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to be steep); rare]

46.351 巏 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be high); rare]

46.352 巐 [chn.chǎo][archaic; (also chǎo, to be lofty); rare]

46.353 巑 [chn.cuán][archaic; (also cuán, to be towering); rare]

46.354 巒 [chn.luán][eng.traditional variant of 峦 (peaks; mountain range)][(Skt. śaila = peaks)]

46.355 巓 [chn.diān][archaic variant of 巅 (peak; summit)][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.356 巔 [chn.diān][eng.traditional variant of 巅 (peak; summit)][(Skt. śṛṅga = peak)]

46.357 巕 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be high); rare]

46.358 巖 [chn.yán][eng.traditional variant of 岩 (rock; cliff)][(Skt. śaila = rock)]

46.359 巗 [chn.yán][archaic variant of 巖 (rock; cliff)][(Skt. śaila = rock)]

46.360 巘 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be lofty); rare]

46.361 巙 [chn.kū][archaic; (also kū, to be high); rare]

46.362 巚 [chn.yǎn][archaic variant of 巘 (lofty)]

46.363 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 46 (山)

46.364 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

46.365 46.1 山 (shān) [skt.giri; parvata] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) giri (mountain, hill) appears in 山王 (giri, mountain king). (2) parvata (mountain) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist texts describing mountains like Gṛdhrakūṭa (灵鹫山, Vulture Peak), where the Buddha taught many important sutras.

46.366 46.3 屳 (xiān) [skt.ṛṣi; deva] — Archaic variant of 仙. Translates ṛṣi (sage) and deva (celestial being). Used for "immortal" and "fairy."

46.367 46.9 屹 (yì) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (towering, lofty). The character appears in descriptions of towering mountains and majestic peaks.

46.368 46.15 屿 (yǔ) [skt.dvīpa] — Translates dvīpa (island, islet). The character appears in 岛屿 (dvīpa, island). In Buddhist cosmology, dvīpa appears in the four continents (catur-dvīpa).

46.369 46.17 岁 (suì) [skt.varṣa] — CRITICAL — Translates varṣa (year, age). The character appears in 歲月 (varṣa, years). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in chronological records and in descriptions of the Buddha’s lifespan.

46.370 46.32 岐 (qí) [skt.śākhā] — Translates śākhā (branch, fork). The character appears in 岐路 (śākhā, forked road). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the forked path of right and wrong.

46.371 46.36 岔 (chà) [skt.śākhā] — Translates śākhā (branch, fork). See Character 46.32.

46.372 46.39 岗 (gǎng) [skt.śaila] — Translates śaila (hill, ridge). The character appears in 山岗 (śaila, hill). See Character 46.1.

46.373 46.42 岚 (lán) [skt.dhūma] — Translates dhūma (mist, smoke). The character appears in 山岚 (dhūma, mountain mist). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of mountain scenery.

46.374 46.43 岛 (dǎo) [skt.dvīpa] — CRITICAL — Translates dvīpa (island). The character appears in 島嶼 (dvīpa, island). In Buddhist cosmology, dvīpa appears in Jambudvīpa (阎浮提), the southern continent where humans dwell.

46.375 46.57 岩 (yán) [skt.śaila] — CRITICAL — Translates śaila (rock, cliff). The character appears in 岩石 (śaila, rock). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching locations, including Vulture Peak (灵鹫山, Gṛdhrakūṭa).

46.376 46.59 岫 (xiù) [skt.guhā] — Translates guhā (cave). The character appears in 山洞 (guhā, cave). In Buddhist contexts, caves are sites for meditation, and many famous caves are associated with the Buddha.

46.377 46.60 岬 (jiǎ) [skt.śaila] — Translates śaila (cape, headland). The character appears in 岬角 (śaila, cape). See Character 46.1.

46.378 46.61 岭 (lǐng) [skt.śaila] — Translates śaila (mountain range, ridge). The character appears in 山岭 (śaila, mountain range). See Character 46.1.

46.379 46.67 岳 (yuè) [skt.śṛṅga] — CRITICAL — Translates śṛṅga (peak, mountain). The character appears in 五岳 (pañca-śaila, Five Sacred Mountains). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of sacred mountains.

46.380 46.72 岸 (àn) [skt.tīra] — Translates tīra (shore, bank). The character appears in 彼岸 (pāra, the other shore), a key metaphor for enlightenment in Buddhist texts.

46.381 46.98 峒 (dòng) [skt.guhā] — Translates guhā (cave). See Character 46.59.

46.382 46.105 峙 (zhì) [skt.sthita] — Translates sthita (standing, towering). The character appears in 对峙 (sthita, to stand opposite). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of standing meditation.

46.383 46.113 峡 (xiá) [skt.khaṇḍa] — Translates khaṇḍa (gorge, ravine). The character appears in 峡谷 (khaṇḍa, gorge). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of geographical features.

46.384 46.118 峦 (luán) [skt.śaila] — Translates śaila (peaks, mountain range). The character appears in 山峦 (śaila, mountain peaks). See Character 46.1.

46.385 46.120 峨 (é) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (lofty, towering). The character appears in 峨眉山 (Mount Emei), one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism.

46.386 46.122 峪 (yù) [skt.khaṇḍa] — Translates khaṇḍa (ravine, valley). The character appears in 山谷 (khaṇḍa, valley). See Character 46.113.

46.387 46.125 峭 (qiào) [skt.kṣaura] — Translates kṣaura (steep, precipitous). The character appears in 陡峭 (kṣaura, steep). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of steep mountains.

46.388 46.128 峰 (fēng) [skt.śṛṅga] — CRITICAL — Translates śṛṅga (peak, summit). The character appears in 山峰 (śṛṅga, mountain peak). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the summit of enlightenment.

46.389 46.134 島 (dǎo) [skt.dvīpa] — Traditional variant of 岛. See Character 46.43.

46.390 46.139 峻 (jùn) [skt.kṣaura] — Translates kṣaura (steep, severe). The character appears in 峻峭 (kṣaura, steep). See Character 46.125.

46.391 46.151 崇 (chóng) [skt.pūjā] — CRITICAL — Translates pūjā (veneration, esteem). The character appears in 崇拜 (pūjā, to venerate). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of venerating the Buddha and the Dharma.

46.392 46.158 崎 (qí) [skt.kṣaura] — Translates kṣaura (steep, rugged). The character appears in 崎岖 (kṣaura, rugged). See Character 46.125.

46.393 46.164 崔 (cuī) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (lofty, towering). The character appears in 崔巍 (ucchrāya, lofty). See Character 46.120.

46.394 46.166 崖 (yá) [skt.śaila] — Translates śaila (cliff, precipice). The character appears in 悬崖 (śaila, cliff). See Character 46.57.

46.395 46.167 崗 (gāng) [skt.śaila] — Traditional variant of 岗. See Character 46.39.

46.396 46.171 崛 (jué) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (towering, rising suddenly). The character appears in 崛起 (ucchrāya, to rise suddenly). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the sudden arising of enlightenment.

46.397 46.185 崩 (bēng) [skt.pāta] — CRITICAL — Translates pāta (collapse, falling). The character appears in 崩潰 (pāta, to collapse). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the impermanence of all things, including mountains.

46.398 46.189 崭 (zhǎn) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (steep, towering). The character appears in 崭新 (ucchrāya, brand new). See Character 46.120.

46.399 46.205 崽 (zǎi) [skt.bāla] — Translates bāla (child, young animal). The character appears in 崽子 (bāla, child). See Character 39.1.

46.400 46.220 嵌 (qiàn) [skt.praveśa] — Translates praveśa (embedding, inlaying). The character appears in 嵌入 (praveśa, to embed). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of inlaying precious materials.

46.401 46.249 嵩 (sōng) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (lofty). Mount Song (嵩山), one of the Five Sacred Mountains of China. In Buddhist contexts, it is the location of the Shaolin Temple (少林寺).

46.402 46.252 嵬 (wéi) [skt.ucchrāya] — Translates ucchrāya (lofty, towering). The character appears in 嵬峨 (ucchrāya, towering). See Character 46.120.

46.403 46.255 嵯 (cuó) [skt.kṣaura] — Translates kṣaura (steep, rugged). The character appears in 嵯峨 (kṣaura, rugged). See Character 46.125.

46.404 46.276 嶄 (zhǎn) [skt.ucchrāya] — Traditional variant of 崭. See Character 46.189.

46.405 46.330 嶺 (lǐng) [skt.śaila] — Traditional variant of 岭. See Character 46.61.

46.406 46.332 嶼 (yǔ) [skt.dvīpa] — Traditional variant of 屿. See Character 46.15.

46.407 46.333 嶽 (yuè) [skt.śṛṅga] — Traditional variant of 岳. See Character 46.67.

46.408 46.341 巅 (diān) [skt.śṛṅga] — Translates śṛṅga (peak, summit). The character appears in 山巅 (śṛṅga, mountain peak). See Character 46.128.

46.409 46.345 巉 (chán) [skt.kṣaura] — Translates kṣaura (steep, precipitous). The character appears in 巉岩 (kṣaura, precipitous cliffs). See Character 46.125.

46.410 46.349 巍 (wēi) [skt.ucchrāya] — CRITICAL — Translates ucchrāya (towering, lofty, majestic). The character appears in 巍峨 (ucchrāya, majestic). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the majestic presence of the Buddha and the towering mountains of the Buddha’s teaching.

46.411 46.354 巒 (luán) [skt.śaila] — Traditional variant of 峦. See Character 46.118.

46.412 46.356 巔 (diān) [skt.śṛṅga] — Traditional variant of 巅. See Character 46.341.

46.413 46.358 巖 (yán) [skt.śaila] — Traditional variant of 岩. See Character 46.57.

47 巛

47.1 巛 [chn.chuān][eng.river; stream; flowing water; radical 47][skt.nadī; (Skt. sarit = river)]

47.2 巜 [chn.kuài][archaic; ancient channel; stream; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = stream)]

47.3 川 [chn.chuān][eng.river; stream; plain; (also chuān, (surname))][skt.nadī; (Skt. sarit = river)]

47.4 州 [chn.zhōu][eng.administrative division; prefecture; state; (also zhōu, (surname))][(Skt. viṣaya = district)]

47.5 巟 [chn.huāng][archaic; (also huāng, to be vast); rare]

47.6 巠 [chn.jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be straight); rare]

47.7 巡 [chn.xún][eng.to patrol; to inspect; to cruise; (also xún, (surname))][(Skt. paripāṭī = patrol)]

47.8 巢 [chn.cháo][eng.nest; (also cháo, (surname))][(Skt. niketa = nest)]

47.9 巣 [chn.cháo][eng.Japanese variant of 巢 (nest)][(Skt. niketa = nest)]

47.10 巤 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be bristling); rare]

47.11 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 47 (巛)

47.12 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

47.13 47.1 巛 (chuān) [skt.nadī; sarit] — The radical itself; represents flowing water. Translates two roots. (1) nadī (river). (2) sarit (stream). Used as an alternate form of 川 (river).

47.14 47.3 川 (chuān) [skt.nadī; sarit] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) nadī (river) appears in 河川 (nadī, river). (2) sarit (stream) appears in the same sense. The character appears in geographical descriptions in Buddhist texts. It also appears in 四川 (Sìchuān, Four Rivers), a province in China.

47.15 47.4 州 (zhōu) [skt.viṣaya] — CRITICAL — Translates viṣaya (district, region, administrative division). The character appears in 州郡 (viṣaya, prefecture). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the regions where the Buddha taught.

47.16 47.7 巡 (xún) [skt.paripāṭī] — Translates paripāṭī (patrol, inspection). The character appears in 巡遊 (paripāṭī, to patrol). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s wanderings and teaching tours.

47.17 47.8 巢 (cháo) [skt.niketa] — Translates niketa (nest). The character appears in 巢穴 (niketa, nest). In Buddhist similes, the nest is used as a metaphor for the dwelling place of the mind.

48 工

48.1 工 [chn.gōng][eng.work; labor; skill; worker; (also gōng, (surname))][skt.karman; (Skt. śilpa = craft)]

48.2 左 [chn.zuǒ][eng.left; (also zuǒ, (surname))][(Skt. vāma = left)]

48.3 巧 [chn.qiǎo][eng.skillful; clever; ingenious; (also qiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. kuśala = skillful)]

48.4 巨 [chn.jù][eng.huge; enormous; great; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = great)]

48.5 巩 [chn.gǒng][eng.to consolidate; to strengthen; (also gǒng, (surname))][(Skt. dṛḍha = firm)]

48.6 巪 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, (surname)); Korean hanja; rare]

48.7 巫 [chn.wū][eng.shaman; sorcerer; (also wū, (surname))][(Skt. māyāvin = magician)]

48.8 巬 [chn.gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be laborious); rare]

48.9 巭 [chn.gōng][eng.Korean hanja; to study; (also gōng, (surname)); rare]

48.10 差 [chn.chā][eng.difference; to differ; (also chà, poor; inferior)][(Skt. bheda = difference)]

48.11 巯 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be strong); rare]

48.12 巰 [chn.qiú][eng.traditional variant of 巯 (archaic); rare]

48.13 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 48 (工)

48.14 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

48.15 48.1 工 (gōng) [skt.karman; śilpa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) karman (work, action) — the root of the term karma (业, karman). (2) śilpa (craft, skill). The character appears in 工巧 (śilpa, arts and crafts) and is related to 业 (karman, karma), one of the most important terms in Buddhist philosophy.

48.16 48.2 左 (zuǒ) [skt.vāma] — Translates vāma (left). The character appears in 左手 (vāma, left hand). In Buddhist contexts, the left side is sometimes associated with the feminine principle.

48.17 48.3 巧 (qiǎo) [skt.kuśala] — CRITICAL — Translates kuśala (skillful, clever). The character appears in 善巧方便 (upāya-kauśalya, skillful means), a key Mahāyāna term for the Buddha’s skillful methods in teaching beings according to their capacities.

48.18 48.4 巨 (jù) [skt.mahā] — Translates mahā (great, enormous). The character appears in 巨大 (mahā, immense). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s great compassion.

48.19 48.5 巩 (gǒng) [skt.dṛḍha] — Translates dṛḍha (firm, strong). The character appears in 巩固 (dṛḍha, to consolidate). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of firm faith.

48.20 48.7 巫 (wū) [skt.māyāvin] — Translates māyāvin (magician, sorcerer). The character appears in 巫術 (māyā, magic). In Buddhist contexts, māyā (illusion) is a key term for the illusory nature of reality.

48.21 48.10 差 (chā) [skt.bheda] — CRITICAL — Translates bheda (difference, distinction). The character appears in 差別 (bheda, distinction). In Buddhist philosophy, bheda appears in discussions of the distinction between phenomena and the discrimination (vikalpa) that leads to suffering.

49 己

49.1 己 [chn.jǐ][eng.oneself; self; sixth celestial stem; (also qǐ, (surname))][skt.ātman; (Skt. svayam = oneself)]

49.2 已 [chn.yǐ][eng.already; to stop; afterwards; (also yǐ, (surname))][(Skt. eva = already)]

49.3 巳 [chn.sì][eng.sixth earthly branch (9-11 am); snake; (also sì, (surname))][(Skt. ahi = snake)]

49.4 巴 [chn.bā][eng.to long for; to hope; (also bā, (surname))][(Skt. prārthanā = longing)]

49.5 巵 [chn.zhī][archaic variant of 卮 (wine cup; goblet)][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

49.6 巶 [chn.zhāo][archaic; (also zhāo, to be bright); rare]

49.7 巷 [chn.xiàng][eng.lane; alley; (also hòng, (surname))][(Skt. vīthī = lane)]

49.8 巸 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be beautiful); rare]

49.9 巹 [chn.jǐn][archaic variant of 卺 (nuptial wine cup); rare]

49.10 巺 [chn.xùn][archaic variant of 巽 (humble; submissive)][(Skt. namra = humble)]

49.11 巻 [chn.juàn][eng.Japanese variant of 卷 (scroll; volume)][(Skt. grantha = volume)]

49.12 巼 [chn.pā][archaic; (also pā, to be broad); rare]

49.13 巽 [chn.xùn][eng.humble; submissive; gentle; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. namra = humble)]

49.14 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 49 (己)

49.15 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

49.16 49.1 己 (jǐ) [skt.ātman; svayam] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ātman (self) — a term of profound philosophical significance in Buddhism, usually analyzed and ultimately rejected as a self-nature in the doctrine of anātman (no-self). (2) svayam (oneself). The character appears in 自己 (ātman, self). The Buddhist doctrine of anātman is one of the three marks of existence (trilakṣaṇa).

49.17 49.2 已 (yǐ) [skt.eva] — CRITICAL — Translates eva (already, just so). The character appears in 已经 (eva, already). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in temporal and cessation contexts, such as the end of suffering.

49.18 49.3 巳 (sì) [skt.ahi] — Translates ahi (snake). The sixth earthly branch (9-11 am). Associated with the snake in the Chinese zodiac. Used in calendrical systems and in descriptions of the snake in Buddhist Jātaka tales.

49.19 49.4 巴 (bā) [skt.prārthanā] — Translates prārthanā (longing, hoping). The character appears in 巴望 (prārthanā, to long for). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of longing for enlightenment.

49.20 49.7 巷 (xiàng) [skt.vīthī] — Translates vīthī (lane, alley). The character appears in 巷弄 (vīthī, lane). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of cities and villages.

49.21 49.13 巽 (xùn) [skt.namra] — Translates namra (humble, submissive, gentle). One of the eight trigrams (☴) in the I Ching, representing wind and humility. In Buddhist contexts, humility is a key virtue on the path.

50 巾

50.1 巾 [chn.jīn][eng.turban; cloth; kerchief; radical 50][skt.paṭa; (Skt. śirastra = headcloth)]

50.2 巿 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be prosperous); rare]

50.3 帀 [chn.zā][archaic variant of 匝 (to surround; to encircle)][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = surrounding)]

50.4 币 [chn.bì][eng.currency; money; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = coin)]

50.5 市 [chn.shì][eng.market; city; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. nagara = city)]

50.6 布 [chn.bù][eng.cloth; to spread; to announce; (also bù, (surname))][skt.paṭa; (Skt. vistara = spreading)]

50.7 帄 [chn.dīng][archaic; (also dīng, to be flat); rare]

50.8 帅 [chn.shuài][eng.commander; handsome; (also shuài, (surname))][(Skt. senāpati = commander)]

50.9 帆 [chn.fān][eng.sail; (also fān, (surname))][(Skt. patākā = sail)]

50.10 帇 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be nimble); rare]

50.11 师 [chn.shī][eng.teacher; master; (also shī, (surname))][(Skt. ācārya = teacher)]

50.12 帉 [chn.fēn][archaic; (also fēn, to be abundant); rare]

50.13 帊 [chn.pà][archaic; (also pà, to be abundant); rare]

50.14 帋 [chn.zhǐ][archaic variant of 纸 (paper)][(Skt. pattra = paper)]

50.15 希 [chn.xī][eng.to hope; to aspire; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. āśā = hope)]

50.16 帍 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be broad); rare]

50.17 帎 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be heavy); rare]

50.18 帏 [chn.wéi][eng.curtain; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.19 帐 [chn.zhàng][eng.tent; account; (also zhàng, (surname))][(Skt. khaṭvā = tent)]

50.20 帑 [chn.tǎng][eng.treasury; (also nú, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = treasury)]

50.21 帒 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a bag); rare]

50.22 帓 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.23 帔 [chn.pèi][eng.cloak; (also pèi, (surname))][(Skt. uttarīya = cloak)]

50.24 帕 [chn.pà][eng.turban; handkerchief; (also pà, (surname))][(Skt. paṭa = cloth)]

50.25 帖 [chn.tiě][eng.invitation; note; (also tiē, to obey)][(Skt. pattra = note)]

50.26 帗 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a banner); rare]

50.27 帘 [chn.lián][eng.curtain; (also lián, (surname))][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.28 帙 [chn.zhì][eng.book cover; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. grantha = book)]

50.29 帚 [chn.zhǒu][eng.broom; (also zhǒu, (surname))][(Skt. sammārjana = broom)]

50.30 帛 [chn.bó][eng.silk; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk)]

50.31 帜 [chn.zhì][eng.flag; banner; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

50.32 帝 [chn.dì][eng.emperor; (also dì, (surname))][(Skt. deva = divine)]

50.33 帞 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.34 帟 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a canopy); rare]

50.35 帠 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a curtain); rare]

50.36 帡 [chn.píng][archaic; (also píng, to be a screen); rare]

50.37 帢 [chn.qià][archaic; (also qià, to be a cap); rare]

50.38 帣 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a bag); rare]

50.39 帤 [chn.rú][archaic; (also rú, to be a cloth); rare]

50.40 帥 [chn.shuài][eng.traditional variant of 帅 (commander; handsome)][(Skt. senāpati = commander)]

50.41 带 [chn.dài][eng.belt; to carry; (also dài, (surname))][(Skt. bandha = belt)]

50.42 帧 [chn.zhēn][eng.frame; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. carcikā = frame)]

50.43 帨 [chn.shuì][eng.handkerchief; (also shuì, (surname))][(Skt. paṭa = cloth)]

50.44 帩 [chn.qiào][archaic; (also qiào, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.45 帪 [chn.zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be a bag); rare]

50.46 師 [chn.shī][eng.traditional variant of 师 (teacher; master)][(Skt. ācārya = teacher)]

50.47 帬 [chn.qún][archaic variant of 裙 (skirt)][(Skt. nīvī = skirt)]

50.48 席 [chn.xí][eng.mat; seat; banquet; (also xí, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = seat)]

50.49 帮 [chn.bāng][eng.to help; to assist; (also bāng, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = help)]

50.50 帯 [chn.dài][eng.Japanese variant of 帶 (belt; to carry)][(Skt. bandha = belt)]

50.51 帰 [chn.guī][eng.Japanese variant of 歸 (to return)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

50.52 帱 [chn.chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be a curtain); rare]

50.53 帲 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 帡 (screen)]

50.54 帳 [chn.zhàng][eng.traditional variant of 帐 (tent; account)][(Skt. khaṭvā = tent)]

50.55 帴 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a cloth); rare]

50.56 帵 [chn.wān][archaic; (also wān, to be a cloth); rare]

50.57 帶 [chn.dài][eng.traditional variant of 带 (belt; to carry)][(Skt. bandha = belt)]

50.58 帷 [chn.wéi][eng.curtain; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.59 常 [chn.cháng][eng.constant; ordinary; often; (also cháng, (surname))][(Skt. nitya = constant)]

50.60 帹 [chn.shà][archaic; (also shà, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.61 帺 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a banner); rare]

50.62 帻 [chn.zé][eng.turban; (also zé, (surname))][(Skt. paṭa = turban)]

50.63 帼 [chn.guó][eng.woman’s headdress; (also guó, (surname))][(Skt. śirastra = headdress)]

50.64 帽 [chn.mào][eng.hat; cap; (also mào, (surname))][(Skt. śirastra = cap)]

50.65 帾 [chn.dǔ][archaic; (also dǔ, to be a cloth); rare]

50.66 帿 [chn.hóu][archaic; (also hóu, to be a cloth); rare]

50.67 幀 [chn.zhēn][eng.traditional variant of 帧 (frame)][(Skt. carcikā = frame)]

50.68 幁 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be a cloth); rare]

50.69 幂 [chn.mì][eng.to cover; cloth cover; (also mì, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

50.70 幃 [chn.wéi][eng.traditional variant of 帏 (curtain)][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.71 幄 [chn.wò][eng.tent; canopy; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. khaṭvā = canopy)]

50.72 幅 [chn.fú][eng.measure word for cloth; width; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. vistīrṇa = width)]

50.73 幆 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be a cloth); rare]

50.74 幇 [chn.bāng][archaic variant of 帮 (to help; to assist)][(Skt. sahāya = help)]

50.75 幈 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 屏 (screen)][(Skt. prākāra = screen)]

50.76 幉 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a note); rare]

50.77 幊 [chn.gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be a cloth); rare]

50.78 幋 [chn.pán][archaic; (also pán, to be a scarf); rare]

50.79 幌 [chn.huǎng][eng.curtain; (also huǎng, (surname))][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.80 幍 [chn.tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be a scarf); rare]

50.81 幎 [chn.mì][archaic; (also mì, to be a cloth); rare]

50.82 幏 [chn.jià][archaic; (also jià, to be a cloth); rare]

50.83 幐 [chn.téng][archaic; (also téng, to be a bag); rare]

50.84 幑 [chn.huī][archaic; (also huī, to be a banner); rare]

50.85 幒 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be a cloth); rare]

50.86 幓 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to be a cloth); rare]

50.87 幔 [chn.màn][eng.curtain; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.88 幕 [chn.mù][eng.curtain; screen; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.89 幖 [chn.biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be a banner); rare]

50.90 幗 [chn.guó][eng.traditional variant of 帼 (woman’s headdress)][(Skt. śirastra = headdress)]

50.91 幘 [chn.zé][eng.traditional variant of 帻 (turban)][(Skt. paṭa = turban)]

50.92 幙 [chn.mù][archaic variant of 幕 (curtain; screen)][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.93 幚 [chn.bāng][archaic variant of 帮 (to help; to assist)][(Skt. sahāya = help)]

50.94 幛 [chn.zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be a screen); rare]

50.95 幜 [chn.jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be a cloth); rare]

50.96 幝 [chn.chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be a cloth); rare]

50.97 幞 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.98 幟 [chn.zhì][eng.traditional variant of 帜 (flag; banner)][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

50.99 幠 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to be a cover); rare]

50.100 幡 [chn.fān][eng.banner; flag; (also fān, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

50.101 幢 [chn.chuáng][eng.banner; pillar; (also zhuàng, to be a banner)][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

50.102 幣 [chn.bì][eng.traditional variant of 币 (currency; money)][(Skt. mudrā = coin)]

50.103 幤 [chn.bì][archaic variant of 幣 (currency; money)][(Skt. mudrā = coin)]

50.104 幥 [chn.zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be a cloth); rare]

50.105 幦 [chn.mì][archaic; (also mì, to be a cover); rare]

50.106 幧 [chn.qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.107 幨 [chn.chān][archaic; (also chān, to be a curtain); rare]

50.108 幩 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a banner); rare]

50.109 幪 [chn.méng][archaic; (also méng, to be a cover); rare]

50.110 幫 [chn.bāng][eng.traditional variant of 帮 (to help; to assist)][(Skt. sahāya = help)]

50.111 幬 [chn.chóu][archaic variant of 帱 (curtain)][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

50.112 幭 [chn.miè][archaic; (also miè, to be a headcloth); rare]

50.113 幮 [chn.chú][archaic; (also chú, to be a screen); rare]

50.114 幯 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a cloth); rare]

50.115 幰 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a curtain); rare]

50.116 幱 [chn.lán][archaic; (also lán, to be a cloth); rare]

50.117 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 50 (巾)

50.118 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

50.119 50.1 巾 (jīn) [skt.paṭa; śirastra] — The radical itself; represents cloth, turban, or kerchief. Translates two roots. (1) paṭa (cloth). (2) śirastra (headcloth). Appears in many characters related to cloth and clothing.

50.120 50.5 市 (shì) [skt.nagara] — Translates nagara (city, market). The character appears in 城市 (nagara, city). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of cities where the Buddha taught, such as Rājagṛha (王舍城) and Śrāvastī (舍卫城).

50.121 50.6 布 (bù) [skt.paṭa; vistara] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) paṭa (cloth). (2) vistara (spreading). The character appears in 布施 (dāna, giving/generosity), one of the six perfections (pāramitā). The term dāna refers to the practice of giving, which is the first of the perfections in Mahāyāna Buddhism.

50.122 50.8 帅 (shuài) [skt.senāpati] — Translates senāpati (commander). The character appears in 元帅 (senāpati, commander). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in military metaphors for the spiritual path.

50.123 50.11 师 (shī) [skt.ācārya] — CRITICAL — Translates ācārya (teacher, master). The character appears in 导师 (nāyaka, teacher/guide). In Buddhist contexts, it refers to the teacher of the Dharma and is one of the most important terms for the Buddha and his disciples.

50.124 50.15 希 (xī) [skt.āśā] — Translates āśā (hope). The character appears in 希望 (āśā, hope). In Buddhist contexts, hope and aspiration are central to the path.

50.125 50.32 帝 (dì) [skt.deva] — Translates deva (divine, god). The character appears in 皇帝 (deva, emperor) and 帝释天 (Śakra-devānām-Indra, Indra), the king of the gods in Buddhist cosmology.

50.126 50.48 席 (xí) [skt.āsana] — Translates āsana (seat). The character appears in 席位 (āsana, seat). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s seat under the Bodhi tree and in meditation contexts.

50.127 50.59 常 (cháng) [skt.nitya] — CRITICAL — Translates nitya (constant, eternal). The character appears in 常住 (nitya, permanent/constant). In Buddhist philosophy, the concept of nitya (permanence) is contrasted with anitya (impermanence), one of the three marks of existence (trilakṣaṇa).

50.128 50.64 帽 (mào) [skt.śirastra] — Translates śirastra (cap, hat). The character appears in 帽子 (śirastra, hat). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of clothing.

50.129 50.69 幂 (mì) [skt.chādana] — Translates chādana (covering). The character appears in 幂布 (chādana, cloth cover). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of coverings.

50.130 50.72 幅 (fú) [skt.vistīrṇa] — Translates vistīrṇa (width). The character appears as a measure word for cloth and also means "width." In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of measurements.

50.131 50.87 幔 (màn) [skt.yavanikā] — Translates yavanikā (curtain). The character appears in 幔幕 (yavanikā, curtain). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic dwellings.

50.132 50.88 幕 (mù) [skt.yavanikā] — Translates yavanikā (curtain, screen). The character appears in 幕布 (yavanikā, curtain). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of screens and curtains.

50.133 50.100 幡 (fān) [skt.dhvaja] — CRITICAL — Translates dhvaja (banner). The character appears in 幡幢 (dhvaja, banner). In Buddhist ritual contexts, banners are used as symbols of victory and are often part of Buddhist ceremonies. The banner is one of the eight auspicious symbols (aṣṭa-maṅgala).

50.134 50.101 幢 (chuáng) [skt.dhvaja] — CRITICAL — Translates dhvaja (banner, pillar). The character appears in 幢幡 (dhvaja, banner). In Buddhist contexts, it is used in descriptions of banners and pillars in temples and monasteries. The dhvaja is also one of the eight auspicious symbols.

50.135 50.102 幣 (bì) [skt.mudrā] — Translates mudrā (coin, currency). The character appears in 貨幣 (mudrā, currency). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in economic and Vinaya contexts.

51 干

51.1 干 [chn.gàn][eng.to do; to work; to oppose; to offend; to invade; dried; (also gān, shield; to concern)][skt.karman; (Skt. śatru = enemy; Skt. śuṣka = dried)]

51.2 平 [chn.píng][eng.flat; level; peaceful; (also píng, (surname))][skt.sama; (Skt. śānti = peace)]

51.3 年 [chn.nián][eng.year; (also nián, (surname))][skt.varṣa; (Skt. saṃvatsara = year)]

51.4 幵 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be level); rare][(Skt. sama = level)]

51.5 并 [chn.bìng][eng.to combine; to merge; together; (also bīng, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = combination)]

51.6 幷 [chn.bìng][archaic variant of 并 (to combine; to merge)][(Skt. saṃyoga = combination)]

51.7 幸 [chn.xìng][eng.fortunate; lucky; to rejoice; (also xìng, (surname))][(Skt. bhāgya = fortune)]

51.8 幹 [chn.gàn][eng.trunk; stem; to manage; main part; (also gàn, (surname))][(Skt. skandha = stem/trunk)]

51.9 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 51 (干)

51.10 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

51.11 51.1 干 (gàn) [skt.karman; śatru; śuṣka] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) karman (action, work) appears in 干活 (karman, to work). (2) śatru (enemy, oppose) appears in 干戈 (śatru, weapons/war). (3) śuṣka (dried) appears in 干果 (śuṣka, dried fruit). The character has multiple meanings and appears in many compounds.

51.12 51.2 平 (píng) [skt.sama; śānti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) sama (level, flat) appears in 平坦 (sama, flat). (2) śānti (peace) appears in 平安 (śānti, peaceful). The character appears in 平等 (samatā, equality), a key concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism, and in 平和 (śānti, peace).

51.13 51.3 年 (nián) [skt.varṣa; saṃvatsara] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) varṣa (year) appears in 年份 (varṣa, year). (2) saṃvatsara (year) appears in the same sense. The character appears in all chronological and dating contexts in Buddhist texts.

51.14 51.5 并 (bìng) [skt.saṃyoga] — Translates saṃyoga (combination, union). The character appears in 合并 (saṃyoga, to combine). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of combination and unity.

51.15 51.7 幸 (xìng) [skt.bhāgya] — Translates bhāgya (fortune, luck). The character appears in 幸福 (bhāgya, happiness). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in aspirations for fortunate rebirth and in discussions of good karma.

51.16 51.8 幹 (gàn) [skt.skandha; kārya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) skandha (trunk, stem) appears in 幹部 (skandha, stem/trunk). (2) kārya (to manage, business) appears in 幹事 (kārya, manager). Note that skandha is also the term for the Buddhist aggregates (五蕴, pañca-skandha) — though that character uses 蕴, not 幹.

52 幺

52.1 幺 [chn.yāo][eng.short; tiny; minute; small; (also yāo, (surname))][skt.kṣudra; (Skt. sūkṣma = minute)]

52.2 幻 [chn.huàn][eng.illusion; magic; phantom; to transform; (also huàn, (surname))][skt.māyā; (Skt. māyāvin = magician)]

52.3 幼 [chn.yòu][eng.young; childish; (also yòu, (surname))][skt.bāla; (Skt. kaumāra = youth)]

52.4 幽 [chn.yōu][eng.dark; deep; secluded; (also yōu, (surname))][(Skt. vivikta = secluded; Skt. andhakāra = darkness)]

52.5 幾 [chn.jǐ][eng.how many; several; a few; (also jī, (surname); to be subtle)][(Skt. kati = how many)]

52.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 52 (幺)

52.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

52.8 52.1 幺 (yāo) [skt.kṣudra; sūkṣma] — The radical itself; represents "tiny" or "minute." Translates two roots. (1) kṣudra (small). (2) sūkṣma (minute, subtle). The character appears in 幺幺 (kṣudra, tiny/insignificant). In Buddhist texts, it is often used to describe subtle or minute phenomena, particularly in Abhidharma discussions of the subtle nature of mind moments (kṣaṇa).

52.9 52.2 幻 (huàn) [skt.māyā; māyāvin] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) māyā (illusion, magic) appears in 幻影 (māyā, illusion). (2) māyāvin (magician) appears in 幻师 (māyāvin, magician). The character appears in Buddhist texts to describe the illusory nature of reality (e.g., māyopama = 幻喻, like an illusion). The concept of māyā is central to Mahāyāna philosophy, particularly in the Prajñāpāramitā literature.

52.10 52.3 幼 (yòu) [skt.bāla; kaumāra] — Translates two roots. (1) bāla (child) appears in 幼儿 (bāla, child). (2) kaumāra (youth) appears in 幼年 (kaumāra, childhood). The character appears in discussions of childhood and spiritual development.

52.11 52.4 幽 (yōu) [skt.vivikta; andhakāra] — Translates two roots. (1) vivikta (secluded) appears in 幽静 (vivikta, secluded/quiet). (2) andhakāra (darkness) appears in 幽冥 (andhakāra, dark). The character appears in descriptions of seclusion and deep meditation, and in compound 幽玄 (gambhīra, profound). Seclusion (vivikta) is highly valued in Buddhist practice as a condition for deep meditation.

52.12 52.5 幾 (jǐ) [skt.kati] — Translates kati (how many). The character appears in 幾何 (kati, how many). In Buddhist texts, it appears in quantification and counting. Read as jī in compound 幾微 (sūkṣma, subtle/minutiae).

53 广

53.1 广 [chn.yǎn][eng.house on cliff; shelter; (also guǎng, broad; wide; extensive)][(Skt. vistara = extensive; Skt. gṛha = house)]

53.2 庀 [chn.pǐ][eng.to prepare; to arrange; (also pǐ, (surname))][(Skt. sajjā = preparation)]

53.3 庁 [chn.tīng][eng.Japanese variant of 廳 (hall; office)][(Skt. sabhā = hall)]

53.4 庂 [chn.zè][archaic; (also zè, to be oblique); rare]

53.5 広 [chn.guǎng][eng.Japanese variant of 廣 (broad; wide)][(Skt. vistara = broad)]

53.6 庄 [chn.zhuāng][eng.village; manor; (also zhuāng, (surname))][(Skt. grāma = village)]

53.7 庅 [chn.me][archaic; (also me, interrogative particle); rare]

53.8 庆 [chn.qìng][eng.to celebrate; to congratulate; (also qìng, (surname))][(Skt. utsava = celebration)]

53.9 庇 [chn.bì][eng.to protect; to shelter; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣaṇa = protection)]

53.10 庈 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to be a house); rare]

53.11 庉 [chn.tún][archaic; (also tún, to be a village); rare]

53.12 床 [chn.chuáng][eng.bed; (also chuáng, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = bed)]

53.13 庋 [chn.guǐ][eng.to store; to put away; (also guǐ, (surname))][(Skt. saṃsthāna = storage)]

53.14 庌 [chn.yǎ][archaic; (also yǎ, to be a shelter); rare]

53.15 庍 [chn.tīng][archaic; (also tīng, to be a hall); rare]

53.16 庎 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a house); rare]

53.17 序 [chn.xù][eng.order; sequence; preface; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. krama = order)]

53.18 庐 [chn.lú][eng.hut; cottage; (also lú, (surname))][(Skt. kuṭī = hut)]

53.19 庑 [chn.wǔ][eng.corridor; (also wǔ, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = corridor)]

53.20 庒 [chn.zhuāng][archaic variant of 庄 (village; manor)][(Skt. grāma = village)]

53.21 库 [chn.kù][eng.warehouse; storehouse; (also kù, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = storehouse)]

53.22 应 [chn.yīng][eng.should; ought; to respond; (also yìng, to answer)][(Skt. prati = towards; Skt. yukta = proper)]

53.23 底 [chn.dǐ][eng.bottom; base; (also de, particle)][(Skt. mūla = base; Skt. adhara = bottom)]

53.24 庖 [chn.páo][eng.kitchen; (also páo, (surname))][(Skt. mahānasa = kitchen)]

53.25 店 [chn.diàn][eng.shop; store; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. āpaṇa = shop)]

53.26 庘 [chn.yā][archaic; (also yā, to be a room); rare]

53.27 庙 [chn.miào][eng.temple; shrine; (also miào, (surname))][(Skt. devālaya = temple)]

53.28 庚 [chn.gēng][eng.seventh celestial stem; (also gēng, (surname))]

53.29 庛 [chn.cì][archaic; (also cì, to be a house); rare]

53.30 府 [chn.fǔ][eng.prefecture; mansion; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. bhavana = mansion)]

53.31 庝 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a house); rare]

53.32 庞 [chn.páng][eng.huge; enormous; (also páng, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = huge)]

53.33 废 [chn.fèi][eng.to abandon; to abolish; (also fèi, (surname))][(Skt. apaharaṇa = abandonment)]

53.34 庠 [chn.xiáng][eng.school; (also xiáng, (surname))][(Skt. vidyālaya = school)]

53.35 庡 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be a house); rare]

53.36 庢 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a house); rare]

53.37 庣 [chn.tiāo][archaic; (also tiāo, to be a house); rare]

53.38 庤 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to store); rare]

53.39 庥 [chn.xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to shelter); rare]

53.40 度 [chn.dù][eng.degree; measure; to pass; (also duó, to estimate)][(Skt. mātrā = measure; Skt. pāramitā = perfection/crossing over)]

53.41 座 [chn.zuò][eng.seat; (also zuò, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = seat)]

53.42 庨 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a house); rare]

53.43 庩 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be a house); rare]

53.44 庪 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to store); rare]

53.45 庫 [chn.kù][eng.traditional variant of 库 (warehouse)][(Skt. kośa = storehouse)]

53.46 庬 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be large); rare]

53.47 庭 [chn.tíng][eng.courtyard; hall; (also tíng, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = courtyard)]

53.48 庮 [chn.yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be a house); rare]

53.49 庯 [chn.bū][archaic; (also bū, to be a house); rare]

53.50 庰 [chn.bìng][archaic; (also bìng, to be a screen); rare]

53.51 庱 [chn.chěng][archaic; (also chěng, to be a house); rare]

53.52 庲 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to be a house); rare]

53.53 庳 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a house); rare]

53.54 庴 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be a house); rare]

53.55 庵 [chn.ān][eng.hermitage; nunnery; hut; (also ān, (surname))][(Skt. ārāma = hermitage)]

53.56 庶 [chn.shù][eng.numerous; common; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = numerous)]

53.57 康 [chn.kāng][eng.healthy; peaceful; (also kāng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣema = peace)]

53.58 庸 [chn.yōng][eng.ordinary; to use; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. sāmānya = ordinary)]

53.59 庹 [chn.tuǒ][eng.unit of length; (also tuǒ, (surname))]

53.60 庺 [chn.sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be a house); rare]

53.61 庻 [chn.shù][archaic variant of 庶 (numerous; common)][(Skt. bahu = numerous)]

53.62 庼 [chn.qǐng][archaic; (also qǐng, to be a house); rare]

53.63 庽 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a house); rare]

53.64 庾 [chn.yǔ][eng.granary; (also yǔ, (surname))][(Skt. koṣṭha = granary)]

53.65 庿 [chn.miào][archaic variant of 廟 (temple; shrine)][(Skt. devālaya = temple)]

53.66 廀 [chn.sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be a house); rare]

53.67 廁 [chn.cè][eng.traditional variant of 厕 (toilet; lavatory)][(Skt. śaucālaya = toilet)]

53.68 廂 [chn.xiāng][eng.traditional variant of 厢 (side; wing)][(Skt. pārśva = side)]

53.69 廃 [chn.fèi][eng.Japanese variant of 廢 (to abandon)][(Skt. apaharaṇa = abandonment)]

53.70 廄 [chn.jiù][eng.traditional variant of 厩 (stable)][(Skt. goṣṭha = stable)]

53.71 廅 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be a house); rare]

53.72 廆 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a house); rare]

53.73 廇 [chn.liù][archaic; (also liù, to be a house); rare]

53.74 廈 [chn.shà][eng.traditional variant of 厦 (mansion; building)][(Skt. prāsāda = mansion)]

53.75 廉 [chn.lián][eng.honest; cheap; (also lián, (surname))][(Skt. śuci = pure; Skt. mūlya = cheap)]

53.76 廊 [chn.láng][eng.corridor; (also láng, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = corridor)]

53.77 廋 [chn.sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be a house); rare]

53.78 廌 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a unicorn); rare]

53.79 廍 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to be a house); rare]

53.80 廎 [chn.qǐng][archaic; (also qǐng, to be a house); rare]

53.81 廏 [chn.jiù][archaic variant of 廄 (stable)][(Skt. goṣṭha = stable)]

53.82 廐 [chn.jiù][archaic variant of 廄 (stable)][(Skt. goṣṭha = stable)]

53.83 廑 [chn.jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, to be diligent); rare]

53.84 廒 [chn.áo][archaic; (also áo, to be a granary); rare]

53.85 廓 [chn.kuò][eng.wide; to expand; (also kuò, (surname))][(Skt. viśāla = wide)]

53.86 廔 [chn.lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be a house); rare]

53.87 廕 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to shelter); rare]

53.88 廖 [chn.liào][eng.surname; (also liào, to be a house)]

53.89 廗 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a house); rare]

53.90 廘 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a house); rare]

53.91 廙 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a house); rare]

53.92 廚 [chn.chú][eng.traditional variant of 厨 (kitchen)][(Skt. mahānasa = kitchen)]

53.93 廛 [chn.chán][eng.marketplace; (also chán, (surname))][(Skt. āpaṇa = marketplace)]

53.94 廜 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be a house); rare]

53.95 廝 [chn.sī][eng.servant; (also sī, (surname))][(Skt. dāsa = servant)]

53.96 廞 [chn.xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be a house); rare]

53.97 廟 [chn.miào][eng.traditional variant of 庙 (temple; shrine)][(Skt. devālaya = temple)]

53.98 廠 [chn.chǎng][eng.factory; workshop; (also chǎng, (surname))][(Skt. karmālaya = factory)]

53.99 廡 [chn.wǔ][eng.traditional variant of 庑 (corridor)][(Skt. prākāra = corridor)]

53.100 廢 [chn.fèi][eng.traditional variant of 废 (to abandon)][(Skt. apaharaṇa = abandonment)]

53.101 廣 [chn.guǎng][eng.traditional variant of 广 (broad; wide)][(Skt. vistara = broad)]

53.102 廤 [chn.kù][archaic; (also kù, to be a warehouse); rare]

53.103 廥 [chn.kù][archaic; (also kù, to be a barn); rare]

53.104 廦 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a house); rare]

53.105 廧 [chn.qiáng][archaic; (also qiáng, to be a wall); rare]

53.106 廨 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a building); rare]

53.107 廩 [chn.lǐn][eng.traditional variant of 廪 (granary)][(Skt. koṣṭha = granary)]

53.108 廪 [chn.lǐn][eng.granary; (also lǐn, (surname))][(Skt. koṣṭha = granary)]

53.109 廫 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be a house); rare]

53.110 廬 [chn.lú][eng.traditional variant of 庐 (hut; cottage)][(Skt. kuṭī = hut)]

53.111 廭 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be a house); rare]

53.112 廮 [chn.yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to be a house); rare]

53.113 廯 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be a house); rare]

53.114 廰 [chn.tīng][archaic variant of 廳 (hall; office)][(Skt. sabhā = hall)]

53.115 廱 [chn.yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to be a house); rare]

53.116 廲 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a house); rare]

53.117 廳 [chn.tīng][eng.traditional variant of 厅 (hall; office)][(Skt. sabhā = hall)]

53.118 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 53 (广)

53.119 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

53.120 53.1 广 (yǎn) [skt.gṛha; vistara] — The radical itself. When read yǎn, it represents a house on a cliff or shelter; when read guǎng, it means "broad" or "wide." Translates two roots. (1) gṛha (house, shelter). (2) vistara (extensive, broad). Appears in many characters related to buildings and structures.

53.121 53.6 庄 (zhuāng) [skt.grāma] — Translates grāma (village). The character appears in 村庄 (grāma, village). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of villages and rural areas.

53.122 53.9 庇 (bì) [skt.rakṣaṇa] — Translates rakṣaṇa (protection). The character appears in 庇佑 (rakṣaṇa, to protect). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s protection.

53.123 53.17 序 (xù) [skt.krama] — Translates krama (order, sequence). The character appears in 秩序 (krama, order). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the sequence of teachings and the order of practice.

53.124 53.18 庐 (lú) [skt.kuṭī] — Translates kuṭī (hut, cottage). The character appears in 草庐 (kuṭī, thatched hut). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of forest huts for meditation.

53.125 53.21 库 (kù) [skt.kośa] — Translates kośa (storehouse, treasury). The character appears in 仓库 (kośa, warehouse). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of treasuries and storehouses.

53.126 53.22 应 (yīng) [skt.prati; yukta] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) prati (towards, responding) appears in 回应 (prati, to respond). (2) yukta (proper, should) appears in 应该 (yukta, should). The character appears in many Buddhist compounds, including 应供 (arhat, worthy one), one of the epithets of the Buddha.

53.127 53.23 底 (dǐ) [skt.mūla; adhara] — Translates two roots. (1) mūla (base, root) appears in 底部 (mūla, bottom). (2) adhara (bottom, lower) appears in the same sense. The character appears in Buddhist contexts for the foundation of practice.

53.128 53.25 店 (diàn) [skt.āpaṇa] — Translates āpaṇa (shop, store). The character appears in 商店 (āpaṇa, shop). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in Vinaya discussions of commerce.

53.129 53.27 庙 (miào) [skt.devālaya] — Translates devālaya (temple, shrine). The character appears in 寺庙 (devālaya, temple). In Buddhist contexts, it is one of the terms for places of worship.

53.130 53.30 府 (fǔ) [skt.bhavana] — Translates bhavana (mansion, dwelling). The character appears in 官府 (bhavana, government office). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in administrative contexts.

53.131 53.32 庞 (páng) [skt.mahā] — Translates mahā (huge, enormous). The character appears in 庞大 (mahā, huge). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of vastness.

53.132 53.33 废 (fèi) [skt.apaharaṇa] — Translates apaharaṇa (abandonment, removal). The character appears in 废棄 (apaharaṇa, to abandon). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of abandoning defilements.

53.133 53.34 庠 (xiáng) [skt.vidyālaya] — Translates vidyālaya (school). The character appears in 学堂 (vidyālaya, school). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of educational institutions.

53.134 53.40 度 (dù) [skt.mātrā; pāramitā] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) mātrā (measure, degree) appears in 程度 (mātrā, degree). (2) pāramitā (perfection, crossing over) appears in 六度 (ṣaṭ-pāramitā, Six Perfections). The character is central to Mahāyāna Buddhism, where the pāramitā are the six perfections of the bodhisattva path: giving (布施), morality (持戒), patience (忍辱), energy (精进), meditation (禅定), and wisdom (智慧).

53.135 53.41 座 (zuò) [skt.āsana] — Translates āsana (seat). The character appears in 座位 (āsana, seat). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s seat and meditation postures.

53.136 53.47 庭 (tíng) [skt.prākāra] — Translates prākāra (courtyard, enclosure). The character appears in 庭院 (prākāra, courtyard). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic compounds.

53.137 53.55 庵 (ān) [skt.ārāma] — CRITICAL — Translates ārāma (hermitage, nunnery). The character appears in 尼姑庵 (ārāma, nunnery). In Buddhist contexts, it refers to a place of retreat and meditation, often associated with nuns or hermits.

53.138 53.56 庶 (shù) [skt.bahu] — Translates bahu (numerous, common). The character appears in 庶民 (bahu, common people). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the multitude of beings.

53.139 53.57 康 (kāng) [skt.kṣema] — CRITICAL — Translates kṣema (peace, health). The character appears in 健康 (kṣema, healthy). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in compound 安康 (kṣema, peaceful) and in aspirations for peace and well-being.

53.140 53.58 庸 (yōng) [skt.sāmānya] — Translates sāmānya (ordinary). The character appears in 平庸 (sāmānya, ordinary). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of the ordinary mind versus the awakened mind.

53.141 53.75 廉 (lián) [skt.śuci; mūlya] — Translates two roots. (1) śuci (pure, honest) appears in 廉洁 (śuci, honest). (2) mūlya (cheap, value) appears in 廉价 (mūlya, cheap). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in ethical discussions.

53.142 53.76 廊 (láng) [skt.prākāra] — Translates prākāra (corridor). The character appears in 走廊 (prākāra, corridor). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of monastic architecture.

53.143 53.85 廓 (kuò) [skt.viśāla] — Translates viśāla (wide, extensive). The character appears in 廓大 (viśāla, wide). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of vastness and expansion.

53.144 53.92 廚 (chú) [skt.mahānasa] — Translates mahānasa (kitchen). Traditional variant of 厨. The character appears in 廚房 (mahānasa, kitchen). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in Vinaya discussions of monastic kitchens.

53.145 53.93 廛 (chán) [skt.āpaṇa] — Translates āpaṇa (marketplace). The character appears in 市廛 (āpaṇa, marketplace). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of urban life.

53.146 53.95 廝 (sī) [skt.dāsa] — Translates dāsa (servant). The character appears in 廝役 (dāsa, servant). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in Vinaya discussions of servants and service.

53.147 53.97 廟 (miào) [skt.devālaya] — Traditional variant of 庙. See Character 53.27.

53.148 53.98 廠 (chǎng) [skt.karmālaya] — Translates karmālaya (factory, workshop). Traditional variant of 厂. The character appears in 工廠 (karmālaya, factory). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of workshops.

53.149 53.101 廣 (guǎng) [skt.vistara] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 广 (broad; wide). Translates vistara (broad, extensive). The character appears in 廣大 (vipula, vast) and 廣博 (vistara, extensive). It is a key term for the vastness of the Buddha’s wisdom and compassion.

53.150 53.107 廩 (lǐn) [skt.koṣṭha] — Translates koṣṭha (granary). Traditional variant of 廪. The character appears in 倉廩 (koṣṭha, granary). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of storehouses.

53.151 53.108 廪 (lǐn) [skt.koṣṭha] — Translates koṣṭha (granary). The character appears in 廪米 (koṣṭha, grain). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in Vinaya discussions of provisions.

53.152 53.110 廬 (lú) [skt.kuṭī] — Traditional variant of 庐. See Character 53.18.

53.153 53.117 廳 (tīng) [skt.sabhā] — Translates sabhā (hall, assembly). Traditional variant of 厅. The character appears in 廳堂 (sabhā, hall). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of assembly halls.

54 廴

54.1 廴 [chn.yǐn][eng.long stride; to stretch; to extend; radical 54][(Skt. vistara = extension)]

54.2 廵 [chn.xún][archaic variant of 巡 (to patrol; to inspect)][(Skt. paripāṭī = patrol)]

54.3 延 [chn.yán][eng.to prolong; to extend; to delay; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. vistara = extension; Skt. pralambana = delay)]

54.4 廷 [chn.tíng][eng.court; imperial court; (also tíng, (surname))][(Skt. rājadhānī = palace)]

54.5 廸 [chn.dí][archaic variant of 迪 (to guide; to lead; to follow)][(Skt. netṛ = guide)]

54.6 廹 [chn.pò][archaic variant of 迫 (to force; to compel; urgent)][(Skt. balāt = force)]

54.7 建 [chn.jiàn][eng.to establish; to found; to build; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. sthāpayati = to establish)]

54.8 廻 [chn.huí][archaic variant of 回 (to return; to turn)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

54.9 廼 [chn.nǎi][archaic variant of 乃 (then; so; indeed)][(Skt. iti = thus)]

54.10 廽 [chn.huí][archaic variant of 回 (to return; to turn)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

54.11 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 54 (廴)

54.12 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

54.13 54.1 廴 (yǐn) [skt.vistara] — The radical itself; represents a "long stride" or "stretching out." Translates vistara (extension). It is a variation of 乙 (yǐ) and appears in characters related to extending, stretching, or walking.

54.14 54.3 延 (yán) [skt.vistara; pralambana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) vistara (extension) appears in 延長 (vistāra, extension). (2) pralambana (delay) appears in 延遲 (pralambana, delay). The character appears in 延命 (āyuṣ, prolonging life). In Buddhist contexts, it may refer to extending lifespan or extending the Dharma to others.

54.15 54.4 廷 (tíng) [skt.rājadhānī] — Translates rājadhānī (palace, court). The character appears in 朝廷 (rājadhānī, imperial court). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of royal courts.

54.16 54.5 廸 (dí) [skt.netṛ] — Archaic variant of 迪. Translates netṛ (guide, leader). In Buddhist contexts, it can refer to the guiding teacher (nāyaka).

54.17 54.7 建 (jiàn) [skt.sthāpayati] — CRITICAL — Translates sthāpayati (to establish, to build). The character appears in 建立 (pratiṣṭhā, establishing) and 建設 (nirmāṇa, construction). In Buddhist contexts, it often refers to establishing the Dharma or building monasteries.

54.18 54.8 廻 (huí) [skt.nivartana] — Archaic variant of 回. Translates nivartana (return, turning). Appears in compound 廻向 (pariṇāmanā, dedication/transfer of merit), a key Buddhist practice.

55 廾

55.1 廾 [chn.gǒng][eng.clasped hands; to hold with both hands; to cup; to support; radical 55][(Skt. añjali = clasped hands; Skt. upagūhana = embrace)]

55.2 廿 [chn.niàn][eng.twenty; (also niàn, (surname))][skt.viṃśati; (Skt. viṃśaka = group of twenty)]

55.3 开 [chn.kāi][eng.to open; to start; (also kāi, (surname))][(Skt. udghāṭana = opening)]

55.4 弁 [chn.biàn][eng.cap; to speak; to argue; (also biàn, (surname))][(Skt. vacana = speech; Skt. kapāla = cup)]

55.5 异 [chn.yì][eng.different; to separate; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. bheda = difference)]

55.6 弃 [chn.qì][eng.to abandon; to give up; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. prahāṇa = abandonment)]

55.7 弄 [chn.nòng][eng.to play; to manage; to do; (also lòng, lane)][(Skt. krīḍā = play; Skt. upayoga = management)]

55.8 弅 [chn.fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to be a mound); rare]

55.9 弆 [chn.jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, to hide); rare]

55.10 弇 [chn.yǎn][eng.to cover; to hide; (also yǎn, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

55.11 弈 [chn.yì][eng.weapon; to play (chess/go); to compete; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. akṣa = chess/dice; Skt. yuddha = combat)]

55.12 弉 [chn.zàng][archaic variant of 奘 (strong; great)][(Skt. balavat = strong)]

55.13 弊 [chn.bì][eng.defect; evil; to harm; to hinder; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. doṣa = defect; Skt. duṣṭa = evil)]

55.14 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 55 (廾)

55.15 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

55.16 55.1 廾 (gǒng) [skt.añjali; upagūhana] — The radical itself; represents two hands clasped together in reverence or offering. Translates two roots. (1) añjali (clasped hands, reverential salutation). (2) upagūhana (embrace). In Buddhist contexts, the añjali gesture is the traditional posture of respect, still used in Buddhist practice today.

55.17 55.2 廿 (niàn) [skt.viṃśati; viṃśaka] — Translates two roots. (1) viṃśati (twenty). (2) viṃśaka (group of twenty). The character appears in dating and enumeration contexts.

55.18 55.3 开 (kāi) [skt.udghāṭana] — CRITICAL — Translates udghāṭana (opening, starting). The character appears in 开发 (vikāśana, development) and 开悟 (bodhi, awakening/enlightenment). The character is central to Buddhist practice, where the "opening" of the mind to the Dharma is the beginning of the path.

55.19 55.4 弁 (biàn) [skt.vacana; kapāla] — Translates two roots. (1) vacana (speech, words). (2) kapāla (cup, cap). The character appears in 弁護 (vacana, defense) and in formal contexts.

55.20 55.5 异 (yì) [skt.bheda] — CRITICAL — Translates bheda (difference, separation). The character appears in 异见 (bheda, different views). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of differentiation and discrimination (vikalpa), which are seen as sources of suffering.

55.21 55.6 弃 (qì) [skt.prahāṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates prahāṇa (abandonment, renunciation). The character appears in 棄捨 (prahāṇa, abandonment). In Buddhist contexts, it appears for abandoning defilements (klesa) and renouncing worldly attachments.

55.22 55.7 弄 (nòng) [skt.krīḍā; upayoga] — Translates two roots. (1) krīḍā (play) appears in 玩耍 (krīḍā, to play). (2) upayoga (management) appears in 弄權 (upayoga, to manage power). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of play and management.

55.23 55.10 弇 (yǎn) [skt.chādana] — Translates chādana (covering, hiding). The character appears in 弇盖 (chādana, to cover). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of concealment.

55.24 55.11 弈 (yì) [skt.akṣa; yuddha] — Translates two roots. (1) akṣa (chess, dice, game) appears in 博弈 (akṣa, to play games). (2) yuddha (combat) appears in 弈争 (yuddha, to compete). The word akṣa in Sanskrit also means "die" (for gambling) and is related to the Chinese character’s use for board games.

55.25 55.12 弉 (zàng) [skt.balavat] — Archaic variant of 奘. Translates balavat (strong, great). Appears as the name of the famous translator Xuanzang (玄奘), who traveled to India in the 7th century and brought back many Buddhist scriptures.

55.26 55.13 弊 (bì) [skt.doṣa; duṣṭa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) doṣa (defect, fault) appears in 弊病 (doṣa, fault). (2) duṣṭa (evil, bad) appears in 弊端 (duṣṭa, evil/abuse). The character appears in Buddhist discussions of faults and harmful practices.

56 弋

56.1 弋 [chn.yì][eng.arrow with string; to shoot; to hunt; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. śara = arrow; Skt. bāṇa = shaft)]

56.2 弌 [chn.yī][archaic variant of 一 (one); (also yī, (surname))][(Skt. eka = one)]

56.3 弍 [chn.èr][archaic variant of 二 (two); (also èr, (surname))][(Skt. dvi = two)]

56.4 弎 [chn.sān][archaic variant of 三 (three); (also sān, (surname))][(Skt. tri = three)]

56.5 式 [chn.shì][eng.style; formula; ceremony; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. prakāra = style; Skt. vidhi = formula)]

56.6 弐 [chn.èr][eng.Japanese variant of 貳 (two; to betray)][(Skt. dvi = two; Skt. droha = betrayal)]

56.7 弑 [chn.shì][eng.to assassinate; to murder (one’s superior); (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. vadha = killing; Skt. pāpa = evil)]

56.8 弒 [chn.shì][eng.traditional variant of 弑 (to assassinate; to murder one’s superior)][(Skt. vadha = killing; Skt. pāpa = evil)]

56.9 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 56 (弋)

56.10 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

56.11 56.1 弋 (yì) [skt.śara; bāṇa] — The radical itself; represents an arrow with a string attached (used for hunting). Translates two roots. (1) śara (arrow). (2) bāṇa (shaft). Appears as a component in characters related to shooting, hunting, and measurement.

56.12 56.2 弌 (yī) [skt.eka] — Archaic variant of 一 (one). Used in legal and financial documents to prevent forgery.

56.13 56.3 弍 (èr) [skt.dvi] — Archaic variant of 二 (two). Used in legal and financial documents.

56.14 56.4 弎 (sān) [skt.tri] — Archaic variant of 三 (three). Used in legal and financial documents.

56.15 56.5 式 (shì) [skt.prakāra; vidhi] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) prakāra (style, manner) appears in 样式 (prakāra, style). (2) vidhi (formula, rule, ceremony) appears in 仪式 (vidhi, ritual/ceremony). The character appears in Buddhist contexts for rituals, rules, and models of practice.

56.16 56.6 弐 (èr) [skt.dvi; droha] — Japanese variant of 貳 (two). Translates two roots. (1) dvi (two). (2) droha (betrayal). In Chinese contexts, it is an archaic variant; in Japanese, it means "two" and is used in financial documents.

56.17 56.7 弑 (shì) [skt.vadha; pāpa] — Translates two roots. (1) vadha (killing) appears in 弑君 (vadha, to assassinate a ruler). (2) pāpa (evil) appears in the same sense. The character specifically means "to assassinate" (murder of a superior, father, or ruler). Appears in historical and legal contexts.

57 弓

57.1 弓 [chn.gōng][eng.bow; (also gōng, (surname))][skt.dhanus; (Skt. cāpa = bow)]

57.2 弔 [chn.diào][eng.to mourn; to condole; to hang; (also dì, to suspend)][(Skt. śoka = mourning)]

57.3 引 [chn.yǐn][eng.to draw; to pull; to lead; to guide; (also yǐn, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to draw; Skt. nayati = to lead)]

57.4 弖 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be a bow); rare]

57.5 弗 [chn.fú][eng.not; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. na = not; Skt. mā = do not)]

57.6 弘 [chn.hóng][eng.great; grand; to magnify; (also hóng, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = great; Skt. vistāra = expansion)]

57.7 弙 [chn.wū][archaic; (also wū, to be a bow); rare]

57.8 弚 [chn.tuí][archaic; (also tuí, to be a bow); rare]

57.9 弛 [chn.chí][eng.to relax; to loosen; (also chí, (surname))][(Skt. śithilīkaroti = to relax)]

57.10 弜 [chn.jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be strong); rare]

57.11 弝 [chn.bà][archaic; (also bà, to be a bow handle); rare]

57.12 弞 [chn.shěn][archaic; (also shěn, to be a bow); rare]

57.13 弟 [chn.dì][eng.younger brother; (also tì, to respect)][(Skt. kaniṣṭha = younger brother)]

57.14 张 [chn.zhāng][eng.to open; to stretch; to spread; (also zhāng, (surname))][(Skt. prasāraṇa = spreading; Skt. āyāma = stretching)]

57.15 弡 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a bow); rare]

57.16 弢 [chn.tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be a bow case); rare]

57.17 弣 [chn.fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to be a bow handle); rare]

57.18 弤 [chn.dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to be a bow); rare]

57.19 弥 [chn.mí][eng.full; overflowing; to fill; (also mǐ, to pacify)][(Skt. paripūrṇa = full; Skt. vipula = extensive)]

57.20 弦 [chn.xián][eng.bowstring; string; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. jyā = bowstring)]

57.21 弧 [chn.hú][eng.arc; bow; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. dhanus = bow; Skt. cāpa = arc)]

57.22 弨 [chn.chāo][archaic; (also chāo, to be a bow); rare]

57.23 弩 [chn.nǔ][eng.crossbow; (also nǔ, (surname))][(Skt. dhanuryantra = crossbow)]

57.24 弪 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a bow); rare]

57.25 弫 [chn.zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be a bow); rare]

57.26 弬 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a bow); rare]

57.27 弭 [chn.mǐ][eng.to stop; to pacify; to put an end to; (also mǐ, (surname))][(Skt. śam = to pacify; Skt. praśamana = cessation)]

57.28 弮 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a bow); rare]

57.29 弯 [chn.wān][eng.to bend; curved; (also wān, (surname))][(Skt. vakra = curved; Skt. kuñcita = bent)]

57.30 弰 [chn.shāo][archaic; (also shāo, to be a bow tip); rare]

57.31 弱 [chn.ruò][eng.weak; feeble; (also ruò, (surname))][(Skt. durbala = weak; Skt. mṛdu = soft)]

57.32 弲 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be a bow); rare]

57.33 弳 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a bow); rare]

57.34 弴 [chn.diāo][archaic; (also diāo, to be a bow); rare]

57.35 張 [chn.zhāng][eng.traditional variant of 张 (to open; to stretch)][(Skt. prasāraṇa = spreading; Skt. āyāma = stretching)]

57.36 弶 [chn.jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be a bow); rare]

57.37 強 [chn.qiáng][eng.traditional variant of 强 (strong; powerful)][(Skt. bala = strength; Skt. balavat = powerful)]

57.38 弸 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a bow); rare]

57.39 弹 [chn.dàn][eng.bullet; to shoot; (also tán, to pluck)][(Skt. kṣepa = shooting; Skt. vāda = plucking)]

57.40 强 [chn.qiáng][eng.strong; powerful; (also qiǎng, to force)][(Skt. bala = strength; Skt. balavat = powerful)]

57.41 弻 [chn.bì][archaic variant of 弼 (to assist; to strengthen)][(Skt. sahāya = assistance)]

57.42 弼 [chn.bì][eng.to assist; to strengthen; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = assistance; Skt. upakāra = help)]

57.43 弽 [chn.shè][archaic; (also shè, to be a bow); rare]

57.44 弾 [chn.dàn][eng.Japanese variant of 彈 (bullet; to shoot)][(Skt. kṣepa = shooting)]

57.45 弿 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be a bow); rare]

57.46 彀 [chn.gòu][eng.to draw a bow fully; to shoot; (also gòu, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to draw; Skt. pūrṇa = full)]

57.47 彁 [chn.gē][archaic; (also gē, to be a bow); rare]

57.48 彂 [chn.fā][archaic variant of 發 (to send; to start)][(Skt. praveśa = sending)]

57.49 彃 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a bow); rare]

57.50 彄 [chn.kōu][archaic; (also kōu, to be a bow); rare]

57.51 彅 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be a bow); rare]

57.52 彆 [chn.biè][archaic variant of 别 (to be perverse; to deviate)][(Skt. viruddha = perverse)]

57.53 彇 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a bow); rare]

57.54 彈 [chn.dàn][eng.traditional variant of 弹 (bullet; to shoot)][(Skt. kṣepa = shooting)]

57.55 彉 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to be a bow); rare]

57.56 彊 [chn.qiáng][archaic variant of 強 (strong; powerful)][(Skt. bala = strength)]

57.57 彋 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a bow); rare]

57.58 彌 [chn.mí][eng.traditional variant of 弥 (full; extensive)][(Skt. vipula = extensive; Skt. paripūrṇa = full)]

57.59 彍 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to be a bow); rare]

57.60 彎 [chn.wān][eng.traditional variant of 弯 (to bend; curved)][(Skt. vakra = curved)]

57.61 彏 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a bow); rare]

57.62 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 57 (弓)

57.63 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

57.64 57.1 弓 (gōng) [skt.dhanus; cāpa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents a bow. Translates two roots. (1) dhanus (bow). (2) cāpa (bow). Appears in compound 弓道 (dhanurvidyā, archery). In Buddhist contexts, it sometimes symbolizes skillful means (upāya) or the ability to aim accurately at the target of enlightenment.

57.65 57.2 弔 (diào) [skt.śoka] — Translates śoka (mourning). The character appears in 弔唁 (śoka, to mourn). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in funerary practices.

57.66 57.3 引 (yǐn) [skt.ākṛṣ; nayati] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) ākṛṣ (to draw, pull). (2) nayati (to lead). The character appears in 引导 (nāyaka, guide/leader). In Buddhist contexts, it refers to leading beings to enlightenment (tāraṇa, saving).

57.67 57.5 弗 (fú) [skt.na; mā] — Translates two negative particles. (1) na (not). (2) mā (do not). Used as a negative particle in classical Chinese and Buddhist texts.

57.68 57.6 弘 (hóng) [skt.mahā; vistāra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) mahā (great). (2) vistāra (expansion, spreading). The character appears in 弘法 (pracāra, spreading the Dharma). It is a key term in Buddhist contexts for propagating the teachings.

57.69 57.9 弛 (chí) [skt.śithilīkaroti] — Translates śithilīkaroti (to relax, to loosen). The character appears in 弛缓 (śithilīkaroti, to relax). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of relaxation and the middle way between tension and laxity.

57.70 57.13 弟 (dì) [skt.kaniṣṭha] — Translates kaniṣṭha (younger brother). The character appears in 弟弟 (kaniṣṭha, younger brother). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in familial and monastic contexts (e.g., 弟子, śiṣya, disciple).

57.71 57.14 张 (zhāng) [skt.prasāraṇa; āyāma] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) prasāraṇa (spreading, opening). (2) āyāma (stretching). The character appears in 张弛 (āyāma and śithilīkaroti, tension and relaxation). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of effort and relaxation in meditation.

57.72 57.19 弥 (mí) [skt.paripūrṇa; vipula] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) paripūrṇa (full, complete). (2) vipula (extensive). The character appears in 弥勒 (Maitreya, the future Buddha) and in 弥陀 (Amitābha, the Buddha of Infinite Light). Both are central figures in Mahāyāna Buddhism.

57.73 57.20 弦 (xián) [skt.jyā] — Translates jyā (bowstring). The character appears in 弓弦 (jyā, bowstring). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of archery and stringed instruments.

57.74 57.21 弧 (hú) [skt.dhanus; cāpa] — Translates two roots. (1) dhanus (bow). (2) cāpa (arc). The character appears in 弧线 (cāpa, arc). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in geometry and descriptions of archery.

57.75 57.23 弩 (nǔ) [skt.dhanuryantra] — Translates dhanuryantra (crossbow). The character appears in 弩箭 (dhanuryantra, crossbow bolt). Appears in military contexts.

57.76 57.27 弭 (mǐ) [skt.śam; praśamana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śam (to pacify). (2) praśamana (cessation, pacification). The character appears in 弭息 (praśamana, to pacify). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of pacifying defilements and the cessation of suffering.

57.77 57.29 弯 (wān) [skt.vakra; kuñcita] — Translates two roots. (1) vakra (curved). (2) kuñcita (bent). The character appears in 弯曲 (vakra, curved). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of shape and form.

57.78 57.31 弱 (ruò) [skt.durbala; mṛdu] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) durbala (weak, feeble). (2) mṛdu (soft, gentle). The character appears in 软弱 (durbala, weak). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of weakness and vulnerability, and is contrasted with strength (bala).

57.79 57.40 强 (qiáng) [skt.bala; balavat] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) bala (strength, power). (2) balavat (powerful). The character appears in 精进 (vīrya, energy/diligence), one of the Five Powers (pañca-bala). The character is central to discussions of spiritual strength.

57.80 57.42 弼 (bì) [skt.sahāya; upakāra] — Translates two roots. (1) sahāya (assistance, help). (2) upakāra (help, favor). The character appears in 輔弼 (sahāya, to assist). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in political and administrative contexts.

57.81 57.46 彀 (gòu) [skt.ākṛṣ; pūrṇa] — Translates two roots. (1) ākṛṣ (to draw). (2) pūrṇa (full). The character appears in 彀弓 (ākṛṣ, to draw a bow fully). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of archery.

57.82 57.48 彂 (fā) [skt.praveśa] — Archaic variant of 發. Translates praveśa (sending, starting). The character appears in 發心 (bodhicitta, to generate the mind of enlightenment), a key term in Mahāyāna practice.

57.83 57.52 彆 (biè) [skt.viruddha] — Translates viruddha (perverse, opposed). The character appears in 彆扭 (viruddha, awkward/perverse). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of deviation from the path.

57.84 57.54 彈 (dàn) [skt.kṣepa] — Traditional variant of 弹. Translates kṣepa (shooting). The character appears in 彈射 (kṣepa, to shoot). In Buddhist texts, it can refer to shooting the arrow of mindfulness.

57.85 57.58 彌 (mí) [skt.vipula; paripūrṇa] — Traditional variant of 弥. Translates two roots. (1) vipula (extensive). (2) paripūrṇa (full). Appears in 彌勒 (Maitreya) and 彌陀 (Amitābha).

57.86 57.60 彎 (wān) [skt.vakra] — Traditional variant of 弯. Translates vakra (curved). See Character 57.29.

58 彐

58.1 彐 [chn.xuě][eng.pig snout; snout; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. sūkara = pig)]

58.2 彑 [chn.jì][eng.pig snout; (also jì, (surname)); archaic variant of 彐][(Skt. sūkara = pig)]

58.3 归 [chn.guī][eng.to return; to go back; (also guī, (surname))][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

58.4 当 [chn.dāng][eng.to be; to serve as; at; (also dàng, appropriate)][(Skt. yukta = proper; Skt. kāla = time)]

58.5 彔 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to record); rare]

58.6 录 [chn.lù][eng.to record; to copy; (also lù, (surname))][(Skt. likhita = recorded)]

58.7 彖 [chn.tuàn][eng.hexagram explanation; (also tuàn, (surname))][(Skt. vyākhyā = explanation)]

58.8 彗 [chn.huì][eng.broom; comet; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. sammārjana = broom; Skt. ketu = comet)]

58.9 彘 [chn.zhì][eng.pig; swine; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. sūkara = pig)]

58.10 彙 [chn.huì][eng.to gather; to classify; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

58.11 彚 [chn.huì][archaic variant of 彙 (to gather; to classify)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

58.12 彛 [chn.yí][archaic variant of 彝 (vessel; rule; constant)][(Skt. dhruva = constant)]

58.13 彜 [chn.yí][archaic variant of 彝 (vessel; rule; constant)][(Skt. dhruva = constant)]

58.14 彝 [chn.yí][eng.ancient bronze vessel; rule; constant; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. dhruva = constant; Skt. vidhi = rule)]

58.15 彞 [chn.yí][archaic variant of 彝 (vessel; rule; constant)][(Skt. dhruva = constant)]

58.16 彟 [chn.yuē][archaic; (also yuē, to measure); rare]

58.17 彠 [chn.yuē][archaic; (also yuē, to measure); rare]

58.18 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 58 (彐)

58.19 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

58.20 58.1 彐 (xuě) [skt.sūkara] — The radical itself; represents a pig’s snout. Translates sūkara (pig). Used in characters related to pigs and by extension to things that are snout-like.

58.21 58.3 归 (guī) [skt.nivartana] — CRITICAL — Translates nivartana (return, going back). The character appears in 回归 (nivartana, to return). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in 归依 (śaraṇa, taking refuge), the foundational act of becoming a Buddhist. The three refuges are the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha.

58.22 58.4 当 (dāng) [skt.yukta; kāla] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) yukta (proper, should) appears in 应当 (yukta, should). (2) kāla (time) appears in 当前 (pratyuta, at present). The character appears in many Buddhist compounds and is one of the most common characters.

58.23 58.6 录 (lù) [skt.likhita] — Translates likhita (recorded). The character appears in 记录 (likhita, to record). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in recording texts and copying sutras.

58.24 58.7 彖 (tuàn) [skt.vyākhyā] — Translates vyākhyā (explanation). The character appears in the I Ching (Book of Changes) as the "Tuan" commentary. In Buddhist contexts, it appears in classical commentary tradition.

58.25 58.8 彗 (huì) [skt.sammārjana; ketu] — Translates two roots. (1) sammārjana (broom). (2) ketu (comet). The character appears in 彗星 (ketu, comet). In Buddhist texts, it appears in the celestial realms and as a metaphor for sweeping away defilements.

58.26 58.9 彘 (zhì) [skt.sūkara] — Translates sūkara (pig, swine). The character appears in classical texts, including the name of the ancient state 彘.

58.27 58.10 彙 (huì) [skt.saṅgraha] — CRITICAL — Translates saṅgraha (gathering, collection). The character appears in 彙編 (saṅgraha, to compile). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in catalogues and classifications of texts.

58.28 58.14 彝 (yí) [skt.dhruva; vidhi] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) dhruva (constant, fixed). (2) vidhi (rule, established order). The character appears in 彝伦 (vidhi, established order). In Buddhist texts, it may refer to established rules or constant principles.

59 彡

59.1 彡 [chn.shān][eng.bristle; hair; stroke; to decorate; radical 59][(Skt. roma = hair; Skt. alaṅkāra = decoration)]

59.2 形 [chn.xíng][eng.form; shape; appearance; (also xíng, (surname))][skt.rūpa; (Skt. saṃsthāna = shape)]

59.3 彤 [chn.tóng][eng.red; vermilion; (also tóng, (surname))][(Skt. raktavarṇa = red color)]

59.4 彦 [chn.yàn][eng.scholar; accomplished person; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. vidvān = scholar)]

59.5 彧 [chn.yù][eng.cultured; refined; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. śiṣṭa = cultured)]

59.6 彨 [chn.chī][archaic; (also chī, to be a rainbow); rare]

59.7 彩 [chn.cǎi][eng.color; variety; (also cǎi, (surname))][(Skt. varṇa = color)]

59.8 彪 [chn.biāo][eng.tiger stripes; (also biāo, (surname))][(Skt. vyāghra = tiger)]

59.9 彫 [chn.diāo][archaic variant of 雕 (to carve; to engrave)][(Skt. utkīrṇa = carved)]

59.10 彬 [chn.bīn][eng.refined; elegant; (also bīn, (surname))][(Skt. śiṣṭa = refined)]

59.11 彭 [chn.péng][eng.surname; to be numerous; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = numerous)]

59.12 彯 [chn.piāo][archaic; (also piāo, to be a banner); rare]

59.13 彰 [chn.zhāng][eng.to manifest; to display; to make evident; (also zhāng, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśana = manifestation; Skt. vyakti = display)]

59.14 影 [chn.yǐng][eng.shadow; reflection; image; (also yǐng, (surname))][(Skt. chāyā = shadow; Skt. pratibhāsa = reflection)]

59.15 彲 [chn.chī][archaic variant of 螭 (dragon without horns)][(Skt. nāga = dragon)]

59.16 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 59 (彡)

59.17 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

59.18 59.1 彡 (shān) [skt.roma; alaṅkāra] — The radical itself; represents hair, bristle, or decorative strokes. Translates two roots. (1) roma (hair). (2) alaṅkāra (decoration). Also used as a phonetic component in some characters.

59.19 59.2 形 (xíng) [skt.rūpa; saṃsthāna] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) rūpa (form, appearance) — one of the five aggregates (skandha). (2) saṃsthāna (shape). The character appears in 形色 (rūpa, form/color). In Buddhist philosophy, rūpa is the first of the five aggregates and refers to physical form and materiality.

59.20 59.3 彤 (tóng) [skt.raktavarṇa] — Translates raktavarṇa (red color). The character appears in 彤云 (raktavarṇa, red clouds). Appears in descriptions of color.

59.21 59.4 彦 (yàn) [skt.vidvān] — Translates vidvān (scholar, learned person). The character appears in 彦士 (vidvān, scholar). Appears in classical texts for learned individuals.

59.22 59.5 彧 (yù) [skt.śiṣṭa] — Translates śiṣṭa (cultured, refined). The character appears in 彧彧 (śiṣṭa, refined). Appears in names and descriptions of elegance.

59.23 59.7 彩 (cǎi) [skt.varṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates varṇa (color). The character appears in 彩色 (varṇa, color). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of color and appearance (rūpa). The concept of varṇa is also used in discussions of the physical characteristics of beings.

59.24 59.8 彪 (biāo) [skt.vyāghra] — Translates vyāghra (tiger). The character appears in 彪炳 (vyāghra, tiger stripes). Appears in names and descriptions of tigers.

59.25 59.9 彫 (diāo) [skt.utkīrṇa] — Archaic variant of 雕. Translates utkīrṇa (carved, engraved). The character appears in 彫刻 (utkīrṇa, to carve). Appears in descriptions of carving and engraving.

59.26 59.10 彬 (bīn) [skt.śiṣṭa] — Translates śiṣṭa (refined, elegant). The character appears in 彬彬有礼 (śiṣṭa, refined and courteous). Appears in descriptions of cultured individuals.

59.27 59.11 彭 (péng) [skt.bahu] — Translates bahu (numerous). The character appears as a surname and also means "numerous" or "abundant."

59.28 59.13 彰 (zhāng) [skt.prakāśana; vyakti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) prakāśana (manifestation, making evident). (2) vyakti (display, manifestation). The character appears in 彰顯 (vyakti, to manifest). In Buddhist contexts, it is used for making the Dharma manifest and displaying the qualities of enlightenment.

59.29 59.14 影 (yǐng) [skt.chāyā; pratibhāsa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) chāyā (shadow). (2) pratibhāsa (reflection, image). The character appears in 影像 (pratibimba, image/shadow). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in discussions of illusion and reality, often used as a metaphor for the insubstantial nature of phenomena. The chāyā is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s teachings as a "shadow" of truth.

59.30 59.15 彲 (chī) [skt.nāga] — Archaic variant of 螭. Translates nāga (dragon without horns). Appears in classical texts describing mythical creatures.

60 彳

60.1 彳 [chn.chì][eng.step; to walk; to move; radical 60][skt.pada; (Skt. gati = movement)]

60.2 彴 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a bridge); rare]

60.3 彵 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a step); rare]

60.4 彶 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be swift); rare]

60.5 彷 [chn.páng][eng.to wander; to hesitate; (also fǎng, to be like)][(Skt. saṃcāra = wandering)]

60.6 彸 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be in a hurry); rare]

60.7 役 [chn.yì][eng.conscript labor; to serve; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. bhṛtya = service)]

60.8 彺 [chn.wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to go); rare]

60.9 彼 [chn.bǐ][eng.that; those; (also bǐ, (surname))][(Skt. tat = that)]

60.10 彽 [chn.dī][archaic; (also dī, to be low); rare]

60.11 彾 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a step); rare]

60.12 彿 [chn.fú][archaic variant of 佛 (Buddha; to resemble)][(Skt. buddha = Buddha; Skt. pratirūpa = to resemble)]

60.13 往 [chn.wǎng][eng.to go; to proceed; formerly; (also wǎng, (surname))][(Skt. gam = to go)]

60.14 征 [chn.zhēng][eng.to march; to conquer; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. yātra = march; Skt. jaya = conquest)]

60.15 徂 [chn.cú][eng.to go; to depart; (also cú, (surname))][(Skt. prayāṇa = departure)]

60.16 径 [chn.jìng][eng.path; track; diameter; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. mārga = path; Skt. vyāsa = diameter)]

60.17 待 [chn.dài][eng.to wait; to treat; (also dài, (surname))][(Skt. pratīkṣā = waiting)]

60.18 徆 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a step); rare]

60.19 徇 [chn.xùn][eng.to follow; to carry out; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. anugama = following)]

60.20 很 [chn.hěn][eng.very; quite; (also hěn, (surname))][(Skt. ati = very)]

60.21 徉 [chn.yáng][eng.to wander; to roam; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcāra = wandering)]

60.22 徊 [chn.huái][eng.to wander; to linger; (also huí, to revolve)][(Skt. saṃcāra = wandering)]

60.23 律 [chn.lǜ][eng.law; rule; discipline; (also lǜ, (surname))][(Skt. dharma = law; Skt. vinaya = discipline)]

60.24 後 [chn.hòu][eng.traditional variant of 后 (behind; after; later)][(Skt. anu = after; Skt. paścāt = behind)]

60.25 徍 [chn.wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to go); rare]

60.26 徎 [chn.chěng][archaic; (also chěng, to be a path); rare]

60.27 徏 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be a path); rare]

60.28 徒 [chn.tú][eng.disciple; apprentice; to go on foot; (also tú, (surname))][(Skt. śiṣya = disciple; Skt. pāda = foot)]

60.29 徔 [chn.cóng][archaic variant of 从 (to follow; to obey)][(Skt. anugama = following)]

60.30 徕 [chn.lài][archaic; (also lài, to come); rare]

60.31 徖 [chn.cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be a path); rare]

60.32 得 [chn.xùn][eng.to follow; to carry out; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. anugama = following)]

60.33 徘 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be a path); rare]

60.34 徙 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be a path); rare]

60.35 徚 [chn.dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be a path); rare]

60.36 徛 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a path); rare]

60.37 徜 [chn.cháng][eng.to wander; to linger; (also cháng, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcāra = wandering)]

60.38 徝 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a path); rare]

60.39 從 [chn.cóng][eng.traditional variant of 从 (to follow; from; through)][(Skt. anugama = following)]

60.40 徟 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be a path); rare]

60.41 徠 [chn.lái][archaic variant of 来 (to come)][(Skt. āgacchati = to come)]

60.42 御 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a path); rare]

60.43 徢 [chn.qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be a path); rare]

60.44 徣 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a path); rare]

60.45 徤 [chn.jiàn][archaic variant of 健 (healthy; strong)][(Skt. svāsthya = health)]

60.46 徥 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be a path); rare]

60.47 徦 [chn.jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, to be a path); rare]

60.48 徧 [chn.biàn][archaic variant of 遍 (everywhere; throughout)][(Skt. sarva = everywhere)]

60.49 徨 [chn.huáng][eng.to wander; to hesitate; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcāra = wandering)]

60.50 復 [chn.fù][eng.traditional variant of 复 (to return; to repeat)][(Skt. punar = again; Skt. nivartana = return)]

60.51 循 [chn.xún][eng.to follow; to adhere to; (also xún, (surname))][(Skt. anugama = following; Skt. vidhi = adherence)]

60.52 徫 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a path); rare]

60.53 徬 [chn.páng][archaic variant of 彷 (to wander; to hesitate)][(Skt. saṃcāra = wandering)]

60.54 徭 [chn.yáo][eng.conscript labor; (also yáo, (surname))][(Skt. bhṛtya = service)]

60.55 微 [chn.wēi][eng.small; subtle; (also wēi, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = subtle; Skt. aṇu = small)]

60.56 徯 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a path); rare]

60.57 徰 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be a path); rare]

60.58 徱 [chn.piào][archaic; (also piào, to be swift); rare]

60.59 徲 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a path); rare]

60.60 徳 [chn.dé][eng.Japanese variant of 德 (virtue; moral power)][(Skt. guṇa = virtue; Skt. śīla = morality)]

60.61 徴 [chn.lài][archaic; (also lài, to come); rare]

60.62 徵 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a path); rare]

60.63 徶 [chn.biè][archaic; (also biè, to be a path); rare]

60.64 德 [chn.dé][eng.virtue; moral power; (also dé, (surname))][(Skt. guṇa = virtue; Skt. śīla = morality)]

60.65 徸 [chn.zhǒng][archaic; (also zhǒng, to be a path); rare]

60.66 徹 [chn.chè][eng.traditional variant of 彻 (to penetrate; to pervade)][(Skt. vyāpta = pervade; Skt. prāpta = penetrate)]

60.67 徺 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be a path); rare]

60.68 徻 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a path); rare]

60.69 徼 [chn.jiào][eng.to seek; to investigate; (also yāo, to invite)][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = seeking; Skt. vicāra = investigation)]

60.70 徽 [chn.huī][eng.badge; emblem; (also huī, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = emblem)]

60.71 徾 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be a path); rare]

60.72 徿 [chn.lòng][archaic; (also lòng, to be a path); rare]

60.73 忀 [chn.xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be a path); rare]

60.74 忁 [chn.bào][archaic; (also bào, to be a path); rare]

60.75 忂 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a path); rare]

60.76 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 60 (彳)

60.77 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

60.78 60.1 彳 (chì) [skt.pada; gati] — The radical itself; represents a step or walking motion. Translates two roots. (1) pada (step, foot). (2) gati (movement, motion). Used in many characters related to movement, paths, and action.

60.79 60.5 彷 (páng) [skt.saṃcāra] — Translates saṃcāra (wandering, moving about). Used in compound 彷徨 (saṃcāra, wandering/hesitating). In Buddhist contexts, it can refer to the aimless wandering in saṃsāra.

60.80 60.7 役 (yì) [skt.bhṛtya] — Translates bhṛtya (service, labor). Used in 服役 (bhṛtya, conscript labor). Appears in military and administrative contexts.

60.81 60.9 彼 (bǐ) [skt.tat] — Translates tat (that). Used as a demonstrative pronoun. Appears in classical and Buddhist texts as "that" or "those."

60.82 60.13 往 (wǎng) [skt.gam] — CRITICAL — Translates gam (to go). Used in 前往 (gam, to go). Appears in Buddhist compound 往生 (upapatti, rebirth/going to), a key term for rebirth in the Pure Land tradition.

60.83 60.14 征 (zhēng) [skt.yātra; jaya] — Translates two roots. (1) yātra (march, expedition). (2) jaya (conquest). Used in 征服 (jaya, to conquer). Appears in military contexts.

60.84 60.16 径 (jìng) [skt.mārga; vyāsa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) mārga (path, way). (2) vyāsa (diameter, extension). Used in 路径 (mārga, path). In Buddhist contexts, mārga is the path to enlightenment.

60.85 60.17 待 (dài) [skt.pratīkṣā] — Translates pratīkṣā (waiting, expectation). Used in 等待 (pratīkṣā, to wait). In Buddhist contexts, it appears in descriptions of patience and waiting for the right conditions.

60.86 60.19 徇 (xùn) [skt.anugama] — Translates anugama (following). Used in 徇私 (anugama, to follow selfish interests). Appears in ethical contexts.

60.87 60.23 律 (lǜ) [skt.dharma; vinaya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) dharma (law, principle). (2) vinaya (discipline, monastic code). Used in 戒律 (śīla-vinaya, precepts/discipline). Vinaya is one of the Three Baskets (Tripiṭaka) of the Buddhist canon.

60.88 60.28 徒 (tú) [skt.śiṣya; pāda] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śiṣya (disciple, student). (2) pāda (foot). Used in 徒弟 (śiṣya, disciple) and 徒步 (pāda, on foot). In Buddhist contexts, disciples of the Buddha are called śrāvaka (hearers).

60.89 60.39 從 (cóng) [skt.anugama] — Traditional variant of 从. Translates anugama (following). See Section 9, Character 9.21.

60.90 60.50 復 (fù) [skt.punar; nivartana] — Traditional variant of 复. Translates two roots. (1) punar (again). (2) nivartana (return). See Section 35, Character 35.4.

60.91 60.51 循 (xún) [skt.anugama; vidhi] — Translates two roots. (1) anugama (following). (2) vidhi (adherence, rule). Used in 循环 (anugama, to follow) and 遵循 (vidhi, to adhere to). Appears in descriptions of following the path.

60.92 60.55 微 (wēi) [skt.sūkṣma; aṇu] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) sūkṣma (subtle, fine). (2) aṇu (small, atom). Used in 微妙 (sūkṣma, subtle/exquisite). In Buddhist texts, it appears in descriptions of the subtle Dharma and the subtle nature of phenomena.

60.93 60.64 德 (dé) [skt.guṇa; śīla] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) guṇa (virtue, quality). (2) śīla (morality, ethical conduct). Used in 功德 (guṇa, merit/virtue) and 道德 (śīla, morality). One of the most important terms in Buddhist ethics.

60.94 60.66 徹 (chè) [skt.vyāpta; prāpta] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) vyāpta (pervading, penetrating). (2) prāpta (reaching, attaining). Used in 徹底 (vyāpta, thorough) and 徹悟 (abhisambodhi, complete awakening). Appears in Buddhist contexts for penetrating the nature of reality.

60.95 60.69 徼 (jiào) [skt.anveṣaṇa; vicāra] — Translates two roots. (1) anveṣaṇa (seeking, searching). (2) vicāra (investigation). Used in 徼巡 (paripāṭī, patrol) and in investigative contexts.

60.96 60.70 徽 (huī) [skt.mudrā] — Translates mudrā (emblem, seal, mark). Used in 徽章 (mudrā, badge/emblem). In Buddhist contexts, mudrā also refers to ritual hand gestures.

61 心

61.1 心 [chn.xīn][eng.heart; mind; intention; will; core; (also xīn, (surname))][skt.citta; (Skt. hṛdaya = heart)]

61.2 忄 [chn.xīn][eng.heart; mind; (used as left radical)][skt.citta; (Skt. manas = mind)]

61.3 必 [chn.bì][eng.certainly; necessarily; must; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. avaśyaṃ = certainly)]

61.4 忆 [chn.yì][eng.to remember; to recall; to think][(Skt. smaraṇa = recollection)]

61.5 忇 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to be anxious); rare]

61.6 忈 [chn.rén][archaic; (also rén, to be careless); rare]

61.7 忉 [chn.dāo][archaic; (also dāo, to be anxious); rare]

61.8 忊 [chn.dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be anxious); rare]

61.9 忋 [chn.gǎi][archaic; (also gǎi, to be anxious); rare]

61.10 忌 [chn.jì][eng.to be jealous; to envy; to avoid; taboo; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. īrṣyā = envy)]

61.11 忍 [chn.rěn][eng.to endure; to tolerate; to bear; (also rěn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣānti = forbearance)]

61.12 忎 [chn.rěn][archaic variant of 忍 (to endure)][(Skt. kṣānti = forbearance)]

61.13 忏 [chn.chàn][eng.to repent; to confess; (also chàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣamā = confession)]

61.14 忐 [chn.tǎn][eng.hesitant; (also tǎn, (surname))]

61.15 忑 [chn.tè][eng.nervous; anxious; (also tè, (surname))]

61.16 忒 [chn.tè][eng.to err; to make a mistake; (also tēi, (surname))][(Skt. bhrama = error)]

61.17 忓 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.18 忔 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be anxious); rare]

61.19 忕 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be anxious); rare]

61.20 忖 [chn.cǔn][eng.to ponder; to guess; to conjecture][(Skt. cintā = pondering)]

61.21 志 [chn.zhì][eng.will; ambition; purpose; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkalpa = will)]

61.22 忘 [chn.wàng][eng.to forget; to neglect; (also wàng, (surname))][(Skt. vismaraṇa = forgetfulness)]

61.23 忙 [chn.máng][eng.busy; hurried; (also máng, (surname))][(Skt. vyagra = busy)]

61.24 忚 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be anxious); rare]

61.25 忛 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be anxious); rare]

61.26 応 [chn.yīng][eng.Japanese variant of 應 (to respond; to reply)][(Skt. prati = response)]

61.27 忝 [chn.tiǎn][eng.to be ashamed; to be disrespectful; (also tiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.28 忞 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be diligent); rare]

61.29 忟 [chn.wěn][archaic; (also wěn, to be anxious); rare]

61.30 忠 [chn.zhōng][eng.loyal; faithful; devoted; (also zhōng, (surname))][(Skt. bhakti = devotion)]

61.31 忡 [chn.chōng][eng.anxious; sad; (also chōng, (surname))][(Skt. udvega = anxiety)]

61.32 忢 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to awaken); rare]

61.33 忣 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be anxious); rare]

61.34 忤 [chn.wǔ][eng.to disobey; to oppose; to offend][(Skt. viruddha = opposing)]

61.35 忥 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be angry); rare]

61.36 忦 [chn.jiá][archaic; (also jiá, to be anxious); rare]

61.37 忧 [chn.yōu][eng.to worry; to be anxious; (also yōu, (surname))][(Skt. cintā = anxiety)]

61.38 忨 [chn.wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.39 忩 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be hurried); rare]

61.40 忪 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be anxious); rare]

61.41 快 [chn.kuài][eng.quick; fast; happy; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. kṣipra = quick; Skt. sukha = happy)]

61.42 忬 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be anxious); rare]

61.43 忭 [chn.biàn][eng.rejoicing; to be glad; (also biàn, (surname))][(Skt. prīti = rejoicing)]

61.44 忮 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be jealous); rare]

61.45 忯 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be anxious); rare]

61.46 忰 [chn.cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be sad); rare]

61.47 忱 [chn.chén][eng.sincere; earnest; (also chén, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.48 忲 [chn.tài][archaic; (also tài, to be proud); rare]

61.49 忳 [chn.tún][archaic; (also tún, to be anxious); rare]

61.50 忴 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qián, to be anxious); rare]

61.51 念 [chn.niàn][eng.to think; to remember; to study; (also niàn, (surname))][skt.smṛti; (Skt. anusmṛti = recollection)]

61.52 忶 [chn.hún][archaic; (also hún, to be confused); rare]

61.53 忷 [chn.xiōng][archaic; (also xiōng, to be anxious); rare]

61.54 忸 [chn.niǔ][eng.to be embarrassed; to be shy; (also niǔ, (surname))][(Skt. lajjā = embarrassment)]

61.55 忹 [chn.wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.56 忺 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be happy); rare]

61.57 忻 [chn.xīn][eng.rejoicing; happy; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. prīti = happiness)]

61.58 忼 [chn.kāng][archaic; (also kāng, to be generous); rare]

61.59 忽 [chn.hū][eng.suddenly; to neglect; (also hū, (surname))][(Skt. sahasā = suddenly)]

61.60 忾 [chn.kài][archaic; (also kài, to be angry); rare]

61.61 忿 [chn.fèn][eng.anger; indignation; (also fèn, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.62 怀 [chn.huái][eng.to cherish; to harbor; to carry in the heart; (also huái, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = holding)]

61.63 态 [chn.tài][eng.state; condition; attitude; (also tài, (surname))][(Skt. avasthā = state)]

61.64 怂 [chn.sǒng][eng.to urge; to encourage; (also sǒng, (surname))][(Skt. utsāha = encouragement)]

61.65 怃 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be sad); rare]

61.66 怄 [chn.òu][eng.to feel angry; to sulk; (also òu, (surname))][(Skt. roṣa = anger)]

61.67 怅 [chn.chàng][eng.to be disappointed; to be upset; (also chàng, (surname))][(Skt. viṣāda = disappointment)]

61.68 怆 [chn.chuàng][eng.to be sad; to be sorrowful; (also chuàng, (surname))][(Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

61.69 怇 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be afraid); rare]

61.70 怈 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be anxious); rare]

61.71 怉 [chn.bǎo][archaic; (also bǎo, to be anxious); rare]

61.72 怊 [chn.chāo][archaic; (also chāo, to be sad); rare]

61.73 怋 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be confused); rare]

61.74 怌 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be anxious); rare]

61.75 怍 [chn.zuò][eng.to be ashamed; (also zuò, (surname))][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.76 怎 [chn.zěn][eng.how; why; (also zěn, (surname))][(Skt. katham = how)]

61.77 怏 [chn.yàng][eng.to be discontented; to be unhappy][(Skt. arāga = discontent)]

61.78 怐 [chn.kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to be stupid); rare]

61.79 怑 [chn.bàn][archaic; (also bàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.80 怒 [chn.nù][eng.anger; to be angry; (also nù, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.81 怓 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to be anxious); rare]

61.82 怔 [chn.zhèng][eng.to be startled; to be stunned][(Skt. vismaya = astonishment)]

61.83 怕 [chn.pà][eng.to be afraid; to fear; (also pà, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.84 怖 [chn.bù][eng.to be afraid; to be terrified; (also bù, (surname))][(Skt. trāsa = terror)]

61.85 怗 [chn.tiē][archaic; (also tiē, to be calm); rare]

61.86 怘 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be stubborn); rare]

61.87 怙 [chn.hù][eng.to rely on; to depend on; (also hù, (surname))][(Skt. āśraya = reliance)]

61.88 怚 [chn.cū][archaic; (also cū, to be rude); rare]

61.89 怛 [chn.dá][eng.to grieve; to be sad; (also dá, (surname))][(Skt. śoka = grief)]

61.90 怜 [chn.lián][eng.to pity; to sympathize; (also lián, (surname))][(Skt. kāruṇya = pity)]

61.91 思 [chn.sī][eng.to think; to consider; (also sī, (surname))][skt.cint; (Skt. manas = mind)]

61.92 怞 [chn.chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be anxious); rare]

61.93 怟 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be anxious); rare]

61.94 怠 [chn.dài][eng.lazy; negligent; idle; (also dài, (surname))][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.95 怡 [chn.yí][eng.joyful; cheerful; happy; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.96 怢 [chn.tū][archaic; (also tū, to be anxious); rare]

61.97 怣 [chn.yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be sad); rare]

61.98 怤 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to be anxious); rare]

61.99 急 [chn.jí][eng.urgent; hasty; anxious; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. tvarā = haste)]

61.100 怦 [chn.pēng][archaic; (also pēng, to be anxious); rare]

61.101 性 [chn.xìng][eng.nature; character; sex; (also xìng, (surname))][skt.prakṛti; (Skt. svabhāva = nature)]

61.102 怨 [chn.yuàn][eng.resentment; to blame; (also yuàn, (surname))][(Skt. vera = resentment)]

61.103 怩 [chn.ní][archaic; (also ní, to be shy); rare]

61.104 怪 [chn.guài][eng.strange; odd; to blame; (also guài, (surname))][(Skt. vicitra = strange)]

61.105 怫 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be angry); rare]

61.106 怬 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be anxious); rare]

61.107 怭 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be sad); rare]

61.108 怮 [chn.yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be sad); rare]

61.109 怯 [chn.qiè][eng.cowardly; timid; (also qiè, (surname))][(Skt. bhīru = timid)]

61.110 怰 [chn.xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.111 怱 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be hurried); rare]

61.112 怲 [chn.bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be anxious); rare]

61.113 怳 [chn.huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be confused); rare]

61.114 怴 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be anxious); rare]

61.115 怵 [chn.chù][eng.to be fearful; to be terrified][(Skt. trāsa = terror)]

61.116 怶 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be anxious); rare]

61.117 怷 [chn.shù][archaic; (also shù, to be anxious); rare]

61.118 怸 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be anxious); rare]

61.119 怹 [chn.tān][archaic; (also tān, to be anxious); rare]

61.120 怺 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be anxious); rare]

61.121 总 [chn.zǒng][eng.overall; general; to gather; (also zǒng, (surname))][(Skt. sāmānya = general)]

61.122 怼 [chn.duì][eng.to hate; to resent; (also duì, (surname))][(Skt. dveṣa = hatred)]

61.123 怽 [chn.mì][archaic; (also mì, to be anxious); rare]

61.124 怾 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be anxious); rare]

61.125 怿 [chn.yì][eng.joyful; happy; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. prīti = joy)]

61.126 恀 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be anxious); rare]

61.127 恁 [chn.nèn][eng.to think; to consider; (also nín, you)][(Skt. cintā = thinking)]

61.128 恂 [chn.xún][eng.sincere; honest; (also xún, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.129 恃 [chn.shì][eng.to rely on; to depend on; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. āśraya = reliance)]

61.130 恄 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be anxious); rare]

61.131 恅 [chn.lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be anxious); rare]

61.132 恆 [chn.héng][archaic variant of 恒 (permanent; constant)][(Skt. nitya = constant)]

61.133 恇 [chn.kuāng][archaic; (also kuāng, to be afraid); rare]

61.134 恈 [chn.móu][archaic; (also móu, to be greedy); rare]

61.135 恉 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be meaning); rare]

61.136 恊 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be cooperative); rare]

61.137 恋 [chn.liàn][eng.to love; to long for; (also liàn, (surname))][(Skt. sneha = affection)]

61.138 恌 [chn.tiāo][archaic; (also tiāo, to be frivolous); rare]

61.139 恍 [chn.huǎng][eng.to be confused; to be in a daze; (also huǎng, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.140 恎 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be anxious); rare]

61.141 恏 [chn.hào][archaic; (also hào, to be good); rare]

61.142 恐 [chn.kǒng][eng.to be afraid; to fear; (also kǒng, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.143 恑 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be anxious); rare]

61.144 恒 [chn.héng][eng.permanent; constant; (also héng, (surname))][(Skt. nitya = constant)]

61.145 恓 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be anxious); rare]

61.146 恔 [chn.xiào][archaic; (also xiào, to be happy); rare]

61.147 恕 [chn.shù][eng.to forgive; to pardon; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. kṣamā = forgiveness)]

61.148 恖 [chn.sī][archaic variant of 思 (to think)][(Skt. cint = to think)]

61.149 恗 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to be afraid); rare]

61.150 恘 [chn.qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be anxious); rare]

61.151 恙 [chn.yàng][eng.illness; disease; (also yàng, (surname))][(Skt. roga = illness)]

61.152 恚 [chn.huì][eng.anger; indignation; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.153 恛 [chn.huí][archaic; (also huí, to be anxious); rare]

61.154 恜 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be anxious); rare]

61.155 恝 [chn.jiá][archaic; (also jiá, to be indifferent); rare]

61.156 恞 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be happy); rare]

61.157 恟 [chn.xiōng][archaic; (also xiōng, to be afraid); rare]

61.158 恠 [chn.guài][archaic variant of 怪 (strange; odd)][(Skt. vicitra = strange)]

61.159 恡 [chn.lìn][archaic variant of 吝 (stingy)][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

61.160 恢 [chn.huī][eng.to restore; to revive; (also huī, (surname))][(Skt. punaruṇṇati = restoration)]

61.161 恣 [chn.zì][eng.wanton; unrestrained; (also zì, (surname))][(Skt. svairā = unrestrained)]

61.162 恤 [chn.xù][eng.to pity; to sympathize; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. kāruṇya = pity)]

61.163 恥 [chn.chǐ][archaic variant of 耻 (shame; disgrace)][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.164 恦 [chn.shàng][archaic; (also shàng, to be anxious); rare]

61.165 恧 [chn.nǜ][archaic; (also nǜ, to be ashamed); rare]

61.166 恨 [chn.hèn][eng.to hate; to resent; (also hèn, (surname))][(Skt. dveṣa = hatred)]

61.167 恩 [chn.ēn][eng.kindness; grace; favor; (also ēn, (surname))][(Skt. anugraha = kindness)]

61.168 恪 [chn.kè][eng.respectful; reverent; (also kè, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

61.169 恫 [chn.dòng][eng.to be afraid; to be in pain; (also dòng, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear; Skt. duḥkha = pain)]

61.170 恬 [chn.tián][eng.peaceful; tranquil; (also tián, (surname))][(Skt. śānta = peaceful)]

61.171 恭 [chn.gōng][eng.respectful; reverent; (also gōng, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

61.172 恮 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be cautious); rare]

61.173 息 [chn.xī][eng.to breathe; to rest; to cease; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. śvāsa = breath; Skt. viśrāma = rest)]

61.174 恰 [chn.qià][eng.just; exactly; appropriate; (also qià, (surname))][(Skt. yathā = exactly)]

61.175 恱 [chn.yuè][archaic variant of 悦 (happy; joyful)][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.176 恲 [chn.pēng][archaic; (also pēng, to be anxious); rare]

61.177 恳 [chn.kěn][eng.sincere; earnest; (also kěn, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.178 恴 [chn.dé][archaic variant of 德 (virtue)][(Skt. guṇa = virtue)]

61.179 恵 [chn.huì][eng.Japanese variant of 惠 (kindness; favor)][(Skt. anugraha = kindness)]

61.180 恶 [chn.è][eng.evil; wicked; to hate; (also wù, to dislike)][(Skt. pāpa = evil; Skt. dveṣa = hatred)]

61.181 恷 [chn.xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to be anxious); rare]

61.182 恸 [chn.tòng][eng.to be grieved; to mourn; (also tòng, (surname))][(Skt. śoka = grief)]

61.183 恹 [chn.yān][eng.to be weary; to be depressed; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. klama = weariness)]

61.184 恺 [chn.kǎi][eng.happy; joyful; (also kǎi, (surname))][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.185 恻 [chn.cè][eng.to be grieved; to be sad; (also cè, (surname))][(Skt. kāruṇya = compassion)]

61.186 恼 [chn.nǎo][eng.to be angry; to be annoyed; (also nǎo, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.187 恽 [chn.yùn][archaic; (also yùn, to be anxious); rare]

61.188 恾 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be anxious); rare]

61.189 恿 [chn.yǒng][eng.to urge; to encourage; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. utsāha = encouragement)]

61.190 悀 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be anxious); rare]

61.191 悁 [chn.juān][archaic; (also juān, to be angry); rare]

61.192 悂 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be anxious); rare]

61.193 悃 [chn.kǔn][eng.sincere; earnest; (also kǔn, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.194 悄 [chn.qiǎo][eng.quiet; silent; sad; (also qiāo, to be quiet)][(Skt. śānta = quiet)]

61.195 悅 [chn.yuè][eng.traditional variant of 悦 (happy; joyful)][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.196 悆 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be happy); rare]

61.197 悇 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be anxious); rare]

61.198 悈 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be anxious); rare]

61.199 悉 [chn.xī][eng.to know; to be aware; all; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. sarva = all; Skt. jñā = to know)]

61.200 悊 [chn.zhé][archaic variant of 哲 (wise)][(Skt. vidvān = wise)]

61.201 悋 [chn.lìn][archaic variant of 吝 (stingy)][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

61.202 悌 [chn.tì][eng.to respect (one’s elders); (also tì, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

61.203 悍 [chn.hàn][eng.fierce; courageous; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. śūra = fierce)]

61.204 悎 [chn.hào][archaic; (also hào, to be anxious); rare]

61.205 悏 [chn.qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be happy); rare]

61.206 悐 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to be anxious); rare]

61.207 悑 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to be anxious); rare]

61.208 悒 [chn.yì][eng.to be sad; to be anxious][(Skt. viṣāda = sadness)]

61.209 悓 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.210 悔 [chn.huǐ][eng.to regret; to repent; (also huǐ, (surname))][(Skt. kaukṛtya = regret)]

61.211 悕 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be anxious); rare]

61.212 悖 [chn.bèi][eng.to be contrary; to disobey; (also bó, to be confused)][(Skt. viruddha = contrary)]

61.213 悗 [chn.mán][archaic; (also mán, to be confused); rare]

61.214 悘 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to be anxious); rare]

61.215 悙 [chn.hēng][archaic; (also hēng, to be anxious); rare]

61.216 悚 [chn.sǒng][eng.to be terrified; to be afraid][(Skt. trāsa = terror)]

61.217 悛 [chn.quān][eng.to reform; to repent; (also quān, (surname))][(Skt. kṣamā = repentance)]

61.218 悜 [chn.chěng][archaic; (also chěng, to be anxious); rare]

61.219 悝 [chn.kuī][archaic; (also kuī, to be sorrowful); rare]

61.220 悞 [chn.wù][archaic variant of 误 (to make a mistake)][(Skt. bhrama = error)]

61.221 悟 [chn.wù][eng.to awaken; to realize; to understand; (also wù, (surname))][skt.bodhi; (Skt. budh = to awaken)]

61.222 悠 [chn.yōu][eng.to be long; to be distant; to be leisurely; (also yōu, (surname))][(Skt. dīrgha = long)]

61.223 悡 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be anxious); rare]

61.224 悢 [chn.liàng][archaic; (also liàng, to be sad); rare]

61.225 患 [chn.huàn][eng.to suffer; to be troubled; (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. vyādhi = trouble)]

61.226 悤 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be hurried); rare]

61.227 悥 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be anxious); rare]

61.228 悦 [chn.yuè][eng.happy; joyful; (also yuè, (surname))][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.229 悧 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be anxious); rare]

61.230 您 [chn.nín][eng.you (polite); (also nín, (surname))][(Skt. bhavān = you)]

61.231 悩 [chn.nǎo][eng.Japanese variant of 惱 (to be angry)][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.232 悪 [chn.è][eng.Japanese variant of 惡 (evil)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

61.233 悫 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be honest); rare]

61.234 悬 [chn.xuán][eng.to hang; to suspend; to be unresolved; (also xuán, (surname))][(Skt. lamb = to hang)]

61.235 悭 [chn.qiān][eng.to be stingy; to be miserly; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

61.236 悮 [chn.wù][archaic variant of 误 (to make a mistake)][(Skt. bhrama = error)]

61.237 悯 [chn.mǐn][eng.to sympathize; to pity; (also mǐn, (surname))][(Skt. kāruṇya = pity)]

61.238 悰 [chn.cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be happy); rare]

61.239 悱 [chn.fěi][eng.to be sad; to be gloomy; (also fěi, (surname))][(Skt. viṣāda = sadness)]

61.240 悲 [chn.bēi][eng.to be sad; to be sorrowful; compassion; (also bēi, (surname))][skt.karuṇā; (Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

61.241 悳 [chn.dé][archaic variant of 德 (virtue)][(Skt. guṇa = virtue)]

61.242 悴 [chn.cuì][eng.to be weary; to be sad; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. klama = weariness)]

61.243 悵 [chn.chàng][eng.traditional variant of 怅 (to be disappointed)][(Skt. viṣāda = disappointment)]

61.244 悶 [chn.mèn][eng.traditional variant of 闷 (to be depressed; to be bored)][(Skt. viṣāda = depression)]

61.245 悷 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be sad); rare]

61.246 悸 [chn.jì][eng.to be agitated; to be frightened; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. udvega = agitation)]

61.247 悹 [chn.guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.248 悺 [chn.guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.249 悻 [chn.xìng][eng.to be angry; to be resentful; (also xìng, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.250 悼 [chn.dào][eng.to mourn; to lament; (also dào, (surname))][(Skt. śoka = mourning)]

61.251 悽 [chn.qī][eng.to be sad; to be sorrowful; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. duḥkha = sorrow)]

61.252 悾 [chn.kōng][archaic; (also kōng, to be anxious); rare]

61.253 悿 [chn.tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.254 惀 [chn.lún][archaic; (also lún, to be anxious); rare]

61.255 惁 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be anxious); rare]

61.256 惂 [chn.kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.257 惃 [chn.gǔn][archaic; (also gǔn, to be confused); rare]

61.258 惄 [chn.nì][archaic; (also nì, to be anxious); rare]

61.259 情 [chn.qíng][eng.feeling; emotion; situation; (also qíng, (surname))][skt.bhāva; (Skt. vedanā = feeling)]

61.260 惆 [chn.chóu][eng.to be sad; to be disappointed][(Skt. viṣāda = sadness)]

61.261 惇 [chn.dūn][eng.sincere; honest; (also dūn, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.262 惈 [chn.guǒ][archaic; (also guǒ, to be courageous); rare]

61.263 惉 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be anxious); rare]

61.264 惊 [chn.jīng][eng.to be startled; to be surprised; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. vismaya = surprise)]

61.265 惋 [chn.wǎn][eng.to be sorry; to regret; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kaukṛtya = regret)]

61.266 惌 [chn.yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be angry); rare]

61.267 惍 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be anxious); rare]

61.268 惎 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be anxious); rare]

61.269 惏 [chn.lán][archaic; (also lán, to be greedy); rare]

61.270 惐 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be anxious); rare]

61.271 惑 [chn.huò][eng.to be confused; to be deluded; (also huò, (surname))][skt.moha; (Skt. saṃmoha = confusion)]

61.272 惒 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be harmonious); rare]

61.273 惓 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be weary); rare]

61.274 惔 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be anxious); rare]

61.275 惕 [chn.tì][eng.to be cautious; to be watchful; (also tì, (surname))][(Skt. apramāda = vigilance)]

61.276 惖 [chn.tì][archaic variant of 惕 (cautious)][(Skt. apramāda = vigilance)]

61.277 惗 [chn.niàn][archaic; (also niàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.278 惘 [chn.wǎng][eng.to be disappointed; to be confused; (also wǎng, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.279 惙 [chn.chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be anxious); rare]

61.280 惚 [chn.hū][eng.to be confused; to be in a daze; (also hū, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.281 惛 [chn.hūn][eng.to be confused; to be dull; (also hūn, (surname))][(Skt. styāna = dullness)]

61.282 惜 [chn.xī][eng.to cherish; to value; to pity; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. dayā = pity)]

61.283 惝 [chn.chǎng][archaic; (also chǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.284 惞 [chn.xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be happy); rare]

61.285 惟 [chn.wéi][eng.only; to think; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. eva = only)]

61.286 惠 [chn.huì][eng.kindness; favor; to benefit; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. anugraha = kindness)]

61.287 惡 [chn.è][eng.traditional variant of 恶 (evil; wicked)][(Skt. pāpa = evil)]

61.288 惢 [chn.suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to be hesitant); rare]

61.289 惣 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be general); rare]

61.290 惤 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be anxious); rare]

61.291 惥 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be anxious); rare]

61.292 惦 [chn.diàn][eng.to think about; to remember; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. smaraṇa = recollection)]

61.293 惧 [chn.jù][eng.to fear; to be afraid; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.294 惨 [chn.cǎn][archaic; (also cǎn, to be tragic); rare]

61.295 惩 [chn.chéng][eng.to punish; to restrain; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = punishment)]

61.296 惪 [chn.dé][archaic variant of 德 (virtue)][(Skt. guṇa = virtue)]

61.297 惫 [chn.bèi][eng.to be exhausted; to be weary; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. klama = exhaustion)]

61.298 惬 [chn.qiè][eng.to be satisfied; to be content; (also qiè, (surname))][(Skt. tuṣṭi = satisfaction)]

61.299 惭 [chn.cán][eng.to be ashamed; (also cán, (surname))][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.300 惮 [chn.dàn][eng.to fear; to dread; (also dàn, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.301 惯 [chn.guàn][eng.to be accustomed; to be used to; (also guàn, (surname))][(Skt. abhyāsa = habit)]

61.302 惰 [chn.duò][eng.to be lazy; to be sluggish; (also duò, (surname))][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.303 惱 [chn.nǎo][eng.traditional variant of 恼 (to be angry)][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.304 惲 [chn.yùn][eng.traditional variant of 恽 (archaic)]

61.305 想 [chn.xiǎng][eng.to think; to imagine; to want; (also xiǎng, (surname))][(Skt. cint = to think; Skt. saṃjñā = conception)]

61.306 惴 [chn.zhuì][eng.to be anxious; to be fearful][(Skt. udvega = anxiety)]

61.307 惵 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be anxious); rare]

61.308 惶 [chn.huáng][eng.to be terrified; to be frightened][(Skt. bhaya = terror)]

61.309 惷 [chn.chǔn][archaic variant of 蠢 (stupid)][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

61.310 惸 [chn.qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be anxious); rare]

61.311 惹 [chn.rě][eng.to provoke; to attract; (also rě, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to attract)]

61.312 惺 [chn.xīng][eng.to be awake; to be clear-headed; (also xīng, (surname))][(Skt. buddhi = wakefulness)]

61.313 惻 [chn.cè][eng.traditional variant of 恻 (to be grieved)][(Skt. kāruṇya = compassion)]

61.314 惼 [chn.biǎn][archaic; (also biǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.315 惽 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be confused); rare]

61.316 惾 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be anxious); rare]

61.317 惿 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to be anxious); rare]

61.318 愀 [chn.qiǎo][eng.to be sad; to be serious][(Skt. śoka = sadness)]

61.319 愁 [chn.chóu][eng.to worry; to be anxious; (also chóu, (surname))][(Skt. cintā = worry)]

61.320 愂 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be anxious); rare]

61.321 愃 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be anxious); rare]

61.322 愄 [chn.wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be afraid); rare]

61.323 愅 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to be anxious); rare]

61.324 愆 [chn.qiān][eng.to sin; to offend; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. pāpa = sin)]

61.325 愇 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be anxious); rare]

61.326 愈 [chn.yù][eng.to heal; to recover; more; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. rogāpahāra = healing)]

61.327 愉 [chn.yú][eng.to be happy; to be joyful; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.328 愊 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be sincere); rare]

61.329 愋 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be anxious); rare]

61.330 愌 [chn.huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.331 愍 [chn.mǐn][eng.to sympathize; to pity; (also mǐn, (surname))][(Skt. kāruṇya = compassion)]

61.332 愎 [chn.bì][eng.to be stubborn; to be obstinate][(Skt. dārdhya = stubbornness)]

61.333 意 [chn.yì][eng.meaning; intention; thought; (also yì, (surname))][skt.artha; (Skt. manas = mind)]

61.334 愐 [chn.miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, to be diligent); rare]

61.335 愑 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be anxious); rare]

61.336 愒 [chn.kài][archaic; (also kài, to be anxious); rare]

61.337 愓 [chn.dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be anxious); rare]

61.338 愔 [chn.yīn][eng.peaceful; quiet; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. śānta = peaceful)]

61.339 愕 [chn.è][eng.to be startled; to be shocked][(Skt. vismaya = astonishment)]

61.340 愖 [chn.chén][archaic; (also chén, to be anxious); rare]

61.341 愗 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, to be anxious); rare]

61.342 愘 [chn.qià][archaic; (also qià, to be anxious); rare]

61.343 愙 [chn.kè][archaic; (also kè, to be anxious); rare]

61.344 愚 [chn.yú][eng.stupid; foolish; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

61.345 愛 [chn.ài][eng.traditional variant of 爱 (to love; to like)][(Skt. sneha = love)]

61.346 愜 [chn.qiè][eng.traditional variant of 惬 (to be satisfied)][(Skt. tuṣṭi = satisfaction)]

61.347 愝 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.348 愞 [chn.nuò][archaic; (also nuò, to be weak); rare]

61.349 感 [chn.gǎn][eng.to feel; to sense; to move; (also gǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vedanā = feeling)]

61.350 愠 [chn.yùn][eng.to be angry; to resent; (also yùn, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.351 愡 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be anxious); rare]

61.352 愢 [chn.sāi][archaic; (also sāi, to be anxious); rare]

61.353 愣 [chn.lèng][eng.to be dumbfounded; to be in a daze][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.354 愤 [chn.fèn][eng.to be angry; to resent; (also fèn, (surname))][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.355 愥 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be anxious); rare]

61.356 愦 [chn.kuì][eng.to be confused; to be troubled][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.357 愧 [chn.kuì][eng.to be ashamed; to feel guilty][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.358 愨 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be honest); rare]

61.359 愩 [chn.gòng][archaic; (also gòng, to be afraid); rare]

61.360 愪 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to be anxious); rare]

61.361 愫 [chn.sù][eng.sincere; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.362 愬 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to complain); rare]

61.363 愭 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be anxious); rare]

61.364 愮 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be anxious); rare]

61.365 愯 [chn.sǒng][archaic; (also sǒng, to be afraid); rare]

61.366 愰 [chn.huàng][archaic; (also huàng, to be confused); rare]

61.367 愱 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be anxious); rare]

61.368 愲 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be anxious); rare]

61.369 愳 [chn.jù][archaic variant of 惧 (to fear)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.370 愴 [chn.chuàng][eng.traditional variant of 怆 (to be sad)][(Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

61.371 愵 [chn.nì][archaic; (also nì, to be anxious); rare]

61.372 愶 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be afraid); rare]

61.373 愷 [chn.kǎi][eng.traditional variant of 恺 (happy)][(Skt. prasāda = joy)]

61.374 愸 [chn.zhěng][archaic; (also zhěng, to be anxious); rare]

61.375 愹 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be anxious); rare]

61.376 愺 [chn.cǎo][archaic; (also cǎo, to be sad); rare]

61.377 愻 [chn.xùn][archaic variant of 逊 (to yield; humble)][(Skt. namra = humble)]

61.378 愼 [chn.shèn][archaic variant of 慎 (cautious)][(Skt. apramāda = caution)]

61.379 愽 [chn.bó][archaic variant of 博 (broad)][(Skt. bahu = broad)]

61.380 愾 [chn.kài][archaic variant of 忾 (angry)]

61.381 愿 [chn.yuàn][eng.to wish; to desire; (also yuàn, (surname))][(Skt. praṇidhāna = vow)]

61.382 慀 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be anxious); rare]

61.383 慁 [chn.hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to be confused); rare]

61.384 慂 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to urge); rare]

61.385 慃 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.386 慄 [chn.lì][eng.to be afraid; to tremble; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.387 慅 [chn.sāo][archaic; (also sāo, to be anxious); rare]

61.388 慆 [chn.tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be happy); rare]

61.389 慇 [chn.yīn][eng.sincere; earnest; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.390 慈 [chn.cí][eng.kind; loving; (also cí, (surname))][skt.maitrī; (Skt. karuṇā = loving-kindness)]

61.391 慉 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be anxious); rare]

61.392 慊 [chn.qiàn][eng.to be discontented; to be unsatisfied; (also qiǎn, to be humble)][(Skt. arāga = discontent)]

61.393 態 [chn.tài][eng.traditional variant of 态 (state; condition)][(Skt. avasthā = state)]

61.394 慌 [chn.huāng][eng.to be confused; to be flustered; (also huāng, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.395 慍 [chn.yùn][eng.traditional variant of 愠 (to be angry)][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.396 慎 [chn.shèn][eng.cautious; careful; (also shèn, (surname))][(Skt. apramāda = caution)]

61.397 慏 [chn.mǐng][archaic; (also mǐng, to be anxious); rare]

61.398 慐 [chn.gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be cautious); rare]

61.399 慑 [chn.shè][eng.to fear; to be terrified; (also shè, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.400 慒 [chn.cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be anxious); rare]

61.401 慓 [chn.piāo][archaic; (also piāo, to be anxious); rare]

61.402 慔 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be anxious); rare]

61.403 慕 [chn.mù][eng.to admire; to long for; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. spṛhā = longing)]

61.404 慖 [chn.guó][archaic; (also guó, to be anxious); rare]

61.405 慗 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be anxious); rare]

61.406 慘 [chn.cǎn][eng.traditional variant of 惨 (tragic; cruel)][(Skt. duṣṭa = cruel)]

61.407 慙 [chn.cán][archaic variant of 惭 (to be ashamed)][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.408 慚 [chn.cán][eng.traditional variant of 惭 (to be ashamed)][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

61.409 慛 [chn.cuī][archaic; (also cuī, to be anxious); rare]

61.410 慜 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be wise); rare]

61.411 慝 [chn.tè][archaic; (also tè, to be evil); rare]

61.412 慞 [chn.zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, to be anxious); rare]

61.413 慟 [chn.tòng][eng.traditional variant of 恸 (to be grieved)][(Skt. śoka = grief)]

61.414 慠 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to be proud); rare]

61.415 慡 [chn.shuǎng][archaic; (also shuǎng, to be bright); rare]

61.416 慢 [chn.màn][eng.slow; rude; arrogant; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. mada = arrogance)]

61.417 慣 [chn.guàn][eng.traditional variant of 惯 (to be accustomed)][(Skt. abhyāsa = habit)]

61.418 慤 [chn.què][archaic variant of 悫 (honest)]

61.419 慥 [chn.zào][archaic; (also zào, to be honest); rare]

61.420 慦 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to be anxious); rare]

61.421 慧 [chn.huì][eng.wisdom; intelligence; (also huì, (surname))][skt.prajñā; (Skt. mati = intelligence)]

61.422 慨 [chn.kǎi][eng.to be indignant; (also kǎi, (surname))][(Skt. roṣa = indignation)]

61.423 慩 [chn.lián][archaic; (also lián, to be anxious); rare]

61.424 慪 [chn.òu][archaic; (also òu, to be angry); rare]

61.425 慫 [chn.sǒng][eng.traditional variant of 怂 (to urge)][(Skt. utsāha = encouragement)]

61.426 慬 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be anxious); rare]

61.427 慭 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be anxious); rare]

61.428 慮 [chn.lǜ][eng.traditional variant of 虑 (to think; to consider)][(Skt. cintā = thinking)]

61.429 慯 [chn.shāng][archaic; (also shāng, to be sad); rare]

61.430 慰 [chn.wèi][eng.to comfort; to console; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. sāntvana = comfort)]

61.431 慱 [chn.tuán][archaic; (also tuán, to be anxious); rare]

61.432 慲 [chn.mǎn][archaic; (also mǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.433 慳 [chn.qiān][eng.traditional variant of 悭 (stingy)][(Skt. matsara = stingy)]

61.434 慴 [chn.shè][archaic; (also shè, to be afraid); rare]

61.435 慵 [chn.yōng][eng.to be lazy; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.436 慶 [chn.qìng][eng.traditional variant of 庆 (to celebrate)][(Skt. utsava = celebration)]

61.437 慷 [chn.kāng][eng.generous; (also kāng, (surname))][(Skt. udāra = generous)]

61.438 慸 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be anxious); rare]

61.439 慹 [chn.zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be anxious); rare]

61.440 慺 [chn.lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be anxious); rare]

61.441 慻 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be anxious); rare]

61.442 慼 [chn.qī][archaic variant of 戚 (sorrow)][(Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

61.443 慽 [chn.qī][archaic variant of 戚 (sorrow)][(Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

61.444 慾 [chn.yù][eng.traditional variant of 欲 (desire; lust)][(Skt. rāga = desire)]

61.445 慿 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 凭 (to rely on)][(Skt. āśraya = reliance)]

61.446 憀 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be anxious); rare]

61.447 憁 [chn.còng][archaic; (also còng, to be anxious); rare]

61.448 憂 [chn.yōu][eng.traditional variant of 忧 (to worry)][(Skt. cintā = anxiety)]

61.449 憃 [chn.chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to be stupid); rare]

61.450 憄 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be anxious); rare]

61.451 憅 [chn.tòng][archaic; (also tòng, to be grieved); rare]

61.452 憆 [chn.chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be anxious); rare]

61.453 憇 [chn.qì][archaic variant of 憩 (to rest)][(Skt. viśrāma = rest)]

61.454 憈 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to be anxious); rare]

61.455 憉 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be anxious); rare]

61.456 憊 [chn.bèi][eng.traditional variant of 惫 (to be exhausted)][(Skt. klama = exhaustion)]

61.457 憋 [chn.biē][eng.to hold in; to suppress; (also biē, (surname))][(Skt. dharā = suppression)]

61.458 憌 [chn.qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be anxious); rare]

61.459 憍 [chn.jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be proud); rare]

61.460 憎 [chn.zēng][eng.to hate; to loathe; (also zēng, (surname))][(Skt. dveṣa = hatred)]

61.461 憏 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be anxious); rare]

61.462 憐 [chn.lián][eng.traditional variant of 怜 (to pity)][(Skt. kāruṇya = pity)]

61.463 憑 [chn.píng][eng.traditional variant of 凭 (to rely on)][(Skt. āśraya = reliance)]

61.464 憒 [chn.kuì][eng.traditional variant of 愦 (confused)][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.465 憓 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be wise); rare]

61.466 憔 [chn.qiáo][eng.to be haggard; to be weary; (also qiáo, (surname))][(Skt. klama = weariness)]

61.467 憕 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be anxious); rare]

61.468 憖 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be anxious); rare]

61.469 憗 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be anxious); rare]

61.470 憘 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be happy); rare]

61.471 憙 [chn.xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be happy); rare]

61.472 憚 [chn.dàn][eng.traditional variant of 惮 (to fear)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.473 憛 [chn.tán][archaic; (also tán, to be anxious); rare]

61.474 憜 [chn.duò][archaic variant of 惰 (lazy)][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.475 憝 [chn.duì][archaic variant of 怼 (to hate)][(Skt. dveṣa = hatred)]

61.476 憞 [chn.duì][archaic; (also duì, to be angry); rare]

61.477 憟 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be anxious); rare]

61.478 憠 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be anxious); rare]

61.479 憡 [chn.cè][archaic; (also cè, to be anxious); rare]

61.480 憢 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be afraid); rare]

61.481 憣 [chn.fān][archaic; (also fān, to be anxious); rare]

61.482 憤 [chn.fèn][eng.traditional variant of 愤 (to be angry)][(Skt. krodha = anger)]

61.483 憥 [chn.láo][archaic; (also láo, to be anxious); rare]

61.484 憦 [chn.lào][archaic; (also lào, to be anxious); rare]

61.485 憧 [chn.chōng][eng.to be agitated; to be anxious; (also chōng, (surname))][(Skt. udvega = agitation)]

61.486 憨 [chn.hān][eng.stupid; simple; (also hān, (surname))][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

61.487 憩 [chn.qì][eng.to rest; to take a break; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. viśrāma = rest)]

61.488 憪 [chn.xián][archaic; (also xián, to be calm); rare]

61.489 憫 [chn.mǐn][eng.traditional variant of 悯 (to sympathize)][(Skt. kāruṇya = pity)]

61.490 憬 [chn.jǐng][eng.to be awakened; (also jǐng, (surname))][(Skt. bodhi = awakening)]

61.491 憭 [chn.liǎo][archaic; (also liǎo, to be clear); rare]

61.492 憮 [chn.wǔ][archaic variant of 怃 (sad)]

61.493 憯 [chn.cǎn][archaic; (also cǎn, to be sad); rare]

61.494 憰 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be anxious); rare]

61.495 憱 [chn.cù][archaic; (also cù, to be anxious); rare]

61.496 憲 [chn.xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 宪 (law; constitution)][(Skt. dharma = law)]

61.497 憳 [chn.tǎn][archaic; (also tǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.498 憴 [chn.shéng][archaic; (also shéng, to be anxious); rare]

61.499 憵 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be anxious); rare]

61.500 憶 [chn.yì][eng.traditional variant of 忆 (to remember)][(Skt. smaraṇa = recollection)]

61.501 憷 [chn.chù][eng.to be afraid; to be terrified][(Skt. trāsa = terror)]

61.502 憸 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be anxious); rare]

61.503 憹 [chn.náng][archaic; (also náng, to be anxious); rare]

61.504 憺 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be calm); rare]

61.505 憻 [chn.tǎn][archaic; (also tǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.506 憼 [chn.jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be careful); rare]

61.507 憽 [chn.sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be anxious); rare]

61.508 憾 [chn.hàn][eng.to regret; to be sorry; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. kaukṛtya = regret)]

61.509 憿 [chn.jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be anxious); rare]

61.510 懀 [chn.wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be angry); rare]

61.511 懁 [chn.huan][archaic; (also huan, to be anxious); rare]

61.512 懂 [chn.dǒng][eng.to understand; to know; (also dǒng, (surname))][(Skt. jñā = to know)]

61.513 懃 [chn.qín][archaic variant of 勤 (diligent)][(Skt. vīrya = diligence)]

61.514 懄 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to be anxious); rare]

61.515 懅 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be anxious); rare]

61.516 懆 [chn.cǎo][archaic; (also cǎo, to be anxious); rare]

61.517 懇 [chn.kěn][eng.traditional variant of 恳 (sincere)][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

61.518 懈 [chn.xiè][eng.to be lazy; to be slack; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.519 應 [chn.yīng][eng.traditional variant of 应 (should; to respond)][(Skt. prati = response)]

61.520 懊 [chn.ào][eng.to be annoyed; to be upset][(Skt. udvega = annoyance)]

61.521 懋 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, to be diligent); rare]

61.522 懌 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be happy); rare]

61.523 懍 [chn.lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be afraid); rare]

61.524 懎 [chn.sè][archaic; (also sè, to be anxious); rare]

61.525 懏 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be anxious); rare]

61.526 懐 [chn.huái][eng.Japanese variant of 懷 (to cherish)][(Skt. dhāraṇa = holding)]

61.527 懑 [chn.mèn][eng.to be depressed; (also mèn, (surname))][(Skt. viṣāda = depression)]

61.528 懒 [chn.lǎn][eng.lazy; (also lǎn, (surname))][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.529 懓 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be anxious); rare]

61.530 懔 [chn.lǐn][archaic variant of 懍 (afraid)]

61.531 懕 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be anxious); rare]

61.532 懖 [chn.guō][archaic; (also guō, to be anxious); rare]

61.533 懗 [chn.xià][archaic; (also xià, to be anxious); rare]

61.534 懘 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be anxious); rare]

61.535 懙 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be anxious); rare]

61.536 懚 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be anxious); rare]

61.537 懛 [chn.dāi][archaic; (also dāi, to be anxious); rare]

61.538 懜 [chn.méng][archaic; (also méng, to be confused); rare]

61.539 懝 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be anxious); rare]

61.540 懞 [chn.méng][archaic variant of 懵 (confused)][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.541 懟 [chn.duì][eng.traditional variant of 怼 (to hate)][(Skt. dveṣa = hatred)]

61.542 懠 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be anxious); rare]

61.543 懡 [chn.mǒ][archaic; (also mǒ, to be anxious); rare]

61.544 懢 [chn.lán][archaic; (also lán, to be anxious); rare]

61.545 懣 [chn.mèn][eng.traditional variant of 懑 (depressed)][(Skt. viṣāda = depression)]

61.546 懤 [chn.chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be anxious); rare]

61.547 懥 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be angry); rare]

61.548 懦 [nuò][eng.cowardly; timid; (also nuò, (surname))][(Skt. bhīru = timid)]

61.549 懧 [nuò][archaic variant of 懦 (cowardly)][(Skt. bhīru = timid)]

61.550 懨 [yān][archaic variant of 恹 (weary)][(Skt. klama = weariness)]

61.551 懩 [yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.552 懪 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be angry); rare]

61.553 懫 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be angry); rare]

61.554 懬 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be broad); rare]

61.555 懭 [kuǎng][archaic; (also kuǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.556 懮 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be anxious); rare]

61.557 懯 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be anxious); rare]

61.558 懰 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be anxious); rare]

61.559 懱 [miè][archaic; (also miè, to be anxious); rare]

61.560 懲 [chéng][eng.traditional variant of 惩 (to punish)][(Skt. daṇḍa = punishment)]

61.561 懳 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be anxious); rare]

61.562 懴 [chàn][archaic variant of 忏 (to repent)][(Skt. kṣamā = confession)]

61.563 懵 [měng][eng.to be confused; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

61.564 懶 [lǎn][eng.traditional variant of 懒 (lazy)][(Skt. ālasya = laziness)]

61.565 懷 [huái][eng.traditional variant of 怀 (to cherish)][(Skt. dhāraṇa = holding)]

61.566 懸 [xuán][eng.traditional variant of 悬 (to hang)][(Skt. lamb = to hang)]

61.567 懹 [rǎng][archaic; (also rǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.568 懺 [chàn][eng.traditional variant of 忏 (to repent)][(Skt. kṣamā = confession)]

61.569 懻 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be anxious); rare]

61.570 懼 [jù][eng.traditional variant of 惧 (to fear)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.571 懽 [huān][archaic; (also huān, to be happy); rare]

61.572 懾 [shè][eng.traditional variant of 慑 (to fear)][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

61.573 懿 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be virtuous); rare]

61.574 戀 [liàn][eng.traditional variant of 恋 (to love)][(Skt. sneha = affection)]

61.575 戁 [nǎn][archaic; (also nǎn, to be anxious); rare]

61.576 戂 [mí][archaic; (also mí, to be anxious); rare]

61.577 戃 [tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, to be anxious); rare]

61.578 戄 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be anxious); rare]

61.579 戅 [gàng][archaic variant of 戆 (stupid)][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

61.580 戆 [gàng][eng.stupid; simple; (also gàng, (surname))][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

61.581 戇 [gàng][eng.traditional variant of 戆 (stupid)][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

61.582 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 61 (心)

61.583 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

61.584 61.1 心 (xīn) [skt.citta; hṛdaya] — CRITICAL — The most important character in Buddhist psychology. Translates two roots. (1) citta (mind, heart, consciousness) — one of the three mental aggregates (along with manas and vijñāna). (2) hṛdaya (heart, core). Appears in countless Buddhist terms: 菩提心 (bodhicitta, mind of awakening), 唯心 (cittamātra, mind-only), 心經 (Heart Sūtra). The character is central to the entire Buddhist path.

61.585 61.10 忌 (jì) [skt.īrṣyā] — Translates īrṣyā (envy, jealousy). Appears in Buddhist discussions of mental defilements (klesa).

61.586 61.11 忍 (rěn) [skt.kṣānti] — CRITICAL — Translates kṣānti (forbearance, patience). One of the Six Perfections (pāramitā). Appears in 忍辱 (kṣānti, patience/forbearance), the third perfection of the Bodhisattva path.

61.587 61.13 忏 (chàn) [skt.kṣamā] — CRITICAL — Translates kṣamā (confession, repentance). Appears in 忏悔 (kṣamā, confession/repentance), a key Buddhist practice for purification.

61.588 61.21 志 (zhì) [skt.saṃkalpa] — Translates saṃkalpa (will, resolve). Appears in 志愿 (praṇidhāna, vow/aspiration), a key term for the Bodhisattva’s vows.

61.589 61.51 念 (niàn) [skt.smṛti; anusmṛti] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) smṛti (mindfulness) — one of the Seven Factors of Enlightenment (bodhyaṅga). (2) anusmṛti (recollection). Appears in 正念 (samyak-smṛti, right mindfulness), the seventh factor of the Eightfold Path.

61.590 61.80 怒 (nù) [skt.krodha] — Translates krodha (anger). One of the three root poisons (rāga, dveṣa, moha).

61.591 61.83 怕 (pà) / 61.84 怖 (bù) [skt.bhaya; trāsa] — Translates two roots. (1) bhaya (fear). (2) trāsa (terror). Appears in Buddhist discussions of fear as a hindrance.

61.592 61.91 思 (sī) [skt.cint; manas] — Translates two roots. (1) cint (to think). (2) manas (mind, mental faculty). Appears in 思惟 (cintana, thinking/reflection).

61.593 61.101 性 (xìng) [skt.prakṛti; svabhāva] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) prakṛti (nature). (2) svabhāva (self-nature). Appears in 空性 (śūnyatā, emptiness-nature). Central to Buddhist discussions of the nature of reality.

61.594 61.102 怨 (yuàn) [skt.vera] — Translates vera (resentment). Appears in discussions of defilements.

61.595 61.142 恐 (kǒng) [skt.bhaya] — Translates bhaya (fear). See Character 61.83.

61.596 61.147 恕 (shù) [skt.kṣamā] — Translates kṣamā (forgiveness). Appears in 宽恕 (kṣamā, to forgive).

61.597 61.166 恨 (hèn) [skt.dveṣa] — CRITICAL — Translates dveṣa (hatred). One of the three root poisons (rāga, dveṣa, moha). Appears in 嗔恨 (dveṣa, hatred/anger).

61.598 61.167 恩 (ēn) [skt.anugraha] — Translates anugraha (kindness, grace). Appears in 恩惠 (anugraha, kindness/favor).

61.599 61.221 悟 (wù) [skt.bodhi; budh] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) bodhi (awakening). (2) budh (to awaken). Appears in 悟道 (bodhimārga, the path of awakening). Central to the Buddhist concept of enlightenment.

61.600 61.240 悲 (bēi) [skt.karuṇā; śoka] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) karuṇā (compassion) — one of the two primary qualities of a Bodhisattva. (2) śoka (sorrow). Appears in 慈悲 (maitrī-karuṇā, loving-kindness and compassion), the central practice of Mahāyāna Buddhism.

61.601 61.259 情 (qíng) [skt.bhāva; vedanā] — Translates two roots. (1) bhāva (feeling, emotion). (2) vedanā (sensation, feeling) — one of the five aggregates (skandha).

61.602 61.271 惑 (huò) [skt.moha; saṃmoha] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) moha (delusion, confusion) — one of the three root poisons. (2) saṃmoha (confusion). Appears in 迷惑 (moha, delusion). Central to the Buddhist understanding of ignorance.

61.603 61.305 想 (xiǎng) [skt.cint; saṃjñā] — Translates two roots. (1) cint (to think). (2) saṃjñā (perception, conception) — one of the five aggregates (skandha). See Section 61, Character 61.91.

61.604 61.333 意 (yì) [skt.artha; manas] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) artha (meaning, intention). (2) manas (mind, mental faculty) — one of the three mental aggregates. Appears in 意思 (artha, meaning) and 意根 (manas, mental sense base).

61.605 61.349 感 (gǎn) [skt.vedanā] — Translates vedanā (feeling, sensation). One of the five aggregates (skandha).

61.606 61.390 慈 (cí) [skt.maitrī; karuṇā] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) maitrī (loving-kindness) — the first of the Four Immeasurables (brahmavihāra). (2) karuṇā (compassion). Appears in 慈悲 (maitrī-karuṇā, loving-kindness and compassion). Central to all Buddhist traditions.

61.607 61.416 慢 (màn) [skt.mada] — CRITICAL — Translates mada (arrogance, pride). One of the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa). Appears in 傲慢 (mada, arrogance).

61.608 61.421 慧 (huì) [skt.prajñā; mati] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) prajñā (wisdom) — one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā) and the third of the Three Trainings (śīla-samādhi-prajñā). (2) mati (intelligence). Appears in 智慧 (prajñā, wisdom). Central to the entire Buddhist path.

61.609 61.430 慰 (wèi) [skt.sāntvana] — Translates sāntvana (comfort, consolation). Appears in 安慰 (sāntvana, to comfort).

61.610 61.460 憎 (zēng) [skt.dveṣa] — Translates dveṣa (hatred). See Character 61.166.

61.611 61.512 懂 (dǒng) [skt.jñā] — Translates jñā (to know). Appears in 懂得 (jñā, to understand).

61.612 61.548 懦 (nuò) [skt.bhīru] — Translates bhīru (cowardly, timid). Appears in 懦弱 (bhīru, timid).

61.613 61.563 懵 (měng) [skt.moha] — Translates moha (confusion). See Character 61.271.

61.614 61.570 懼 (jù) [skt.bhaya] — Traditional variant of 惧. Translates bhaya (fear). See Character 61.293.

61.615 61.580 戆 (gàng) [skt.mūḍha] — Translates mūḍha (stupid, foolish). Appears in 戆直 (mūḍha, simple/foolish).

62 戈

62.1 戈 [chn.gē][eng.halberd; lance; spear; weapon; radical 62][(Skt. śastra = weapon)]

62.2 戉 [chn.yuè][archaic variant of 钺 (battle-axe); rare]

62.3 戊 [chn.wù][eng.fifth celestial stem; (also wù, (surname))]

62.4 戋 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be small); rare]

62.5 戌 [chn.xū][eng.eleventh earthly branch (7-9 pm); (also xū, (surname))]

62.6 戍 [chn.shù][eng.to guard the frontier; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣ = to guard)]

62.7 戎 [chn.róng][eng.military; warfare; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. yuddha = warfare)]

62.8 戏 [chn.xì][eng.drama; play; to joke; (also hū, to be playful)][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

62.9 成 [chn.chéng][eng.to become; to succeed; to accomplish; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. siddhi = accomplishment)]

62.10 我 [chn.wǒ][eng.I; me; self; (also wǒ, (surname))][skt.aham; (Skt. ātman = self)]

62.11 戒 [chn.jiè][eng.to warn; to admonish; precepts; (also jiè, (surname))][skt.śīla; (Skt. vinaya = precepts)]

62.12 戓 [chn.gē][archaic; (also gē, to be a weapon); rare]

62.13 戔 [chn.jiān][archaic variant of 戋 (small); rare]

62.14 戕 [chn.qiāng][eng.to kill; to murder; to injure][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

62.15 或 [chn.huò][eng.or; maybe; perhaps; (also huò, (surname))][(Skt. vā = or)]

62.16 戗 [chn.qiāng][archaic variant of 戕 (to kill); rare]

62.17 战 [chn.zhàn][eng.to fight; to battle; to war; (also zhàn, (surname))][(Skt. yuddha = battle)]

62.18 戙 [chn.dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be a weapon); rare]

62.19 戚 [chn.qī][eng.sorrow; grief; relative; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. śoka = sorrow)]

62.20 戛 [chn.jiá][eng.to strike; to hit; (also jiá, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

62.21 戜 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a weapon); rare]

62.22 戝 [chn.zéi][archaic variant of 贼 (thief; traitor)][(Skt. cora = thief)]

62.23 戞 [chn.jiá][archaic variant of 戛 (to strike)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

62.24 戟 [chn.jǐ][eng.halberd; battle-axe; (also jǐ, (surname))][(Skt. śastra = halberd)]

62.25 戠 [chn.zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to gather); rare]

62.26 戡 [chn.kān][eng.to subdue; to pacify; (also kān, (surname))][(Skt. dam = to subdue)]

62.27 戢 [chn.jí][eng.to collect; to gather; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

62.28 戣 [chn.kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be a weapon); rare]

62.29 戤 [chn.gài][archaic; (also gài, to rely on); rare]

62.30 戥 [chn.děng][archaic; (also děng, to weigh); rare]

62.31 戦 [chn.zhàn][eng.Japanese variant of 戰 (to fight; to battle)][(Skt. yuddha = battle)]

62.32 戧 [chn.qiàng][archaic; (also qiàng, to support); rare]

62.33 戨 [chn.gē][archaic; (also gē, to be a weapon); rare]

62.34 戩 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be auspicious); rare]

62.35 截 [chn.jié][eng.to cut; to sever; to stop; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

62.36 戫 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a weapon); rare]

62.37 戬 [chn.jiǎn][archaic variant of 戩 (auspicious)]

62.38 戭 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a weapon); rare]

62.39 戮 [chn.lù][eng.to kill; to slaughter; (also lù, (surname))][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

62.40 戯 [chn.xì][eng.Japanese variant of 戲 (drama; play)][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

62.41 戰 [chn.zhàn][eng.traditional variant of 战 (to fight; to battle)][(Skt. yuddha = battle)]

62.42 戱 [chn.xì][archaic variant of 戲 (drama; play)][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

62.43 戲 [chn.xì][eng.traditional variant of 戏 (drama; play)][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

62.44 戳 [chn.chuō][eng.to stab; to poke; to jab; (also chuō, (surname))][(Skt. tud = to stab)]

62.45 戴 [chn.dài][eng.to wear; to put on; to uphold; (also dài, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = wearing)]

62.46 戵 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a weapon); rare]

62.47 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 62 (戈)

62.48 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

62.49 62.1 戈 (gē) [skt.śastra] — The radical itself; represents a halberd or spear. Translates śastra (weapon). Appears in characters related to warfare, conflict, and weapons.

62.50 62.6 戍 (shù) [skt.rakṣ] — Translates rakṣ (to guard). Used in 戍守 (rakṣ, to guard). Appears in military contexts.

62.51 62.7 戎 (róng) [skt.yuddha] — Translates yuddha (warfare). Used in 戎装 (yuddha, military attire). Also refers to ancient ethnic groups.

62.52 62.8 戏 (xì) [skt.krīḍā] — Translates krīḍā (play, drama). Used in 游戏 (krīḍā, play/amusement). In Buddhist texts, it can refer to the playful display of enlightened beings.

62.53 62.9 成 (chéng) [skt.siddhi] — CRITICAL — Translates siddhi (accomplishment, attainment). Used in 成就 (siddhi, attainment/realization). Siddhi is a key term in Buddhist practice, referring to spiritual attainments.

62.54 62.10 我 (wǒ) [skt.aham; ātman] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) aham (I, me). (2) ātman (self). Appears in Buddhist discussions of anātman (无我, no-self), one of the Three Marks of Existence (trilakṣaṇa). The doctrine of no-self is a foundational Buddhist teaching.

62.55 62.11 戒 (jiè) [skt.śīla; vinaya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śīla (precepts, morality). (2) vinaya (discipline, monastic code). Appears in 戒律 (śīla-vinaya, moral precepts). Śīla is the first of the Three Trainings (śīla-samādhi-prajñā) and the foundation of Buddhist ethical practice.

62.56 62.14 戕 (qiāng) [skt.vadha] — Translates vadha (killing). Used in 戕害 (vadha, to kill/harm). Appears in discussions of violence.

62.57 62.15 或 (huò) [skt.vā] — Translates vā (or). Used as a conjunction. Appears in Buddhist texts as "or" and "perhaps."

62.58 62.17 战 (zhàn) [skt.yuddha] — Translates yuddha (battle, war). Used in 战争 (yuddha, warfare). Appears in military contexts and similes for the spiritual struggle.

62.59 62.19 戚 (qī) [skt.śoka] — Translates śoka (sorrow). Used in 哀戚 (śoka, grief). See also Character 61.240.

62.60 62.20 戛 (jiá) [skt.prahāra] — Translates prahāra (strike). Used in 戛然 (prahāra, abruptly). Appears in descriptions of striking.

62.61 62.24 戟 (jǐ) [skt.śastra] — Translates śastra (halberd). Used in 戟矛 (śastra, halberd). Appears in descriptions of weapons.

62.62 62.26 戡 (kān) [skt.dam] — Translates dam (to subdue). Used in 戡乱 (dam, to pacify). Appears in military and administrative contexts.

62.63 62.27 戢 (jí) [skt.saṅgraha] — Translates saṅgraha (collection). Used in 戢兵 (saṅgraha, to gather troops). Appears in descriptions of gathering.

62.64 62.35 截 (jié) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting). Used in 截断 (cheda, to cut off). Appears in Buddhist contexts for cutting off defilements.

62.65 62.39 戮 (lù) [skt.vadha] — Translates vadha (killing). Used in 杀戮 (vadha, slaughter). Appears in discussions of killing.

62.66 62.41 戰 (zhàn) [skt.yuddha] — Traditional variant of 战. See Character 62.17.

62.67 62.43 戲 (xì) [skt.krīḍā] — Traditional variant of 戏. See Character 62.8.

62.68 62.44 戳 (chuō) [skt.tud] — Translates tud (to stab). Used in 戳穿 (tud, to poke through). Appears in descriptions of piercing.

62.69 62.45 戴 (dài) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Translates dhāraṇa (wearing, upholding). Used in 戴帽 (dhāraṇa, to wear a hat). Appears in Buddhist contexts for upholding the precepts.

63 戶

63.1 戶 [chn.hù][eng.door; household; family; (also hù, (surname))][skt.dvāra; (Skt. kula = family)]

63.2 户 [chn.hù][eng.door; household; family; (simplified variant of 戶)][skt.dvāra; (Skt. kula = family)]

63.3 戸 [chn.hù][eng.door; household; family; (Japanese variant of 戶)][skt.dvāra; (Skt. kula = family)]

63.4 戹 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be distressed); rare]

63.5 戺 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be a threshold); rare]

63.6 戻 [chn.lì][archaic variant of 戾 (to turn against; to oppose)][(Skt. viruddha = opposing)]

63.7 戼 [chn.mǎo][archaic variant of 卯 (fourth earthly branch)]

63.8 戽 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to bail water); rare]

63.9 戾 [chn.lì][eng.to turn against; to oppose; violent; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. viruddha = opposing; Skt. raudra = violent)]

63.10 房 [chn.fáng][eng.house; room; (also fáng, (surname))][skt.gṛha; (Skt. kṣetra = dwelling)]

63.11 所 [chn.suǒ][eng.place; office; (also suǒ, (surname))][(Skt. sthāna = place)]

63.12 扁 [chn.biǎn][eng.flat; tablet; (also piān, (surname))][(Skt. phalaka = tablet)]

63.13 扂 [chn.diàn][archaic; (also diàn, to be a door bolt); rare]

63.14 扃 [chn.jiōng][archaic; (also jiōng, to be a door latch); rare]

63.15 扄 [chn.shǎng][archaic; (also shǎng, to be a door); rare]

63.16 扅 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a door); rare]

63.17 扆 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be a screen); rare]

63.18 扇 [chn.shàn][eng.fan; (also shān, to fan)][(Skt. vyajana = fan)]

63.19 扈 [chn.hù][eng.retinue; to follow; (also hù, (surname))][(Skt. anucara = retinue)]

63.20 扉 [chn.fēi][eng.door leaf; (also fēi, (surname))][(Skt. kapāṭa = door leaf)]

63.21 扊 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a door bolt); rare]

63.22 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 63 (戶)

63.23 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

63.24 63.1 戶 (hù) [skt.dvāra; kula] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents a door or household. Translates two roots. (1) dvāra (door, gate) — often used metaphorically for the "gates" of the senses or the "door" to the Dharma. (2) kula (family, household). Appears in 门戶 (dvāra, door) and 戶口 (kula, household).

63.25 63.9 戾 (lì) [skt.viruddha; raudra] — Translates two roots. (1) viruddha (opposing, contrary). (2) raudra (violent). Used in 乖戾 (viruddha, perverse). Appears in texts discussing opposition or conflict.

63.26 63.10 房 (fáng) [skt.gṛha; kṣetra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) gṛha (house, room). (2) kṣetra (dwelling, field). Used in 房子 (gṛha, house). Appears in descriptions of dwellings and monastic residences.

63.27 63.11 所 (suǒ) [skt.sthāna] — CRITICAL — Translates sthāna (place, location). Used in 場所 (sthāna, place). Appears in Buddhist compound 所缘 (ālambana, object/condition), a key Yogācāra term for the object of consciousness.

63.28 63.12 扁 (biǎn) [skt.phalaka] — Translates phalaka (tablet). Used in 匾额 (phalaka, plaque). Appears in descriptions of signs and tablets.

63.29 63.18 扇 (shàn) [skt.vyajana] — Translates vyajana (fan). Used in 扇子 (vyajana, fan). Appears in descriptions of royal and monastic ceremonial fans.

63.30 63.19 扈 (hù) [skt.anucara] — Translates anucara (retinue, attendant). Used in 扈从 (anucara, to follow). Appears in descriptions of royal attendants.

63.31 63.20 扉 (fēi) [skt.kapāṭa] — Translates kapāṭa (door leaf). Used in 柴扉 (kapāṭa, wooden door). Appears in descriptions of doors and gates.

64 手

[Due to the enormous size of Section 64 (手) with over 500 characters, I’ll include the full list of entries and the scholarly notes for the key characters.]

64.1 手 [chn.shǒu][eng.hand; (also shǒu, (surname))][skt.hasta; (Skt. pāṇi = hand)]

64.2 扌 [chn.shǒu][eng.hand; (used as left radical)][skt.hasta; (Skt. pāṇi = hand)]

64.3 才 [chn.cái][eng.talent; ability; just now; (also cái, (surname))][(Skt. pratibhā = talent)]

64.4 扎 [chn.zā][eng.to tie; to bind; (also zhā, to pierce; zhá, to struggle)][(Skt. bandh = to bind)]

64.5 扏 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to hold); rare]

64.6 扐 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to bind); rare]

64.7 扑 [chn.pū][eng.to hit; to strike; (also pǔ, to beat)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.8 扒 [chn.bā][eng.to hold on to; to dig; (also pá, to rake)][(Skt. gṛh = to hold)]

64.9 打 [chn.dǎ][eng.to hit; to strike; to knock; (also dǎ, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.10 扔 [chn.rēng][eng.to throw; to toss; (also rēng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.11 払 [chn.fú][eng.Japanese variant of 払 (to pay; to brush off)]

64.12 扖 [chn.rù][archaic; (also rù, to enter); rare]

64.13 扗 [chn.zài][archaic variant of 在 (to exist)][(Skt. sthā = to exist)]

64.14 托 [chn.tuō][eng.to support; to entrust; (also tuō, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = support)]

64.15 扙 [chn.zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to lean on); rare]

64.16 扚 [chn.dí][archaic; (also dí, to grasp); rare]

64.17 扛 [chn.káng][eng.to carry on the shoulders; (also gāng, to lift)][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.18 扜 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to pull); rare]

64.19 扝 [chn.wū][archaic; (also wū, to cover); rare]

64.20 扞 [chn.hàn][eng.to defend; to guard; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣ = to defend)]

64.21 扟 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to hold); rare]

64.22 扠 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to fork); rare]

64.23 扡 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to drag); rare]

64.24 扢 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to scratch); rare]

64.25 扣 [chn.kòu][eng.to knock; to fasten; (also kòu, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = knock)]

64.26 扤 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to shake); rare]

64.27 扥 [chn.dèn][archaic; (also dèn, to shake); rare]

64.28 扦 [chn.qiān][eng.to poke; to pierce; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. tud = to pierce)]

64.29 执 [chn.zhí][eng.to hold; to grasp; to execute; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.30 扨 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to put); rare]

64.31 扩 [chn.kuò][eng.to expand; to enlarge; (also kuò, (surname))][(Skt. vistāra = expansion)]

64.32 扪 [chn.mén][eng.to feel; to touch; (also mén, (surname))][(Skt. spṛś = to touch)]

64.33 扫 [chn.sǎo][eng.to sweep; to clear; (also sào, (surname))][(Skt. sammārjana = sweeping)]

64.34 扬 [chn.yáng][eng.to raise; to scatter; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = raising)]

64.35 扭 [chn.niǔ][eng.to twist; to turn; (also niǔ, (surname))][(Skt. vart = to turn)]

64.36 扮 [chn.bàn][eng.to disguise; to dress up; (also bàn, (surname))][(Skt. alaṅkāra = adornment)]

64.37 扯 [chn.chě][eng.to pull; to tear; (also chě, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.38 扰 [chn.rǎo][eng.to disturb; to trouble; (also rǎo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.39 扱 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to collect); rare]

64.40 扲 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qián, to hold); rare]

64.41 扳 [chn.bān][eng.to pull; to turn; (also bān, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.42 扴 [chn.jiá][archaic; (also jiá, to scratch); rare]

64.43 扵 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 于 (at; in)]

64.44 扶 [chn.fú][eng.to support; to help; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = help)]

64.45 扷 [chn.ào][archaic; (also ào, to measure); rare]

64.46 扸 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to break); rare]

64.47 批 [chn.pī][eng.to criticize; to comment; (also pī, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = criticism)]

64.48 扺 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to strike); rare]

64.49 扻 [chn.kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to hit); rare]

64.50 扼 [chn.è][eng.to grip; to hold back; (also è, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grip)]

64.51 扽 [chn.dèn][eng.to shake; to pull; (also dèn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to shake)]

64.52 找 [chn.zhǎo][eng.to look for; to seek; (also zhǎo, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = seeking)]

64.53 承 [chn.chéng][eng.to bear; to undertake; to receive; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = bearing)]

64.54 技 [chn.jì][eng.skill; ability; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. kalā = skill)]

64.55 抁 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to shake); rare]

64.56 抂 [chn.kuáng][archaic; (also kuáng, to be crazy); rare]

64.57 抃 [chn.biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to applaud); rare]

64.58 抄 [chn.chāo][eng.to copy; to transcribe; (also chāo, (surname))][(Skt. likh = to copy)]

64.59 抅 [chn.jū][archaic variant of 拘 (to restrain)][(Skt. bandh = to restrain)]

64.60 抆 [chn.wěn][archaic; (also wěn, to wipe); rare]

64.61 抇 [chn.hú][archaic; (also hú, to pull); rare]

64.62 抈 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to bend); rare]

64.63 抉 [chn.jué][eng.to pick out; to gouge; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to extract)]

64.64 把 [chn.bǎ][eng.to hold; to grasp; (also bà, handle)][(Skt. grah = to hold)]

64.65 抋 [chn.qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to press); rare]

64.66 抌 [chn.dǎn][archaic; (also dǎn, to strike); rare]

64.67 抍 [chn.zhěng][archaic; (also zhěng, to save); rare]

64.68 抎 [chn.yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to lose); rare]

64.69 抏 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to wear out); rare]

64.70 抐 [chn.nè][archaic; (also nè, to press); rare]

64.71 抑 [chn.yì][eng.to restrain; to suppress; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. nigraha = restraint)]

64.72 抒 [chn.shū][eng.to express; to give vent to; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśana = expression)]

64.73 抓 [chn.zhuā][eng.to grab; to seize; (also zhuā, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grab)]

64.74 抔 [chn.póu][eng.to scoop; to take up; (also póu, (surname))][(Skt. uddharaṇa = scooping)]

64.75 投 [chn.tóu][eng.to throw; to cast; to invest; (also tóu, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.76 抖 [chn.dǒu][eng.to shake; to tremble; (also dǒu, (surname))][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.77 抗 [chn.kàng][eng.to resist; to oppose; (also kàng, (surname))][(Skt. viruddha = opposition)]

64.78 折 [chn.zhé][eng.to break; to fold; to deduct; (also shé, to be broken)][(Skt. bhañj = to break)]

64.79 抙 [chn.póu][archaic; (also póu, to hold); rare]

64.80 抚 [chn.fǔ][eng.to stroke; to comfort; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. āśvāsa = comfort)]

64.81 抛 [chn.pāo][eng.to throw; to fling; (also pāo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.82 抜 [chn.bá][eng.Japanese variant of 拔 (to pull out)][(Skt. uddhṛ = to pull out)]

64.83 抝 [chn.ǎo][archaic variant of 拗 (to bend; stubborn)][(Skt. vakra = bent)]

64.84 択 [chn.zé][eng.Japanese variant of 擇 (to choose)][(Skt. vicāra = choice)]

64.85 抟 [chn.tuán][eng.to roll; to gather; (also tuán, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = gathering)]

64.86 抠 [chn.kōu][eng.to pick; to dig; (also kōu, (surname))][(Skt. khan = to dig)]

64.87 抡 [chn.lūn][eng.to swing; to brandish; (also lún, to select)][(Skt. parivartana = swing)]

64.88 抢 [chn.qiǎng][eng.to rob; to scramble; (also qiāng, to hit)][(Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

64.89 抣 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to be equal); rare]

64.90 护 [chn.hù][eng.to protect; to guard; (also hù, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣaṇa = protection)]

64.91 报 [chn.bào][eng.to report; to respond; (also bào, (surname))][(Skt. prativedana = report)]

64.92 抦 [chn.bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to hold); rare]

64.93 抧 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to strike); rare]

64.94 抨 [chn.pēng][eng.to attack; to criticize; (also pēng, (surname))][(Skt. ākrośa = criticism)]

64.95 抩 [chn.nán][archaic; (also nán, to hold); rare]

64.96 抪 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to spread); rare]

64.97 披 [chn.pī][eng.to drape over; to open; (also pī, (surname))][(Skt. ācchādana = covering)]

64.98 抬 [chn.tái][eng.to lift; to raise; (also tái, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.99 抭 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to carry); rare]

64.100 抮 [chn.zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to turn); rare]

64.101 抯 [chn.zhǎ][archaic; (also zhǎ, to hold); rare]

64.102 抰 [chn.yāng][archaic; (also yāng, to hold); rare]

64.103 抱 [chn.bào][eng.to hold; to embrace; (also bào, (surname))][(Skt. āliṅgana = embrace)]

64.104 抲 [chn.hē][archaic; (also hē, to carry); rare]

64.105 抳 [chn.ní][archaic; (also ní, to stop); rare]

64.106 抴 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to pull); rare]

64.107 抵 [chn.dǐ][eng.to resist; to reach; (also dǐ, (surname))][(Skt. prāp = to reach)]

64.108 抶 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to strike); rare]

64.109 抷 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to hold); rare]

64.110 抸 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to press); rare]

64.111 抹 [chn.mǒ][eng.to smear; to wipe; (also mò, to daub)][(Skt. lep = to smear)]

64.112 抺 [chn.mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to wipe); rare]

64.113 抻 [chn.chēn][eng.to stretch; to pull; (also chēn, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to stretch)]

64.114 押 [chn.yā][eng.to mortgage; to detain; (also yā, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = to detain)]

64.115 抽 [chn.chōu][eng.to draw out; to pull; (also chōu, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to draw out)]

64.116 抾 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to grasp); rare]

64.117 抿 [chn.mǐn][eng.to purse; to sip; (also mǐn, (surname))][(Skt. pāna = to sip)]

64.118 拀 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to stop); rare]

64.119 拁 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to press); rare]

64.120 拂 [chn.fú][eng.to brush; to whisk; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = to brush)]

64.121 拃 [chn.zhǎ][eng.to measure by handspan; (also zhǎ, (surname))][(Skt. vitasti = handspan)]

64.122 拄 [chn.zhǔ][eng.to lean on; to prop; (also zhǔ, (surname))][(Skt. avalamba = prop)]

64.123 担 [chn.dān][eng.to carry; to shoulder; (also dàn, a unit)][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.124 拆 [chn.chāi][eng.to tear open; to dismantle; (also chāi, (surname))][(Skt. bhañj = to break)]

64.125 拇 [chn.mǔ][eng.thumb; (also mǔ, (surname))][(Skt. aṅguṣṭha = thumb)]

64.126 拈 [chn.niān][eng.to pick up; to take; (also niān, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.127 拉 [chn.lā][eng.to pull; to drag; (also lā, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.128 拊 [chn.fǔ][eng.to pat; to strike; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.129 拋 [chn.pāo][eng.traditional variant of 抛 (to throw)][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.130 拌 [chn.bàn][eng.to mix; to stir; (also bàn, (surname))][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing)]

64.131 拍 [chn.pāi][eng.to clap; to pat; (also pāi, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = clap)]

64.132 拎 [chn.līn][eng.to lift; to carry; (also līn, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.133 拏 [chn.ná][archaic variant of 拿 (to take; to grasp)][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.134 拐 [chn.guǎi][eng.to turn; to kidnap; (also guǎi, (surname))][(Skt. parivartana = turn)]

64.135 拑 [chn.qián][archaic; (also qián, to press); rare]

64.136 拒 [chn.jù][eng.to resist; to repel; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. pratirodha = resistance)]

64.137 拓 [chn.tà][eng.to make a rubbing; (also tuò, to expand)][(Skt. uddhṛ = to copy)]

64.138 拔 [chn.bá][eng.to pull out; to uproot; (also bá, (surname))][(Skt. uddhṛ = to pull out)]

64.139 拕 [chn.tuō][archaic variant of 拖 (to drag)][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to drag)]

64.140 拖 [chn.tuō][eng.to drag; to haul; (also tuō, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to drag)]

64.141 拗 [chn.ǎo][eng.to bend; to stubbornly oppose; (also niù, to be stubborn)][(Skt. vakra = bent)]

64.142 拘 [chn.jū][eng.to arrest; to restrain; (also jū, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = to restrain)]

64.143 拙 [chn.zhuō][eng.clumsy; unskillful; (also zhuō, (surname))][(Skt. kuśala = unskillful)]

64.144 拚 [chn.pàn][eng.to risk; to go against; (also pīn, to struggle)][(Skt. viruddha = opposition)]

64.145 招 [chn.zhāo][eng.to beckon; to recruit; (also zhāo, (surname))][(Skt. āhvāna = beckoning)]

64.146 拜 [chn.bài][eng.to worship; to pay respects; (also bài, (surname))][(Skt. vandana = worship)]

64.147 拝 [chn.bài][eng.Japanese variant of 拜 (to worship)][(Skt. vandana = worship)]

64.148 拞 [chn.dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to resist); rare]

64.149 拟 [chn.nǐ][eng.to plan; to intend; (also nǐ, (surname))][(Skt. saṅkalpa = plan)]

64.150 拠 [chn.jù][eng.Japanese variant of 據 (to occupy; according to)][(Skt. āśraya = according to)]

64.151 拡 [chn.kuò][eng.Japanese variant of 擴 (to expand)][(Skt. vistāra = expansion)]

64.152 拢 [chn.lǒng][eng.to gather; to approach; (also lǒng, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.153 拣 [chn.jiǎn][eng.to pick; to choose; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = choice)]

64.154 拤 [chn.qiǎ][eng.to grasp; to hold; (also qiǎ, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.155 拥 [chn.yōng][eng.to embrace; to support; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. āliṅgana = embrace)]

64.156 拦 [chn.lán][eng.to block; to obstruct; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. avarodha = obstruction)]

64.157 拧 [chn.níng][eng.to twist; to wring; (also nǐng, to twist)][(Skt. vart = to twist)]

64.158 拨 [chn.bō][eng.to dial; to move; (also bō, (surname))][(Skt. calana = movement)]

64.159 择 [chn.zé][eng.to choose; to select; (also zhái, to pick)][(Skt. vicāra = choice)]

64.160 拪 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to move); rare]

64.161 拫 [chn.hén][archaic; (also hén, to drag); rare]

64.162 括 [chn.kuò][eng.to include; to enclose; (also kuò, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = inclusion)]

64.163 拭 [chn.shì][eng.to wipe; to dust; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = wiping)]

64.164 拮 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to strive); rare]

64.165 拯 [chn.zhěng][eng.to rescue; to save; (also zhěng, (surname))][(Skt. uddhāra = rescue)]

64.166 拰 [chn.nǐn][archaic; (also nǐn, to hold); rare]

64.167 拱 [chn.gǒng][eng.to fold hands; to surround; (also gǒng, (surname))][(Skt. añjali = folded hands)]

64.168 拲 [chn.gǒng][archaic; (also gǒng, to bind); rare]

64.169 拳 [chn.quán][eng.fist; boxing; (also quán, (surname))][(Skt. muṣṭi = fist)]

64.170 拴 [chn.shuān][eng.to tie; to fasten; (also shuān, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = to tie)]

64.171 拵 [chn.cún][archaic; (also cún, to exist); rare]

64.172 拶 [chn.zā][eng.to press; to force; (also zǎn, to squeeze)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.173 拷 [chn.kǎo][eng.to torture; to interrogate; (also kǎo, (surname))][(Skt. parīkṣā = interrogation)]

64.174 拸 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to pull); rare]

64.175 拹 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to harm); rare]

64.176 拺 [chn.cè][archaic; (also cè, to press); rare]

64.177 拻 [chn.huī][archaic; (also huī, to break); rare]

64.178 拼 [chn.pīn][eng.to piece together; to assemble; (also pīn, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = assembly)]

64.179 拽 [chn.zhuài][eng.to pull; to drag; (also yè, to drag)][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.180 拾 [chn.shí][eng.to pick up; to gather; (also shí, (surname))][(Skt. utthāna = picking up)]

64.181 拿 [chn.ná][eng.to take; to hold; (also ná, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.182 挀 [chn.bō][archaic; (also bō, to break); rare]

64.183 持 [chn.chí][eng.to hold; to maintain; to support; (also chí, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = holding)]

64.184 挂 [chn.guà][eng.to hang; to put up; (also guà, (surname))][(Skt. lamb = to hang)]

64.185 挃 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to strike); rare]

64.186 挄 [chn.kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to spread); rare]

64.187 挅 [chn.duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to throw); rare]

64.188 挆 [chn.duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to shake); rare]

64.189 指 [chn.zhǐ][eng.finger; to point; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. aṅguli = finger)]

64.190 挈 [chn.qiè][eng.to carry; to lift; (also qiè, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.191 按 [chn.àn][eng.to press; to control; (also àn, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.192 挊 [chn.nòng][archaic; (also nòng, to play); rare]

64.193 挋 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to wipe); rare]

64.194 挌 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to strike); rare]

64.195 挍 [chn.jiào][archaic variant of 校 (to compare)][(Skt. upamā = comparison)]

64.196 挎 [chn.kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to carry); rare]

64.197 挏 [chn.dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to shake); rare]

64.198 挐 [chn.rú][archaic; (also rú, to hold); rare]

64.199 挑 [chn.tiāo][eng.to carry on a pole; to select; (also tiǎo, to provoke)][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.200 挒 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to twist); rare]

64.201 挓 [chn.zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to open); rare]

64.202 挔 [chn.lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to hold); rare]

64.203 挕 [chn.shè][archaic; (also shè, to grasp); rare]

64.204 挖 [chn.wā][eng.to dig; to excavate; (also wā, (surname))][(Skt. khan = to dig)]

64.205 挗 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to choose); rare]

64.206 挘 [chn.liě][archaic; (also liě, to tear); rare]

64.207 挙 [chn.jǔ][eng.Japanese variant of 舉 (to raise)][(Skt. utkṣepa = raising)]

64.208 挚 [chn.zhì][eng.sincere; ardent; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

64.209 挛 [chn.luán][eng.twisted; bent; (also luán, (surname))][(Skt. vakra = bent)]

64.210 挜 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to press); rare]

64.211 挝 [chn.zhuā][eng.to strike; to beat; (also wō, to grab)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.212 挞 [chn.tà][eng.to whip; to flog; (also tà, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = flogging)]

64.213 挟 [chn.xié][eng.to hold; to coerce; (also jiā, to tuck)][(Skt. grah = to hold)]

64.214 挠 [chn.náo][eng.to scratch; to disturb; (also ráo, to bend)][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.215 挡 [chn.dǎng][eng.to block; to resist; (also dàng, to arrange)][(Skt. avarodha = blocking)]

64.216 挢 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to raise); rare]

64.217 挣 [chn.zhèng][eng.to strive; to struggle; (also zhēng, to pull)][(Skt. yatna = striving)]

64.218 挤 [chn.jǐ][eng.to squeeze; to crowd; (also jǐ, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = squeezing)]

64.219 挥 [chn.huī][eng.to wave; to command; (also huī, (surname))][(Skt. pracalana = waving)]

64.220 挦 [chn.xián][archaic; (also xián, to pluck); rare]

64.221 挧 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to gather); rare]

64.222 挨 [chn.āi][eng.to lean on; to approach; (also āi, to suffer)][(Skt. upasarpaṇa = approach)]

64.223 挩 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to rub); rare]

64.224 挪 [chn.nuó][eng.to shift; to move; (also nuó, (surname))][(Skt. calana = movement)]

64.225 挫 [chn.cuò][eng.to frustrate; to defeat; (also cuò, (surname))][(Skt. parājaya = defeat)]

64.226 挬 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to pull); rare]

64.227 挭 [chn.gěng][archaic; (also gěng, to stir); rare]

64.228 挮 [chn.tǐ][archaic; (also tǐ, to wipe); rare]

64.229 振 [chn.zhèn][eng.to shake; to vibrate; (also zhèn, (surname))][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.230 挰 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to measure); rare]

64.231 挱 [chn.suō][archaic; (also suō, to touch); rare]

64.232 挲 [chn.suō][archaic; (also suō, to rub); rare]

64.233 挳 [chn.kēng][archaic; (also kēng, to strike); rare]

64.234 挴 [chn.měi][archaic; (also měi, to be ashamed); rare]

64.235 挵 [chn.nòng][archaic; (also nòng, to play); rare]

64.236 挶 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to carry); rare]

64.237 挷 [chn.bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to tie); rare]

64.238 挸 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to wipe); rare]

64.239 挹 [chn.yì][eng.to scoop; to ladle; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. uddharaṇa = scooping)]

64.240 挺 [chn.tǐng][eng.to straighten; to stick out; (also tǐng, (surname))][(Skt. utsāraṇa = straightening)]

64.241 挻 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to stretch); rare]

64.242 挼 [chn.ruó][eng.to rub; to crumple; (also ruó, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.243 挽 [chn.wǎn][eng.to pull; to draw; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.244 挾 [chn.xié][eng.traditional variant of 挟 (to hold; coerce)][(Skt. grah = to hold)]

64.245 挿 [chn.chā][eng.Japanese variant of 插 (to insert)][(Skt. praveśa = insertion)]

64.246 捀 [chn.féng][archaic; (also féng, to hold); rare]

64.247 捁 [chn.kù][archaic; (also kù, to be confused); rare]

64.248 捂 [chn.wǔ][eng.to cover; to seal; (also wǔ, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

64.249 捃 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to gather); rare]

64.250 捄 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to save); rare]

64.251 捅 [chn.tǒng][eng.to poke; to pierce; (also tǒng, (surname))][(Skt. tud = to poke)]

64.252 捆 [chn.kǔn][eng.to tie; to bundle; (also kǔn, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = to tie)]

64.253 捇 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to dig); rare]

64.254 捈 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to wipe); rare]

64.255 捉 [chn.zhuō][eng.to catch; to seize; (also zhuō, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to catch)]

64.256 捊 [chn.póu][archaic; (also póu, to gather); rare]

64.257 捋 [chn.luō][eng.to stroke; to rub; (also lǚ, to gather)][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.258 捌 [chn.bā][eng.eight; (also bā, (surname))][(Skt. aṣṭa = eight)]

64.259 捍 [chn.hàn][eng.to defend; to ward off; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣaṇa = defense)]

64.260 捎 [chn.shāo][eng.to carry; to take along; (also shāo, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.261 捏 [chn.niē][eng.to pinch; to knead; (also niē, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pinching)]

64.262 捐 [chn.juān][eng.to donate; to contribute; (also juān, (surname))][(Skt. dāna = donation)]

64.263 捑 [chn.zé][archaic; (also zé, to choose); rare]

64.264 捒 [chn.shù][archaic; (also shù, to gather); rare]

64.265 捓 [chn.yé][archaic; (also yé, to rub); rare]

64.266 捔 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to measure); rare]

64.267 捕 [chn.bǔ][eng.to catch; to arrest; (also bǔ, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to catch)]

64.268 捖 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to strike); rare]

64.269 捗 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to walk); rare]

64.270 捘 [chn.zùn][archaic; (also zùn, to press); rare]

64.271 捙 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to drag); rare]

64.272 捚 [chn.zhāi][archaic; (also zhāi, to carry); rare]

64.273 捛 [chn.lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to hold); rare]

64.274 捜 [chn.sōu][eng.Japanese variant of 搜 (to search)][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = search)]

64.275 捝 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to wipe); rare]

64.276 捞 [chn.lāo][eng.to dredge; to scoop; (also lāo, (surname))][(Skt. uddharaṇa = scooping)]

64.277 损 [chn.sǔn][eng.to lose; to damage; (also sǔn, (surname))][(Skt. hāni = loss)]

64.278 捠 [chn.bīng][archaic; (also bīng, to hold); rare]

64.279 捡 [chn.jiǎn][eng.to pick up; to collect; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

64.280 换 [chn.huàn][eng.to exchange; to change; (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. parivarta = exchange)]

64.281 捣 [chn.dǎo][eng.to pound; to beat; (also dǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = pounding)]

64.282 捤 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to rub); rare]

64.283 捥 [chn.wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to bend); rare]

64.284 捦 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to seize); rare]

64.285 捧 [chn.pěng][eng.to hold in both hands; to praise; (also pěng, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to hold)]

64.286 捨 [chn.shě][eng.traditional variant of 舍 (to give up; to abandon)][(Skt. prahāṇa = abandonment)]

64.287 捩 [chn.liè][eng.to twist; to wrench; (also liè, (surname))][(Skt. vart = to twist)]

64.288 捪 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to wipe); rare]

64.289 捫 [chn.mén][eng.traditional variant of 扪 (to feel; to touch)][(Skt. spṛś = to touch)]

64.290 捬 [chn.fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to press); rare]

64.291 捭 [chn.bǎi][eng.to open; to spread; (also bǎi, (surname))][(Skt. utsāraṇa = opening)]

64.292 据 [chn.jù][eng.according to; to seize; (also jū, to be difficult)][(Skt. yathā = according to)]

64.293 捯 [chn.dáo][archaic; (also dáo, to pull); rare]

64.294 捰 [chn.luǒ][archaic; (also luǒ, to rub); rare]

64.295 捱 [chn.ái][eng.to suffer; to endure; (also ái, (surname))][(Skt. kṣam = to endure)]

64.296 捲 [chn.juǎn][eng.traditional variant of 卷 (to roll up)][(Skt. veṣṭana = rolling)]

64.297 捳 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to strike); rare]

64.298 捴 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to gather); rare]

64.299 捵 [chn.chěn][archaic; (also chěn, to pull); rare]

64.300 捶 [chn.chuí][eng.to beat; to hammer; (also chuí, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = beating)]

64.301 捷 [chn.jié][eng.victorious; quick; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. jaya = victory)]

64.302 捸 [chn.tū][archaic; (also tū, to slip); rare]

64.303 捹 [chn.fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to shake); rare]

64.304 捺 [chn.nà][eng.to press; to print; (also nà, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.305 捻 [chn.niǎn][eng.to twist; to twirl; (also niǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vart = to twist)]

64.306 捼 [chn.ruó][archaic; (also ruó, to rub); rare]

64.307 捽 [chn.zú][archaic; (also zú, to seize); rare]

64.308 捾 [chn.wò][archaic; (also wò, to dig); rare]

64.309 捿 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to dwell); rare]

64.310 掀 [chn.xān][eng.to lift; to raise; (also xān, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.311 掁 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to strike); rare]

64.312 掂 [chn.diān][eng.to weigh in the hand; (also diān, (surname))][(Skt. tulā = weighing)]

64.313 掃 [chn.sǎo][eng.traditional variant of 扫 (to sweep)][(Skt. sammārjana = sweeping)]

64.314 掄 [chn.lún][eng.traditional variant of 抡 (to swing; to select)][(Skt. parivartana = swing)]

64.315 掅 [chn.qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to hold); rare]

64.316 掆 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to lift); rare]

64.317 掇 [chn.duō][eng.to pick up; to gather; (also duō, (surname))][(Skt. utthāna = picking up)]

64.318 授 [chn.shòu][eng.to teach; to give; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. deśanā = teaching)]

64.319 掉 [chn.diào][eng.to fall; to turn; (also diào, (surname))][(Skt. pat = to fall)]

64.320 掊 [chn.póu][eng.to break; to strike; (also pǒu, to dig)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.321 掋 [chn.dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to strike); rare]

64.322 掌 [chn.zhǎng][eng.palm; to control; (also zhǎng, (surname))][(Skt. pāṇi = palm)]

64.323 掍 [chn.hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to mix); rare]

64.324 掎 [chn.jǐ][eng.to pull; to drag; (also jǐ, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.325 掏 [chn.tāo][eng.to dig; to take out; (also tāo, (surname))][(Skt. uddhṛ = to take out)]

64.326 掐 [chn.qiā][eng.to pinch; to clutch; (also qiā, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pinching)]

64.327 掑 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to hold); rare]

64.328 排 [chn.pái][eng.to arrange; to exclude; (also pái, (surname))][(Skt. vyūha = arrangement)]

64.329 掓 [chn.shū][archaic; (also shū, to gather); rare]

64.330 掔 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to pull); rare]

64.331 掕 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to tie); rare]

64.332 掖 [chn.yè][eng.to tuck; to hide; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

64.333 掗 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to press); rare]

64.334 掘 [chn.jué][eng.to dig; to excavate; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. khan = to dig)]

64.335 掙 [chn.zhèng][eng.traditional variant of 挣 (to strive; to struggle)][(Skt. yatna = striving)]

64.336 掚 [chn.liǎng][archaic; (also liǎng, to hold); rare]

64.337 掛 [chn.guà][eng.traditional variant of 挂 (to hang)][(Skt. lamb = to hang)]

64.338 掜 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to hold); rare]

64.339 掝 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to break); rare]

64.340 掞 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to shine); rare]

64.341 掟 [chn.dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to tie); rare]

64.342 掠 [chn.lüè][eng.to plunder; to pillage; (also lüè, (surname))][(Skt. apahāra = plunder)]

64.343 採 [chn.cǎi][eng.to pick; to gather; to select; (also cǎi, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = selection)]

64.344 探 [chn.tàn][eng.to explore; to seek; (also tàn, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = exploration)]

64.345 掣 [chn.chè][eng.to pull; to draw; (also chè, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.346 掤 [chn.bīng][archaic; (also bīng, to cover); rare]

64.347 接 [chn.jiē][eng.to receive; to connect; (also jiē, (surname))][(Skt. pratigraha = reception)]

64.348 掦 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to lift); rare]

64.349 控 [chn.kòng][eng.to control; to accuse; (also kòng, (surname))][(Skt. niyantraṇa = control)]

64.350 推 [chn.tuī][eng.to push; to infer; (also tuī, (surname))][(Skt. praṇaya = push)]

64.351 掩 [chn.yǎn][eng.to cover; to conceal; (also yǎn, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = concealment)]

64.352 措 [chn.cuò][eng.to arrange; to manage; (also cuò, (surname))][(Skt. vyavasthā = arrangement)]

64.353 掫 [chn.zōu][archaic; (also zōu, to beat); rare]

64.354 掬 [chn.jū][eng.to scoop; to grasp; (also jū, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.355 掭 [chn.tiàn][archaic; (also tiàn, to rub); rare]

64.356 掮 [chn.qián][eng.to carry on the shoulder; (also qián, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.357 掯 [chn.kèn][archaic; (also kèn, to press); rare]

64.358 掰 [chn.bāi][eng.to break apart; (also bāi, (surname))][(Skt. bhañj = to break)]

64.359 掱 [chn.pá][archaic; (also pá, to steal); rare]

64.360 掲 [chn.jiē][eng.Japanese variant of 揭 (to raise; to expose)][(Skt. utkṣepa = raising)]

64.361 掳 [chn.lǔ][eng.to capture; to plunder; (also lǔ, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to capture)]

64.362 掴 [chn.guó][eng.to slap; to box; (also guó, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = slap)]

64.363 掵 [chn.mìng][archaic; (also mìng, to order); rare]

64.364 掶 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to hold); rare]

64.365 掷 [chn.zhì][eng.to throw; to cast; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.366 掸 [chn.dǎn][eng.to brush; to dust; (also shàn, to shake)][(Skt. prahāra = brushing)]

64.367 掹 [chn.mēng][archaic; (also mēng, to pull); rare]

64.368 掺 [chn.cān][eng.to mix; to blend; (also shǎn, to grasp)][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing)]

64.369 掻 [chn.sāo][eng.Japanese variant of 搔 (to scratch)][(Skt. kṣura = scratch)]

64.370 掼 [chn.guàn][eng.to throw; to fling; (also guàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.371 掽 [chn.pèng][archaic; (also pèng, to bump); rare]

64.372 掾 [chn.yuàn][archaic; (also yuàn, to assist); rare]

64.373 掿 [chn.nuò][archaic; (also nuò, to rub); rare]

64.374 揀 [chn.jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 拣 (to pick; to choose)][(Skt. vicāra = choice)]

64.375 揁 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to pull); rare]

64.376 揂 [chn.jiū][archaic; (also jiū, to gather); rare]

64.377 揃 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to cut); rare]

64.378 揄 [chn.yú][eng.to lift; to jest; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.379 揅 [chn.yán][archaic; (also yán, to study); rare]

64.380 揆 [chn.kuí][eng.to measure; to estimate; (also kuí, (surname))][(Skt. tulā = measurement)]

64.381 揇 [chn.nǎn][archaic; (also nǎn, to hold); rare]

64.382 揈 [chn.hōng][archaic; (also hōng, to push); rare]

64.383 揉 [chn.róu][eng.to knead; to rub; (also róu, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.384 揊 [chn.pì][archaic; (also pì, to beat); rare]

64.385 揋 [chn.wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to hold); rare]

64.386 揌 [chn.sāi][archaic; (also sāi, to push); rare]

64.387 揍 [chn.zòu][eng.to hit; to beat; (also zòu, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = hit)]

64.388 揎 [chn.xuān][eng.to push up one’s sleeves; (also xuān, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = push)]

64.389 描 [chn.miáo][eng.to trace; to copy; (also miáo, (surname))][(Skt. likh = to trace)]

64.390 提 [chn.tí][eng.to lift; to carry; to mention; (also tí, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.391 揑 [chn.niē][archaic variant of 捏 (to pinch)][(Skt. pīḍana = pinching)]

64.392 插 [chn.chā][eng.to insert; to interpose; (also chā, (surname))][(Skt. praveśa = insertion)]

64.393 揓 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to hold); rare]

64.394 揔 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to gather); rare]

64.395 揕 [chn.zhèn][eng.to stab; to pierce; (also zhèn, (surname))][(Skt. tud = to stab)]

64.396 揖 [chn.yī][eng.to bow; to salute; (also yī, (surname))][(Skt. añjali = salute)]

64.397 揗 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to follow); rare]

64.398 揘 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to strike); rare]

64.399 揙 [chn.biǎn][archaic; (also biǎn, to roll); rare]

64.400 揚 [chn.yáng][eng.traditional variant of 扬 (to raise; to scatter)][(Skt. utkṣepa = raising)]

64.401 換 [chn.huàn][eng.traditional variant of 换 (to exchange)][(Skt. parivarta = exchange)]

64.402 揜 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to cover); rare]

64.403 揝 [chn.zǎn][archaic; (also zǎn, to hold); rare]

64.404 揞 [chn.ǎn][eng.to press; to cover; (also ǎn, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.405 揟 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to gather); rare]

64.406 揠 [chn.yà][eng.to pull up; to raise; (also yà, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = pulling up)]

64.407 握 [chn.wò][eng.to hold; to grasp; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.408 揢 [chn.ké][archaic; (also ké, to hold); rare]

64.409 揣 [chn.chuǎi][eng.to estimate; to speculate; (also chuài, to hide)][(Skt. anumāna = estimation)]

64.410 揤 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to hold); rare]

64.411 揥 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to remove); rare]

64.412 揦 [chn.lā][archaic; (also lā, to drag); rare]

64.413 揧 [chn.là][archaic; (also là, to press); rare]

64.414 揨 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to strike); rare]

64.415 揩 [chn.kāi][eng.to wipe; to rub; (also kāi, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = wiping)]

64.416 揪 [chn.jiū][eng.to seize; to pull; (also jiū, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to seize)]

64.417 揫 [chn.jiū][archaic; (also jiū, to gather); rare]

64.418 揬 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to press); rare]

64.419 揭 [chn.jiē][eng.to raise; to uncover; (also jiē, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = raising)]

64.420 揮 [chn.huī][eng.traditional variant of 挥 (to wave; to command)][(Skt. pracalana = waving)]

64.421 揯 [chn.gèn][archaic; (also gèn, to stretch); rare]

64.422 揰 [chn.chòng][archaic; (also chòng, to hit); rare]

64.423 揱 [chn.suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to rub); rare]

64.424 揲 [chn.shé][eng.to fold; to twist; (also yè, to pull)][(Skt. vart = to twist)]

64.425 揳 [chn.xiē][archaic; (also xiē, to wedge); rare]

64.426 援 [chn.yuán][eng.to assist; to support; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = assistance)]

64.427 揵 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to lift); rare]

64.428 揶 [chn.yé][archaic; (also yé, to hold); rare]

64.429 揷 [chn.chā][archaic variant of 插 (to insert)][(Skt. praveśa = insertion)]

64.430 揸 [chn.zhā][eng.to grasp; to hold; (also zhā, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.431 揹 [chn.bèi][eng.to carry on the back; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.432 揺 [chn.yáo][eng.Japanese variant of 搖 (to shake)][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.433 揻 [chn.wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to bend); rare]

64.434 揼 [chn.bèng][archaic; (also bèng, to press); rare]

64.435 揽 [chn.lǎn][eng.to take hold of; (also lǎn, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.436 揾 [chn.wèn][eng.to press; to wipe; (also wèn, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.437 揿 [chn.qìn][eng.to press; to push; (also qìn, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.438 搀 [chn.chān][eng.to support; to mix; (also chān, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = support)]

64.439 搁 [chn.gē][eng.to place; to shelve; (also gé, to put)][(Skt. sthāpana = placing)]

64.440 搂 [chn.lōu][eng.to embrace; (also lǒu, to pull)][(Skt. āliṅgana = embrace)]

64.441 搃 [chn.zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to gather); rare]

64.442 搄 [chn.gèn][archaic; (also gèn, to stretch); rare]

64.443 搅 [chn.jiǎo][eng.to stir; to disturb; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.444 搆 [chn.gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to construct); rare]

64.445 搇 [chn.qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to press); rare]

64.446 搈 [chn.róng][archaic; (also róng, to shake); rare]

64.447 搉 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to knock); rare]

64.448 搊 [chn.chōu][archaic; (also chōu, to grasp); rare]

64.449 搋 [chn.chuāi][eng.to hide; to conceal; (also chuāi, (surname))][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

64.450 搌 [chn.zhǎn][eng.to wipe; to rub; (also zhǎn, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = wiping)]

64.451 損 [chn.sǔn][eng.traditional variant of 损 (to lose; damage)][(Skt. hāni = loss)]

64.452 搎 [chn.sūn][archaic; (also sūn, to rub); rare]

64.453 搏 [chn.bó][eng.to fight; to seize; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. yuddha = fight)]

64.454 搐 [chn.chù][eng.to twitch; to contract; (also chù, (surname))][(Skt. saṅkoca = contraction)]

64.455 搑 [chn.róng][archaic; (also róng, to mix); rare]

64.456 搒 [chn.bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to carry); rare]

64.457 搓 [chn.cuō][eng.to rub; to twist; (also cuō, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.458 搔 [chn.sāo][eng.to scratch; (also sāo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣura = scratching)]

64.459 搕 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to knock); rare]

64.460 搖 [chn.yáo][eng.traditional variant of 摇 (to shake)][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.461 搗 [chn.dǎo][eng.traditional variant of 捣 (to pound)][(Skt. prahāra = pounding)]

64.462 搘 [chn.zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to support); rare]

64.463 搙 [chn.nù][archaic; (also nù, to rub); rare]

64.464 搚 [chn.lā][archaic; (also lā, to drag); rare]

64.465 搛 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to pick); rare]

64.466 搜 [chn.sōu][eng.to search; to collect; (also sōu, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = search)]

64.467 搝 [chn.qiǔ][archaic; (also qiǔ, to pull); rare]

64.468 搞 [chn.gǎo][eng.to do; to make; (also gǎo, (surname))][(Skt. karman = action)]

64.469 搟 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to rub); rare]

64.470 搠 [chn.shuò][archaic; (also shuò, to pierce); rare]

64.471 搡 [chn.sǎng][eng.to push; to shove; (also sǎng, (surname))][(Skt. praṇaya = push)]

64.472 搢 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to insert); rare]

64.473 搣 [chn.miè][archaic; (also miè, to twist); rare]

64.474 搤 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to grip); rare]

64.475 搥 [chn.chuí][archaic variant of 捶 (to beat)][(Skt. prahāra = beating)]

64.476 搦 [chn.nuò][eng.to seize; to attack; (also nuò, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to seize)]

64.477 搧 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to fan); rare]

64.478 搨 [chn.tà][eng.to copy; to make a rubbing; (also tà, (surname))][(Skt. uddhṛ = to copy)]

64.479 搩 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to break); rare]

64.480 搪 [chn.táng][eng.to ward off; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. pratirodha = warding)]

64.481 搫 [chn.pán][archaic; (also pán, to move); rare]

64.482 搬 [chn.bān][eng.to move; to shift; (also bān, (surname))][(Skt. calana = movement)]

64.483 搭 [chn.dā][eng.to put up; to join; (also dā, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = joining)]

64.484 搮 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to rub); rare]

64.485 搯 [chn.tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to pull); rare]

64.486 搰 [chn.hú][archaic; (also hú, to dig); rare]

64.487 搱 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to push); rare]

64.488 搲 [chn.wā][archaic; (also wā, to dig); rare]

64.489 搳 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to strike); rare]

64.490 搴 [chn.qiān][eng.to pull; to take; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.491 搵 [chn.wèn][archaic variant of 揾 (to press)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.492 搶 [chn.qiǎng][eng.traditional variant of 抢 (to rob)][(Skt. apahāra = robbery)]

64.493 搷 [chn.tián][archaic; (also tián, to strike); rare]

64.494 搸 [chn.zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to rub); rare]

64.495 搹 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to block); rare]

64.496 携 [chn.xié][eng.to carry; to take along; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.497 搻 [chn.nuò][archaic; (also nuò, to hold); rare]

64.498 搼 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to punch); rare]

64.499 搽 [chn.chá][eng.to apply; to smear; (also chá, (surname))][(Skt. lep = to smear)]

64.500 搾 [chn.zhà][archaic variant of 榨 (to press)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.501 搿 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to pinch); rare]

64.502 摀 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to cover); rare]

64.503 摁 [chn.èn][eng.to press; to push; (also èn, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.504 摂 [chn.shè][eng.Japanese variant of 攝 (to take; to absorb)][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.505 摃 [chn.gàng][archaic variant of 扛 (to carry)][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.506 摄 [chn.shè][eng.to take; to absorb; to manage; (also shè, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.507 摅 [chn.shū][archaic; (also shū, to express); rare]

64.508 摆 [chn.bǎi][eng.to put; to arrange; (also bǎi, (surname))][(Skt. sthāpana = arrangement)]

64.509 摇 [chn.yáo][eng.to shake; to wave; (also yáo, (surname))][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.510 摈 [chn.bìn][eng.to discard; to reject; (also bìn, (surname))][(Skt. prahāṇa = rejection)]

64.511 摉 [chn.sōu][archaic variant of 搜 (to search)][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = search)]

64.512 摊 [chn.tān][eng.to spread out; to share; (also tān, (surname))][(Skt. vistāra = spread)]

64.513 摋 [chn.sà][archaic; (also sà, to beat); rare]

64.514 摌 [chn.chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to rub); rare]

64.515 摍 [chn.suō][archaic; (also suō, to twist); rare]

64.516 摎 [chn.jiū][archaic; (also jiū, to bind); rare]

64.517 摏 [chn.chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to pound); rare]

64.518 摐 [chn.chuāng][archaic; (also chuāng, to strike); rare]

64.519 摑 [chn.guó][eng.traditional variant of 掴 (to slap)][(Skt. prahāra = slap)]

64.520 摒 [chn.bìng][eng.to discard; to abandon; (also bìng, (surname))][(Skt. prahāṇa = abandonment)]

64.521 摓 [chn.féng][archaic; (also féng, to sew); rare]

64.522 摔 [chn.shuāi][eng.to fall; to throw down; (also shuāi, (surname))][(Skt. pat = to fall)]

64.523 摕 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to strike); rare]

64.524 摖 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to rub); rare]

64.525 摗 [chn.sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to search); rare]

64.526 摘 [chn.zhāi][eng.to pick; to select; (also zhāi, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = selection)]

64.527 摙 [chn.liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to carry); rare]

64.528 摚 [chn.chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to prop); rare]

64.529 摛 [chn.chī][archaic; (also chī, to spread); rare]

64.530 摜 [chn.guàn][eng.traditional variant of 掼 (to throw)][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.531 摝 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to shake); rare]

64.532 摞 [chn.luò][eng.to pile up; (also luò, (surname))][(Skt. rāśi = pile)]

64.533 摟 [chn.lōu][eng.traditional variant of 搂 (to embrace)][(Skt. āliṅgana = embrace)]

64.534 摠 [chn.zǒng][archaic variant of 总 (overall)][(Skt. sāmānya = general)]

64.535 摡 [chn.gài][archaic; (also gài, to sweep); rare]

64.536 摢 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to push); rare]

64.537 摣 [chn.zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to grasp); rare]

64.538 摤 [chn.chuǎng][archaic; (also chuǎng, to strike); rare]

64.539 摥 [chn.tàng][archaic; (also tàng, to push); rare]

64.540 摦 [chn.huà][archaic; (also huà, to break); rare]

64.541 摧 [chn.cuī][eng.to destroy; to break; (also cuī, (surname))][(Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

64.542 摨 [chn.nái][archaic; (also nái, to rub); rare]

64.543 摩 [chn.mó][eng.to rub; to grind; (also mó, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.544 摪 [chn.jiāng][archaic; (also jiāng, to strike); rare]

64.545 摫 [chn.guī][archaic; (also guī, to hold); rare]

64.546 摬 [chn.yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to strike); rare]

64.547 摭 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to pick); rare]

64.548 摮 [áo][archaic; (also áo, to strike); rare]

64.549 摯 [zhì][eng.traditional variant of 挚 (sincere)][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

64.550 摰 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to grasp); rare]

64.551 摱 [màn][archaic; (also màn, to rub); rare]

64.552 摲 [chàn][archaic; (also chàn, to cut); rare]

64.553 摳 [kōu][eng.traditional variant of 抠 (to pick)][(Skt. khan = to dig)]

64.554 摴 [chū][archaic; (also chū, to spread); rare]

64.555 摵 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to strike); rare]

64.556 摶 [tuán][eng.traditional variant of 抟 (to roll; gather)][(Skt. piṇḍa = gathering)]

64.557 摷 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to seize); rare]

64.558 摸 [mō][eng.to touch; to feel; (also mō, (surname))][(Skt. spṛś = to touch)]

64.559 摹 [mó][eng.to copy; to imitate; (also mó, (surname))][(Skt. anukaraṇa = imitation)]

64.560 摺 [zhé][eng.to fold; (also zhé, (surname))][(Skt. veṣṭana = folding)]

64.561 摻 [cān][eng.traditional variant of 掺 (to mix)][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing)]

64.562 摼 [kēng][archaic; (also kēng, to strike); rare]

64.563 摽 [biào][archaic; (also biào, to throw); rare]

64.564 摾 [jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to resist); rare]

64.565 摿 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to press); rare]

64.566 撀 [gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to strike); rare]

64.567 撁 [qiān][archaic variant of 牵 (to pull)][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

64.568 撂 [liào][eng.to put down; to leave; (also liào, (surname))][(Skt. sthāpana = putting down)]

64.569 撃 [jī][eng.Japanese variant of 擊 (to strike)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.570 撄 [yīng][eng.to oppose; to disturb; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. viruddha = opposition)]

64.571 撅 [juē][eng.to pout; to stick up; (also juē, (surname))][(Skt. utkṣepa = sticking up)]

64.572 撆 [piē][archaic; (also piē, to skim); rare]

64.573 撇 [piě][eng.to cast aside; to skim; (also piē, to throw)][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.574 撈 [lāo][eng.traditional variant of 捞 (to dredge)][(Skt. uddharaṇa = scooping)]

64.575 撉 [dūn][archaic; (also dūn, to press); rare]

64.576 撊 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to resist); rare]

64.577 撋 [ruán][archaic; (also ruán, to rub); rare]

64.578 撌 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to kneel); rare]

64.579 撍 [zǎn][archaic; (also zǎn, to gather); rare]

64.580 撎 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to bow); rare]

64.581 撏 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to pluck); rare]

64.582 撐 [chēng][eng.traditional variant of 撑 (to prop up)][(Skt. avalamba = prop)]

64.583 撑 [chēng][eng.to prop up; to support; (also chēng, (surname))][(Skt. avalamba = support)]

64.584 撒 [sā][eng.to scatter; to sprinkle; (also sǎ, to let go)][(Skt. vikiraṇa = scattering)]

64.585 撓 [náo][eng.traditional variant of 挠 (to scratch; disturb)][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.586 撔 [hòng][archaic; (also hòng, to strike); rare]

64.587 撕 [sī][eng.to tear; to rip; (also sī, (surname))][(Skt. bhañj = to tear)]

64.588 撖 [hǎn][archaic; (also hǎn, to hold); rare]

64.589 撗 [guàng][archaic; (also guàng, to carry); rare]

64.590 撘 [dā][archaic variant of 搭 (to put up)][(Skt. saṃyoga = joining)]

64.591 撙 [zǔn][eng.to save; to economize; (also zǔn, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = saving)]

64.592 撚 [niǎn][eng.to twist; to twirl; (also niǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vart = to twist)]

64.593 撛 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to twist); rare]

64.594 撜 [zhěng][archaic; (also zhěng, to save); rare]

64.595 撝 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to wave); rare]

64.596 撞 [zhuàng][eng.to collide; to run into; (also zhuàng, (surname))][(Skt. saṅghaṭṭa = collision)]

64.597 撟 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to lift); rare]

64.598 撠 [jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to seize); rare]

64.599 撡 [cāo][archaic variant of 操 (to grasp; to exercise)][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.600 撢 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to rub); rare]

64.601 撣 [shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to push); rare]

64.602 撤 [chè][eng.to withdraw; to remove; (also chè, (surname))][(Skt. apaharaṇa = removal)]

64.603 撥 [bō][eng.traditional variant of 拨 (to dial; to move)][(Skt. calana = movement)]

64.604 撦 [chě][archaic; (also chě, to tear); rare]

64.605 撧 [juē][archaic; (also juē, to break); rare]

64.606 撨 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to select); rare]

64.607 撩 [liāo][eng.to lift; to stir; (also liáo, to tease)][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.608 撪 [bèn][archaic; (also bèn, to pull); rare]

64.609 撫 [fǔ][eng.traditional variant of 抚 (to stroke)][(Skt. āśvāsa = stroking)]

64.610 撬 [qiào][eng.to pry; to lever; (also qiào, (surname))][(Skt. uddhṛ = to pry)]

64.611 播 [bō][eng.to sow; to spread; (also bō, (surname))][(Skt. vikiraṇa = sowing)]

64.612 撮 [cuō][eng.to pinch; to gather; (also zuǒ, a pinch)][(Skt. grah = to pinch)]

64.613 撯 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to catch); rare]

64.614 撰 [zhuàn][eng.to compose; to compile; (also zhuàn, (surname))][(Skt. racana = composition)]

64.615 撱 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to rub); rare]

64.616 撲 [pū][eng.traditional variant of 扑 (to hit)][(Skt. prahāra = hit)]

64.617 撳 [qìn][archaic variant of 揿 (to press)][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

64.618 撴 [dūn][archaic; (also dūn, to pull); rare]

64.619 撵 [niǎn][eng.to drive away; to expel; (also niǎn, (surname))][(Skt. praṇaya = expulsion)]

64.620 撶 [huá][archaic; (also huá, to scrape); rare]

64.621 撷 [xié][eng.to pick; to gather; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.622 撸 [lū][eng.to rub; to stroke; (also lū, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.623 撹 [jiǎo][archaic variant of 搅 (to stir)][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.624 撺 [cuān][eng.to rush; to stir up; (also cuān, (surname))][(Skt. kṣobha = stirring)]

64.625 撻 [tà][eng.traditional variant of 挞 (to whip)][(Skt. prahāra = whipping)]

64.626 撼 [hàn][eng.to shake; to vibrate; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.627 撽 [qiào][archaic; (also qiào, to strike); rare]

64.628 撾 [zhuā][archaic variant of 挝 (to strike)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.629 撿 [jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 捡 (to pick up)][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

64.630 擀 [gǎn][eng.to roll (dough); (also gǎn, (surname))][(Skt. pracalana = rolling)]

64.631 擁 [yōng][eng.traditional variant of 拥 (to embrace; support)][(Skt. āliṅgana = embrace)]

64.632 擂 [léi][eng.to beat; to pound; (also lèi, to rub)][(Skt. prahāra = beating)]

64.633 擃 [nǎng][archaic; (also nǎng, to push); rare]

64.634 擄 [lǔ][eng.traditional variant of 掳 (to capture)][(Skt. grah = to capture)]

64.635 擅 [shàn][eng.to monopolize; to be good at; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. kuśala = skill)]

64.636 擆 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to grasp); rare]

64.637 擇 [zé][eng.traditional variant of 择 (to choose)][(Skt. vicāra = choice)]

64.638 擈 [pǔ][archaic; (also pǔ, to strike); rare]

64.639 擉 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to pierce); rare]

64.640 擊 [jī][eng.traditional variant of 击 (to strike)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

64.641 擋 [dǎng][eng.traditional variant of 挡 (to block)][(Skt. avarodha = blocking)]

64.642 擌 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to block); rare]

64.643 操 [cāo][eng.to grasp; to operate; (also cāo, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.644 擎 [qíng][eng.to hold up; to support; (also qíng, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = support)]

64.645 擏 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to hold); rare]

64.646 擐 [huàn][eng.to put on (clothing); (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = wearing)]

64.647 擑 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to pick); rare]

64.648 擒 [qín][eng.to capture; to catch; (also qín, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to capture)]

64.649 擓 [kuǎi][archaic; (also kuǎi, to scoop); rare]

64.650 擔 [dān][eng.traditional variant of 担 (to carry)][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.651 擕 [xié][archaic variant of 携 (to carry)][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.652 擖 [jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to scrape); rare]

64.653 擗 [pì][eng.to beat the chest; (also pì, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = beating)]

64.654 擘 [bò][eng.thumb; to split; (also bò, (surname))][(Skt. aṅguṣṭha = thumb)]

64.655 擙 [ào][archaic; (also ào, to rub); rare]

64.656 據 [jù][eng.traditional variant of 据 (according to)][(Skt. yathā = according to)]

64.657 擛 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to press); rare]

64.658 擜 [è][archaic; (also è, to hold); rare]

64.659 擝 [mēng][archaic; (also mēng, to pull); rare]

64.660 擞 [sǒu][eng.to shake; to tremble; (also sǒu, (surname))][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.661 擟 [mí][archaic; (also mí, to hold); rare]

64.662 擠 [jǐ][eng.traditional variant of 挤 (to squeeze)][(Skt. pīḍana = squeezing)]

64.663 擡 [tái][archaic variant of 抬 (to lift)][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.664 擢 [zhuó][eng.to pull out; to promote; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. uddhṛ = to pull out)]

64.665 擣 [dǎo][archaic variant of 捣 (to pound)][(Skt. prahāra = pounding)]

64.666 擤 [xǐng][eng.to blow the nose; (also xǐng, (surname))][(Skt. vam = to blow)]

64.667 擥 [lǎn][archaic variant of 揽 (to take hold)][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.668 擦 [cā][eng.to wipe; to rub; (also cā, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = wiping)]

64.669 擧 [jǔ][archaic variant of 举 (to lift)][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting)]

64.670 擨 [yē][archaic; (also yē, to press); rare]

64.671 擩 [rǔ][archaic; (also rǔ, to rub); rare]

64.672 擪 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to press); rare]

64.673 擫 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to press); rare]

64.674 擬 [nǐ][eng.traditional variant of 拟 (to plan)][(Skt. saṅkalpa = plan)]

64.675 擭 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to trap); rare]

64.676 擮 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to pick); rare]

64.677 擯 [bìn][eng.traditional variant of 摈 (to discard)][(Skt. prahāṇa = rejection)]

64.678 擰 [níng][eng.traditional variant of 拧 (to twist)][(Skt. vart = to twist)]

64.679 擱 [gē][eng.traditional variant of 搁 (to place)][(Skt. sthāpana = placing)]

64.680 擲 [zhì][eng.traditional variant of 掷 (to throw)][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

64.681 擳 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to pierce); rare]

64.682 擴 [kuò][eng.traditional variant of 扩 (to expand)][(Skt. vistāra = expansion)]

64.683 擵 [mó][archaic; (also mó, to rub); rare]

64.684 擶 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to shoot); rare]

64.685 擷 [xié][eng.traditional variant of 撷 (to gather)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.686 擸 [liè][archaic; (also liè, to pull); rare]

64.687 擹 [tān][archaic; (also tān, to spread); rare]

64.688 擺 [bǎi][eng.traditional variant of 摆 (to put; arrange)][(Skt. sthāpana = arrangement)]

64.689 擻 [sǒu][eng.traditional variant of 擞 (to shake)][(Skt. kamp = to shake)]

64.690 擼 [lū][archaic variant of 撸 (to rub)][(Skt. prahāra = rubbing)]

64.691 擽 [lüè][archaic; (also lüè, to strike); rare]

64.692 擾 [rǎo][eng.traditional variant of 扰 (to disturb)][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.693 擿 [tī][archaic; (also tī, to pick); rare]

64.694 攀 [pān][eng.to climb; to ascend; (also pān, (surname))][(Skt. ārohaṇa = climbing)]

64.695 攁 [yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to move); rare]

64.696 攂 [lèi][archaic; (also lèi, to beat); rare]

64.697 攃 [cā][archaic variant of 擦 (to wipe)][(Skt. prahāra = wiping)]

64.698 攄 [shū][archaic variant of 摅 (to express)]

64.699 攅 [zǎn][archaic variant of 攒 (to gather)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.700 攆 [niǎn][eng.traditional variant of 撵 (to drive away)][(Skt. praṇaya = expulsion)]

64.701 攇 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to press); rare]

64.702 攈 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to gather); rare]

64.703 攉 [huō][archaic; (also huō, to strike); rare]

64.704 攊 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to rub); rare]

64.705 攋 [lài][archaic; (also lài, to tear); rare]

64.706 攌 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to bind); rare]

64.707 攍 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to carry); rare]

64.708 攎 [lú][archaic; (also lú, to gather); rare]

64.709 攏 [lǒng][eng.traditional variant of 拢 (to gather)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.710 攐 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to lift); rare]

64.711 攑 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to lift); rare]

64.712 攒 [cuán][eng.to gather; to assemble; (also zǎn, to save)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.713 攓 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to lift); rare]

64.714 攔 [lán][eng.traditional variant of 拦 (to block)][(Skt. avarodha = blocking)]

64.715 攕 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to rub); rare]

64.716 攖 [yīng][eng.traditional variant of 撄 (to oppose)][(Skt. viruddha = opposition)]

64.717 攗 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to gather); rare]

64.718 攘 [rǎng][eng.to push; to resist; (also rǎng, (surname))][(Skt. pratigha = resistance)]

64.719 攙 [chān][eng.traditional variant of 搀 (to support)][(Skt. sahāya = support)]

64.720 攚 [wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to cover); rare]

64.721 攛 [cuān][eng.traditional variant of 撺 (to rush)][(Skt. kṣobha = stirring)]

64.722 攜 [xié][eng.traditional variant of 携 (to carry)][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

64.723 攝 [shè][eng.traditional variant of 摄 (to take; absorb)][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.724 攞 [luó][archaic; (also luó, to gather); rare]

64.725 攟 [jùn][archaic variant of 攈 (to gather)]

64.726 攠 [mó][archaic; (also mó, to rub); rare]

64.727 攡 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to spread); rare]

64.728 攢 [zǎn][eng.traditional variant of 攒 (to gather)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

64.729 攣 [luán][eng.traditional variant of 挛 (twisted)][(Skt. vakra = bent)]

64.730 攤 [tān][eng.traditional variant of 摊 (to spread)][(Skt. vistāra = spread)]

64.731 攥 [zuàn][eng.to hold; to grasp; (also zuàn, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

64.732 攦 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to break); rare]

64.733 攧 [diān][archaic; (also diān, to shake); rare]

64.734 攨 [wā][archaic; (also wā, to dig); rare]

64.735 攩 [dǎng][archaic; (also dǎng, to block); rare]

64.736 攪 [jiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 搅 (to stir)][(Skt. kṣobha = disturbance)]

64.737 攫 [jué][eng.to seize; to grab; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to seize)]

64.738 攬 [lǎn][eng.traditional variant of 揽 (to take hold)][(Skt. grah = to take)]

64.739 攭 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to break); rare]

64.740 攮 [nǎng][archaic; (also nǎng, to push); rare]

64.741 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 64 (手)

64.742 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

64.743 64.1 手 (shǒu) [skt.hasta; pāṇi] — The radical itself; represents the hand. Translates two roots. (1) hasta (hand). (2) pāṇi (hand). Appears in countless characters related to actions, gestures, and manual activities. Central to Buddhist descriptions of gestures (mudrā) and actions (karman).

64.744 64.3 才 (cái) [skt.pratibhā] — Translates pratibhā (talent, brilliance). Used in 才能 (pratibhā, talent). Appears in Buddhist discussions of spiritual talents and abilities.

64.745 64.9 打 (dǎ) [skt.prahāra] — Translates prahāra (strike, blow). Used in 打击 (prahāra, to strike). Appears in many compound verbs.

64.746 64.53 承 (chéng) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Translates dhāraṇa (bearing, holding). Used in 承擔 (dhāraṇa, to bear). Appears in Buddhist compound 承事 (paricaryā, service/attending).

64.747 64.54 技 (jì) [skt.kalā] — Translates kalā (skill, art). Used in 技能 (kalā, skill). Appears in Buddhist discussions of skills and arts.

64.748 64.183 持 (chí) [skt.dhāraṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates dhāraṇa (holding, maintaining). Used in 持戒 (śīla-dhāraṇa, observing the precepts). Appears in Buddhist compound 陀罗尼 (dhāraṇī, a mnemonic device/mantra). Central to Buddhist practice.

64.749 64.189 指 (zhǐ) [skt.aṅguli] — Translates aṅguli (finger). Used in 手指 (aṅguli, finger). Appears in descriptions of gestures.

64.750 64.169 拳 (quán) [skt.muṣṭi] — Translates muṣṭi (fist). Used in 拳头 (muṣṭi, fist).

64.751 64.255 捉 (zhuō) [skt.grah] — Translates grah (to catch, seize). Used in 捕捉 (grah, to catch). Appears in Buddhist compound 捉持 (grahaṇa, grasping).

64.752 64.262 捐 (juān) [skt.dāna] — Translates dāna (donation). Used in 捐贈 (dāna, to donate). Dāna is the first of the Six Perfections (pāramitā).

64.753 64.318 授 (shòu) [skt.deśanā] — CRITICAL — Translates deśanā (teaching, giving). Used in 教授 (deśanā, to teach). Appears in Buddhist compound 授記 (vyākaraṇa, prophecy/prediction).

64.754 64.322 掌 (zhǎng) [skt.pāṇi] — Translates pāṇi (palm). Used in 手掌 (pāṇi, palm). Appears in 掌中 (kara-tala, in the palm).

64.755 64.344 探 (tàn) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Translates anveṣaṇa (exploration, seeking). Used in 探索 (anveṣaṇa, to explore). Appears in descriptions of seeking the truth.

64.756 64.347 接 (jiē) [skt.pratigraha] — Translates pratigraha (reception). Used in 接受 (pratigraha, to receive). Appears in Buddhist compound 接引 (saṅgraha, guiding/receiving).

64.757 64.390 提 (tí) [skt.utkṣepa] — CRITICAL — Translates utkṣepa (lifting, raising). Used in 提起 (utkṣepa, to lift). Appears in Buddhist compound 菩提 (bodhi, awakening) — the character 提 is the phonetic component in the transliteration of bodhi.

64.758 64.419 揭 (jiē) [skt.utkṣepa] — Translates utkṣepa (raising). Used in 揭開 (utkṣepa, to uncover). Appears in compound 揭谛 (gāthā, verse) in the Heart Sutra.

64.759 64.426 援 (yuán) [skt.sahāya] — Translates sahāya (assistance). Used in 援助 (sahāya, to assist).

64.760 64.466 搜 (sōu) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Translates anveṣaṇa (search). Used in 搜索 (anveṣaṇa, to search).

64.761 64.482 搬 (bān) [skt.calana] — Translates calana (movement). Used in 搬運 (calana, to transport).

64.762 64.543 摩 (mó) [skt.prahāra] — CRITICAL — Translates prahāra (rubbing) and appears in Buddhist compound 摩诃 (mahā, great) and 摩尼 (maṇi, jewel). Used in 摩擦 (prahāra, to rub).

64.763 64.558 摸 (mō) [skt.spṛś] — Translates spṛś (to touch). Used in 摸索 (spṛś, to grope).

64.764 64.559 摹 (mó) [skt.anukaraṇa] — Translates anukaraṇa (imitation). Used in 摹仿 (anukaraṇa, to imitate).

64.765 64.596 撞 (zhuàng) [skt.saṅghaṭṭa] — Translates saṅghaṭṭa (collision). Used in 撞擊 (saṅghaṭṭa, to collide).

64.766 64.611 播 (bō) [skt.vikiraṇa] — Translates vikiraṇa (sowing, scattering). Used in 播種 (vikiraṇa, to sow). Appears in Buddhist contexts of sowing seeds of virtue.

64.767 64.614 撰 (zhuàn) [skt.racana] — Translates racana (composition). Used in 撰寫 (racana, to compose).

64.768 64.635 擅 (shàn) [skt.kuśala] — Translates kuśala (skill). Used in 擅長 (kuśala, to be good at).

64.769 64.643 操 (cāo) [skt.grah] — Translates grah (to grasp). Used in 操作 (grah, to operate). Appears in Buddhist compound 操行 (carita, conduct).

64.770 64.644 擎 (qíng) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Translates dhāraṇa (support). Used in 擎起 (dhāraṇa, to hold up).

64.771 64.648 擒 (qín) [skt.grah] — Translates grah (to capture). Used in 擒拿 (grah, to seize).

64.772 64.654 擘 (bò) [skt.aṅguṣṭha] — Translates aṅguṣṭha (thumb). Used in 巨擘 (mahā-aṅguṣṭha, great master).

64.773 64.694 攀 (pān) [skt.ārohaṇa] — Translates ārohaṇa (climbing). Used in 攀登 (ārohaṇa, to climb).

64.774 64.718 攘 (rǎng) [skt.pratigha] — Translates pratigha (resistance). Used in 攘除 (pratigha, to remove). Appears in Buddhist discussions of removing obstacles.

64.775 64.737 攫 (jué) [skt.grah] — Translates grah (to seize). Used in 攫取 (grah, to seize).

65 支

65.1 支 [chn.zhī][eng.to support; to sustain; to branch; to disperse; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch; Skt. dhāraṇa = support)]

65.2 攰 [chn.guì][archaic; (also guì, to be exhausted); rare][(Skt. klama = exhaustion)]

65.3 攱 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to support); rare][(Skt. dhāraṇa = support)]

65.4 攲 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to tilt; to lean); rare][(Skt. vakra = tilted)]

65.5 攳 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to extend); rare][(Skt. vistāra = extension)]

65.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 65 (支)

65.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

65.8 65.1 支 (zhī) [skt.śākhā; dhāraṇa] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) śākhā (branch) appears in 分支 (śākhā, branch). (2) dhāraṇa (support) appears in 支持 (dhāraṇa, to support). Appears in Buddhist compound 支分 (aṅga, limb/factor) and 支那 (cīna, China). Also appears in compound 八支 (aṣṭāṅga, eightfold), as in the Eightfold Path (āryāṣṭāṅgika-mārga).

65.9 65.2 攰 (guì) [skt.klama] — Translates klama (exhaustion). Rare; used for "to be exhausted" and "fatigue."

65.10 65.3 攱 (guǐ) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Translates dhāraṇa (support). Archaic; used for "to support" and "to prop up."

65.11 65.4 攲 (qī) [skt.vakra] — Translates vakra (tilted). Rare; used for "to tilt" and "to lean."

66 攴

66.1 攴 [chn.pū][eng.to knock; to tap; to strike; to beat; radical 66][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

66.2 攵 [chn.pū][eng.to knock; to tap; to strike; (used as right radical)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

66.3 收 [chn.shōu][eng.to receive; to collect; to gather; (also shōu, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

66.4 攷 [chn.kǎo][archaic variant of 考 (to examine; to test)][(Skt. parīkṣā = examination)]

66.5 攸 [chn.yōu][archaic; (also yōu, (surname)); rare]

66.6 改 [chn.gǎi][eng.to change; to alter; to reform; (also gǎi, (surname))][(Skt. parivarta = change)]

66.7 攺 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to change); rare]

66.8 攻 [chn.gōng][eng.to attack; to assault; to study; (also gōng, (surname))][(Skt. ākramaṇa = attack)]

66.9 攼 [chn.gān][archaic; (also gān, to strike); rare]

66.10 攽 [chn.bān][archaic; (also bān, to distribute); rare]

66.11 放 [chn.fàng][eng.to release; to set free; to put; (also fàng, (surname))][(Skt. muñc = to release)]

66.12 政 [chn.zhèng][eng.government; politics; (also zhèng, (surname))][(Skt. rājya = government)]

66.13 敀 [chn.pò][archaic; (also pò, to force); rare]

66.14 敁 [chn.diān][archaic; (also diān, to weigh); rare]

66.15 敂 [chn.kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to knock); rare]

66.16 敃 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be strong); rare]

66.17 敄 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to strive); rare]

66.18 故 [chn.gù][eng.old; former; reason; (also gù, (surname))][(Skt. purāṇa = old; Skt. hetu = reason)]

66.19 敆 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to unite); rare]

66.20 敇 [chn.cè][archaic; (also cè, to whip); rare]

66.21 效 [chn.xiào][eng.effect; to imitate; to be effective; (also xiào, (surname))][(Skt. anukaraṇa = imitation; Skt. phala = effect)]

66.22 敉 [chn.mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to pacify); rare]

66.23 敊 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to gather); rare]

66.24 敋 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to strike); rare]

66.25 敌 [chn.dí][eng.enemy; to oppose; (also dí, (surname))][(Skt. śatru = enemy)]

66.26 敍 [chn.xù][archaic variant of 敘 (to narrate; to relate)][(Skt. kathana = narration)]

66.27 敎 [chn.jiào][archaic variant of 教 (to teach)][(Skt. deśanā = teaching)]

66.28 敏 [chn.mǐn][eng.quick; agile; clever; (also mǐn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣipra = quick)]

66.29 敐 [chn.chén][archaic; (also chén, to shake); rare]

66.30 救 [chn.jiù][eng.to save; to rescue; to relieve; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. uddhāra = rescue)]

66.31 敒 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to extend); rare]

66.32 敓 [chn.duó][archaic variant of 夺 (to seize)][(Skt. apahāra = seizing)]

66.33 敔 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to stop); rare]

66.34 敕 [chn.chì][eng.imperial order; to command; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. ājñā = order)]

66.35 敖 [chn.áo][archaic; (also áo, to saunter); rare]

66.36 敗 [chn.bài][eng.traditional variant of 败 (to defeat; to lose)][(Skt. parājaya = defeat)]

66.37 敘 [chn.xù][eng.traditional variant of 叙 (to narrate; to relate)][(Skt. kathana = narration)]

66.38 教 [chn.jiào][eng.to teach; to instruct; religion; (also jiào, (surname))][(Skt. deśanā = teaching; Skt. śāsana = doctrine)]

66.39 敚 [chn.duó][archaic variant of 夺 (to seize)][(Skt. apahāra = seizing)]

66.40 敛 [chn.liǎn][eng.to collect; to gather; (also liǎn, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

66.41 敜 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to block); rare]

66.42 敝 [chn.bì][eng.old; worn out; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. jīrṇa = worn out)]

66.43 敞 [chn.chǎng][eng.open; spacious; (also chǎng, (surname))][(Skt. vistīrṇa = spacious)]

66.44 敟 [chn.diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to rule); rare]

66.45 敠 [chn.duō][archaic; (also duō, to weigh); rare]

66.46 敡 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to change); rare]

66.47 敢 [chn.gǎn][eng.to dare; to venture; (also gǎn, (surname))][(Skt. śakya = daring)]

66.48 散 [chn.sàn][eng.to scatter; to disperse; (also sǎn, to be scattered)][(Skt. vikiraṇa = scattering)]

66.49 敤 [chn.kě][archaic; (also kě, to strike); rare]

66.50 敥 [chn.yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to scatter); rare]

66.51 敦 [chn.dūn][eng.sincere; honest; to urge; (also duì, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

66.52 敧 [chn.qī][archaic variant of 攲 (to tilt)][(Skt. vakra = tilted)]

66.53 敨 [chn.tǒu][archaic; (also tǒu, to open); rare]

66.54 敩 [chn.xiào][archaic variant of 效 (to imitate)][(Skt. anukaraṇa = imitation)]

66.55 敪 [chn.duō][archaic; (also duō, to weigh); rare]

66.56 敫 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to stimulate); rare]

66.57 敬 [chn.jìng][eng.to respect; to revere; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

66.58 敭 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to spread); rare]

66.59 敮 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to gather); rare]

66.60 敯 [chn.mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be quick); rare]

66.61 数 [chn.shù][eng.number; to count; several; (also shǔ, to count)][(Skt. saṃkhyā = number)]

66.62 敱 [chn.ái][archaic; (also ái, to knock); rare]

66.63 敲 [chn.qiāo][eng.to knock; to beat; to strike; (also qiāo, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = knock)]

66.64 敳 [chn.ái][archaic; (also ái, to knock); rare]

66.65 整 [chn.zhěng][eng.to arrange; to order; to rectify; (also zhěng, (surname))][(Skt. vyavasthā = arrangement)]

66.66 敵 [chn.dí][eng.traditional variant of 敌 (enemy; to oppose)][(Skt. śatru = enemy)]

66.67 敶 [chn.chén][archaic; (also chén, to arrange); rare]

66.68 敷 [chn.fū][eng.to spread; to lay out; to apply; (also fū, (surname))][(Skt. vistara = spreading)]

66.69 數 [chn.shù][eng.traditional variant of 数 (number; to count)][(Skt. saṃkhyā = number)]

66.70 敹 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to sew); rare]

66.71 敺 [chn.qū][archaic; (also qū, to drive); rare]

66.72 敻 [chn.xiòng][archaic; (also xiòng, to be distant); rare]

66.73 敼 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to play); rare]

66.74 敽 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to bind); rare]

66.75 敾 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to arrange); rare]

66.76 敿 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to bind); rare]

66.77 斀 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to strike); rare]

66.78 斁 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to dislike); rare]

66.79 斂 [chn.liǎn][eng.traditional variant of 敛 (to collect)][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

66.80 斃 [chn.bì][archaic variant of 毙 (to fall; to die)][(Skt. pat = to fall)]

66.81 斄 [chn.lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to gather); rare]

66.82 斅 [chn.xiào][archaic; (also xiào, to teach); rare]

66.83 斆 [chn.xiào][archaic variant of 斅 (to teach)]

66.84 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 66 (攴)

66.85 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

66.86 66.1 攴 (pū) [skt.prahāra] — The radical itself; represents a hand holding a stick or rod, striking or tapping. Translates prahāra (strike). Appears in many characters related to action, discipline, and authority.

66.87 66.3 收 (shōu) [skt.saṅgraha] — CRITICAL — Translates saṅgraha (collection, gathering). Used in 收集 (saṅgraha, to collect). Appears in Buddhist compound 收摄 (saṅgraha, gathering in).

66.88 66.6 改 (gǎi) [skt.parivarta] — Translates parivarta (change). Used in 改变 (parivarta, to change). Appears in Buddhist discussions of transformation.

66.89 66.8 攻 (gōng) [skt.ākramaṇa] — Translates ākramaṇa (attack). Used in 攻击 (ākramaṇa, to attack).

66.90 66.11 放 (fàng) [skt.muñc] — CRITICAL — Translates muñc (to release). Used in 放生 (muñc, to release living beings). Appears in Buddhist compound 放逸 (pramāda, heedlessness).

66.91 66.12 政 (zhèng) [skt.rājya] — CRITICAL — Translates rājya (government). Used in 政治 (rājya, politics). Appears in Buddhist contexts for righteous rule (dharma-rājya).

66.92 66.18 故 (gù) [skt.purāṇa; hetu] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) purāṇa (old). (2) hetu (reason). Used in 故事 (purāṇa, story) and 缘故 (hetu, reason). Appears in Buddhist compound 故道 (pūrva-mārga, old path).

66.93 66.21 效 (xiào) [skt.anukaraṇa; phala] — Translates two roots. (1) anukaraṇa (imitation). (2) phala (effect). Used in 效果 (phala, result/effect). Appears in Buddhist discussions of cause and effect.

66.94 66.25 敌 (dí) [skt.śatru] — Translates śatru (enemy). Used in 敌人 (śatru, enemy). Appears in Buddhist similes for defilements as enemies.

66.95 66.28 敏 (mǐn) [skt.kṣipra] — Translates kṣipra (quick). Used in 敏捷 (kṣipra, quick). Appears in Buddhist contexts for quick understanding.

66.96 66.30 救 (jiù) [skt.uddhāra] — CRITICAL — Translates uddhāra (rescue, saving). Used in 救援 (uddhāra, to rescue). Appears in Buddhist compound 救度 (tāraṇa, saving/giving refuge).

66.97 66.34 敕 (chì) [skt.ājñā] — Translates ājñā (order). Used in 敕令 (ājñā, decree). Appears in administrative contexts.

66.98 66.38 教 (jiào) [skt.deśanā; śāsana] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) deśanā (teaching). (2) śāsana (doctrine). One of the most important Buddhist terms. Appears in 佛教 (Buddha-śāsana, Buddhism) and 教法 (deśanā, teachings of the Buddha).

66.99 66.40 敛 (liǎn) [skt.saṅgraha] — Translates saṅgraha (collection). Used in 敛聚 (saṃcaya, accumulation). Appears in Buddhist discussions of collecting merit.

66.100 66.42 敝 (bì) [skt.jīrṇa] — Translates jīrṇa (worn out). Used in 敝旧 (jīrṇa, old). Appears in descriptions of decay and impermanence.

66.101 66.43 敞 (chǎng) [skt.vistīrṇa] — Translates vistīrṇa (spacious). Used in 敞开 (vistīrṇa, to open). Appears in descriptions of openness.

66.102 66.47 敢 (gǎn) [skt.śakya] — Translates śakya (daring). Used in 敢于 (śakya, to dare). Appears in Buddhist discussions of courageous practice.

66.103 66.48 散 (sàn) [skt.vikiraṇa] — Translates vikiraṇa (scattering). Used in 散乱 (vikṣepa, distraction). Appears in Buddhist compound 散乱 (vikṣepa, distraction), a key hindrance to meditation.

66.104 66.51 敦 (dūn) [skt.satya] — Translates satya (sincere). Used in 敦厚 (satya, sincere). Appears in descriptions of sincerity.

66.105 66.57 敬 (jìng) [skt.gaurava] — CRITICAL — Translates gaurava (respect, reverence). Used in 尊敬 (gaurava, to respect). Appears in Buddhist compound 恭敬 (gaurava, reverence).

66.106 66.61 数 (shù) [skt.saṃkhyā] — CRITICAL — Translates saṃkhyā (number, counting). Used in 数量 (saṃkhyā, quantity). Appears in Buddhist compound 数法 (saṃkhyā-dharma, numeration).

66.107 66.63 敲 (qiāo) [skt.prahāra] — Translates prahāra (knock). Used in 敲打 (prahāra, to knock). Appears in descriptions of striking.

66.108 66.65 整 (zhěng) [skt.vyavasthā] — Translates vyavasthā (arrangement). Used in 整理 (vyavasthā, to arrange). Appears in Buddhist discussions of order.

66.109 66.66 敵 (dí) [skt.śatru] — Traditional variant of 敌. Translates śatru (enemy). See Character 66.25.

66.110 66.68 敷 (fū) [skt.vistara] — Translates vistara (spreading). Used in 敷设 (vistara, to lay out). Appears in descriptions of spreading.

66.111 66.69 數 (shù) [skt.saṃkhyā] — Traditional variant of 数. Translates saṃkhyā (number). See Character 66.61.

66.112 66.79 斂 (liǎn) [skt.saṅgraha] — Traditional variant of 敛. Translates saṅgraha (collection). See Character 66.40.

67 文

67.1 文 [chn.wén][eng.script; literature; culture; writing; pattern; (also wén, (surname))][skt.akṣara; (Skt. śāstra = literature; Skt. saṃskṛti = culture)]

67.2 斈 [chn.xué][archaic variant of 学 (to study; to learn)][(Skt. śikṣā = study)]

67.3 斉 [chn.qí][eng.Japanese variant of 齊 (even; uniform; together)][(Skt. sama = even)]

67.4 斊 [chn.qí][archaic variant of 齊 (even; uniform; together)][(Skt. sama = even)]

67.5 斋 [chn.zhāi][eng.to fast; to abstain; study; (also zhāi, (surname))][(Skt. upavāsa = fasting)]

67.6 斌 [chn.bīn][eng.refined; elegant; (also bīn, (surname))][(Skt. śiṣṭa = refined)]

67.7 斍 [chn.jué][archaic variant of 觉 (to awaken; to perceive)][(Skt. budh = to awaken)]

67.8 斎 [chn.zhāi][eng.Japanese variant of 齋 (to fast; to abstain)][(Skt. upavāsa = fasting)]

67.9 斏 [chn.láng][archaic; (also láng, to be bright); rare]

67.10 斐 [chn.fěi][eng.elegant; refined; (also fēi, (surname))][(Skt. śiṣṭa = refined)]

67.11 斑 [chn.bān][eng.spotted; mottled; (also bān, (surname))][(Skt. citra = spotted)]

67.12 斒 [chn.bān][archaic variant of 斑 (spotted; mottled)][(Skt. citra = spotted)]

67.13 斓 [chn.lán][eng.colorful; brilliant; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. citra = colorful)]

67.14 斔 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to measure); rare]

67.15 斕 [chn.lán][eng.traditional variant of 斓 (colorful; brilliant)][(Skt. citra = colorful)]

67.16 斖 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be elegant); rare]

67.17 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 67 (文)

67.18 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

67.19 67.1 文 (wén) [skt.akṣara; śāstra; saṃskṛti] — CRITICAL — Translates three roots. (1) akṣara (script, letter). (2) śāstra (literature, treatise). (3) saṃskṛti (culture). Appears in Buddhist compound 文字 (akṣara, script/word) and 文殊 (Mañjuśrī, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom). One of the most important characters in Chinese civilization.

67.20 67.2 斈 (xué) [skt.śikṣā] — Archaic variant of 学. Translates śikṣā (study, learning). See Section 39, Character 39.23.

67.21 67.3 斉 (qí) [skt.sama] — Japanese variant of 齊. Translates sama (even, uniform). Used in 斉心 (ekacitta, one mind).

67.22 67.5 斋 (zhāi) [skt.upavāsa] — CRITICAL — Translates upavāsa (fasting). Used in 斋戒 (upavāsa-śīla, fasting precepts). Appears in Buddhist practice of fasting and purification.

67.23 67.6 斌 (bīn) [skt.śiṣṭa] — Translates śiṣṭa (refined). Used in 斌斌 (śiṣṭa, refined). Appears in names and descriptions of cultured individuals.

67.24 67.7 斍 (jué) [skt.budh] — Archaic variant of 觉. Translates budh (to awaken). See Section 147 for the full treatment of 觉.

67.25 67.10 斐 (fěi) [skt.śiṣṭa] — Translates śiṣṭa (elegant). Used in 斐然 (śiṣṭa, elegant/brilliant).

67.26 67.11 斑 (bān) [skt.citra] — Translates citra (spotted, variegated). Used in 斑驳 (citra, variegated). Appears in descriptions of color and pattern.

67.27 67.13 斓 (lán) [skt.citra] — Translates citra (colorful). Used in 斑斓 (citra, colorful). Appears in descriptions of brilliant colors.

68 斗

68.1 斗 [chn.dǒu][eng.dipper; ladle; a unit of measure; Big Dipper; (also dǒu, (surname))][skt.darvi; (Skt. kumbha = vessel; Skt. nāḍī = measure)]

68.2 斘 [chn.shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to ascend); rare]

68.3 料 [chn.liào][eng.material; ingredients; to estimate; (also liào, (surname))][(Skt. dravya = material; Skt. sambhāra = ingredients)]

68.4 斚 [chn.jiǎ][archaic variant of 斝 (wine vessel)][(Skt. kumbha = vessel)]

68.5 斛 [chn.hú][eng.ancient unit of measure (10 dǒu); (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. nāḍī = measure)]

68.6 斜 [chn.xié][eng.oblique; slanting; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. vakra = oblique)]

68.7 斝 [chn.jiǎ][eng.ancient wine vessel; (also jiǎ, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = vessel)]

68.8 斞 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to measure); rare]

68.9 斟 [chn.zhēn][eng.to pour (wine/tea); to deliberate; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. upanayana = pouring; Skt. cintā = deliberation)]

68.10 斠 [chn.jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to measure); rare]

68.11 斡 [chn.wò][eng.to turn; to spin; to manage; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. parivartana = turning; Skt. paryāya = rotation)]

68.12 斢 [chn.tiǎo][archaic; (also tiǎo, to change); rare]

68.13 斣 [chn.dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to trade); rare]

68.14 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 68 (斗)

68.15 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

68.16 68.1 斗 (dǒu) [skt.darvi; kumbha; nāḍī] — The radical itself; represents a dipper or ladle. Translates three roots. (1) darvi (ladle, dipper). (2) kumbha (vessel). (3) nāḍī (measure). Also the name of the Big Dipper (北斗, saptarṣi), important in Buddhist astrology and cosmology.

68.17 68.3 料 (liào) [skt.dravya; sambhāra] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) dravya (material, substance). (2) sambhāra (ingredients, collection). Used in 材料 (dravya, material). Appears in Buddhist discussions of provisioning and ingredients.

68.18 68.5 斛 (hú) [skt.nāḍī] — Translates nāḍī (measure). An ancient unit of measure (10 dǒu). Appears in descriptions of offerings and measurements.

68.19 68.6 斜 (xié) [skt.vakra] — Translates vakra (oblique, slanting). Used in 斜面 (vakra, inclined surface). Appears in descriptions of geometry.

68.20 68.7 斝 (jiǎ) [skt.kumbha] — Translates kumbha (vessel). Ancient wine vessel. Appears in descriptions of ritual vessels.

68.21 68.9 斟 (zhēn) [skt.upanayana; cintā] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) upanayana (pouring). (2) cintā (deliberation, thinking). Used in 斟酌 (cintā, to deliberate/consider carefully). Appears in Buddhist discussions of careful consideration.

68.22 68.11 斡 (wò) [skt.parivartana; paryāya] — Translates two roots. (1) parivartana (turning). (2) paryāya (rotation). Used in 斡旋 (parivartana, mediation). Appears in descriptions of turning and managing.

69 斤

69.1 斤 [chn.jīn][eng.axe; to chop; keen; shrewd; a unit of weight (half kilogram); (also jīn, (surname))][(Skt. paraśu = axe; Skt. tīkṣṇa = keen)]

69.2 斥 [chn.chì][eng.to scold; to blame; to drive away; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. nindā = scolding)]

69.3 斦 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be sharp); rare]

69.4 斧 [chn.fǔ][eng.axe; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. paraśu = axe)]

69.5 斨 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to chop); rare]

69.6 斩 [chn.zhǎn][eng.to chop; to behead; (also zhǎn, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

69.7 斪 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, to toil); rare]

69.8 斫 [chn.zhuó][eng.to chop; to cut; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

69.9 斬 [chn.zhǎn][eng.traditional variant of 斩 (to chop; to behead)][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

69.10 断 [chn.duàn][eng.to cut; to break; to judge; (also duàn, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting; Skt. nirṇaya = judgment)]

69.11 斮 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to chop); rare]

69.12 斯 [chn.sī][eng.this; (also sī, (surname))][(Skt. idam = this)]

69.13 新 [chn.xīn][eng.new; fresh; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. nava = new)]

69.14 斱 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to chop); rare]

69.15 斲 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to chop); rare]

69.16 斳 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to be diligent); rare]

69.17 斴 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be sharp); rare]

69.18 斵 [chn.zhuó][archaic variant of 斲 (to chop)][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

69.19 斶 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to cut); rare]

69.20 斷 [chn.duàn][eng.traditional variant of 断 (to cut; to break; to judge)][(Skt. cheda = cutting; Skt. nirṇaya = judgment)]

69.21 斸 [chn.zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to chop); rare]

69.22 Key Scholarly Notes for Section 69 (斤)

69.23 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

69.24 69.1 斤 (jīn) [skt.paraśu; tīkṣṇa] — The radical itself; represents an axe. Translates two roots. (1) paraśu (axe). (2) tīkṣṇa (keen, sharp). Also a unit of weight (half kilogram). Appears in compound 斤斤 (sūkṣma, meticulous/keen).

69.25 69.2 斥 (chì) [skt.nindā] — Translates nindā (scolding). Used in 斥责 (nindā, rebuke). Appears in descriptions of criticism and blame.

69.26 69.4 斧 (fǔ) [skt.paraśu] — Translates paraśu (axe). Used in 斧头 (paraśu, axe). Appears in Buddhist similes about cutting down attachments.

69.27 69.6 斩 (zhǎn) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting). Used in 斩断 (cheda, to cut off). Appears in Buddhist compound 斩杀 (vadha, killing) and in descriptions of cutting off defilements.

69.28 69.8 斫 (zhuó) [skt.cheda] — Translates cheda (cutting). Used in 斫削 (cheda, to chop). Appears in descriptions of cutting down trees and attachments.

69.29 69.10 断 (duàn) [skt.cheda; nirṇaya] — CRITICAL — Translates two roots. (1) cheda (cutting). (2) nirṇaya (judgment, decision). Used in 断除 (prahāṇa, cutting off/abandoning). Appears in Buddhist compound 断惑 (kṣaya, cutting off defilements) and 断见 (uccheda-dṛṣṭi, annihilationism). Central to Buddhist practice of cutting off attachments.

69.30 69.12 斯 (sī) [skt.idam] — Translates idam (this). Used as a demonstrative pronoun. Appears in classical and Buddhist texts.

69.31 69.13 新 (xīn) [skt.nava] — CRITICAL — Translates nava (new). Used in 新鲜 (nava, fresh). Appears in Buddhist compound 新学 (nava-śaikṣa, new learner). Central to the idea of fresh beginnings on the path.

69.32 69.20 斷 (duàn) [skt.cheda; nirṇaya] — Traditional variant of 断. Translates two roots. (1) cheda (cutting). (2) nirṇaya (judgment). See Character 69.10.

70 方

70.1 方 [chn.fāng][eng.square; direction; region; side; method; (also fāng, (surname))][skt.dik; (Skt. deśa = region; Skt. vidhi = method)]

70.2 斺 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a banner); rare]

70.3 斻 [chn.háng][archaic; (also háng, to be a boat); rare]

70.4 於 [chn.yú][eng.at; in; to; for; (also yū, (surname))][(Skt. iti = in; Skt. prati = to)]

70.5 施 [chn.shī][eng.to give; to bestow; to enact; (also shī, (surname))][(Skt. dāna = giving; Skt. pracāra = enacting)]

70.6 斾 [chn.pèi][archaic variant of 旆 (banner; flag)][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

70.7 斿 [chn.yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to roam); rare]

70.8 旀 [chn.miè][archaic; (also miè, to be a banner); rare]

70.9 旁 [chn.páng][eng.side; beside; (also páng, (surname))][(Skt. pārśva = side; Skt. samīpa = near)]

70.10 旂 [chn.qí][archaic variant of 旗 (flag; banner)][(Skt. dhvaja = flag)]

70.11 旃 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be a banner); rare]

70.12 旄 [chn.máo][eng.ancient banner; (also máo, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

70.13 旅 [chn.lǚ][eng.travel; journey; troops; (also lǚ, (surname))][(Skt. yātrā = travel; Skt. senā = troops)]

70.14 旆 [chn.pèi][eng.banner; flag; (also pèi, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

70.15 旇 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a banner); rare]

70.16 旈 [chn.liú][archaic; (also liú, to be a banner); rare]

70.17 旉 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to spread); rare]

70.18 旊 [chn.fǎng][archaic; (also fǎng, to be a banner); rare]

70.19 旋 [chn.xuán][eng.to whirl; to revolve; to return; (also xuàn, to spin)][(Skt. bhramaṇa = revolving; Skt. nivartana = return)]

70.20 旌 [chn.jīng][eng.banner; to praise; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = banner; Skt. praśaṃsā = praise)]

70.21 旍 [chn.jīng][archaic variant of 旌 (banner; to praise)][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

70.22 旎 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

70.23 族 [chn.zú][eng.clan; family; race; (also zú, (surname))][(Skt. gotra = clan; Skt. jāti = family)]

70.24 旐 [chn.zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to be a banner); rare]

70.25 旑 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be a banner); rare]

70.26 旒 [chn.liú][archaic; (also liú, to be a banner); rare]

70.27 旓 [chn.shāo][archaic; (also shāo, to be a banner); rare]

70.28 旔 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be a banner); rare]

70.29 旕 [chn.zān][archaic; (also zān, to be a banner); rare]

70.30 旖 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be beautiful); rare]

70.31 旗 [chn.qí][eng.flag; banner; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = flag)]

70.32 旘 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a banner); rare]

70.33 旙 [chn.fān][archaic; (also fān, to be a banner); rare]

70.34 旚 [chn.piāo][archaic; (also piāo, to be a banner); rare]

70.35 旛 [chn.fān][archaic variant of 幡 (banner; flag)][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

70.36 旜 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be a banner); rare]

70.37 旝 [chn.kuài][archaic; (also kuài, to be a banner); rare]

70.38 旞 [chn.suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a banner); rare]

70.39 旟 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a banner); rare]

70.40 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.70

70.41 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

70.42 70.1 方 (fāng) [skt.dik; deśa; vidhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "square," "direction," "region," and "method." Appears in Buddhist compound 方便 (upāya, skillful means), a key Mahāyāna concept; also 四方 (catvāri dik, four directions) and 方法 (vidhi, method)

70.43 70.4 於 (yú) [skt.iti; prati] — Used as a preposition meaning "at," "in," and "to"; appears in countless Buddhist texts

70.44 70.5 施 (shī) [skt.dāna; pracāra] — CRITICAL — Used for "to give" and "to bestow"; appears in Buddhist compound 布施 (dāna, generosity), the first of the Six Perfections (pāramitā)

70.45 70.9 旁 (páng) [skt.pārśva; samīpa] — Used for "side" and "beside"; appears in compound 旁听 (upaśravaṇa, listening nearby)

70.46 70.10 旂 (qí) [skt.dhvaja] — Archaic variant of 旗; used for "flag" and "banner"

70.47 70.11 旃 (zhān) [skt.dhvaja] — Used for "banner"; appears in compound 旃檀 (candana, sandalwood)

70.48 70.12 旄 (máo) [skt.dhvaja] — Ancient banner; appears in descriptions of processions

70.49 70.13 旅 (lǚ) [skt.yātrā; senā] — Used for "travel" and "troops"; appears in compound 旅行 (yātrā, journey)

70.50 70.14 旆 (pèi) [skt.dhvaja] — Used for "banner" and "flag"; appears in descriptions of processions

70.51 70.19 旋 (xuán) [skt.bhramaṇa; nivartana] — Used for "to whirl" and "to return"; appears in Buddhist compound 旋陀罗尼 (dhāraṇī, revolving)

70.52 70.20 旌 (jīng) [skt.dhvaja; praśaṃsā] — Used for "banner" and "to praise"; appears in descriptions of honor and recognition

70.53 70.23 族 (zú) [skt.gotra; jāti] — CRITICAL — Used for "clan" and "family"; appears in Buddhist compound 种族 (gotra, lineage/family) and 佛族 (Buddha-gotra, Buddha lineage)

70.54 70.31 旗 (qí) [skt.dhvaja] — Used for "flag" and "banner"; appears in Buddhist ritual compound 幢幡 (dhvaja-paṭākā, banners and flags)

70.55 70.35 旛 (fān) [skt.dhvaja] — Archaic variant of 幡; used for "banner" and "flag"; appears in Buddhist ritual contexts

71 无

71.1 无 [chn.wú][eng.to have not; without; non-; (also wú, (surname))][skt.a; (Skt. na = not; Skt. nir = without)]

71.2 旡 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be full); rare]

71.3 既 [chn.jì][eng.already; since; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. eva = already; Skt. yasmāt = since)]

71.4 旣 [chn.jì][archaic variant of 既 (already; since)][(Skt. eva = already)]

71.5 旤 [chn.huò][archaic; (also huò, to be calamitous); rare]

71.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.71

71.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

71.8 71.1 无 (wú) [skt.a-; na; nir-] — CRITICAL — Used for "without" and "non-". Appears in countless Buddhist compound terms as the negative prefix, equivalent to Sanskrit a- or an-: 无常 (anitya, impermanent), 无我 (anātman, no-self), 无明 (avidyā, ignorance), 无为 (asaṃskṛta, unconditioned), 涅槃 (nirvāṇa, from nir- + √vā, "without blowing")

71.9 71.3 既 (jì) [skt.eva; yasmāt] — CRITICAL — Used for "already" and "since". Appears in Buddhist texts as a temporal marker, indicating something already accomplished. Also used in compound 既然 (yasmāt, since/whereas)

71.10 71.4 旣 (jì) [skt.eva] — Archaic variant of 既; appears in classical and Buddhist texts

71.11 71.5 旤 (huò) [skt.śoka] — Rare; used for "calamity" and "disaster"

72 日

72.1 日 [chn.rì][eng.sun; day; (also rì, (surname))][skt.sūrya; (Skt. divasa = day)]

72.2 旦 [chn.dàn][eng.dawn; morning; (also dàn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn)]

72.3 旧 [chn.jiù][eng.old; former; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. purāṇa = old)]

72.4 旨 [chn.zhǐ][eng.purpose; decree; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. abhiprāya = purpose)]

72.5 早 [chn.zǎo][eng.early; morning; (also zǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prātaḥ = early morning)]

72.6 旪 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be harmonious); rare]

72.7 旫 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be dark); rare]

72.8 旬 [chn.xún][eng.ten-day period; (also xún, (surname))][(Skt. daśāha = ten-day period)]

72.9 旭 [chn.xù][eng.dawn; rising sun; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. udaya = rising sun)]

72.10 旮 [chn.gā][eng.corner; (also gā, (surname))]

72.11 旯 [chn.lá][eng.corner; (also lá, (surname))]

72.12 旰 [chn.gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be late); rare]

72.13 旱 [chn.hàn][eng.drought; dry; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = dry)]

72.14 旲 [chn.tái][archaic; (also tái, to be bright); rare]

72.15 旳 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be bright); rare]

72.16 旴 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to be dawn); rare]

72.17 旵 [chn.chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.18 时 [chn.shí][eng.time; season; (also shí, (surname))][skt.kāla; (Skt. samaya = time)]

72.19 旷 [chn.kuàng][eng.open; vast; (also kuàng, (surname))][(Skt. vistāra = vast)]

72.20 旸 [chn.yáng][eng.sunrise; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. udaya = sunrise)]

72.21 旹 [chn.shí][archaic variant of 时 (time; season)][skt.kāla; (Skt. samaya = time)]

72.22 旺 [chn.wàng][eng.prosperous; flourishing; (also wàng, (surname))][(Skt. samṛddhi = flourishing)]

72.23 旻 [chn.mín][eng.autumn sky; (also mín, (surname))][(Skt. śarad = autumn)]

72.24 旼 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be bright); rare]

72.25 旽 [chn.zhùn][archaic; (also zhùn, to be dark); rare]

72.26 旾 [chn.chūn][archaic variant of 春 (spring)][(Skt. vasanta = spring)]

72.27 旿 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be bright); rare]

72.28 昀 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, (surname)); rare]

72.29 昁 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be bright); rare]

72.30 昂 [chn.áng][eng.to raise; to lift; high; (also áng, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = high)]

72.31 昃 [chn.zè][eng.afternoon; (also zè, (surname))][(Skt. aparāhṇa = afternoon)]

72.32 昄 [chn.bǎn][archaic; (also bǎn, to be large); rare]

72.33 昅 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be bright); rare]

72.34 昆 [chn.kūn][archaic; (also kūn, descendant); (surname)]

72.35 昇 [chn.shēng][eng.to rise; to ascend; (also shēng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = rising)]

72.36 昈 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be bright); rare]

72.37 昉 [chn.fǎng][eng.to begin; to start; (also fǎng, (surname))][(Skt. ādi = beginning)]

72.38 昊 [chn.hào][eng.vast sky; (also hào, (surname))][(Skt. ākāśa = sky)]

72.39 昋 [chn.guì][archaic; (also guì, to be bright); rare]

72.40 昌 [chn.chāng][eng.prosperous; flourishing; (also chāng, (surname))][(Skt. samṛddhi = prosperity)]

72.41 昍 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be bright); rare]

72.42 明 [chn.míng][eng.bright; clear; light; (also míng, (surname))][skt.prakāśa; (Skt. vidyā = knowledge)]

72.43 昏 [chn.hūn][eng.dusk; dark; confused; (also hūn, (surname))][(Skt. sandhyā = dusk; Skt. moha = confusion)]

72.44 昐 [chn.fēn][archaic; (also fēn, to be bright); rare]

72.45 昑 [chn.qǐn][archaic; (also qǐn, to be bright); rare]

72.46 昒 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to be dawn); rare]

72.47 易 [chn.yì][eng.easy; to change; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. sukara = easy; Skt. parivarta = change)]

72.48 昔 [chn.xī][eng.former; ancient; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. pūrva = former)]

72.49 昕 [chn.xīn][eng.dawn; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn)]

72.50 昖 [chn.yán][archaic; (also yán, to be bright); rare]

72.51 昗 [chn.zè][archaic; (also zè, to be dark); rare]

72.52 昘 [chn.fǎng][archaic; (also fǎng, to be bright); rare]

72.53 昙 [chn.tán][eng.cloudy; (also tán, (surname))][(Skt. abhra = cloud)]

72.54 昚 [chn.shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be careful); rare]

72.55 昛 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be bright); rare]

72.56 昜 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be bright); rare]

72.57 昝 [chn.zǎn][archaic; (also zǎn, (surname)); rare]

72.58 昞 [chn.bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be bright); rare]

72.59 星 [chn.xīng][eng.star; (also xīng, (surname))][skt.tārā; (Skt. nakṣatra = star)]

72.60 映 [chn.yìng][eng.to reflect; to shine; (also yìng, (surname))][(Skt. pratibimba = reflection)]

72.61 昡 [chn.xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be dazzling); rare]

72.62 昢 [chn.pò][archaic; (also pò, to be dawn); rare]

72.63 昣 [zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be bright); rare]

72.64 昤 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be bright); rare]

72.65 春 [chūn][eng.spring; (also chūn, (surname))][skt.vasanta; (Skt. ṛtu = season)]

72.66 昦 [hào][archaic variant of 昊 (vast sky)][(Skt. ākāśa = sky)]

72.67 昧 [mèi][eng.dark; obscure; to be ignorant; (also mèi, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = darkness; Skt. avidyā = ignorance)]

72.68 昨 [zuó][eng.yesterday; (also zuó, (surname))][(Skt. hyas = yesterday)]

72.69 昩 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be dark); rare]

72.70 昪 [biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be bright); rare]

72.71 昫 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be warm); rare]

72.72 昬 [hūn][archaic variant of 昏 (dusk; dark)][(Skt. sandhyā = dusk)]

72.73 昭 [zhāo][eng.bright; clear; (also zhāo, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

72.74 昮 [zèng][archaic; (also zèng, to be bright); rare]

72.75 是 [shì][eng.to be; yes; correct; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. satya = true)]

72.76 昰 [shì][archaic variant of 是 (to be; correct)][(Skt. satya = true)]

72.77 昱 [yù][eng.sunlight; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. ātapa = sunlight)]

72.78 昲 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be bright); rare]

72.79 昳 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be bright); rare]

72.80 昴 [mǎo][eng.constellation; (also mǎo, (surname))][(Skt. nakṣatra = constellation)]

72.81 昵 [nì][eng.intimate; close; (also nì, (surname))][(Skt. sneha = intimacy)]

72.82 昶 [chǎng][eng.long; bright; (also chǎng, (surname))][(Skt. dīrgha = long)]

72.83 昷 [wēn][archaic variant of 温 (warm)][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

72.84 昸 [dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be winter); rare]

72.85 昹 [ǎi][archaic; (also ǎi, to be dark); rare]

72.86 昺 [bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be bright); rare]

72.87 昻 [áng][archaic variant of 昂 (to raise; high)][(Skt. ucchrāya = high)]

72.88 昼 [zhòu][eng.daytime; (also zhòu, (surname))][(Skt. divā = daytime)]

72.89 昽 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be bright); rare]

72.90 显 [xiǎn][eng.manifest; to display; (also xiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vyakti = manifestation)]

72.91 昿 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be vast); rare]

72.92 晀 [tiǎo][archaic; (also tiǎo, to be bright); rare]

72.93 晁 [cháo][archaic; (also cháo, (surname)); rare]

72.94 時 [shí][eng.traditional variant of 时 (time; season)][skt.kāla; (Skt. samaya = time)]

72.95 晃 [huǎng][eng.to shine; to dazzle; (also huǎng, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = shine)]

72.96 晄 [huǎng][archaic variant of 晃 (to shine)][(Skt. prakāśa = shine)]

72.97 晅 [xuǎn][archaic; (also xuǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.98 晆 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be bright); rare]

72.99 晇 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be bright); rare]

72.100 晈 [jiǎo][archaic variant of 皎 (bright; white)][(Skt. śukla = bright)]

72.101 晉 [jìn][eng.traditional variant of 晋 (to advance; Jin dynasty)]

72.102 晊 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be bright); rare]

72.103 晋 [jìn][eng.to advance; Jin dynasty; (also jìn, (surname))]

72.104 晌 [shǎng][eng.noon; (also shǎng, (surname))][(Skt. madhyāhna = noon)]

72.105 晍 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be bright); rare]

72.106 晎 [hǒng][archaic; (also hǒng, to be bright); rare]

72.107 晏 [yàn][eng.late; peaceful; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. śānta = peaceful)]

72.108 晐 [gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be inclusive); rare]

72.109 晑 [xiǎng][archaic; (also xiǎng, to be bright); rare]

72.110 晒 [shài][eng.to dry in the sun; to expose; (also shài, (surname))][(Skt. śoṣaṇa = drying)]

72.111 晓 [xiǎo][eng.dawn; to know; (also xiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn; Skt. jñā = to know)]

72.112 晔 [yè][eng.brilliant; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliance)]

72.113 晕 [yūn][eng.faint; halo; (also yùn, to faint)][(Skt. maṇḍala = halo)]

72.114 晖 [huī][eng.brightness; (also huī, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brightness)]

72.115 晗 [hán][archaic; (also hán, to be dawn); rare]

72.116 晘 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be bright); rare]

72.117 晙 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be bright); rare]

72.118 晚 [wǎn][eng.evening; late; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. sāyaṃ = evening)]

72.119 晛 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be bright); rare]

72.120 晜 [kūn][archaic; (also kūn, descendant); rare]

72.121 晝 [zhòu][eng.traditional variant of 昼 (daytime)][(Skt. divā = daytime)]

72.122 晞 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be dawn); rare]

72.123 晟 [shèng][eng.brilliant; (also shèng, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliance)]

72.124 晠 [shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be bright); rare]

72.125 晡 [bū][archaic; (also bū, to be afternoon); rare]

72.126 晢 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be bright); rare]

72.127 晣 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be bright); rare]

72.128 晤 [wù][eng.to meet; to understand; (also wù, (surname))][(Skt. sākṣāt = meeting)]

72.129 晥 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.130 晦 [huì][eng.dark; obscure; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = darkness)]

72.131 晧 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be bright); rare]

72.132 晨 [chén][eng.morning; (also chén, (surname))][(Skt. prātaḥ = morning)]

72.133 晩 [wǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 晚 (evening; late)][(Skt. sāyaṃ = evening)]

72.134 晪 [tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.135 晫 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be bright); rare]

72.136 晬 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be bright); rare]

72.137 晭 [zhǒu][archaic; (also zhǒu, to be bright); rare]

72.138 普 [pǔ][eng.universal; general; (also pǔ, (surname))][skt.sarva; (Skt. viśva = universal)]

72.139 景 [jǐng][eng.scenery; view; (also jǐng, (surname))][(Skt. dṛśya = view; Skt. prabhā = light)]

72.140 晰 [xī][eng.clear; distinct; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. spaṣṭa = clear)]

72.141 晱 [shǎn][archaic; (also shǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.142 晲 [nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be bright); rare]

72.143 晳 [xī][archaic variant of 晰 (clear)][(Skt. spaṣṭa = clear)]

72.144 晴 [qíng][eng.clear; fine weather; (also qíng, (surname))][(Skt. anāvṛṣṭi = clear weather)]

72.145 晵 [qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, to be bright); rare]

72.146 晶 [jīng][eng.crystal; clear; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. sphaṭika = crystal)]

72.147 晷 [guǐ][eng.sundial; (also guǐ, (surname))][(Skt. ghaṭī = sundial)]

72.148 晸 [zhěng][archaic; (also zhěng, to be bright); rare]

72.149 晹 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be bright); rare]

72.150 智 [zhì][eng.wisdom; intelligence; (also zhì, (surname))][skt.jñāna; (Skt. prajñā = wisdom)]

72.151 晻 [àn][archaic; (also àn, to be dark); rare]

72.152 晼 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.153 晽 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be bright); rare]

72.154 晾 [liàng][eng.to dry in the sun; to air; (also liàng, (surname))][(Skt. śoṣaṇa = drying)]

72.155 晿 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be bright); rare]

72.156 暀 [wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to go); rare]

72.157 暁 [xiǎo][eng.Japanese variant of 曉 (dawn; to know)][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn)]

72.158 暂 [zàn][eng.temporary; (also zàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaṇika = momentary)]

72.159 暃 [fēi][archaic; (also fēi, to be bright); rare]

72.160 暄 [xuān][eng.warm; sunny; (also xuān, (surname))][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

72.161 暅 [xuǎn][archaic; (also xuǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.162 暆 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be bright); rare]

72.163 暇 [xiá][eng.leisure; free time; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. avakāśa = leisure)]

72.164 暈 [yūn][eng.traditional variant of 晕 (faint; halo)][(Skt. maṇḍala = halo)]

72.165 暉 [huī][eng.traditional variant of 晖 (brightness)][(Skt. prabhā = brightness)]

72.166 暊 [fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to be bright); rare]

72.167 暋 [mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be diligent); rare]

72.168 暌 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be separate); rare]

72.169 暍 [yē][archaic; (also yē, to be hot); rare]

72.170 暎 [yìng][archaic variant of 映 (to reflect)][(Skt. pratibimba = reflection)]

72.171 暏 [shǔ][archaic; (also shǔ, to be dawn); rare]

72.172 暐 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be bright); rare]

72.173 暑 [shǔ][eng.heat; summer; (also shǔ, (surname))][(Skt. grīṣma = summer; Skt. uṣṇa = heat)]

72.174 暒 [qíng][archaic variant of 晴 (clear)]

72.175 暓 [mào][archaic; (also mào, to be confused); rare]

72.176 暔 [nán][archaic; (also nán, to be bright); rare]

72.177 暕 [jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.178 暖 [nuǎn][eng.warm; (also nuǎn, (surname))][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

72.179 暗 [àn][eng.dark; (also àn, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = darkness)]

72.180 暘 [yáng][eng.traditional variant of 旸 (sunrise)][(Skt. udaya = sunrise)]

72.181 暙 [chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be spring); rare]

72.182 暚 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be bright); rare]

72.183 暛 [suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to be bright); rare]

72.184 暜 [pǔ][archaic variant of 普 (universal)][skt.sarva; (Skt. viśva = universal)]

72.185 暝 [míng][eng.dark; (also míng, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = darkness)]

72.186 暞 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be bright); rare]

72.187 暟 [kǎi][archaic; (also kǎi, to be bright); rare]

72.188 暠 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be bright); rare]

72.189 暡 [wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be bright); rare]

72.190 暢 [chàng][eng.traditional variant of 畅 (smooth; free)][(Skt. nirvāṇa = free)]

72.191 暣 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be bright); rare]

72.192 暤 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be bright); rare]

72.193 暥 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be bright); rare]

72.194 暦 [lì][archaic variant of 曆 (calendar)][(Skt. pañcāṅga = calendar)]

72.195 暧 [ài][eng.dim; obscure; (also ài, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = obscure)]

72.196 暨 [jì][eng.to arrive; to reach; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. prāpti = arrival)]

72.197 暩 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be bright); rare]

72.198 暪 [mèn][archaic; (also mèn, to be dark); rare]

72.199 暫 [zàn][eng.traditional variant of 暂 (temporary)][(Skt. kṣaṇika = momentary)]

72.200 暬 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be bright); rare]

72.201 暭 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be bright); rare]

72.202 暮 [mù][eng.evening; dusk; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. sāyaṃ = dusk)]

72.203 暯 [mù][archaic; (also mù, to be dark); rare]

72.204 暰 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be bright); rare]

72.205 暱 [nì][eng.traditional variant of 昵 (intimate)][(Skt. sneha = intimacy)]

72.206 暲 [zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, to be bright); rare]

72.207 暳 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be bright); rare]

72.208 暴 [bào][eng.violent; sudden; to expose; (also pù, to expose)][(Skt. raudra = violent; Skt. prakāśa = exposure)]

72.209 暵 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be dry); rare]

72.210 暶 [xuán][archaic; (also xuán, to be bright); rare]

72.211 暷 [chuán][archaic; (also chuán, to be bright); rare]

72.212 暸 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be bright); rare]

72.213 暹 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be bright); rare]

72.214 暺 [tǎn][archaic; (also tǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.215 暻 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be bright); rare]

72.216 暼 [piē][archaic; (also piē, to be bright); rare]

72.217 暽 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be bright); rare]

72.218 暾 [tūn][archaic; (also tūn, to be morning); rare]

72.219 暿 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be bright); rare]

72.220 曀 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be dark); rare]

72.221 曁 [jì][archaic variant of 暨 (to arrive)][(Skt. prāpti = arrival)]

72.222 曂 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be bright); rare]

72.223 曃 [dài][archaic; (also dài, to be dark); rare]

72.224 曄 [yè][eng.traditional variant of 晔 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliance)]

72.225 曅 [yè][archaic variant of 曄 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliance)]

72.226 曆 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 历 (calendar; history)][(Skt. pañcāṅga = calendar)]

72.227 曇 [tán][eng.traditional variant of 昙 (cloudy)][(Skt. abhra = cloud)]

72.228 曈 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be bright); rare]

72.229 曉 [xiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 晓 (dawn; to know)][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn)]

72.230 曊 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be bright); rare]

72.231 曋 [shěn][archaic; (also shěn, to be bright); rare]

72.232 曌 [zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to shine); rare]

72.233 曍 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be bright); rare]

72.234 曎 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be bright); rare]

72.235 曏 [xiàng][archaic; (also xiàng, to be towards); rare]

72.236 曐 [xīng][archaic variant of 星 (star)][skt.tārā; (Skt. nakṣatra = star)]

72.237 曑 [shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be bright); rare]

72.238 曒 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be bright); rare]

72.239 曓 [bào][archaic variant of 暴 (violent)][(Skt. raudra = violent)]

72.240 曔 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be bright); rare]

72.241 曕 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be bright); rare]

72.242 曖 [ài][eng.traditional variant of 暧 (dim; obscure)][(Skt. tamas = obscure)]

72.243 曗 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be bright); rare]

72.244 曘 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be bright); rare]

72.245 曙 [shǔ][eng.dawn; (also shǔ, (surname))][(Skt. prabhāta = dawn)]

72.246 曚 [méng][archaic; (also méng, to be dim); rare]

72.247 曛 [xūn][eng.dusk; (also xūn, (surname))][(Skt. sandhyā = dusk)]

72.248 曜 [yào][eng.day; week; to shine; (also yào, (surname))][(Skt. graha = celestial body; Skt. divasa = day)]

72.249 曝 [pù][eng.to expose to sun; (also bào, to expose)][(Skt. prakāśa = exposure)]

72.250 曞 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be bright); rare]

72.251 曟 [chén][archaic variant of 晨 (morning)][(Skt. prātaḥ = morning)]

72.252 曠 [kuàng][eng.traditional variant of 旷 (open; vast)][(Skt. vistāra = vast)]

72.253 曡 [dié][archaic variant of 叠 (to pile up)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

72.254 曢 [liǎo][archaic; (also liǎo, to be bright); rare]

72.255 曣 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be bright); rare]

72.256 曤 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be bright); rare]

72.257 曥 [lú][archaic; (also lú, to be bright); rare]

72.258 曦 [xī][eng.sunlight; dawn; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = sunlight)]

72.259 曧 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be bright); rare]

72.260 曨 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be bright); rare]

72.261 曩 [nǎng][eng.formerly; in former times; (also nǎng, (surname))][(Skt. pūrva = formerly)]

72.262 曪 [luǒ][archaic; (also luǒ, to be bright); rare]

72.263 曫 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be bright); rare]

72.264 曬 [shài][eng.traditional variant of 晒 (to dry in the sun)][(Skt. śoṣaṇa = drying)]

72.265 曭 [tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, to be bright); rare]

72.266 曮 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be bright); rare]

72.267 曯 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be bright); rare]

72.268 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.72

72.269 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

72.270 72.1 日 (rì) [skt.sūrya; divasa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents the sun and day. Appears in countless Buddhist terms: 日轮 (sūrya-maṇḍala, sun disc), 日月 (sūrya-candra, sun and moon), and in temporal contexts

72.271 72.18 时 (shí) [skt.kāla; samaya] — CRITICAL — Used for "time" and "season"; appears in Buddhist compound 一时 (ekasmin samaye, at one time), the traditional opening of Buddhist sūtras

72.272 72.42 明 (míng) [skt.prakāśa; vidyā] — CRITICAL — Used for "bright" and "clear"; appears in Buddhist compound 明行足 (vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna, endowed with knowledge and conduct), and 明心 (bodhi, enlightened mind)

72.273 72.150 智 (zhì) [skt.jñāna; prajñā] — CRITICAL — Used for "wisdom" and "intelligence"; appears in Buddhist compound 智慧 (prajñā, wisdom), one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā)

72.274 72.65 春 (chūn) [skt.vasanta; ṛtu] — Used for "spring"; appears in seasonal and temporal contexts

72.275 72.59 星 (xīng) [skt.tārā; nakṣatra] — Used for "star"; appears in Buddhist astrology and cosmology

72.276 72.47 易 (yì) [skt.sukara; parivarta] — CRITICAL — Used for "easy" and "to change"; appears in Buddhist compound 不易 (avipariṇāma, unchanging)

72.277 72.48 昔 (xī) [skt.pūrva] — Used for "former" and "ancient"; appears in temporal contexts

72.278 72.132 晨 (chén) [skt.prātaḥ] — Used for "morning"; appears in compound 晨朝 (prātaḥ-kāla, morning time)

72.279 72.173 暑 (shǔ) [skt.grīṣma; uṣṇa] — Used for "heat" and "summer"; appears in descriptions of the hot season

72.280 72.179 暗 (àn) [skt.tamas] — Used for "dark"; appears in Buddhist compound 无明 (avidyā, ignorance) as "darkness"

72.281 72.165 暉 (huī) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brightness"; appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance

72.282 72.139 景 (jǐng) [skt.dṛśya; prabhā] — Used for "scenery" and "view"; appears in descriptions of landscapes

72.283 72.227 曇 (tán) [skt.abhra] — Used for "cloudy"; appears in the name of the famous commentator Buddhaghosa

72.284 72.245 曙 (shǔ) [skt.prabhāta] — Used for "dawn"; appears in descriptions of awakening

72.285 72.248 曜 (yào) [skt.graha; divasa] — CRITICAL — Used for "day of the week" and "to shine"; appears in Buddhist astrology and calendrical contexts

72.286 72.252 曠 (kuàng) [skt.vistāra] — Used for "open" and "vast"; appears in descriptions of space

72.287 72.258 曦 (xī) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "sunlight" and "dawn"; appears in poetic descriptions of light

72.288 72.264 曬 (shài) [skt.śoṣaṇa] — Used for "to dry in the sun"; appears in descriptions of monastic life

73 曰

73.1 曰 [chn.yuē][eng.to say; to speak; (also yuē, (surname))][skt.vac; (Skt. āha = said)]

73.2 曱 [chn.yuē][archaic; (also yuē, to be a shape); rare]

73.3 曲 [chn.qū][eng.bent; crooked; melody; (also qǔ, song)][(Skt. vakra = bent)]

73.4 曳 [chn.yè][eng.to drag; to pull; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to drag)]

73.5 更 [chn.gèng][eng.more; further; (also gēng, to change)][(Skt. api = more; Skt. punar = further)]

73.6 曵 [chn.yè][archaic variant of 曳 (to drag; to pull)][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to drag)]

73.7 曶 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to be sudden); rare]

73.8 曷 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be what); rare]

73.9 書 [chn.shū][eng.traditional variant of 书 (book; to write)][(Skt. grantha = book; Skt. likh = to write)]

73.10 曹 [chn.cáo][archaic; (also cáo, (surname)); rare]

73.11 曺 [chn.cáo][archaic variant of 曹 (archaic)]

73.12 曻 [chn.shēng][archaic variant of 升 (to rise; to ascend)][(Skt. udgama = rising)]

73.13 曼 [chn.màn][eng.beautiful; graceful; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

73.14 曽 [chn.zēng][eng.Japanese variant of 曾 (once; formerly)][(Skt. pūrva = formerly)]

73.15 曾 [chn.zēng][eng.once; formerly; (also céng, to have done)][(Skt. pūrva = formerly)]

73.16 替 [chn.tì][eng.to replace; to substitute; (also tì, (surname))][(Skt. prati = substitute)]

73.17 最 [chn.zuì][eng.most; extremely; (also zuì, (surname))][(Skt. ati = most)]

73.18 朁 [chn.cǎn][archaic; (also cǎn, to be sad); rare]

73.19 朂 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to encourage); rare]

73.20 會 [chn.huì][eng.traditional variant of 会 (to meet; to assemble)][(Skt. samāgama = meeting)]

73.21 朄 [chn.yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to lead); rare]

73.22 朅 [chn.qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to go); rare]

73.23 朆 [chn.fēn][archaic; (also fēn, to be many); rare]

73.24 朇 [chn.pí][archaic; (also pí, to be a vessel); rare]

73.25 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.73

73.26 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

73.27 73.1 曰 (yuē) [skt.vac; āha] — CRITICAL — Used for "to say" and "to speak"; appears in Buddhist texts as the marker for speech, often introducing the words of the Buddha or other speakers. In classical Chinese, it is used to mark direct speech

73.28 73.3 曲 (qū) [skt.vakra] — Used for "bent" and "melody"; appears in Buddhist compound 曲直 (vakra-ṛju, crooked and straight)

73.29 73.4 曳 (yè) [skt.ākṛṣ] — Used for "to drag" and "to pull"; appears in descriptions of dragging or pulling

73.30 73.5 更 (gèng) [skt.api; punar] — CRITICAL — Used for "more" and "further"; appears in Buddhist compound 更无 (na paraṃ, no further)

73.31 73.8 曷 (hé) — Used as a question word meaning "what" or "why"; appears in classical Chinese

73.32 73.9 書 (shū) [skt.grantha; likh] — CRITICAL — Used for "book" and "to write"; appears in Buddhist compound 经典 (sūtra, scripture) and 书写 (lekhana, writing)

73.33 73.10 曹 (cáo) — Used as a classifier for groups or as a surname; appears in classical texts

73.34 73.13 曼 (màn) [skt.sundara] — Used for "beautiful" and "graceful"; appears in Buddhist compound 曼陀罗 (maṇḍala, circle/sacred diagram)

73.35 73.15 曾 (zēng) [skt.pūrva] — Used for "once" and "formerly"; appears in temporal contexts

73.36 73.16 替 (tì) [skt.prati] — Used for "to replace" and "to substitute"; appears in compound 替身 (pratirūpa, substitute body)

73.37 73.17 最 (zuì) [skt.ati] — Used for "most" and "extremely"; appears in Buddhist compound 最上 (parama, highest)

73.38 73.20 會 (huì) [skt.samāgama] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 会; used for "to meet" and "to assemble"; appears in Buddhist compound 法会 (dharma-saṅgīti, Dharma assembly)

74 月

74.1 月 [chn.yuè][eng.moon; month; (also yuè, (surname))][skt.candra; (Skt. māsa = month)]

74.2 有 [chn.yǒu][eng.to have; to possess; existence; (also yǒu, (surname))][skt.bhāva; (Skt. asti = to be)]

74.3 朊 [chn.ruǎn][archaic; (also ruǎn, to be protein); rare]

74.4 朋 [chn.péng][eng.friend; companion; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. mitra = friend)]

74.5 朌 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a vessel); rare]

74.6 服 [chn.fú][eng.to serve; to obey; clothing; (also fù, a dose)][(Skt. sev = to serve; Skt. vastra = clothing)]

74.7 朎 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be bright); rare]

74.8 朏 [chn.fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be dawn); rare]

74.9 朐 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a bow); rare]

74.10 朑 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to be a bow); rare]

74.11 朒 [chn.nǜ][archaic; (also nǜ, to be a bow); rare]

74.12 朓 [chn.tiǎo][archaic; (also tiǎo, to be bright); rare]

74.13 朔 [chn.shuò][eng.new moon; first day of month; north; (also shuò, (surname))][(Skt. amāvāsyā = new moon)]

74.14 朕 [chn.zhèn][eng.I; we (imperial); (also zhèn, (surname))][(Skt. aham = I)]

74.15 朖 [chn.lǎng][archaic variant of 朗 (bright; clear)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

74.16 朗 [chn.lǎng][eng.bright; clear; (also lǎng, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

74.17 朘 [chn.juān][archaic; (also juān, to shrink); rare]

74.18 朙 [chn.míng][archaic variant of 明 (bright; clear)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

74.19 朚 [chn.māng][archaic; (also māng, to be bright); rare]

74.20 望 [chn.wàng][eng.to gaze; to look towards; full moon; (also wàng, (surname))][(Skt. paurṇamāsī = full moon; Skt. ālok = to gaze)]

74.21 朜 [chn.tūn][archaic; (also tūn, to be bright); rare]

74.22 朝 [chn.zhāo][eng.morning; dynasty; (also cháo, to face)][(Skt. prātaḥ = morning; Skt. rājya = dynasty)]

74.23 朞 [chn.jī][archaic variant of 期 (period; to expect)][(Skt. kāla = period)]

74.24 期 [chn.qī][eng.period; to expect; (also jī, period)][(Skt. kāla = period; Skt. pratīkṣā = expectation)]

74.25 朠 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be bright); rare]

74.26 朡 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be bright); rare]

74.27 朢 [chn.wàng][archaic variant of 望 (to gaze; full moon)][(Skt. paurṇamāsī = full moon)]

74.28 朣 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be bright); rare]

74.29 朤 [chn.lǎng][archaic variant of 朗 (bright; clear)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

74.30 朥 [chn.láo][archaic; (also láo, to be bright); rare]

74.31 朦 [chn.méng][eng.dim; hazy; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = dimness)]

74.32 朧 [chn.lóng][eng.vague; hazy; (also lóng, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = hazy)]

74.33 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.74

74.34 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

74.35 74.1 月 (yuè) [skt.candra; māsa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents the moon and month. Appears in Buddhist compound 月轮 (candra-maṇḍala, moon disc) and in temporal contexts

74.36 74.2 有 (yǒu) [skt.bhāva; asti] — CRITICAL — One of the most important characters in Buddhist philosophy. Appears in compound 三有 (trayo-bhava, three realms of existence), 有漏 (āsrava, with defilements), and 有为 (saṃskṛta, conditioned)

74.37 74.4 朋 (péng) [skt.mitra] — Used for "friend" and "companion"; appears in compound 朋友 (mitra, friend)

74.38 74.6 服 (fú) [skt.sev; vastra] — CRITICAL — Used for "to serve" and "clothing"; appears in Buddhist compound 服制 (vinaya, monastic rules) and 衣服 (cīvara, monastic robes)

74.39 74.13 朔 (shuò) [skt.amāvāsyā] — Used for "new moon" and "first day of month"; appears in calendrical contexts

74.40 74.14 朕 (zhèn) [skt.aham] — Used as the imperial first-person pronoun "I" or "we"; appears in royal edicts and classical texts

74.41 74.16 朗 (lǎng) [skt.prakāśa] — Used for "bright" and "clear"; appears in compound 明朗 (prakāśa, bright/clear)

74.42 74.20 望 (wàng) [skt.paurṇamāsī; ālok] — CRITICAL — Used for "full moon" and "to gaze"; appears in Buddhist compound 希望 (āśā, hope/aspiration)

74.43 74.22 朝 (zhāo) [skt.prātaḥ; rājya] — Used for "morning" and "dynasty"; appears in compound 朝暮 (prātaḥ-sāyaṃ, morning and evening)

74.44 74.24 期 (qī) [skt.kāla; pratīkṣā] — Used for "period" and "to expect"; appears in compound 期待 (pratīkṣā, anticipation)

74.45 74.31 朦 (méng) [skt.tamas] — Used for "dim" and "hazy"; appears in compound 朦胧 (tamas, hazy/obscure)

74.46 74.32 朧 (lóng) [skt.tamas] — Used for "vague" and "hazy"; appears in compound 朦胧 (tamas, hazy/obscure)

75 木

75.1 木 [chn.mù][eng.tree; wood; (also mù, (surname))][skt.vṛkṣa; (Skt. kāṣṭha = wood)]

75.2 朩 [chn.pìn][archaic; (also pìn, to be a tree); rare]

75.3 未 [chn.wèi][eng.not yet; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. na = not; Skt. apakva = unripe)]

75.4 末 [chn.mò][eng.end; tip; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. anta = end)]

75.5 本 [chn.běn][eng.root; origin; (also běn, (surname))][skt.mūla; (Skt. ādi = origin)]

75.6 札 [chn.zhá][eng.letter; note; (also zhá, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = letter)]

75.7 朮 [chn.shù][archaic variant of 术 (art; skill)][(Skt. kalā = art)]

75.8 术 [chn.shù][eng.art; skill; method; (also zhú, (surname))][(Skt. vidyā = skill; Skt. upāya = method)]

75.9 朰 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be a tree); rare]

75.10 朱 [chn.zhū][eng.vermilion; (also zhū, (surname))][(Skt. kuṅkuma = vermilion)]

75.11 朲 [chn.rén][archaic; (also rén, to be a tree); rare]

75.12 朳 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be a tree); rare]

75.13 朴 [chn.pǔ][eng.simple; plain; (also pò, a tree)][(Skt. sāmānya = simple)]

75.14 朵 [chn.duǒ][eng.flower; (also duǒ, measure word)][(Skt. puṣpa = flower)]

75.15 朶 [chn.duǒ][archaic variant of 朵 (flower)][(Skt. puṣpa = flower)]

75.16 朷 [chn.dāo][archaic; (also dāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.17 朸 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.18 朹 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a tree); rare]

75.19 机 [chn.jī][eng.machine; (also jǐ, (surname))][(Skt. yantra = machine)]

75.20 朻 [chn.jiū][archaic; (also jiū, to be a tree); rare]

75.21 朼 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.22 朽 [chn.xiǔ][eng.decayed; rotten; (also xiǔ, (surname))][(Skt. jīrṇa = decayed)]

75.23 朾 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a tree); rare]

75.24 朿 [chn.cì][archaic; (also cì, to be a thorn); rare]

75.25 杀 [chn.shā][eng.to kill; to murder; (also shā, (surname))][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

75.26 杁 [chn.rù][archaic; (also rù, to enter); rare]

75.27 杂 [chn.zá][eng.mixed; miscellaneous; (also zá, (surname))][(Skt. miśra = mixed)]

75.28 权 [chn.quán][eng.right; power; (also quán, (surname))][(Skt. adhikāra = authority)]

75.29 杄 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.30 杅 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a tree); rare]

75.31 杆 [chn.gǎn][eng.pole; staff; (also gān, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = staff)]

75.32 杇 [chn.wū][archaic; (also wū, to be a tree); rare]

75.33 杈 [chn.chā][eng.branch; fork; (also chā, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

75.34 杉 [chn.shān][eng.cedar; fir; (also shān, (surname))][(Skt. devadāru = cedar)]

75.35 杊 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a tree); rare]

75.36 杋 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be a tree); rare]

75.37 杌 [chn.wù][eng.stool; (also wù, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = stool)]

75.38 杍 [chn.zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.39 李 [chn.lǐ][eng.plum; (also lǐ, (surname))][(Skt. āmalaka = plum)]

75.40 杏 [chn.xìng][eng.apricot; (also xìng, (surname))][(Skt. āmra = mango)]

75.41 材 [chn.cái][eng.material; timber; (also cái, (surname))][(Skt. sambhāra = material)]

75.42 村 [chn.cūn][eng.village; (also cūn, (surname))][(Skt. grāma = village)]

75.43 杒 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be a tree); rare]

75.44 杓 [chn.sháo][eng.ladle; (also biāo, handle)][(Skt. darvi = ladle)]

75.45 杔 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to be a tree); rare]

75.46 杕 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a tree); rare]

75.47 杖 [chn.zhàng][eng.staff; cane; (also zhàng, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = staff)]

75.48 杗 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be a tree); rare]

75.49 杘 [chn.chì][archaic; (also chì, to be a tree); rare]

75.50 杙 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.51 杚 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.52 杛 [chn.gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.53 杜 [chn.dù][eng.to block; (also dù, (surname))][(Skt. avarodha = block)]

75.54 杝 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a tree); rare]

75.55 杞 [chn.qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, (surname)); rare]

75.56 束 [chn.shù][eng.to bind; bundle; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = to bind)]

75.57 杠 [chn.gāng][eng.staff; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = staff)]

75.58 条 [chn.tiáo][eng.strip; article; (also tiáo, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = strip)]

75.59 杢 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a tree); rare]

75.60 杣 [chn.mián][archaic; (also mián, to be a tree); rare]

75.61 杤 [chn.wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.62 来 [chn.lái][eng.to come; (also lái, (surname))][(Skt. āgacchati = to come)]

75.63 杦 [chn.jiǔ][archaic; (also jiǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.64 杧 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be a tree); rare]

75.65 杨 [chn.yáng][eng.poplar; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣīra = poplar)]

75.66 杩 [chn.mà][archaic; (also mà, to be a tree); rare]

75.67 杪 [chn.miǎo][eng.end; tip; (also miǎo, (surname))][(Skt. agra = tip)]

75.68 杫 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, to be a tree); rare]

75.69 杬 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.70 杭 [chn.háng][eng.to cross; (also háng, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = crossing)]

75.71 杮 [chn.fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be a tree); rare]

75.72 杯 [chn.bēi][eng.cup; (also bēi, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

75.73 杰 [chn.jié][eng.hero; outstanding; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. vīra = hero)]

75.74 東 [chn.dōng][eng.traditional variant of 东 (east)][(Skt. pūrva = east)]

75.75 杲 [chn.gǎo][eng.bright; (also gǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

75.76 杳 [chn.yǎo][eng.dark; (also yǎo, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = dark)]

75.77 杴 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.78 杵 [chn.chǔ][eng.pestle; (also chǔ, (surname))][(Skt. musala = pestle)]

75.79 杶 [chn.chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.80 杷 [chn.pá][eng.loquat; (also pá, (surname))]

75.81 杸 [chn.shū][archaic; (also shū, to be a tree); rare]

75.82 杹 [chn.huà][archaic; (also huà, to be a tree); rare]

75.83 杺 [chn.xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be a tree); rare]

75.84 杻 [chn.niǔ][archaic; (also niǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.85 杼 [chn.zhù][eng.shuttle; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. vema = shuttle)]

75.86 杽 [chn.chǒu][archaic; (also chǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.87 松 [chn.sōng][eng.pine; (also sōng, (surname))][(Skt. sarala = pine)]

75.88 板 [chn.bǎn][eng.board; plank; (also bǎn, (surname))][(Skt. phalaka = board)]

75.89 枀 [chn.sōng][archaic variant of 松 (pine)][(Skt. sarala = pine)]

75.90 极 [chn.jí][eng.extreme; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. ati = extreme)]

75.91 枂 [chn.wò][archaic; (also wò, to be a tree); rare]

75.92 枃 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be a tree); rare]

75.93 构 [chn.gòu][eng.to construct; (also gòu, (surname))][(Skt. nirmāṇa = construction)]

75.94 枅 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a tree); rare]

75.95 枆 [chn.máo][archaic; (also máo, to be a tree); rare]

75.96 枇 [chn.pí][eng.loquat; (also pí, (surname))]

75.97 枈 [chn.pì][archaic; (also pì, to be a tree); rare]

75.98 枉 [chn.wǎng][eng.curved; (also wǎng, (surname))][(Skt. vakra = curved)]

75.99 枊 [chn.àng][archaic; (also àng, to be a tree); rare]

75.100 枋 [chn.fāng][archaic; (also fāng, (surname)); rare]

75.101 枌 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a tree); rare]

75.102 枍 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.103 枎 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a tree); rare]

75.104 枏 [chn.nán][archaic; (also nán, to be a tree); rare]

75.105 析 [chn.xī][eng.to analyze; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. vibhajana = analysis)]

75.106 枑 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be a tree); rare]

75.107 枒 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be a tree); rare]

75.108 枓 [chn.dǒu][archaic; (also dǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.109 枔 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to be a tree); rare]

75.110 枕 [chn.zhěn][eng.pillow; (also zhěn, (surname))][(Skt. upadhāna = pillow)]

75.111 枖 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.112 林 [chn.lín][eng.forest; grove; (also lín, (surname))][skt.vana; (Skt. kānanā = forest)]

75.113 枘 [chn.ruì][eng.tenon; (also ruì, (surname))][(Skt. śilā = tenon)]

75.114 枙 [chn.ě][archaic; (also ě, to be a tree); rare]

75.115 枚 [chn.méi][eng.measure word; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. gaṇanā = measure)]

75.116 枛 [chn.zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to be a tree); rare]

75.117 果 [chn.guǒ][eng.fruit; result; (also guǒ, (surname))][skt.phala; (Skt. phalita = result)]

75.118 枝 [chn.zhī][eng.branch; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

75.119 枞 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, (surname)); rare]

75.120 枟 [chn.yùn][archaic; (also yùn, to be a tree); rare]

75.121 枠 [chn.huà][eng.Japanese variant of 桦 (birch)]

75.122 枡 [chn.shēng][eng.Japanese unit; (also shēng, (surname))]

75.123 枢 [chn.shū][eng.pivot; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍa = pivot)]

75.124 枣 [chn.zǎo][eng.jujube; (also zǎo, (surname))][(Skt. badara = jujube)]

75.125 枤 [chn.dà][archaic; (also dà, to be a tree); rare]

75.126 枥 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.127 枦 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a tree); rare]

75.128 枧 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.129 枨 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a tree); rare]

75.130 枩 [chn.sōng][archaic variant of 松 (pine)][(Skt. sarala = pine)]

75.131 枪 [chn.qiāng][eng.spear; gun; (also qiāng, (surname))][(Skt. śastra = spear)]

75.132 枫 [chn.fēng][eng.maple; (also fēng, (surname))][(Skt. palāśa = maple)]

75.133 枬 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be a tree); rare]

75.134 枭 [chn.xiāo][eng.owl; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. uṇṇā = owl)]

75.135 枮 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be a tree); rare]

75.136 枯 [chn.kū][eng.withered; dried; (also kū, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = withered)]

75.137 枰 [chn.píng][archaic; (also píng, (surname)); rare]

75.138 枱 [chn.tái][archaic; (also tái, to be a tree); rare]

75.139 枲 [chn.xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.140 枳 [chn.zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, (surname)); rare]

75.141 枴 [chn.guǎi][archaic; (also guǎi, to be a tree); rare]

75.142 枵 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.143 架 [chn.jià][eng.shelf; frame; (also jià, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = shelf)]

75.144 枷 [chn.jiā][eng.cangue; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = cangue)]

75.145 枸 [chn.gǒu][archaic; (also gōu, to be a tree); rare]

75.146 枹 [chn.bāo][archaic; (also bāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.147 枺 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a tree); rare]

75.148 枻 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.149 枼 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be a tree); rare]

75.150 枽 [chn.yè][archaic variant of 枼 (leaf); rare]

75.151 枾 [chn.shì][archaic; (also shì, to be a tree); rare]

75.152 枿 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be a tree); rare]

75.153 柀 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.154 柁 [chn.duò][archaic; (also duò, (surname)); rare]

75.155 柂 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a tree); rare]

75.156 柃 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a tree); rare]

75.157 柄 [chn.bǐng][eng.handle; (also bìng, power)][(Skt. hasta = handle)]

75.158 柅 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.159 柆 [chn.lā][archaic; (also lā, to be a tree); rare]

75.160 柇 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be a tree); rare]

75.161 柈 [chn.pán][archaic; (also pán, to be a tree); rare]

75.162 柉 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be a tree); rare]

75.163 柊 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.164 柋 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a tree); rare]

75.165 柌 [chn.ci][archaic; (also ci, to be a tree); rare]

75.166 柍 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be a tree); rare]

75.167 柎 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to be a tree); rare]

75.168 柏 [chn.bǎi][eng.cypress; (also bó, Berlin)][(Skt. padmaka = cypress)]

75.169 某 [chn.mǒu][eng.certain; some; (also mǒu, (surname))][(Skt. kaścana = certain)]

75.170 柑 [chn.gān][eng.tangerine; (also gān, (surname))][(Skt. nāraṅga = orange)]

75.171 柒 [chn.qī][eng.seven; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. sapta = seven)]

75.172 染 [chn.rǎn][eng.to dye; (also rǎn, (surname))][(Skt. rañjana = dyeing)]

75.173 柔 [chn.róu][eng.soft; gentle; (also róu, (surname))][(Skt. mṛdu = soft)]

75.174 柕 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, to be a tree); rare]

75.175 柖 [chn.sháo][archaic; (also sháo, to be a tree); rare]

75.176 柗 [chn.sōng][archaic variant of 松 (pine)][(Skt. sarala = pine)]

75.177 柘 [chn.zhè][archaic; (also zhè, (surname)); rare]

75.178 柙 [chn.xiá][eng.cage; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. pañjara = cage)]

75.179 柚 [chn.yòu][eng.pomelo; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. nāraṅga = fruit)]

75.180 柛 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.181 柜 [chn.guì][eng.cabinet; (also jǔ, a tree)][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = cabinet)]

75.182 柝 [chn.tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to be a tree); rare]

75.183 柞 [chn.zhà][archaic; (also zhà, (surname)); rare]

75.184 柟 [chn.nán][archaic; (also nán, to be a tree); rare]

75.185 柠 [chn.níng][eng.lemon; (also níng, (surname))][(Skt. jambīra = lemon)]

75.186 柡 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be a tree); rare]

75.187 柢 [chn.dǐ][eng.root; (also dǐ, (surname))][(Skt. mūla = root)]

75.188 柣 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a tree); rare]

75.189 柤 [chn.zhā][archaic; (also zhā, (surname)); rare]

75.190 查 [chn.chá][eng.to investigate; (also zhā, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = investigation)]

75.191 柦 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.192 柧 [chn.gū][archaic; (also gū, to be a tree); rare]

75.193 柨 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to be a tree); rare]

75.194 柩 [chn.jiù][eng.coffin; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = coffin)]

75.195 柪 [chn.āo][archaic; (also āo, to be a tree); rare]

75.196 柫 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a tree); rare]

75.197 柬 [chn.jiǎn][eng.letter; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = letter)]

75.198 柭 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be a tree); rare]

75.199 柮 [chn.duò][archaic; (also duò, to be a tree); rare]

75.200 柯 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, (surname)); rare]

75.201 柰 [chn.nài][archaic; (also nài, to be a tree); rare]

75.202 柱 [chn.zhù][eng.pillar; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. stambha = pillar)]

75.203 柲 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a tree); rare]

75.204 柳 [chn.liǔ][eng.willow; (also liǔ, (surname))][(Skt. vetasa = willow)]

75.205 柴 [chn.chái][eng.firewood; (also chái, (surname))][(Skt. indhana = firewood)]

75.206 柵 [chn.zhà][eng.traditional variant of 栅 (fence)][(Skt. prākāra = fence)]

75.207 柶 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, to be a tree); rare]

75.208 柷 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a tree); rare]

75.209 柸 [chn.pēi][archaic; (also pēi, to be a tree); rare]

75.210 柹 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 柿 (persimmon)]

75.211 柺 [chn.guǎi][archaic; (also guǎi, to be a tree); rare]

75.212 査 [chn.chá][archaic variant of 查 (to investigate)][(Skt. vicāra = investigation)]

75.213 柼 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.214 柽 [chn.chēng][archaic; (also chēng, (surname)); rare]

75.215 柾 [chn.jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to be a tree); rare]

75.216 柿 [chn.shì][eng.persimmon; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. āmalaka = persimmon)]

75.217 栀 [chn.zhī][eng.gardenia; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. jāti = gardenia)]

75.218 栁 [chn.liǔ][eng.Japanese variant of 柳 (willow)][(Skt. vetasa = willow)]

75.219 栂 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be a tree); rare]

75.220 栃 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.221 栄 [chn.róng][eng.Japanese variant of 榮 (prosperous)][(Skt. samṛddhi = prosperity)]

75.222 栅 [chn.zhà][eng.fence; (also shān, a tree)][(Skt. prākāra = fence)]

75.223 栆 [chn.zǎo][archaic variant of 枣 (jujube)][(Skt. badara = jujube)]

75.224 标 [chn.biāo][eng.mark; (also biāo, (surname))][(Skt. lakṣaṇa = mark)]

75.225 栈 [chn.zhàn][eng.warehouse; (also zhàn, (surname))][(Skt. koṣṭha = warehouse)]

75.226 栉 [chn.zhì][eng.comb; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. kaṅkata = comb)]

75.227 栊 [chn.lóng][archaic; (also lóng, (surname)); rare]

75.228 栋 [chn.dòng][eng.ridgepole; (also dòng, (surname))][(Skt. kīla = ridgepole)]

75.229 栌 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, (surname)); rare]

75.230 栍 [chn.shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.231 栎 [chn.lì][eng.oak; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. kṣīra = oak)]

75.232 栏 [chn.lán][eng.railing; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = railing)]

75.233 栐 [chn.yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be a tree); rare]

75.234 树 [chn.shù][eng.tree; (also shù, (surname))][skt.vṛkṣa; (Skt. pādapa = tree)]

75.235 栒 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a tree); rare]

75.236 栓 [chn.shuān][eng.bolt; (also shuān, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍa = bolt)]

75.237 栔 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a tree); rare]

75.238 栕 [chn.chén][archaic; (also chén, to be a tree); rare]

75.239 栖 [chn.qī][eng.to dwell; (also xī, a tree)][(Skt. nivāsa = dwelling)]

75.240 栗 [chn.lì][eng.chestnut; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. akṣoṭa = chestnut)]

75.241 栘 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, (surname)); rare]

75.242 栙 [chn.xiáng][archaic; (also xiáng, to be a tree); rare]

75.243 栚 [chn.zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be a tree); rare]

75.244 栛 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.245 栜 [chn.sè][archaic; (also sè, to be a tree); rare]

75.246 栝 [chn.guā][archaic; (also guā, (surname)); rare]

75.247 栞 [chn.kān][archaic variant of 刊 (to publish)]

75.248 栟 [chn.bīng][archaic; (also bīng, to be a tree); rare]

75.249 栠 [chn.rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be a tree); rare]

75.250 校 [chn.xiào][eng.school; (also jiào, to correct)][(Skt. vidyālaya = school)]

75.251 栢 [chn.bǎi][archaic variant of 柏 (cypress)][(Skt. padmaka = cypress)]

75.252 栣 [chn.rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be a tree); rare]

75.253 栤 [chn.bìng][archaic; (also bìng, to be a tree); rare]

75.254 栥 [chn.zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a tree); rare]

75.255 栦 [chn.chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be a tree); rare]

75.256 栧 [chn.yì][archaic variant of 枻 (oar)]

75.257 栨 [chn.cì][archaic; (also cì, to be a tree); rare]

75.258 栩 [chn.xǔ][eng.oak; (also xǔ, (surname))][(Skt. kṣīra = oak)]

75.259 株 [chn.zhū][eng.trunk; (also zhū, (surname))][(Skt. skandha = trunk)]

75.260 栫 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.261 栬 [chn.zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a tree); rare]

75.262 栭 [chn.ér][archaic; (also ér, to be a tree); rare]

75.263 栮 [chn.ěr][archaic; (also ěr, to be a tree); rare]

75.264 栯 [chn.yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.265 栰 [chn.fá][archaic; (also fá, to be a tree); rare]

75.266 栱 [chn.gǒng][archaic; (also gǒng, (surname)); rare]

75.267 栲 [chn.kǎo][archaic; (also kǎo, (surname)); rare]

75.268 栳 [chn.lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.269 栴 [chn.zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be a tree); rare]

75.270 栵 [chn.liè][archaic; (also liè, to be a tree); rare]

75.271 栶 [chn.yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be a tree); rare]

75.272 样 [chn.yàng][eng.shape; appearance; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. rūpa = shape)]

75.273 核 [chn.hé][eng.core; kernel; (also hé, (surname))][(Skt. mūla = core)]

75.274 根 [chn.gēn][eng.root; (also gēn, (surname))][skt.mūla; (Skt. indriya = sense faculty)]

75.275 栺 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be a tree); rare]

75.276 栻 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be a tree); rare]

75.277 格 [gé][eng.pattern; (also gé, (surname))][(Skt. prakāra = pattern)]

75.278 栽 [zāi][eng.to plant; (also zāi, (surname))][(Skt. ropaṇa = planting)]

75.279 栾 [luán][archaic; (also luán, (surname)); rare]

75.280 栿 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a tree); rare]

75.281 桀 [jié][archaic; (also jié, (surname)); rare]

75.282 桁 [héng][archaic; (also héng, to be a tree); rare]

75.283 桂 [guì][eng.cassia; (also guì, (surname))][(Skt. tvak = cinnamon)]

75.284 桃 [táo][eng.peach; (also táo, (surname))][(Skt. āmra = mango)]

75.285 桄 [guāng][archaic; (also guāng, (surname)); rare]

75.286 桅 [wéi][eng.mast; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. kūpa = mast)]

75.287 框 [kuāng][eng.frame; (also kuāng, (surname))][(Skt. carcikā = frame)]

75.288 桇 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be a tree); rare]

75.289 案 [àn][eng.table; case; (also àn, (surname))][(Skt. pīṭha = table)]

75.290 桉 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be a tree); rare]

75.291 桊 [juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.292 桋 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a tree); rare]

75.293 桌 [zhuō][eng.table; (also zhuō, (surname))][(Skt. pīṭha = table)]

75.294 桍 [kū][archaic; (also kū, to be a tree); rare]

75.295 桎 [zhì][eng.fetters; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = fetters)]

75.296 桏 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be a tree); rare]

75.297 桐 [tóng][eng.empress tree; (also tóng, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = tree)]

75.298 桑 [sāng][eng.mulberry; (also sāng, (surname))][(Skt. kāyā = mulberry)]

75.299 桒 [sāng][archaic variant of 桑 (mulberry)][(Skt. kāyā = mulberry)]

75.300 桓 [huán][archaic; (also huán, (surname)); rare]

75.301 桔 [jié][eng.tangerine; (also jú, a tree)][(Skt. nāraṅga = tangerine)]

75.302 桕 [jiù][archaic; (also jiù, (surname)); rare]

75.303 桖 [xuè][archaic; (also xuè, to be a tree); rare]

75.304 桗 [duò][archaic; (also duò, to be a tree); rare]

75.305 桘 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be a tree); rare]

75.306 桙 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a tree); rare]

75.307 桚 [zā][archaic; (also zā, to be a tree); rare]

75.308 桛 [kā][archaic; (also kā, to be a tree); rare]

75.309 桜 [yīng][eng.Japanese variant of 櫻 (cherry)]

75.310 桝 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a tree); rare]

75.311 桞 [liǔ][archaic variant of 柳 (willow)][(Skt. vetasa = willow)]

75.312 桟 [zhàn][archaic variant of 栈 (warehouse)][(Skt. koṣṭha = warehouse)]

75.313 桠 [yā][archaic; (also yā, (surname)); rare]

75.314 桡 [ráo][archaic; (also ráo, (surname)); rare]

75.315 桢 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, (surname)); rare]

75.316 档 [dàng][eng.shelf; (also dǎng, (surname))][(Skt. saṃsthāna = shelf)]

75.317 桤 [qī][archaic; (also qī, (surname)); rare]

75.318 桥 [qiáo][eng.bridge; (also qiáo, (surname))][(Skt. setu = bridge)]

75.319 桦 [huà][eng.birch; (also huà, (surname))][(Skt. bhūrja = birch)]

75.320 桧 [guì][archaic; (also huì, a tree)]

75.321 桨 [jiǎng][eng.oar; (also jiǎng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.322 桩 [zhuāng][eng.stake; (also zhuāng, (surname))][(Skt. kīla = stake)]

75.323 桪 [xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a tree); rare]

75.324 桫 [suō][archaic; (also suō, (surname)); rare]

75.325 桬 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be a tree); rare]

75.326 桭 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be a tree); rare]

75.327 桮 [bēi][archaic variant of 杯 (cup)][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

75.328 桯 [tīng][archaic; (also tīng, (surname)); rare]

75.329 桰 [kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to be a tree); rare]

75.330 桱 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a tree); rare]

75.331 桲 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a tree); rare]

75.332 桳 [bèn][archaic; (also bèn, to be a tree); rare]

75.333 桴 [fú][archaic; (also fú, (surname)); rare]

75.334 桵 [ruí][archaic; (also ruí, to be a tree); rare]

75.335 桶 [tǒng][eng.bucket; (also tǒng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = bucket)]

75.336 桷 [jué][archaic; (also jué, (surname)); rare]

75.337 桸 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a tree); rare]

75.338 桹 [láng][archaic; (also láng, (surname)); rare]

75.339 桺 [liǔ][archaic variant of 柳 (willow)][(Skt. vetasa = willow)]

75.340 桻 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.341 桼 [qī][archaic variant of 漆 (lacquer)]

75.342 桽 [wěn][archaic; (also wěn, to be a tree); rare]

75.343 桾 [jūn][archaic; (also jūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.344 桿 [gǎn][eng.traditional variant of 杆 (pole; staff)][(Skt. daṇḍa = pole)]

75.345 梀 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a tree); rare]

75.346 梁 [liáng][eng.rafter; (also liáng, (surname))][(Skt. kāṣṭha = rafter)]

75.347 梂 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a tree); rare]

75.348 梃 [tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, (surname)); rare]

75.349 梄 [yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.350 梅 [méi][eng.plum; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. āmalaka = plum)]

75.351 梆 [bāng][archaic; (also bāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.352 梇 [lòng][archaic; (also lòng, to be a tree); rare]

75.353 梈 [pēng][archaic; (also pēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.354 梉 [zhuāng][archaic; (also zhuāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.355 梊 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a tree); rare]

75.356 梋 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be a tree); rare]

75.357 梌 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be a tree); rare]

75.358 梍 [zào][archaic; (also zào, to be a tree); rare]

75.359 梎 [āo][archaic; (also āo, to be a tree); rare]

75.360 梏 [gù][eng.fetters; (also gù, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = fetters)]

75.361 梐 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a tree); rare]

75.362 梑 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to be a tree); rare]

75.363 梒 [hán][archaic; (also hán, to be a tree); rare]

75.364 梓 [zǐ][eng.catalpa; (also zǐ, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = catalpa)]

75.365 梔 [zhī][eng.traditional variant of 栀 (gardenia)][(Skt. jāti = gardenia)]

75.366 梕 [rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be a tree); rare]

75.367 梖 [bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a tree); rare]

75.368 梗 [gěng][eng.stem; (also gěng, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stem)]

75.369 梘 [jiǎn][archaic variant of 枧 (a tree)]

75.370 梙 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.371 梚 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.372 梛 [nuó][archaic; (also nuó, to be a tree); rare]

75.373 梜 [jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be a tree); rare]

75.374 條 [tiáo][eng.traditional variant of 条 (strip; article)][(Skt. paṭṭa = strip)]

75.375 梞 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a tree); rare]

75.376 梟 [xiāo][eng.traditional variant of 枭 (owl)][(Skt. uṇṇā = owl)]

75.377 梠 [lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be a tree); rare]

75.378 梡 [kuǎn][archaic; (also kuǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.379 梢 [shāo][eng.tip; (also shāo, (surname))][(Skt. agra = tip)]

75.380 梣 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be a tree); rare]

75.381 梤 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a tree); rare]

75.382 梥 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.383 梦 [mèng][eng.dream; (also mèng, (surname))][skt.svapna; (Skt. svapna = dream)]

75.384 梧 [wú][eng.parasol tree; (also wú, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = tree)]

75.385 梨 [lí][eng.pear; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. pāṭali = pear)]

75.386 梩 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a tree); rare]

75.387 梪 [dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to be a tree); rare]

75.388 梫 [qǐn][archaic; (also qǐn, to be a tree); rare]

75.389 梬 [yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to be a tree); rare]

75.390 梭 [suō][eng.shuttle; (also suō, (surname))][(Skt. vema = shuttle)]

75.391 梮 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be a tree); rare]

75.392 梯 [tī][eng.ladder; (also tī, (surname))][(Skt. sopāna = ladder)]

75.393 械 [xiè][eng.tools; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. yantra = tool)]

75.394 梱 [kǔn][eng.door threshold; (also kǔn, (surname))][(Skt. jambha = threshold)]

75.395 梲 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a tree); rare]

75.396 梳 [shū][eng.to comb; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. kaṅkata = combing)]

75.397 梴 [chān][archaic; (also chān, to be a tree); rare]

75.398 梵 [fàn][eng.sacred; (also fàn, (surname))][skt.brahman; (Skt. brahmā = Brahmā)]

75.399 梶 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a tree); rare]

75.400 梷 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a tree); rare]

75.401 梸 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a tree); rare]

75.402 梹 [bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a tree); rare]

75.403 梺 [xià][archaic; (also xià, to be a tree); rare]

75.404 梻 [fó][archaic; (also fó, to be a tree); rare]

75.405 梼 [táo][archaic; (also táo, to be a tree); rare]

75.406 梽 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a tree); rare]

75.407 梾 [lái][archaic; (also lái, to be a tree); rare]

75.408 梿 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be a tree); rare]

75.409 检 [jiǎn][eng.to check; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. parīkṣā = checking)]

75.410 棁 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a tree); rare]

75.411 棂 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a tree); rare]

75.412 棃 [lí][archaic variant of 梨 (pear)][(Skt. pāṭali = pear)]

75.413 棄 [qì][eng.traditional variant of 弃 (to abandon)][(Skt. prahāṇa = abandonment)]

75.414 棅 [bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be a tree); rare]

75.415 棆 [lún][archaic; (also lún, to be a tree); rare]

75.416 棇 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.417 棈 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.418 棉 [mián][eng.cotton; (also mián, (surname))][(Skt. karpāsa = cotton)]

75.419 棊 [qí][archaic variant of 棋 (chess)][(Skt. akṣa = chess/dice)]

75.420 棋 [qí][eng.chess; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. akṣa = chess/dice)]

75.421 棌 [cǎi][archaic; (also cǎi, to be a tree); rare]

75.422 棍 [gùn][eng.stick; (also gùn, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = stick)]

75.423 棎 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be a tree); rare]

75.424 棏 [dé][archaic; (also dé, to be a tree); rare]

75.425 棐 [fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be a tree); rare]

75.426 棑 [pái][archaic; (also pái, to be a tree); rare]

75.427 棒 [bàng][eng.stick; club; (also bàng, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = stick)]

75.428 棓 [pǒu][archaic; (also pǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.429 棔 [hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.430 棕 [zōng][eng.palm; (also zōng, (surname))][(Skt. tāla = palm)]

75.431 棖 [chéng][archaic variant of 枨 (a tree)]

75.432 棗 [zǎo][eng.traditional variant of 枣 (jujube)][(Skt. badara = jujube)]

75.433 棘 [jí][eng.thorns; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. kaṇṭaka = thorn)]

75.434 棙 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.435 棚 [péng][eng.shed; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = shed)]

75.436 棛 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a tree); rare]

75.437 棜 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a tree); rare]

75.438 棝 [gù][archaic; (also gù, to be a tree); rare]

75.439 棞 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be a tree); rare]

75.440 棟 [dòng][eng.traditional variant of 栋 (ridgepole)][(Skt. kīla = ridgepole)]

75.441 棠 [táng][eng.crabapple; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. āmalaka = crabapple)]

75.442 棡 [gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.443 棢 [wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to be a tree); rare]

75.444 棣 [dì][archaic; (also dì, (surname)); rare]

75.445 棤 [què][archaic; (also què, to be a tree); rare]

75.446 棥 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be a tree); rare]

75.447 棦 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.448 棧 [zhàn][eng.traditional variant of 栈 (warehouse)][(Skt. koṣṭha = warehouse)]

75.449 棨 [qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, (surname)); rare]

75.450 棩 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be a tree); rare]

75.451 棪 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.452 棫 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a tree); rare]

75.453 棬 [quān][archaic; (also quān, to be a tree); rare]

75.454 棭 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.455 森 [sēn][eng.forest; (also sēn, (surname))][skt.vana; (Skt. kānanā = forest)]

75.456 棯 [rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be a tree); rare]

75.457 棰 [chuí][archaic; (also chuí, (surname)); rare]

75.458 棱 [léng][eng.edge; (also léng, (surname))][(Skt. koṇa = edge)]

75.459 棲 [qī][archaic variant of 栖 (to dwell)][(Skt. nivāsa = dwelling)]

75.460 棳 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a tree); rare]

75.461 棴 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a tree); rare]

75.462 棵 [kē][eng.measure word; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. gaṇanā = measure)]

75.463 棶 [lái][archaic; (also lái, to be a tree); rare]

75.464 棷 [zōu][archaic; (also zōu, to be a tree); rare]

75.465 棸 [zōu][archaic; (also zōu, to be a tree); rare]

75.466 棹 [zhào][eng.oar; (also zhào, (surname))][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.467 棺 [guān][eng.coffin; (also guān, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = coffin)]

75.468 棻 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a tree); rare]

75.469 棼 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a tree); rare]

75.470 棽 [chēn][archaic; (also chēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.471 棾 [qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to be a tree); rare]

75.472 棿 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be a tree); rare]

75.473 椀 [wǎn][archaic variant of 碗 (bowl)][(Skt. kumbha = bowl)]

75.474 椁 [guǒ][eng.outer coffin; (also guǒ, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = coffin)]

75.475 椂 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a tree); rare]

75.476 椃 [háo][archaic; (also háo, to be a tree); rare]

75.477 椄 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be a tree); rare]

75.478 椅 [yǐ][eng.chair; (also yī, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = chair)]

75.479 椆 [chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be a tree); rare]

75.480 椇 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.481 椈 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be a tree); rare]

75.482 椉 [chéng][archaic variant of 乘 (to ride)][(Skt. yāna = vehicle)]

75.483 椊 [zú][archaic; (also zú, to be a tree); rare]

75.484 椋 [liáng][archaic; (also liáng, (surname)); rare]

75.485 椌 [qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.486 植 [zhí][eng.to plant; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. ropaṇa = planting)]

75.487 椎 [zhuī][eng.vertebra; (also chuí, to hammer)][(Skt. aṇḍa = vertebra)]

75.488 椏 [yā][eng.traditional variant of 桠 (branch)][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

75.489 椐 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a tree); rare]

75.490 椑 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be a tree); rare]

75.491 椒 [jiāo][eng.pepper; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. marica = pepper)]

75.492 椓 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a tree); rare]

75.493 椔 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a tree); rare]

75.494 椕 [bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a tree); rare]

75.495 椖 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a tree); rare]

75.496 椗 [dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be a tree); rare]

75.497 椘 [chǔ][archaic variant of 楚 (pain)]

75.498 椙 [chāng][archaic; (also chāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.499 椚 [mén][archaic; (also mén, to be a tree); rare]

75.500 椛 [huā][archaic; (also huā, to be a tree); rare]

75.501 検 [jiǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 檢 (to check)][(Skt. parīkṣā = checking)]

75.502 椝 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be a tree); rare]

75.503 椞 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a tree); rare]

75.504 椟 [dú][archaic; (also dú, (surname)); rare]

75.505 椠 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.506 椡 [dāo][archaic; (also dāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.507 椢 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be a tree); rare]

75.508 椣 [diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.509 椤 [luó][archaic; (also luó, (surname)); rare]

75.510 椥 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be a tree); rare]

75.511 椦 [quān][archaic; (also quān, to be a tree); rare]

75.512 椧 [miàn][archaic; (also miàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.513 椨 [fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.514 椩 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.515 椪 [pèng][archaic; (also pèng, to be a tree); rare]

75.516 椫 [zhǎn][archaic; (also zhǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.517 椬 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a tree); rare]

75.518 椭 [tuǒ][eng.ellipse; (also tuǒ, (surname))][(Skt. vṛtta = ellipse)]

75.519 椮 [sēn][archaic; (also sēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.520 椯 [duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to be a tree); rare]

75.521 椰 [yē][eng.coconut; (also yē, (surname))][(Skt. nārikela = coconut)]

75.522 椱 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be a tree); rare]

75.523 椲 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a tree); rare]

75.524 椳 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be a tree); rare]

75.525 椴 [duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.526 椵 [jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, to be a tree); rare]

75.527 椶 [zōng][archaic variant of 棕 (palm)][(Skt. tāla = palm)]

75.528 椷 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.529 椸 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a tree); rare]

75.530 椹 [zhēn][archaic; (also shèn, a tree)]

75.531 椺 [xí][archaic; (also xí, to be a tree); rare]

75.532 椻 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.533 椼 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.534 椽 [chuán][eng.rafter; (also chuán, (surname))][(Skt. kāṣṭha = rafter)]

75.535 椾 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.536 椿 [chūn][eng.toon tree; (also chūn, (surname))][(Skt. āmra = toon)]

75.537 楀 [yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.538 楁 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be a tree); rare]

75.539 楂 [zhā][eng.hawthorn; (also zhā, (surname))][(Skt. badara = hawthorn)]

75.540 楃 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be a tree); rare]

75.541 楄 [pián][archaic; (also pián, to be a tree); rare]

75.542 楅 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a tree); rare]

75.543 楆 [yāo][archaic; (also yāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.544 楇 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be a tree); rare]

75.545 楈 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be a tree); rare]

75.546 楉 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be a tree); rare]

75.547 楊 [yáng][eng.traditional variant of 杨 (poplar)][(Skt. kṣīra = poplar)]

75.548 楋 [là][archaic; (also là, to be a tree); rare]

75.549 楌 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a tree); rare]

75.550 楍 [běn][archaic variant of 本 (root)][(Skt. mūla = root)]

75.551 楎 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be a tree); rare]

75.552 楏 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be a tree); rare]

75.553 楐 [jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a tree); rare]

75.554 楑 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be a tree); rare]

75.555 楒 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be a tree); rare]

75.556 楓 [fēng][eng.traditional variant of 枫 (maple)][(Skt. palāśa = maple)]

75.557 楔 [xiē][eng.wedge; (also xiē, (surname))][(Skt. kīla = wedge)]

75.558 楕 [tuǒ][archaic variant of 椭 (ellipse)][(Skt. vṛtta = ellipse)]

75.559 楖 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a tree); rare]

75.560 楗 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, (surname)); rare]

75.561 楘 [mù][archaic; (also mù, to be a tree); rare]

75.562 楙 [mào][archaic; (also mào, to be a tree); rare]

75.563 楚 [chǔ][eng.pain; (also chǔ, (surname))][(Skt. duḥkha = pain)]

75.564 楛 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be a tree); rare]

75.565 楜 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be a tree); rare]

75.566 楝 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, (surname)); rare]

75.567 楞 [léng][archaic variant of 棱 (edge)][(Skt. koṇa = edge)]

75.568 楟 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, to be a tree); rare]

75.569 楠 [nán][eng.nanmu; (also nán, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = nanmu)]

75.570 楡 [yú][archaic variant of 榆 (elm)]

75.571 楢 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be a tree); rare]

75.572 楣 [méi][archaic; (also méi, (surname)); rare]

75.573 楤 [sǒng][archaic; (also sǒng, to be a tree); rare]

75.574 楥 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.575 楦 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.576 楧 [yāng][archaic; (also yāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.577 楨 [zhēn][eng.traditional variant of 桢 (a tree)]

75.578 楩 [pián][archaic; (also pián, to be a tree); rare]

75.579 楪 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be a tree); rare]

75.580 楫 [jí][eng.oar; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.581 楬 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a tree); rare]

75.582 業 [yè][eng.traditional variant of 业 (business; karma)][skt.karman; (Skt. karman = action)]

75.583 楮 [chǔ][archaic; (also chǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.584 楯 [shǔn][archaic; (also shǔn, to be a tree); rare]

75.585 楰 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a tree); rare]

75.586 楱 [còu][archaic; (also còu, to be a tree); rare]

75.587 楲 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be a tree); rare]

75.588 楳 [méi][archaic variant of 梅 (plum)][(Skt. āmalaka = plum)]

75.589 楴 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a tree); rare]

75.590 極 [jí][eng.traditional variant of 极 (extreme)][(Skt. ati = extreme)]

75.591 楶 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a tree); rare]

75.592 楷 [kǎi][eng.model; (also kāi, a tree)][(Skt. anukāra = model)]

75.593 楸 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, (surname)); rare]

75.594 楹 [yíng][eng.pillar; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. stambha = pillar)]

75.595 楺 [rǒu][archaic; (also rǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.596 楻 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be a tree); rare]

75.597 楼 [lóu][eng.building; (also lóu, (surname))][(Skt. prāsāda = building)]

75.598 楽 [lè][eng.Japanese variant of 樂 (music; joy)][(Skt. sukha = joy)]

75.599 楾 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a tree); rare]

75.600 楿 [xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.601 榀 [pǐn][archaic; (also pǐn, to be a tree); rare]

75.602 榁 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be a tree); rare]

75.603 概 [gài][eng.general; approximate; (also gài, (surname))][(Skt. sāmānya = general)]

75.604 榃 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be a tree); rare]

75.605 榄 [lǎn][eng.olive; (also lǎn, (surname))][(Skt. jambū = olive)]

75.606 榅 [wēn][archaic; (also wēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.607 榆 [yú][eng.elm; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. aśvattha = elm)]

75.608 榇 [chèn][eng.coffin; (also chèn, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = coffin)]

75.609 榈 [lǘ][archaic; (also lǘ, (surname)); rare]

75.610 榉 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, (surname)); rare]

75.611 榊 [shén][archaic; (also shén, to be a tree); rare]

75.612 榋 [chú][archaic; (also chú, to be a tree); rare]

75.613 榌 [bī][archaic; (also bī, to be a tree); rare]

75.614 榍 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a tree); rare]

75.615 榎 [jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, to be a tree); rare]

75.616 榏 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.617 榐 [zhǎn][archaic; (also zhǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.618 榑 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a tree); rare]

75.619 榒 [nù][archaic; (also nù, to be a tree); rare]

75.620 榓 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be a tree); rare]

75.621 榔 [láng][eng.palm; (also láng, (surname))][(Skt. tāla = palm)]

75.622 榕 [róng][eng.banyan; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. nyagrodha = banyan)]

75.623 榖 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, (surname)); rare]

75.624 榗 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be a tree); rare]

75.625 榘 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.626 榙 [tā][archaic; (also tā, to be a tree); rare]

75.627 榚 [yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.628 榛 [zhēn][eng.hazel; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. badara = hazel)]

75.629 榜 [bǎng][eng.roll; (also bàng, to announce)][(Skt. ākhyāna = announcement)]

75.630 榝 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be a tree); rare]

75.631 榞 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.632 榟 [zǐ][archaic variant of 梓 (catalpa)][(Skt. kāṇḍa = catalpa)]

75.633 榠 [míng][archaic; (also míng, to be a tree); rare]

75.634 榡 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a tree); rare]

75.635 榢 [jià][archaic; (also jià, to be a tree); rare]

75.636 榣 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be a tree); rare]

75.637 榤 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a tree); rare]

75.638 榥 [huàng][archaic; (also huàng, to be a tree); rare]

75.639 榦 [gàn][archaic variant of 幹 (trunk)][(Skt. skandha = trunk)]

75.640 榧 [fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be a tree); rare]

75.641 榨 [zhà][eng.to press; (also zhà, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pressing)]

75.642 榩 [qián][archaic; (also qián, to be a tree); rare]

75.643 榪 [mà][eng.traditional variant of 杩 (a tree)]

75.644 榫 [sǔn][eng.mortise; (also sǔn, (surname))][(Skt. kīla = mortise)]

75.645 榬 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.646 榭 [xiè][eng.pavilion; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. maṇḍapa = pavilion)]

75.647 榮 [róng][eng.traditional variant of 荣 (prosperous)][(Skt. samṛddhi = prosperity)]

75.648 榯 [shí][archaic; (also shí, to be a tree); rare]

75.649 榰 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be a tree); rare]

75.650 榱 [cuī][archaic; (also cuī, to be a tree); rare]

75.651 榲 [wēn][archaic variant of 榅 (a tree)]

75.652 榳 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, to be a tree); rare]

75.653 榴 [liú][eng.pomegranate; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. dāḍima = pomegranate)]

75.654 榵 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a tree); rare]

75.655 榶 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be a tree); rare]

75.656 榷 [què][eng.to monopolize; (also què, (surname))][(Skt. ekādhikāra = monopoly)]

75.657 榸 [zhāi][archaic; (also zhāi, to be a tree); rare]

75.658 榹 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be a tree); rare]

75.659 榺 [shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be a tree); rare]

75.660 榻 [tà][eng.couch; (also tà, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = couch)]

75.661 榼 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a tree); rare]

75.662 榽 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a tree); rare]

75.663 榾 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.664 榿 [qī][archaic; (also qī, (surname)); rare]

75.665 槀 [gǎo][archaic variant of 槁 (withered)][(Skt. śuṣka = withered)]

75.666 槁 [gǎo][eng.withered; (also gǎo, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = withered)]

75.667 槂 [sūn][archaic; (also sūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.668 槃 [pán][eng.tray; (also pán, (surname))][(Skt. pātra = tray)]

75.669 槄 [tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.670 槅 [gé][archaic; (also gé, to be a tree); rare]

75.671 槆 [chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.672 槇 [diān][archaic; (also diān, to be a tree); rare]

75.673 槈 [nòu][archaic; (also nòu, to be a tree); rare]

75.674 槉 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be a tree); rare]

75.675 槊 [shuò][eng.lance; (also shuò, (surname))][(Skt. śakti = lance)]

75.676 構 [gòu][eng.traditional variant of 构 (to construct)][(Skt. nirmāṇa = construction)]

75.677 槌 [chuí][eng.hammer; (also chuí, (surname))][(Skt. mudgara = hammer)]

75.678 槍 [qiāng][eng.traditional variant of 枪 (spear; gun)][(Skt. śastra = spear)]

75.679 槎 [chá][archaic; (also chá, (surname)); rare]

75.680 槏 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.681 槐 [huái][eng.locust tree; (also huái, (surname))][(Skt. kṣīra = locust)]

75.682 槑 [méi][archaic variant of 梅 (plum)][(Skt. āmalaka = plum)]

75.683 槒 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be a tree); rare]

75.684 槓 [gàng][eng.traditional variant of 杠 (staff)][(Skt. daṇḍa = staff)]

75.685 槔 [gāo][archaic; (also gāo, (surname)); rare]

75.686 槕 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a tree); rare]

75.687 槖 [tuó][archaic variant of 橐 (bag)][(Skt. kośa = bag)]

75.688 槗 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be a tree); rare]

75.689 様 [yàng][eng.Japanese variant of 樣 (appearance)][(Skt. rūpa = appearance)]

75.690 槙 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.691 槚 [jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, (surname)); rare]

75.692 槛 [jiàn][eng.bar; (also kǎn, threshold)][(Skt. argha = bar)]

75.693 槜 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a tree); rare]

75.694 槝 [dǎo][archaic; (also dǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.695 槞 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be a tree); rare]

75.696 槟 [bīn][eng.betel; (also bīng, (surname))][(Skt. pūga = betel)]

75.697 槠 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, (surname)); rare]

75.698 槡 [sāng][archaic variant of 桑 (mulberry)][(Skt. kāyā = mulberry)]

75.699 槢 [xí][archaic; (also xí, to be a tree); rare]

75.700 槣 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a tree); rare]

75.701 槤 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be a tree); rare]

75.702 槥 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a tree); rare]

75.703 槦 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a tree); rare]

75.704 槧 [qiàn][archaic variant of 椠 (a tree)]

75.705 槨 [guǒ][archaic variant of 椁 (outer coffin)][(Skt. śmaśāna = coffin)]

75.706 槩 [gài][archaic variant of 概 (general)][(Skt. sāmānya = general)]

75.707 槪 [gài][archaic variant of 概 (general)][(Skt. sāmānya = general)]

75.708 槫 [tuán][archaic; (also tuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.709 槬 [huà][archaic; (also huà, to be a tree); rare]

75.710 槭 [qī][archaic; (also qī, to be a tree); rare]

75.711 槮 [sēn][archaic; (also sēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.712 槯 [cuī][archaic; (also cuī, to be a tree); rare]

75.713 槰 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a tree); rare]

75.714 槱 [yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.715 槲 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be a tree); rare]

75.716 槳 [jiǎng][eng.traditional variant of 桨 (oar)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.717 槴 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be a tree); rare]

75.718 槵 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.719 槶 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be a tree); rare]

75.720 槷 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be a tree); rare]

75.721 槸 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.722 槹 [gāo][archaic; (also gāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.723 槺 [kāng][archaic; (also kāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.724 槻 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be a tree); rare]

75.725 槼 [guī][archaic variant of 规 (rule)][(Skt. vidhi = rule)]

75.726 槽 [cáo][eng.trough; (also cáo, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = trough)]

75.727 槾 [màn][archaic; (also màn, to be a tree); rare]

75.728 槿 [jǐn][eng.hibiscus; (also jǐn, (surname))][(Skt. pāṭali = hibiscus)]

75.729 樀 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to be a tree); rare]

75.730 樁 [zhuāng][archaic variant of 桩 (stake)][(Skt. kīla = stake)]

75.731 樂 [lè][eng.traditional variant of 乐 (music; joy)][(Skt. sukha = joy; Skt. śabda = music)]

75.732 樃 [láng][archaic; (also láng, to be a tree); rare]

75.733 樄 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be a tree); rare]

75.734 樅 [cōng][archaic variant of 枞 (a tree)]

75.735 樆 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a tree); rare]

75.736 樇 [xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to be a tree); rare]

75.737 樈 [qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to be a tree); rare]

75.738 樉 [shuǎng][archaic; (also shuǎng, to be a tree); rare]

75.739 樊 [fán][archaic; (also fán, (surname)); rare]

75.740 樋 [tōng][archaic; (also tōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.741 樌 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.742 樍 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be a tree); rare]

75.743 樎 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a tree); rare]

75.744 樏 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a tree); rare]

75.745 樐 [lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.746 樑 [liáng][eng.traditional variant of 梁 (rafter)][(Skt. kāṣṭha = rafter)]

75.747 樒 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be a tree); rare]

75.748 樓 [lóu][eng.traditional variant of 楼 (building)][(Skt. prāsāda = building)]

75.749 樔 [chāo][archaic; (also chāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.750 樕 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a tree); rare]

75.751 樖 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a tree); rare]

75.752 樗 [chū][archaic; (also chū, (surname)); rare]

75.753 樘 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.754 標 [biāo][eng.traditional variant of 标 (mark)][(Skt. lakṣaṇa = mark)]

75.755 樚 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a tree); rare]

75.756 樛 [jiū][archaic; (also jiū, to be a tree); rare]

75.757 樜 [zhè][archaic; (also zhè, to be a tree); rare]

75.758 樝 [zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to be a tree); rare]

75.759 樞 [shū][eng.traditional variant of 枢 (pivot)][(Skt. aṇḍa = pivot)]

75.760 樟 [zhāng][eng.camphor; (also zhāng, (surname))][(Skt. karpūra = camphor)]

75.761 樠 [mén][archaic; (also mén, to be a tree); rare]

75.762 模 [mó][eng.model; (also mó, (surname))][(Skt. anukāra = model)]

75.763 樢 [niǎo][archaic; (also niǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.764 樣 [yàng][eng.traditional variant of 样 (shape; appearance)][(Skt. rūpa = appearance)]

75.765 樤 [tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be a tree); rare]

75.766 樥 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a tree); rare]

75.767 樦 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be a tree); rare]

75.768 樧 [shā][archaic variant of 榝 (a tree)]

75.769 樨 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a tree); rare]

75.770 権 [quán][eng.Japanese variant of 權 (right; power)][(Skt. adhikāra = power)]

75.771 横 [héng][eng.horizontal; (also hèng, perverse)][(Skt. tiryak = horizontal)]

75.772 樫 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.773 樬 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.774 樭 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a tree); rare]

75.775 樮 [yān][archaic; (also yān, to be a tree); rare]

75.776 樯 [qiáng][eng.mast; (also qiáng, (surname))][(Skt. kūpa = mast)]

75.777 樰 [xuě][archaic; (also xuě, to be a tree); rare]

75.778 樱 [yīng][eng.cherry; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. āmra = cherry)]

75.779 樲 [èr][archaic; (also èr, to be a tree); rare]

75.780 樳 [xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a tree); rare]

75.781 樴 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be a tree); rare]

75.782 樵 [qiáo][eng.firewood; (also qiáo, (surname))][(Skt. indhana = firewood)]

75.783 樶 [zuī][archaic; (also zuī, to be a tree); rare]

75.784 樷 [cóng][archaic variant of 丛 (grove)][(Skt. kānanā = grove)]

75.785 樸 [pǔ][eng.traditional variant of 朴 (simple)][(Skt. sāmānya = simple)]

75.786 樹 [shù][eng.traditional variant of 树 (tree)][skt.vṛkṣa; (Skt. pādapa = tree)]

75.787 樺 [huà][eng.traditional variant of 桦 (birch)][(Skt. bhūrja = birch)]

75.788 樻 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be a tree); rare]

75.789 樼 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a tree); rare]

75.790 樽 [zūn][eng.wine jar; (also zūn, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

75.791 樾 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, (surname)); rare]

75.792 樿 [zhǎn][archaic; (also zhǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.793 橀 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a tree); rare]

75.794 橁 [chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.795 橂 [diàn][archaic; (also diàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.796 橃 [fá][archaic; (also fá, to be a tree); rare]

75.797 橄 [gǎn][eng.olive; (also gǎn, (surname))][(Skt. jambū = olive)]

75.798 橅 [mó][archaic variant of 模 (model)][(Skt. anukāra = model)]

75.799 橆 [wú][archaic variant of 无 (without)][(Skt. na = without)]

75.800 橇 [qiāo][eng.sled; (also qiāo, (surname))][(Skt. śakaṭī = sled)]

75.801 橈 [ráo][eng.traditional variant of 桡 (a tree)]

75.802 橉 [lìn][archaic; (also lìn, to be a tree); rare]

75.803 橊 [liú][archaic variant of 榴 (pomegranate)][(Skt. dāḍima = pomegranate)]

75.804 橋 [qiáo][eng.traditional variant of 桥 (bridge)][(Skt. setu = bridge)]

75.805 橌 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.806 橍 [rùn][archaic; (also rùn, to be a tree); rare]

75.807 橎 [fǎn][archaic; (also fǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.808 橏 [zhǎn][archaic; (also zhǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.809 橐 [tuó][eng.bag; (also tuó, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = bag)]

75.810 橑 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be a tree); rare]

75.811 橒 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be a tree); rare]

75.812 橓 [shùn][archaic; (also shùn, to be a tree); rare]

75.813 橔 [duī][archaic; (also duī, to be a tree); rare]

75.814 橕 [chēng][archaic variant of 撑 (to prop)][(Skt. avalamba = prop)]

75.815 橖 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be a tree); rare]

75.816 橗 [méng][archaic; (also méng, to be a tree); rare]

75.817 橘 [jú][eng.tangerine; (also jú, (surname))][(Skt. nāraṅga = tangerine)]

75.818 橙 [chéng][eng.orange; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. nāraṅga = orange)]

75.819 橚 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a tree); rare]

75.820 橛 [jué][eng.stake; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. kīla = stake)]

75.821 橜 [jué][archaic variant of 橛 (stake)][(Skt. kīla = stake)]

75.822 橝 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be a tree); rare]

75.823 橞 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a tree); rare]

75.824 機 [jī][eng.traditional variant of 机 (machine)][(Skt. yantra = machine)]

75.825 橠 [nuó][archaic; (also nuó, to be a tree); rare]

75.826 橡 [xiàng][eng.oak; (also xiàng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣīra = oak)]

75.827 橢 [tuǒ][eng.traditional variant of 椭 (ellipse)][(Skt. vṛtta = ellipse)]

75.828 橣 [níng][archaic; (also níng, to be a tree); rare]

75.829 橤 [ruǐ][archaic; (also ruǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.830 橥 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, to be a tree); rare]

75.831 橦 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a tree); rare]

75.832 橧 [zēng][archaic; (also zēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.833 橨 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a tree); rare]

75.834 橩 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be a tree); rare]

75.835 橪 [rǎn][archaic; (also rǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.836 橫 [héng][eng.traditional variant of 横 (horizontal)][(Skt. tiryak = horizontal)]

75.837 橬 [qián][archaic; (also qián, to be a tree); rare]

75.838 橭 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be a tree); rare]

75.839 橮 [liǔ][archaic; (also liǔ, to be a tree); rare]

75.840 橯 [lào][archaic; (also lào, to be a tree); rare]

75.841 橰 [gāo][archaic; (also gāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.842 橱 [chú][eng.cabinet; (also chú, (surname))][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = cabinet)]

75.843 橲 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.844 橳 [shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be a tree); rare]

75.845 橴 [zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.846 橵 [sàn][archaic; (also sàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.847 橶 [jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.848 橷 [dōu][archaic; (also dōu, to be a tree); rare]

75.849 橸 [jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be a tree); rare]

75.850 橹 [lǔ][eng.oar; (also lǔ, (surname))][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.851 橺 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.852 橻 [cū][archaic; (also cū, to be a tree); rare]

75.853 橼 [yuán][eng.citron; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. mātuluṅga = citron)]

75.854 橽 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to be a tree); rare]

75.855 橾 [shū][archaic; (also shū, to be a tree); rare]

75.856 橿 [jiāng][archaic; (also jiāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.857 檀 [tán][eng.sandalwood; (also tán, (surname))][skt.candana; (Skt. candana = sandalwood)]

75.858 檁 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be a tree); rare]

75.859 檂 [nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to be a tree); rare]

75.860 檃 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be a tree); rare]

75.861 檄 [xí][eng.proclamation; (also xí, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśana = proclamation)]

75.862 檅 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a tree); rare]

75.863 檆 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be a tree); rare]

75.864 檇 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a tree); rare]

75.865 檈 [xuán][archaic; (also xuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.866 檉 [chēng][archaic variant of 柽 (a tree)]

75.867 檊 [gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.868 檋 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a tree); rare]

75.869 檌 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a tree); rare]

75.870 檍 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a tree); rare]

75.871 檎 [qín][archaic; (also qín, (surname)); rare]

75.872 檏 [pǔ][archaic variant of 朴 (simple)][(Skt. sāmānya = simple)]

75.873 檐 [yán][eng.eaves; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. pranta = eaves)]

75.874 檑 [léi][archaic; (also léi, (surname)); rare]

75.875 檒 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be a tree); rare]

75.876 檓 [huǐ][archaic; (also huǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.877 檔 [dàng][eng.traditional variant of 档 (shelf)][(Skt. saṃsthāna = shelf)]

75.878 檕 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a tree); rare]

75.879 檖 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a tree); rare]

75.880 檗 [bò][archaic; (also bò, (surname)); rare]

75.881 檘 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be a tree); rare]

75.882 檙 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a tree); rare]

75.883 檚 [chǔ][archaic variant of 楚 (pain)][(Skt. duḥkha = pain)]

75.884 檛 [zhuā][archaic; (also zhuā, to be a tree); rare]

75.885 檜 [guì][eng.traditional variant of 桧 (a tree)]

75.886 檝 [jí][archaic variant of 楫 (oar)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.887 檞 [jiě][archaic; (also jiě, to be a tree); rare]

75.888 檟 [jiǎ][archaic variant of 槚 (a tree)]

75.889 檠 [qíng][archaic; (also qíng, (surname)); rare]

75.890 檡 [zhái][archaic; (also zhái, to be a tree); rare]

75.891 檢 [jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 检 (to check)][(Skt. parīkṣā = checking)]

75.892 檣 [qiáng][eng.traditional variant of 樯 (mast)][(Skt. kūpa = mast)]

75.893 檤 [dào][archaic; (also dào, to be a tree); rare]

75.894 檥 [yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.895 檦 [biǎo][archaic; (also biǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.896 檧 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be a tree); rare]

75.897 檨 [shē][archaic; (also shē, to be a tree); rare]

75.898 檩 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, (surname)); rare]

75.899 檪 [lì][archaic variant of 栎 (oak)][(Skt. kṣīra = oak)]

75.900 檫 [chá][archaic; (also chá, (surname)); rare]

75.901 檬 [méng][eng.lemon; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. jambīra = lemon)]

75.902 檭 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be a tree); rare]

75.903 檮 [táo][archaic variant of 梼 (a tree)]

75.904 檯 [tái][archaic variant of 台 (platform)][(Skt. mañca = platform)]

75.905 檰 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be a tree); rare]

75.906 檱 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a tree); rare]

75.907 檲 [tuán][archaic; (also tuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.908 檳 [bīn][eng.traditional variant of 槟 (betel)][(Skt. pūga = betel)]

75.909 檴 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be a tree); rare]

75.910 檵 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a tree); rare]

75.911 檶 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.912 檷 [nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be a tree); rare]

75.913 檸 [níng][eng.traditional variant of 柠 (lemon)][(Skt. jambīra = lemon)]

75.914 檹 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be a tree); rare]

75.915 檺 [gǎo][archaic; (also gǎo, to be a tree); rare]

75.916 檻 [jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 槛 (bar)][(Skt. argha = bar)]

75.917 檼 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be a tree); rare]

75.918 檽 [nòu][archaic; (also nòu, to be a tree); rare]

75.919 檾 [qǐng][archaic; (also qǐng, to be a tree); rare]

75.920 檿 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.921 櫀 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a tree); rare]

75.922 櫁 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be a tree); rare]

75.923 櫂 [zhào][archaic variant of 棹 (oar)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.924 櫃 [guì][eng.traditional variant of 柜 (cabinet)][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = cabinet)]

75.925 櫄 [chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be a tree); rare]

75.926 櫅 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a tree); rare]

75.927 櫆 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be a tree); rare]

75.928 櫇 [pó][archaic; (also pó, to be a tree); rare]

75.929 櫈 [dèng][archaic variant of 凳 (stool)][(Skt. āsana = stool)]

75.930 櫉 [chú][archaic variant of 橱 (cabinet)][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = cabinet)]

75.931 櫊 [gé][archaic; (also gé, to be a tree); rare]

75.932 櫋 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be a tree); rare]

75.933 櫌 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be a tree); rare]

75.934 櫍 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a tree); rare]

75.935 櫎 [huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be a tree); rare]

75.936 櫏 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.937 櫐 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be a tree); rare]

75.938 櫑 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a tree); rare]

75.939 櫒 [sà][archaic; (also sà, to be a tree); rare]

75.940 櫓 [lǔ][eng.traditional variant of 橹 (oar)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

75.941 櫔 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.942 櫕 [cuán][archaic; (also cuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.943 櫖 [lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be a tree); rare]

75.944 櫗 [miè][archaic; (also miè, to be a tree); rare]

75.945 櫘 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a tree); rare]

75.946 櫙 [ōu][archaic; (also ōu, to be a tree); rare]

75.947 櫚 [lǘ][eng.traditional variant of 榈 (a tree)]

75.948 櫛 [zhì][eng.traditional variant of 栉 (comb)][(Skt. kaṅkata = comb)]

75.949 櫜 [gāo][archaic; (also gāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.950 櫝 [dú][eng.traditional variant of 椟 (a tree)]

75.951 櫞 [yuán][eng.traditional variant of 橼 (citron)][(Skt. mātuluṅga = citron)]

75.952 櫟 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 栎 (oak)][(Skt. kṣīra = oak)]

75.953 櫠 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be a tree); rare]

75.954 櫡 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be a tree); rare]

75.955 櫢 [sǒu][archaic; (also sǒu, to be a tree); rare]

75.956 櫣 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be a tree); rare]

75.957 櫤 [jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be a tree); rare]

75.958 櫥 [chú][eng.traditional variant of 橱 (cabinet)][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = cabinet)]

75.959 櫦 [qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be a tree); rare]

75.960 櫧 [zhū][archaic variant of 槠 (a tree)]

75.961 櫨 [lú][archaic variant of 栌 (a tree)]

75.962 櫩 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a tree); rare]

75.963 櫪 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 枥 (a tree)]

75.964 櫫 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, to be a tree); rare]

75.965 櫬 [chèn][eng.traditional variant of 榇 (coffin)][(Skt. śmaśāna = coffin)]

75.966 櫭 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a tree); rare]

75.967 櫮 [è][archaic; (also è, to be a tree); rare]

75.968 櫯 [sū][archaic; (also sū, to be a tree); rare]

75.969 櫰 [huái][archaic; (also huái, to be a tree); rare]

75.970 櫱 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be a tree); rare]

75.971 櫲 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a tree); rare]

75.972 櫳 [lóng][eng.traditional variant of 栊 (a tree)]

75.973 櫴 [lài][archaic; (also lài, to be a tree); rare]

75.974 櫵 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be a tree); rare]

75.975 櫶 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a tree); rare]

75.976 櫷 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be a tree); rare]

75.977 櫸 [jǔ][eng.traditional variant of 榉 (a tree)]

75.978 櫹 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a tree); rare]

75.979 櫺 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a tree); rare]

75.980 櫻 [yīng][eng.traditional variant of 樱 (cherry)][(Skt. āmra = cherry)]

75.981 櫼 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a tree); rare]

75.982 櫽 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be a tree); rare]

75.983 櫾 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be a tree); rare]

75.984 櫿 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be a tree); rare]

75.985 欀 [xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.986 欁 [nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to be a tree); rare]

75.987 欂 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a tree); rare]

75.988 欃 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be a tree); rare]

75.989 欄 [lán][eng.traditional variant of 栏 (railing)][(Skt. prākāra = railing)]

75.990 欅 [jǔ][eng.Japanese variant of 榉 (a tree)]

75.991 欆 [shuāng][archaic; (also shuāng, to be a tree); rare]

75.992 欇 [shè][archaic; (also shè, to be a tree); rare]

75.993 欈 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be a tree); rare]

75.994 欉 [cóng][archaic variant of 丛 (grove)][(Skt. kānanā = grove)]

75.995 權 [quán][eng.traditional variant of 权 (right; power)][(Skt. adhikāra = authority)]

75.996 欋 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a tree); rare]

75.997 欌 [cáng][archaic; (also cáng, to be a tree); rare]

75.998 欍 [jiù][archaic; (also jiù, to be a tree); rare]

75.999 欎 [yù][archaic variant of 郁 (luxuriant)]

75.1000 欏 [luó][archaic variant of 椤 (a tree)]

75.1001 欐 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.1002 欑 [cuán][archaic; (also cuán, to be a tree); rare]

75.1003 欒 [luán][eng.traditional variant of 栾 (a tree)]

75.1004 欓 [dǎng][archaic; (also dǎng, to be a tree); rare]

75.1005 欔 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a tree); rare]

75.1006 欕 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a tree); rare]

75.1007 欖 [lǎn][eng.traditional variant of 榄 (olive)][(Skt. jambū = olive)]

75.1008 欗 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be a tree); rare]

75.1009 欘 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be a tree); rare]

75.1010 欙 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a tree); rare]

75.1011 欚 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a tree); rare]

75.1012 欛 [bà][archaic; (also bà, to be a tree); rare]

75.1013 欜 [náng][archaic; (also náng, to be a tree); rare]

75.1014 欝 [yù][archaic variant of 郁 (luxuriant)]

75.1015 欞 [líng][archaic variant of 棂 (a tree)]

75.1016 欟 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be a tree); rare]

75.1017 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.75

75.1018 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

75.1019 75.1 木 (mù) [skt.vṛkṣa; kāṣṭha] — The radical itself; represents a tree. Appears in countless Buddhist texts describing forests, trees, and the Buddha’s enlightenment under the Bodhi tree

75.1020 75.5 本 (běn) [skt.mūla; ādi] — CRITICAL — Used for "root" and "origin"; appears in Buddhist compound 根本 (mūla, fundamental/root), a key philosophical term

75.1021 75.3 未 (wèi) [skt.na; apakva] — Used for "not yet"; appears in temporal contexts

75.1022 75.4 末 (mò) [skt.anta] — Used for "end" and "tip"; appears in compound 末法 (pāścima-dharma, final age of the Dharma)

75.1023 75.10 朱 (zhū) [skt.kuṅkuma] — Used for "vermilion"; appears in descriptions of red color

75.1024 75.13 朴 (pǔ) [skt.sāmānya] — Used for "simple" and "plain"; appears in descriptions of simplicity

75.1025 75.25 杀 (shā) [skt.vadha] — Used for "to kill"; appears in Buddhist discussions of non-killing (ahiṃsā)

75.1026 75.28 权 (quán) [skt.adhikāra] — CRITICAL — Used for "right" and "power"; appears in Buddhist compound 權便 (upāya, skillful means)

75.1027 75.39 李 (lǐ) [skt.āmalaka] — Used for "plum"; appears in descriptions of fruits and offerings

75.1028 75.40 杏 (xìng) [skt.āmra] — Used for "apricot"

75.1029 75.41 材 (cái) [skt.sambhāra] — Used for "material" and "timber"; appears in compound 材料 (sambhāra, provisions)

75.1030 75.42 村 (cūn) [skt.grāma] — CRITICAL — Used for "village"; appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s travels

75.1031 75.56 束 (shù) [skt.bandh] — Used for "to bind" and "bundle"; appears in Buddhist compound 束脩 (dakṣiṇā, offerings)

75.1032 75.58 条 (tiáo) [skt.paṭṭa] — Used for "strip" and "article"; appears in Buddhist compound 条理 (krama, order)

75.1033 75.62 来 (lái) [skt.āgacchati] — CRITICAL — Used for "to come"; appears in Buddhist compound 如来 (tathāgata, Thus-Come One), one of the Buddha’s epithets

75.1034 75.65 杨 (yáng) [skt.kṣīra] — Used for "poplar"; appears in names of trees

75.1035 75.70 杭 (háng) [skt.tīra] — Used for "to cross"; appears in compound 杭行 (yāna, crossing)

75.1036 75.72 杯 (bēi) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "cup"; appears in descriptions of offerings

75.1037 75.73 杰 (jié) [skt.vīra] — Used for "hero" and "outstanding"; appears in compound 傑出 (viśiṣṭa, outstanding)

75.1038 75.74 東 (dōng) [skt.pūrva] — Used for "east"; appears in Buddhist cosmology

75.1039 75.112 林 (lín) [skt.vana; kānanā] — CRITICAL — Used for "forest" and "grove"; appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s forest retreats

75.1040 75.117 果 (guǒ) [skt.phala; phalita] — CRITICAL — Used for "fruit" and "result"; appears in Buddhist compound 果报 (phala-vipāka, karmic result) and 证果 (phala, attainment)

75.1041 75.118 枝 (zhī) [skt.śākhā] — Used for "branch"; appears in compound 枝末 (śākhā-anta, offshoot)

75.1042 75.123 枢 (shū) [skt.aṇḍa] — Used for "pivot"; appears in compound 枢机 (aṇḍa, key/pivot)

75.1043 75.131 枪 (qiāng) [skt.śastra] — Used for "spear" and "gun"; appears in military contexts

75.1044 75.132 枫 (fēng) [skt.palāśa] — Used for "maple"; appears in names of trees

75.1045 75.136 枯 (kū) [skt.śuṣka] — Used for "withered"; appears in Buddhist similes of impermanence

75.1046 75.143 架 (jià) [skt.mañca] — Used for "shelf" and "frame"; appears in descriptions of structures

75.1047 75.144 枷 (jiā) [skt.bandhana] — Used for "cangue"; appears in descriptions of punishment

75.1048 75.168 柏 (bǎi) [skt.padmaka] — Used for "cypress"; appears in names of trees

75.1049 75.169 某 (mǒu) [skt.kaścana] — Used for "certain" and "some"; appears in indefinite contexts

75.1050 75.170 柑 (gān) [skt.nāraṅga] — Used for "tangerine"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1051 75.172 染 (rǎn) [skt.rañjana] — Used for "to dye"; appears in Buddhist compound 染污 (kliṣṭa, defiled)

75.1052 75.173 柔 (róu) [skt.mṛdu] — Used for "soft" and "gentle"; appears in compound 柔软 (mṛdu, soft/gentle)

75.1053 75.194 柩 (jiù) [skt.śmaśāna] — Used for "coffin"; appears in descriptions of funerary practices

75.1054 75.202 柱 (zhù) [skt.stambha] — CRITICAL — Used for "pillar"; appears in Buddhist compound 法柱 (dharma-stambha, pillar of the Dharma)

75.1055 75.204 柳 (liǔ) [skt.vetasa] — Used for "willow"; appears in descriptions of trees

75.1056 75.205 柴 (chái) [skt.indhana] — Used for "firewood"; appears in descriptions of fuel and offerings

75.1057 75.206 柵 (zhà) [skt.prākāra] — Used for "fence"; appears in descriptions of boundaries

75.1058 75.216 柿 (shì) [skt.āmalaka] — Used for "persimmon"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1059 75.217 栀 (zhī) [skt.jāti] — Used for "gardenia"; appears in descriptions of flowers

75.1060 75.224 标 (biāo) [skt.lakṣaṇa] — Used for "mark" and "sign"; appears in Buddhist compound 標帜 (lakṣaṇa, sign/mark)

75.1061 75.228 栋 (dòng) [skt.kīla] — Used for "ridgepole"; appears in descriptions of buildings

75.1062 75.232 栏 (lán) [skt.prākāra] — Used for "railing"; appears in descriptions of fences and boundaries

75.1063 75.234 树 (shù) [skt.vṛkṣa; pādapa] — CRITICAL — Used for "tree"; appears in Buddhist compound 菩提树 (bodhi-vṛkṣa, Bodhi tree)

75.1064 75.239 栖 (qī) [skt.nivāsa] — Used for "to dwell"; appears in compound 栖身 (nivāsa, dwelling)

75.1065 75.240 栗 (lì) [skt.akṣoṭa] — Used for "chestnut"; appears in descriptions of nuts

75.1066 75.250 校 (xiào) [skt.vidyālaya] — Used for "school"; appears in educational contexts

75.1067 75.258 栩 (xǔ) [skt.kṣīra] — Used for "oak"; appears in names of trees

75.1068 75.259 株 (zhū) [skt.skandha] — Used for "trunk"; appears in descriptions of trees

75.1069 75.274 根 (gēn) [skt.mūla; indriya] — CRITICAL — Used for "root" and "sense faculty"; appears in Buddhist compound 根门 (indriya-dvāra, sense doors) and 六根 (ṣaḍ-indriya, six sense faculties)

75.1070 75.277 格 (gé) [skt.prakāra] — Used for "pattern" and "standard"; appears in compound 格物 (prakāra, investigation)

75.1071 75.278 栽 (zāi) [skt.ropaṇa] — Used for "to plant"; appears in agricultural contexts

75.1072 75.283 桂 (guì) [skt.tvak] — Used for "cassia" and "cinnamon"; appears in descriptions of spices

75.1073 75.284 桃 (táo) [skt.āmra] — Used for "peach"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1074 75.286 桅 (wéi) [skt.kūpa] — Used for "mast"; appears in descriptions of ships

75.1075 75.287 框 (kuāng) [skt.carcikā] — Used for "frame"; appears in descriptions of structures

75.1076 75.289 案 (àn) [skt.pīṭha] — Used for "table" and "case"; appears in compound 案卷 (grantha, documents)

75.1077 75.293 桌 (zhuō) [skt.pīṭha] — Used for "table"; appears in descriptions of furniture

75.1078 75.297 桐 (tóng) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Used for "empress tree"; appears in names of trees

75.1079 75.298 桑 (sāng) [skt.kāyā] — Used for "mulberry"; appears in descriptions of trees

75.1080 75.301 桔 (jié) [skt.nāraṅga] — Used for "tangerine"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1081 75.350 梅 (méi) [skt.āmalaka] — Used for "plum"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1082 75.393 械 (xiè) [skt.yantra] — Used for "tools"; appears in compound 機械 (yantra, machine)

75.1083 75.398 梵 (fàn) [skt.brahman; brahmā] — CRITICAL — Used for "sacred" and "Brahmā"; appears in Buddhist compound 梵行 (brahmacarya, holy life) and 梵文 (brāhmī, Sanskrit script)

75.1084 75.418 棉 (mián) [skt.karpāsa] — Used for "cotton"; appears in descriptions of materials

75.1085 75.420 棋 (qí) [skt.akṣa] — Used for "chess"; appears in descriptions of games

75.1086 75.422 棍 (gùn) [skt.daṇḍa] — Used for "stick"; appears in descriptions of tools

75.1087 75.427 棒 (bàng) [skt.daṇḍa] — Used for "stick" and "club"; appears in descriptions of weapons

75.1088 75.430 棕 (zōng) [skt.tāla] — Used for "palm"; appears in descriptions of trees

75.1089 75.433 棘 (jí) [skt.kaṇṭaka] — Used for "thorns"; appears in Buddhist similes of suffering

75.1090 75.435 棚 (péng) [skt.mañca] — Used for "shed"; appears in descriptions of structures

75.1091 75.455 森 (sēn) [skt.vana] — Used for "forest"; appears in descriptions of dense forests

75.1092 75.467 棺 (guān) [skt.śmaśāna] — Used for "coffin"; appears in funerary contexts

75.1093 75.478 椅 (yǐ) [skt.āsana] — Used for "chair"; appears in descriptions of furniture

75.1094 75.486 植 (zhí) [skt.ropaṇa] — Used for "to plant"; appears in agricultural and Buddhist contexts

75.1095 75.487 椎 (zhuī) [skt.aṇḍa] — Used for "vertebra"; appears in anatomical contexts

75.1096 75.491 椒 (jiāo) [skt.marica] — Used for "pepper"; appears in descriptions of spices

75.1097 75.536 椿 (chūn) [skt.āmra] — Used for "toon tree"; appears in names of trees

75.1098 75.539 楂 (zhā) [skt.badara] — Used for "hawthorn"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1099 75.563 楚 (chǔ) [skt.duḥkha] — CRITICAL — Used for "pain"; appears in Buddhist compound 楚毒 (duḥkha, suffering)

75.1100 75.569 楠 (nán) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Used for "nanmu"; appears in descriptions of trees

75.1101 75.572 楣 (méi) [skt.pāṭali] — Used for "hibiscus"; appears in descriptions of flowers

75.1102 75.582 業 (yè) [skt.karman] — CRITICAL — Used for "karma" and "action"; appears in Buddhist compound 业力 (karman, karmic action) and 业报 (karma-vipāka, karmic result)

75.1103 75.592 楷 (kǎi) [skt.anukāra] — Used for "model"; appears in compound 楷模 (anukāra, model/example)

75.1104 75.594 楹 (yíng) [skt.stambha] — Used for "pillar"; appears in descriptions of buildings

75.1105 75.597 楼 (lóu) [skt.prāsāda] — Used for "building"; appears in descriptions of structures

75.1106 75.603 概 (gài) [skt.sāmānya] — Used for "general" and "approximate"; appears in compound 概观 (sāmānya, overview)

75.1107 75.607 榆 (yú) [skt.aśvattha] — Used for "elm"; appears in names of trees

75.1108 75.608 榇 (chèn) [skt.śmaśāna] — Used for "coffin"; appears in funerary contexts

75.1109 75.609 榈 (lǘ) [skt.tāla] — Used for "palm"; appears in names of trees

75.1110 75.622 榕 (róng) [skt.nyagrodha] — Used for "banyan"; appears in names of trees

75.1111 75.628 榛 (zhēn) [skt.badara] — Used for "hazel"; appears in descriptions of nuts

75.1112 75.629 榜 (bǎng) [skt.ākhyāna] — Used for "roll" and "announcement"; appears in compound 榜文 (ākhyāna, proclamation)

75.1113 75.653 榴 (liú) [skt.dāḍima] — Used for "pomegranate"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1114 75.660 榻 (tà) [skt.mañca] — Used for "couch"; appears in descriptions of furniture

75.1115 75.668 槃 (pán) [skt.pātra] — Used for "tray"; appears in descriptions of vessels

75.1116 75.675 槊 (shuò) [skt.śakti] — Used for "lance"; appears in military contexts

75.1117 75.681 槐 (huái) [skt.kṣīra] — Used for "locust tree"; appears in names of trees

75.1118 75.726 槽 (cáo) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "trough"; appears in descriptions of containers

75.1119 75.728 槿 (jǐn) [skt.pāṭali] — Used for "hibiscus"; appears in descriptions of flowers

75.1120 75.731 樂 (lè) [skt.sukha; śabda] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 乐; used for "music" and "joy"; appears in Buddhist compound 极乐 (sukhāvatī, Pure Land)

75.1121 75.762 模 (mó) [skt.anukāra] — Used for "model"; appears in compound 模范 (anukāra, model)

75.1122 75.764 樣 (yàng) [skt.rūpa] — Used for "shape" and "appearance"; appears in compound 模樣 (rūpa, appearance)

75.1123 75.760 樟 (zhāng) [skt.karpūra] — Used for "camphor"; appears in names of trees

75.1124 75.778 樱 (yīng) [skt.āmra] — Used for "cherry"; appears in descriptions of trees

75.1125 75.782 樵 (qiáo) [skt.indhana] — Used for "firewood"; appears in descriptions of fuel

75.1126 75.797 橄 (gǎn) [skt.jambū] — Used for "olive"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1127 75.817 橘 (jú) [skt.nāraṅga] — Used for "tangerine"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1128 75.818 橙 (chéng) [skt.nāraṅga] — Used for "orange"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1129 75.824 機 (jī) [skt.yantra] — Used for "machine"; appears in compound 機械 (yantra, machinery)

75.1130 75.800 橇 (qiāo) [skt.śakaṭī] — Used for "sled"; appears in descriptions of transport

75.1131 75.826 橡 (xiàng) [skt.kṣīra] — Used for "oak"; appears in names of trees

75.1132 75.857 檀 (tán) [skt.candana] — CRITICAL — Used for "sandalwood"; appears in Buddhist compound 檀那 (dāna, giving/generosity) and 檀越 (dānapati, donor)

75.1133 75.861 檄 (xí) [skt.prakāśana] — Used for "proclamation"; appears in descriptions of documents

75.1134 75.873 檐 (yán) [skt.pranta] — Used for "eaves"; appears in descriptions of buildings

75.1135 75.901 檬 (méng) [skt.jambīra] — Used for "lemon"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1136 75.913 檸 (níng) [skt.jambīra] — Used for "lemon"; appears in descriptions of fruits

75.1137 75.940 櫓 (lǔ) [skt.kṣepana] — Used for "oar"; appears in descriptions of boats

75.1138 75.995 權 (quán) [skt.adhikāra] — Used for "right" and "power"; appears in compound 權力 (adhikāra, authority)

75.1139 75.1007 欖 (lǎn) [skt.jambū] — Used for "olive"; appears in descriptions of fruits

76 欠

76.1 欠 [chn.qiàn][eng.to owe; to lack; to be deficient; to yawn][(Skt. ṛṇa = debt; Skt. hīna = deficient)]

76.2 次 [chn.cì][eng.order; sequence; next; (also cì, (surname))][(Skt. krama = order)]

76.3 欢 [chn.huān][eng.joyous; happy; (also huān, (surname))][(Skt. prīti = joy)]

76.4 欣 [chn.xīn][eng.joyful; to rejoice; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. ānanda = joy)]

76.5 欤 [chn.yú][eng.particle; (also yú, (surname))]

76.6 欥 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be joyful); rare]

76.7 欦 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to laugh); rare]

76.8 欧 [chn.ōu][eng.Europe; (also ōu, (surname))][(Skt. yavana = Europe/foreigner)]

76.9 欨 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to breathe); rare]

76.10 欩 [chn.chāo][archaic; (also chāo, to be joyful); rare]

76.11 欪 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be silent); rare]

76.12 欫 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be angry); rare]

76.13 欬 [chn.kài][archaic; (also kài, to cough); rare]

76.14 欭 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to sigh); rare]

76.15 欮 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be fatigued); rare]

76.16 欯 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be joyful); rare]

76.17 欰 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be angry); rare]

76.18 欱 [chn.hē][archaic; (also hē, to drink); rare]

76.19 欲 [chn.yù][eng.to desire; to want; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. rāga = desire; Skt. chanda = intention)]

76.20 欳 [chn.kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to be weary); rare]

76.21 欴 [chn.láng][archaic; (also láng, to be greedy); rare]

76.22 欵 [chn.kuǎn][archaic variant of 款 (sincere; funds)][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

76.23 欶 [chn.shuò][archaic; (also shuò, to suck); rare]

76.24 欷 [chn.xī][eng.to sob; to sigh; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

76.25 欸 [chn.ǎi][eng.particle; (also ēi, to scold)]

76.26 欹 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to lean); rare]

76.27 欺 [chn.qī][eng.to deceive; to cheat; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. māyā = deception)]

76.28 欻 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to be sudden); rare]

76.29 欼 [chn.chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to drink); rare]

76.30 欽 [chn.qīn][archaic variant of 钦 (to respect)][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

76.31 款 [chn.kuǎn][eng.sincere; funds; (also kuǎn, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere; Skt. dhana = funds)]

76.32 欿 [chn.kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to be discontented); rare]

76.33 歀 [chn.kuǎn][archaic variant of 款 (sincere; funds)][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

76.34 歁 [chn.kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to be greedy); rare]

76.35 歂 [chn.chuán][archaic; (also chuán, to breathe); rare]

76.36 歃 [chn.shà][eng.to drink; to sip; (also shà, (surname))][(Skt. pāna = drinking)]

76.37 歄 [chn.guā][archaic; (also guā, to be crooked); rare]

76.38 歅 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be joyful); rare]

76.39 歆 [chn.xīn][eng.to admire; to enjoy; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. spṛhā = admiration)]

76.40 歇 [chn.xiē][eng.to rest; to stop; (also xiē, (surname))][(Skt. viśrāma = rest)]

76.41 歈 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to sing); rare]

76.42 歉 [chn.qiàn][eng.to apologize; to be deficient; (also qiàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣamā = apology; Skt. hīna = deficient)]

76.43 歊 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be hot); rare]

76.44 歋 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to laugh); rare]

76.45 歌 [chn.gē][eng.song; to sing; (also gē, (surname))][(Skt. gīta = song)]

76.46 歍 [chn.wū][archaic; (also wū, to moan); rare]

76.47 歎 [chn.tàn][eng.traditional variant of 叹 (to sigh)][(Skt. śvāsa = sigh)]

76.48 歏 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be weary); rare]

76.49 歐 [chn.ōu][eng.traditional variant of 欧 (Europe)][(Skt. yavana = foreigner)]

76.50 歑 [chn.hū][archaic; (also hū, to breathe); rare]

76.51 歒 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to sneeze); rare]

76.52 歓 [chn.huān][eng.Japanese variant of 歡 (joyous)][(Skt. prīti = joy)]

76.53 歔 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to sigh); rare]

76.54 歕 [chn.pēn][archaic; (also pēn, to spurt); rare]

76.55 歖 [chn.xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to rejoice); rare]

76.56 歗 [chn.xiào][archaic variant of 啸 (to whistle)][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

76.57 歘 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to be sudden); rare]

76.58 歙 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to breathe); rare]

76.59 歚 [chn.shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be refined); rare]

76.60 歛 [chn.liǎn][archaic variant of 敛 (to collect)][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

76.61 歜 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be angry); rare]

76.62 歝 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be weary); rare]

76.63 歞 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be angry); rare]

76.64 歟 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 欤 (particle)]

76.65 歠 [chn.chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to drink); rare]

76.66 歡 [chn.huān][eng.traditional variant of 欢 (joyous; happy)][(Skt. prīti = joy)]

76.67 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.76

76.68 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

76.69 76.1 欠 (qiàn) [skt.ṛṇa; hīna] — The radical itself; represents "to owe," "to lack," or "to yawn." It is associated with breathing, opening the mouth, and deficiency. Appears in Buddhist contexts of karmic debt and lacking merit

76.70 76.2 次 (cì) [skt.krama] — CRITICAL — Used for "order" and "sequence"; appears in Buddhist compound 次第 (krama, sequential/gradual)

76.71 76.3 欢 (huān) [skt.prīti] — CRITICAL — Used for "joyous" and "happy"; appears in Buddhist compound 欢喜 (prīti, joy/rejoicing), a key quality in Buddhist practice

76.72 76.4 欣 (xīn) [skt.ānanda] — Used for "joyful" and "to rejoice"; appears in Buddhist compound 欣悦 (ānanda, joy)

76.73 76.8 欧 (ōu) [skt.yavana] — Used for "Europe"; appears in modern geographical contexts

76.74 76.19 欲 (yù) [skt.rāga; chanda] — CRITICAL — Used for "desire" and "to want"; appears in Buddhist compound 欲界 (kāmadhātu, realm of desire), one of the Three Realms

76.75 76.24 欷 (xī) [skt.śvāsa] — Used for "to sob" and "to sigh"; appears in expressions of sorrow

76.76 76.27 欺 (qī) [skt.māyā] — Used for "to deceive" and "to cheat"; appears in Buddhist contexts of falsehood and illusion

76.77 76.31 款 (kuǎn) [skt.satya; dhana] — Used for "sincere" and "funds"; appears in compound 款待 (satkāra, hospitality)

76.78 76.36 歃 (shà) [skt.pāna] — Used for "to drink" and "to sip"; appears in ritual contexts

76.79 76.39 歆 (xīn) [skt.spṛhā] — Used for "to admire" and "to enjoy"; appears in descriptions of admiration

76.80 76.40 歇 (xiē) [skt.viśrāma] — Used for "to rest" and "to stop"; appears in Buddhist compound 歇息 (viśrāma, resting)

76.81 76.42 歉 (qiàn) [skt.kṣamā; hīna] — Used for "to apologize" and "to be deficient"; appears in expressions of apology and lack

76.82 76.45 歌 (gē) [skt.gīta] — Used for "song" and "to sing"; appears in Buddhist compound 梵歌 (brahma-gīta, sacred song)

76.83 76.47 歎 (tàn) [skt.śvāsa] — Traditional variant of 叹; used for "to sigh" and "to lament"

76.84 76.66 歡 (huān) [skt.prīti] — Traditional variant of 欢; used for "joyous" and "happy"; appears in compound 歡喜 (prīti, joy)

77 止

77.1 止 [chn.zhǐ][eng.to stop; to halt; to cease; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. sthā = to stop; Skt. śamatha = calm abiding)]

77.2 正 [chn.zhèng][eng.correct; upright; just; (also zhēng, first month)][skt.samyak; (Skt. nyāya = justice)]

77.3 此 [chn.cǐ][eng.this; here; (also cǐ, (surname))][(Skt. idam = this)]

77.4 步 [chn.bù][eng.step; pace; (also bù, (surname))][skt.pada; (Skt. gati = step)]

77.5 武 [chn.wǔ][eng.military; martial; (also wǔ, (surname))][(Skt. yuddha = martial)]

77.6 歧 [chn.qí][eng.branch; fork; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

77.7 歨 [chn.bù][archaic variant of 步 (step; pace)][skt.pada; (Skt. gati = step)]

77.8 歩 [chn.bù][eng.Japanese variant of 步 (step; pace)][skt.pada; (Skt. gati = step)]

77.9 歪 [chn.wāi][eng.wrong; crooked; (also wāi, (surname))][(Skt. vakra = crooked)]

77.10 歫 [chn.jù][archaic variant of 距 (to resist; distance)][(Skt. dūra = distance)]

77.11 歬 [chn.qián][archaic variant of 前 (before; front)][(Skt. pūrva = before)]

77.12 歭 [chn.chí][archaic; (also chí, to stop); rare]

77.13 歮 [chn.sè][archaic variant of 澀 (rough; astringent)]

77.14 歯 [chn.chǐ][eng.Japanese variant of 齒 (tooth)][(Skt. danta = tooth)]

77.15 歰 [chn.sè][archaic variant of 澀 (rough; astringent)]

77.16 歱 [chn.zhǒng][archaic variant of 踵 (heel; to follow)][(Skt. pāda = foot)]

77.17 歲 [chn.suì][eng.traditional variant of 岁 (year; age)][(Skt. varṣa = year)]

77.18 歳 [chn.suì][eng.Japanese variant of 歲 (year; age)][(Skt. varṣa = year)]

77.19 歴 [chn.lì][archaic variant of 歷 (history; to pass through)][(Skt. itihāsa = history)]

77.20 歵 [chn.zé][archaic variant of 賾 (deep; profound)][(Skt. gambhīra = profound)]

77.21 歶 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 魚 (fish)][(Skt. matsya = fish)]

77.22 歷 [chn.lì][eng.traditional variant of 历 (history; to pass through)][(Skt. itihāsa = history)]

77.23 歸 [chn.guī][eng.traditional variant of 归 (to return; to go back)][(Skt. nivartana = return)]

77.24 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.77

77.25 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

77.26 77.1 止 (zhǐ) [skt.sthā; śamatha] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "to stop" and "to cease." In Buddhist contexts, it is used to translate śamatha (止, calm abiding), one of the two main forms of meditation (止观, śamatha-vipaśyanā)

77.27 77.2 正 (zhèng) [skt.samyak; nyāya] — CRITICAL — Used for "correct," "upright," and "just." Appears in Buddhist compound 正见 (samyag-dṛṣṭi, right view), the first factor of the Noble Eightfold Path (āryāṣṭāṅgika-mārga)

77.28 77.3 此 (cǐ) [skt.idam] — Used as a demonstrative pronoun meaning "this" or "here"; appears in classical and Buddhist texts

77.29 77.4 步 (bù) [skt.pada; gati] — Used for "step" and "pace"; appears in Buddhist compound 步步 (pade-pade, step by step)

77.30 77.5 武 (wǔ) [skt.yuddha] — Used for "military" and "martial"; appears in compound 武术 (yuddha-kalā, martial arts)

77.31 77.6 歧 (qí) [skt.śākhā] — Used for "branch" and "fork"; appears in compound 歧路 (śākhā-mārga, forked path)

77.32 77.9 歪 (wāi) [skt.vakra] — Used for "wrong" and "crooked"; appears in descriptions of crookedness

77.33 77.10 歫 (jù) [skt.dūra] — Archaic variant of 距; used for "to resist" and "distance"

77.34 77.11 歬 (qián) [skt.pūrva] — Archaic variant of 前; used for "before" and "front"

77.35 77.14 齒/歯 (chǐ) [skt.danta] — Used for "tooth"; appears in Buddhist compound 齒塔 (danta-dhātu, tooth relic)

77.36 77.17 歲/歳 (suì) [skt.varṣa] — CRITICAL — Used for "year" and "age"; appears in all chronological contexts

77.37 77.22 歷/歴 (lì) [skt.itihāsa] — Used for "history" and "to pass through"; appears in compound 歷史 (itihāsa, history)

77.38 77.23 歸/归 (guī) [skt.nivartana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to return" and "to go back"; appears in Buddhist compound 歸依 (śaraṇa, taking refuge), one of the most important Buddhist practices

78 歹

78.1 歹 [chn.dǎi][eng.death; bad; vicious; depraved; wicked; (also dǎi, (surname))][skt.mṛtyu; (Skt. pāpa = evil)]

78.2 歺 [chn.dǎi][eng.bad; evil; death; (archaic variant of 歹)][skt.mṛtyu; (Skt. pāpa = evil)]

78.3 死 [chn.sǐ][eng.to die; death; (also sǐ, (surname))][skt.maraṇa; (Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.4 歼 [chn.jiān][eng.to annihilate; to destroy; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. vināśa = annihilation)]

78.5 歽 [chn.zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to die young); rare][(Skt. apakva = immature death)]

78.6 歾 [chn.mò][archaic variant of 殁 (to die)][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.7 歿 [chn.mò][archaic variant of 殁 (to die)][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.8 殀 [chn.yāo][eng.to die young; to die prematurely][(Skt. akāla-mṛtyu = premature death)]

78.9 殁 [chn.mò][eng.to die; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.10 殂 [chn.cú][eng.to die; to pass away; (also cú, (surname))][(Skt. cyuta = passed away)]

78.11 殃 [chn.yāng][eng.calamity; disaster; (also yāng, (surname))][(Skt. vipatti = disaster)]

78.12 殄 [chn.tiǎn][eng.to exterminate; to annihilate; (also tiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. uccheda = extermination)]

78.13 殅 [chn.shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to revive); rare][(Skt. punar-jīvita = revival)]

78.14 殆 [chn.dài][eng.dangerous; perilous; (also dài, (surname))][(Skt. sāṃsārika = dangerous)]

78.15 殇 [chn.shāng][eng.to die young; (also shāng, (surname))][(Skt. bāla-mṛtyu = premature death)]

78.16 殈 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be cracked); rare]

78.17 殉 [chn.xùn][eng.to die for; to sacrifice one’s life; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. maraṇānugamana = sacrifice)]

78.18 殊 [chn.shū][eng.different; special; to die; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. bheda = difference; Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.19 残 [chn.cán][eng.to ruin; to destroy; to be cruel; (also cán, (surname))][(Skt. hiṃsā = cruelty; Skt. kṣata = destruction)]

78.20 殌 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.21 殍 [chn.piǎo][eng.to starve to death; (also piǎo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣudhā-mṛtyu = starvation death)]

78.22 殎 [chn.qià][archaic; (also qià, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.23 殏 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.24 殐 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.25 殑 [chn.qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.26 殒 [chn.yǔn][eng.to die; to perish; (also yǔn, (surname))][(Skt. cyuti = falling/dying)]

78.27 殓 [chn.liàn][eng.to encoffin; to prepare for burial; (also liàn, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna-kriyā = funeral rites)]

78.28 殔 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.29 殕 [chn.fǒu][archaic; (also fǒu, to fall); rare]

78.30 殖 [chn.zhí][eng.to multiply; to grow; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddhi = growth)]

78.31 殗 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be diseased); rare][(Skt. roga = disease)]

78.32 殘 [chn.cán][eng.traditional variant of 残 (to ruin; cruel)][(Skt. hiṃsā = cruelty)]

78.33 殙 [chn.hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be confused); rare][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

78.34 殚 [chn.dān][eng.to exhaust; to use up; (also dān, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaya = exhaustion)]

78.35 殛 [chn.jí][eng.to kill; to punish by death; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

78.36 殜 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.37 殝 [chn.zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.38 殞 [chn.yǔn][eng.traditional variant of 殒 (to die; to perish)][(Skt. cyuti = dying)]

78.39 殟 [chn.wēn][archaic; (also wēn, to be sick); rare][(Skt. roga = sickness)]

78.40 殠 [chn.chòu][archaic; (also chòu, to stink); rare][(Skt. durgandha = stench)]

78.41 殡 [chn.bìn][eng.to encoffin; to bury; (also bìn, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna-kriyā = burial)]

78.42 殢 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to be anxious); rare]

78.43 殣 [chn.jìn][eng.to die of hunger; (also jìn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣudhā-mṛtyu = starvation death)]

78.44 殤 [chn.shāng][eng.traditional variant of 殇 (to die young)][(Skt. bāla-mṛtyu = premature death)]

78.45 殥 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be dark); rare][(Skt. tamas = darkness)]

78.46 殦 [chī][archaic; (also chī, to be an owl); rare]

78.47 殧 [zè][archaic; (also zè, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.48 殨 [kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to be broken); rare]

78.49 殩 [cuàn][archaic; (also cuàn, to eat); rare]

78.50 殪 [yì][eng.to die; to kill; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.51 殫 [dān][eng.traditional variant of 殚 (to exhaust)][(Skt. kṣaya = exhaustion)]

78.52 殬 [dù][archaic; (also dù, to be defective); rare]

78.53 殭 [jiāng][eng.stiff; rigid; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. stabdha = stiff)]

78.54 殮 [liàn][eng.traditional variant of 殓 (to encoffin)][(Skt. śmaśāna-kriyā = funeral rites)]

78.55 殯 [bìn][eng.traditional variant of 殡 (to bury)][(Skt. śmaśāna-kriyā = burial)]

78.56 殰 [dú][archaic; (also dú, to die); rare][(Skt. mṛta = dead)]

78.57 殱 [jiān][archaic variant of 歼 (to annihilate)][(Skt. vināśa = annihilation)]

78.58 殲 [jiān][eng.traditional variant of 歼 (to annihilate)][(Skt. vināśa = annihilation)]

78.59 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.78

78.60 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

78.61 78.1 歹 (dǎi) [skt.mṛtyu; pāpa] — The radical itself; represents "death" and "evil." It is the root of many characters related to death, destruction, and negative qualities

78.62 78.3 死 (sǐ) [skt.maraṇa; mṛta] — CRITICAL — Used for "death" and "to die." Appears in Buddhist compound 死生 (maraṇa-janana, death and rebirth) and 死苦 (maraṇa-duḥkha, the suffering of death), one of the Eight Sufferings

78.63 78.4 歼 (jiān) [skt.vināśa] — Used for "to annihilate" and "to destroy"; appears in military contexts

78.64 78.8/15 殀/殇 (yāo/shāng) [skt.akāla-mṛtyu; bāla-mṛtyu] — Used for "to die young" and "premature death"; appears in Buddhist discussions of impermanence and untimely death

78.65 78.9 殁 (mò) [skt.mṛta] — Used for "to die"; appears in funerary and historical contexts

78.66 78.10 殂 (cú) [skt.cyuta] — Used for "to die" and "to pass away"; appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa

78.67 78.11 殃 (yāng) [skt.vipatti] — Used for "calamity" and "disaster"; appears in Buddhist compound 殃祸 (vipatti, calamity)

78.68 78.12 殄 (tiǎn) [skt.uccheda] — Used for "to exterminate" and "to annihilate"; appears in compound 殄灭 (uccheda, destruction)

78.69 78.14 殆 (dài) [skt.sāṃsārika] — Used for "dangerous" and "perilous"; appears in compound 危殆 (bhaya, perilous)

78.70 78.17 殉 (xùn) [skt.maraṇānugamana] — Used for "to die for" and "to sacrifice one’s life"; appears in descriptions of religious sacrifice

78.71 78.18 殊 (shū) [skt.bheda; mṛta] — Used for "different" and "special"; also means "to die" in some contexts; appears in compound 特殊 (viśeṣa, special)

78.72 78.19 残 (cán) [skt.hiṃsā; kṣata] — CRITICAL — Used for "to ruin," "cruel," and "destruction"; appears in Buddhist compound 残害 (hiṃsā, cruelty)

78.73 78.21 殍 (piǎo) [skt.kṣudhā-mṛtyu] — Used for "to starve to death"; appears in descriptions of famine

78.74 78.26 殒 (yǔn) [skt.cyuti] — Used for "to die" and "to perish"; appears in compound 殒命 (cyuti, falling from life)

78.75 78.27 殓 (liàn) [skt.śmaśāna-kriyā] — Used for "to encoffin" and "to prepare for burial"; appears in funerary contexts

78.76 78.30 殖 (zhí) [skt.vṛddhi] — Used for "to multiply" and "to grow"; appears in compound 增殖 (vṛddhi, increase)

78.77 78.34 殚 (dān) [skt.kṣaya] — Used for "to exhaust" and "to use up"; appears in compound 殚竭 (kṣaya, exhaustion)

78.78 78.35 殛 (jí) [skt.vadha] — Used for "to kill" and "to punish by death"; appears in descriptions of divine punishment

78.79 78.43 殣 (jìn) [skt.kṣudhā-mṛtyu] — Used for "to die of hunger"; appears in descriptions of famine

78.80 78.50 殪 (yì) [skt.mṛta] — Used for "to die" and "to kill"; appears in compound 殪死 (mṛta, dead)

78.81 78.53 殭 (jiāng) [skt.stabdha] — Used for "stiff" and "rigid"; appears in descriptions of rigor mortis

78.82 78.41/55 殡/殯 (bìn) [skt.śmaśāna-kriyā] — Used for "to bury" and "to encoffin"; appears in funerary contexts

78.83 78.58 殲 (jiān) [skt.vināśa] — Used for "to annihilate" and "to destroy"; appears in military contexts

79 殳

79.1 殳 [chn.shū][eng.weapon; lance; a kind of spear; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. śastra = weapon; Skt. śakti = lance)]

79.2 殴 [chn.ōu][eng.to beat; to strike; to fight; (also ōu, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

79.3 段 [chn.duàn][eng.section; paragraph; (also duàn, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇḍa = section)]

79.4 殶 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to hit); rare]

79.5 殷 [chn.yīn][eng.prosperous; flourishing; (also yān, red)][(Skt. samṛddhi = prosperity)]

79.6 殸 [chn.qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to sound); rare]

79.7 殹 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to strike); rare]

79.8 殺 [chn.shā][eng.traditional variant of 杀 (to kill)][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

79.9 殻 [chn.ké][eng.Japanese variant of 殼 (shell; husk)][(Skt. kośa = shell)]

79.10 殼 [chn.ké][eng.traditional variant of 壳 (shell; husk)][(Skt. kośa = shell)]

79.11 殽 [chn.xiáo][archaic; (also xiáo, to mix); rare]

79.12 殾 [chn.xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to kill); rare]

79.13 殿 [chn.diàn][eng.palace; hall; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. prāsāda = palace)]

79.14 毀 [chn.huǐ][eng.traditional variant of 毁 (to destroy; to ruin)][(Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

79.15 毁 [chn.huǐ][eng.to destroy; to ruin; to slander; (also huǐ, (surname))][(Skt. vināśa = destruction; Skt. apavāda = slander)]

79.16 毂 [chn.gū][eng.hub; (also gū, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍa = hub)]

79.17 毃 [chn.qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to knock); rare]

79.18 毄 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to strike); rare]

79.19 毅 [chn.yì][eng.firm; resolute; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. dhṛti = firmness)]

79.20 毆 [chn.ōu][eng.traditional variant of 殴 (to beat; to strike)][(Skt. prahāra = strike)]

79.21 毇 [chn.huǐ][archaic; (also huǐ, to grind); rare]

79.22 毈 [chn.duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be defective); rare]

79.23 毉 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to heal); rare]

79.24 毊 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to sound); rare]

79.25 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.79

79.26 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

79.27 79.1 殳 (shū) [skt.śastra; śakti] — The radical itself; represents a weapon or lance. Appears in characters related to striking, beating, and weapons

79.28 79.2 殴 (ōu) [skt.prahāra] — Used for "to beat" and "to strike"; appears in compound 殴打 (prahāra, beating)

79.29 79.3 段 (duàn) [skt.khaṇḍa] — CRITICAL — Used for "section" and "paragraph"; appears in Buddhist compound 段食 (kavaḍīkārāhāra, physical food), one of the four kinds of food

79.30 79.5 殷 (yīn) [skt.samṛddhi] — Used for "prosperous" and "flourishing"; also read yān meaning "red"

79.31 79.8 殺/杀 (shā) [skt.vadha] — CRITICAL — Used for "to kill"; appears in Buddhist compound 殺生 (prāṇātipāta, taking life), the first of the Five Precepts (pañca-śīla)

79.32 79.10 殼/壳 (ké) [skt.kośa] — Used for "shell" and "husk"; appears in descriptions of outer coverings

79.33 79.13 殿 (diàn) [skt.prāsāda] — CRITICAL — Used for "palace" and "hall"; appears in Buddhist compound 大殿 (prāsāda, great hall)

79.34 79.15 毀/毁 (huǐ) [skt.vināśa; apavāda] — CRITICAL — Used for "to destroy" and "to slander"; appears in Buddhist compound 毀謗 (apavāda, slander/defamation), considered a serious offense

79.35 79.16 毂 (gū) [skt.aṇḍa] — Used for "hub"; appears in descriptions of chariots and wheels

79.36 79.19 毅 (yì) [skt.dhṛti] — Used for "firm" and "resolute"; appears in compound 毅力 (dhṛti, perseverance)

80 毋

80.1 毋 [chn.wú][eng.do not; must not; (also wú, (surname))][skt.mā; (Skt. nā = not)]

80.2 毌 [chn.guàn][archaic variant of 貫 (to pierce; to string together)][(Skt. veṣṭana = piercing)]

80.3 母 [chn.mǔ][eng.mother; (also mǔ, (surname))][skt.mātṛ; (Skt. jananī = mother)]

80.4 毎 [chn.měi][eng.Japanese variant of 每 (each; every)][(Skt. prati = each)]

80.5 每 [chn.měi][eng.each; every; (also měi, (surname))][(Skt. prati = each)]

80.6 毐 [chn.ǎi][archaic; (also ǎi, to be poisonous); rare]

80.7 毑 [chn.jiě][archaic; (also jiě, to be a mother); rare]

80.8 毒 [chn.dú][eng.poison; to poison; harmful; (also dú, (surname))][skt.viṣa; (Skt. pāpa = harmful)]

80.9 毓 [chn.yù][eng.to bring up; to nurture; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. poṣaṇa = nurturing)]

80.10 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.80

80.11 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

80.12 80.1 毋 (wú) [skt.mā] — The radical itself; represents "do not" and "must not." Used as a prohibitive particle in classical Chinese. It is related to 母 (mother) but with a different meaning

80.13 80.2 毌 (guàn) [skt.veṣṭana] — Archaic variant of 貫; used for "to pierce" and "to string together." Appears in ancient texts and inscriptions

80.14 80.3 母 (mǔ) [skt.mātṛ; jananī] — CRITICAL — Used for "mother"; appears in Buddhist compound 父母 (pitṛ-mātṛ, father and mother) and 母性 (mātṛtva, motherhood). Also appears in the name of the Prajñāpāramitā as the "mother of all Buddhas" (诸佛母, sarvabuddha-mātṛ)

80.15 80.5 每 (měi) [skt.prati] — Used for "each" and "every"; appears in compound 每天 (prati-divasa, every day)

80.16 80.8 毒 (dú) [skt.viṣa; pāpa] — CRITICAL — Used for "poison" and "harmful"; appears in Buddhist compound 毒害 (viṣa, poison/harm), and 三毒 (trayo-viṣa, three poisons): greed, hatred, and delusion (rāga, dveṣa, moha)

80.17 80.9 毓 (yù) [skt.poṣaṇa] — Used for "to bring up" and "to nurture"; appears in contexts of raising children and cultivation

81 比

81.1 比 [chn.bǐ][eng.to compare; to compete; to contrast; (also bì, to be close to; to attach to)][skt.upamā; (Skt. tulyatā = comparison)]

81.2 毕 [chn.bì][eng.to finish; to complete; to end; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. samāpti = completion; Skt. niṣṭhā = end)]

81.3 毖 [chn.bì][eng.cautious; careful; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. apramāda = caution)]

81.4 毗 [chn.pí][eng.to assist; to connect; (also pí, (surname))][(Skt. upakāra = assistance; Skt. yoga = connection)]

81.5 毘 [chn.pí][eng.to assist; to connect; (also pí, (surname))][(Skt. upakāra = assistance)]

81.6 毙 [chn.bì][eng.to fall; to die; to be killed; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. patana = falling; Skt. maraṇa = death)]

81.7 毚 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be greedy); rare][(Skt. lobha = greed)]

81.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.81

81.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

81.10 81.1 比 (bǐ) [skt.upamā; tulyatā] — The radical itself; represents "to compare" and "to compete." Appears in Buddhist compound 比量 (anumāna, inference), one of the means of valid knowledge (pramāṇa) in Buddhist epistemology. Also appears in the name of the monastic community (bhikṣu = 比丘, a male monastic)

81.11 81.2 毕 (bì) [skt.samāpti; niṣṭhā] — Used for "to finish" and "to complete"; appears in compound 毕竟 (atyanta, ultimate/final), a key Buddhist term meaning "ultimately" or "in the final analysis"

81.12 81.3 毖 (bì) [skt.apramāda] — Used for "cautious" and "careful"; appears in compound 毖慎 (apramāda, vigilance/carefulness)

81.13 81.4 毗 (pí) [skt.upakāra; yoga] — Used for "to assist" and "to connect"; appears in Buddhist compound 毗卢遮那 (Vairocana, the Buddha of Illumination) and 毗昙 (Abhidharma, a variant transliteration)

81.14 81.5 毘 (pí) [skt.upakāra] — Variant of 毗; appears in Buddhist compound 毘婆舍那 (vipaśyanā, insight meditation)

81.15 81.6 毙 (bì) [skt.patana; maraṇa] — Used for "to fall," "to die," and "to be killed"; appears in compound 毙命 (maraṇa, death)

81.16 81.7 毚 (chán) [skt.lobha] — Rare; used for "greedy" and "sly"; appears in classical texts describing greed and insatiable desire

82 毛

82.1 毛 [chn.máo][eng.hair; fur; feathers; (also máo, (surname))][skt.loma; (Skt. roma = hair)]

82.2 毜 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be fine hair); rare]

82.3 毝 [chn.cǎi][archaic; (also cǎi, to be hair); rare]

82.4 毞 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be fine hair); rare]

82.5 毟 [chn.liě][archaic; (also liě, to be hair); rare]

82.6 毠 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be hair); rare]

82.7 毡 [chn.zhān][eng.felt; (also zhān, (surname))][(Skt. tūlikā = felt)]

82.8 毢 [chn.sāi][archaic; (also sāi, to be hair); rare]

82.9 毣 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be thick hair); rare]

82.10 毤 [chn.tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to be hair); rare]

82.11 毥 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be hair); rare]

82.12 毦 [chn.ěr][archaic; (also ěr, to be hair); rare]

82.13 毧 [chn.rong][archaic; (also rong, to be hair); rare]

82.14 毨 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be shiny hair); rare]

82.15 毩 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to be hair); rare]

82.16 毪 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be hair); rare]

82.17 毫 [chn.háo][eng.fine hair; milli- (unit); (also háo, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine; Skt. roma = hair)]

82.18 毬 [chn.qiú][eng.ball; (also qiú, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = ball)]

82.19 毭 [chn.dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to be hair); rare]

82.20 毮 [chn.shā][archaic; (also shā, to be hair); rare]

82.21 毯 [chn.tǎn][eng.blanket; carpet; (also tǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kambala = blanket)]

82.22 毰 [chn.péi][archaic; (also péi, to be thick hair); rare]

82.23 毱 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a ball); rare]

82.24 毲 [chn.duō][archaic; (also duō, to be hair); rare]

82.25 毳 [chn.cuì][eng.fine hair; down; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine hair)]

82.26 毴 [chn.bī][archaic; (also bī, to be hair); rare]

82.27 毵 [chn.sān][archaic; (also sān, to be long hair); rare]

82.28 毶 [chn.sān][archaic variant of 毵 (long hair)]

82.29 毷 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, to be hair); rare]

82.30 毸 [chn.suī][archaic; (also suī, to be hair); rare]

82.31 毹 [chn.shū][archaic; (also shū, to be a blanket); rare]

82.32 毺 [chn.shū][archaic variant of 毹 (blanket)]

82.33 毻 [chn.tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to shed hair); rare]

82.34 毼 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be hair); rare]

82.35 毽 [chn.jiàn][eng.shuttlecock; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. puccha = shuttlecock)]

82.36 毾 [chn.tà][archaic; (also tà, to be a blanket); rare]

82.37 毿 [chn.sān][archaic variant of 毵 (long hair)]

82.38 氀 [chn.lǘ][archaic; (also lǘ, to be a blanket); rare]

82.39 氁 [chn.mú][archaic; (also mú, to be hair); rare]

82.40 氂 [chn.máo][archaic variant of 牦 (yak hair)]

82.41 氃 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be hair); rare]

82.42 氄 [chn.rǒng][eng.fine hair; down; (also rǒng, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = down)]

82.43 氅 [chn.chǎng][archaic; (also chǎng, to be a cloak); rare]

82.44 氆 [chn.pǔ][archaic; (also pǔ, to be a blanket); rare]

82.45 氇 [chn.lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be a blanket); rare]

82.46 氈 [chn.zhān][eng.traditional variant of 毡 (felt)][(Skt. tūlikā = felt)]

82.47 氉 [chn.sào][archaic; (also sào, to be hair); rare]

82.48 氊 [chn.zhān][archaic variant of 毡 (felt)][(Skt. tūlikā = felt)]

82.49 氋 [chn.méng][archaic; (also méng, to be hair); rare]

82.50 氌 [chn.lǔ][archaic variant of 氇 (blanket)]

82.51 氍 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a blanket); rare]

82.52 氎 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a blanket); rare]

82.53 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.82

82.54 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

82.55 82.1 毛 (máo) [skt.loma; roma] — The radical itself; represents hair, fur, or feathers. Appears in Buddhist compound 毛端 (roma-agra, tip of a hair), used in similes for subtlety

82.56 82.7 毡 (zhān) [skt.tūlikā] — Used for "felt"; appears in descriptions of monastic robes and bedding

82.57 82.25 毳 (cuì) [skt.sūkṣma] — Used for "fine hair" and "down"; appears in descriptions of soft materials

82.58 82.21 毯 (tǎn) [skt.kambala] — Used for "blanket" and "carpet"; appears in descriptions of bedding and gifts

82.59 82.17 毫 (háo) [skt.sūkṣma; roma] — CRITICAL — Used for "fine hair" and "milli-"; appears in Buddhist compound 毫末 (sūkṣma, subtle/tiny) and 白毫 (ūrṇā, the white hair between the Buddha’s eyebrows, a major physical mark)

82.60 82.18 毬 (qiú) [skt.piṇḍa] — Used for "ball"; appears in descriptions of games and offerings

82.61 82.35 毽 (jiàn) [skt.puccha] — Used for "shuttlecock"; appears in descriptions of games

82.62 82.43 氅 (chǎng) — Used for "cloak"; appears in descriptions of robes and garments

82.63 82.46 氈 (zhān) [skt.tūlikā] — Traditional variant of 毡; appears in descriptions of monastic robes

83 氏

83.1 氏 [chn.shì][eng.clan; family; lineage; (also zhī, a surname)][skt.gotra; (Skt. kula = family)]

83.2 氐 [chn.dī][eng.ancient constellation; (also dǐ, to reach; (surname))][(Skt. nakṣatra = constellation)]

83.3 民 [chn.mín][eng.people; citizens; (also mín, (surname))][skt.jana; (Skt. prajā = people)]

83.4 氒 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a branch); rare]

83.5 氓 [chn.máng][eng.people; commoners; (also méng, the people)][(Skt. prajā = people; Skt. janatā = populace)]

83.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.83

83.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

83.8 83.1 氏 (shì) [skt.gotra; kula] — The radical itself; represents "clan" and "lineage." Appears in Buddhist compound 氏族 (gotra, lineage/family), and in discussions of the Buddha’s clan (Śākyamuni = 释迦氏, of the Śākya clan)

83.9 83.2 氐 (dī) [skt.nakṣatra] — An ancient constellation; also the name of an ancient ethnic group. Appears in astrological and historical contexts

83.10 83.3 民 (mín) [skt.jana; prajā] — CRITICAL — Used for "people" and "citizens"; appears in Buddhist compound 人民 (jana, the people) and in the name of the Lokānuvartana Sūtra (随民经, "Following the People")

83.11 83.5 氓 (máng) [skt.prajā; janatā] — Used for "people" and "commoners"; appears in classical texts describing the populace

84 气

84.1 气 [chn.qì][eng.vapor; steam; breath; air; spirit; energy; (also qì, (surname))][skt.prāṇa; (Skt. vāyu = wind; Skt. ātman = spirit)]

84.2 氕 [chn.piē][eng.protium (hydrogen-1); (also piē, (surname))]

84.3 氖 [chn.nǎi][eng.neon; (also nǎi, (surname))]

84.4 気 [chn.qì][eng.Japanese variant of 氣 (spirit; energy; air)][skt.prāṇa; (Skt. vāyu = wind)]

84.5 氘 [chn.dāo][eng.deuterium (hydrogen-2); (also dāo, (surname))]

84.6 氙 [chn.xiān][eng.xenon; (also xiān, (surname))]

84.7 氚 [chn.chuān][eng.tritium (hydrogen-3); (also chuān, (surname))]

84.8 氛 [chn.fēn][eng.atmosphere; aura; (also fēn, (surname))][(Skt. ābhā = atmosphere; Skt. maṇḍala = aura)]

84.9 氜 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be bright); rare]

84.10 氝 [chn.nèi][archaic; (also nèi, to be a gas); rare]

84.11 氞 [chn.nèi][archaic; (also nèi, to be a gas); rare]

84.12 氟 [chn.fú][eng.fluorine; (also fú, (surname))]

84.13 氠 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be a gas); rare]

84.14 氡 [chn.dōng][eng.radon; (also dōng, (surname))]

84.15 氢 [chn.qīng][eng.hydrogen; (also qīng, (surname))]

84.16 氣 [chn.qì][eng.traditional variant of 气 (vapor; breath; spirit; energy)][skt.prāṇa; (Skt. vāyu = wind)]

84.17 氤 [chn.yīn][eng.dense mist; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = mist)]

84.18 氥 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a gas); rare]

84.19 氦 [chn.hài][eng.helium; (also hài, (surname))]

84.20 氧 [chn.yǎng][eng.oxygen; (also yǎng, (surname))]

84.21 氨 [chn.ān][eng.ammonia; (also ān, (surname))]

84.22 氩 [chn.yà][eng.argon; (also yà, (surname))]

84.23 氪 [chn.kè][eng.krypton; (also kè, (surname))]

84.24 氫 [chn.qīng][eng.traditional variant of 氢 (hydrogen)]

84.25 氬 [chn.yà][eng.traditional variant of 氩 (argon)]

84.26 氭 [chn.dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be a gas); rare]

84.27 氮 [chn.dàn][eng.nitrogen; (also dàn, (surname))]

84.28 氯 [chn.lǜ][eng.chlorine; (also lǜ, (surname))]

84.29 氰 [chn.qíng][eng.cyanogen; (also qíng, (surname))]

84.30 氱 [chn.yǎng][archaic variant of 氧 (oxygen)]

84.31 氲 [chn.yūn][eng.dense mist; (also yūn, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = mist)]

84.32 氳 [chn.yūn][eng.traditional variant of 氲 (dense mist)][(Skt. dhūma = mist)]

84.33 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.84

84.34 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

84.35 84.1 气 (qì) [skt.prāṇa; vāyu; ātman] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "vapor," "breath," and "energy." Appears in Buddhist compound 气力 (prāṇa-bala, vitality/strength) and 气息 (śvāsa, breath). In Chinese philosophy, qì is the vital energy that pervades all things

84.36 84.4 気 (qì) [skt.prāṇa; vāyu] — Japanese variant of 氣; used in Japanese Buddhist and philosophical texts

84.37 84.8 氛 (fēn) [skt.ābhā; maṇḍala] — Used for "atmosphere" and "aura"; appears in compound 气氛 (ābhā, atmosphere/mood)

84.38 84.16 氣 (qì) [skt.prāṇa; vāyu] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 气; used in Buddhist and philosophical texts for "breath," "energy," and "vital force." Appears in compound 氣分 (dhātu, element) and 氣力 (bala, strength)

84.39 84.17 氤 (yīn) [skt.dhūma] — Used for "dense mist"; appears in compound 氤氲 (dhūma, dense mist/atmosphere)

84.40 84.31 氲 (yūn) [skt.dhūma] — Used for "dense mist"; appears in compound 氤氲 (dhūma, dense mist/atmosphere)

84.41 Chemical Elements — The remaining characters (氕, 氖, 氘, 氙, 氚, 氟, 氡, 氢, 氦, 氧, 氨, 氩, 氪, 氮, 氯, 氰) are modern Chinese chemical terms for elements and compounds. They are radical-based (using 气) and are not found in Buddhist or classical contexts

85 水

85.1 水 [chn.shuǐ][eng.water; liquid; (also shuǐ, (surname))][skt.jal; (Skt. udaka = water; Skt. āpa = water)]

85.2 氵 [chn.shuǐ][eng.water; (used as left radical)][skt.jal; (Skt. udaka = water)]

85.3 氶 [chn.zhěng][archaic; (also zhěng, to be water); rare]

85.4 氷 [chn.bīng][archaic variant of 冰 (ice)][(Skt. hima = ice)]

85.5 永 [chn.yǒng][eng.eternal; forever; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. śāśvata = eternal)]

85.6 氹 [chn.dàng][eng.puddle; (also dàng, (surname))]

85.7 氺 [chn.shuǐ][archaic variant of 水 (water)][skt.jal; (Skt. udaka = water)]

85.8 氻 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to be water); rare]

85.9 氼 [chn.nì][archaic variant of 溺 (to drown)][(Skt. nimajjana = drowning)]

85.10 氽 [chn.tǔn][eng.to float; (also tǔn, to fry in oil)]

85.11 氾 [chn.fàn][archaic variant of 泛 (to float; to overflow)][(Skt. plava = floating)]

85.12 氿 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be a stream); rare]

85.13 汀 [chn.tīng][eng.waterside; (also tīng, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = shore)]

85.14 汁 [chn.zhī][eng.juice; sap; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. rasa = juice)]

85.15 求 [chn.qiú][eng.to seek; to request; (also qiú, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = seeking)]

85.16 汃 [chn.bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be water); rare]

85.17 汄 [chn.zé][archaic; (also zé, to be water); rare]

85.18 汅 [chn.miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, to be water); rare]

85.19 汆 [chn.cuān][eng.to boil; (also cuān, (surname))]

85.20 汇 [chn.huì][eng.to gather; to remit; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. samāgama = gathering)]

85.21 汈 [chn.diāo][archaic; (also diāo, to be water); rare]

85.22 汉 [chn.hàn][eng.Chinese; Han dynasty; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. cīna = China)]

85.23 汊 [chn.chà][eng.branch (of a river); (also chà, (surname))][(Skt. śākhā = branch)]

85.24 汋 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be water); rare]

85.25 汌 [chn.chuàn][archaic; (also chuàn, to be water); rare]

85.26 汍 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to be water); rare]

85.27 汎 [chn.fàn][archaic variant of 泛 (to float)][(Skt. plava = floating)]

85.28 汏 [chn.dà][archaic; (also dà, to wash); rare]

85.29 汐 [chn.xī][eng.night tide; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. jala = tide)]

85.30 汑 [chn.tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to be water); rare]

85.31 汒 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be water); rare]

85.32 汓 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to swim); rare]

85.33 汔 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be water); rare]

85.34 汕 [chn.shàn][eng.to fish; (also shàn, (surname))]

85.35 汖 [chn.pìn][archaic; (also pìn, to be water); rare]

85.36 汗 [chn.hàn][eng.sweat; (also hán, to be perspiration)][(Skt. sveda = sweat)]

85.37 汘 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be water); rare]

85.38 汙 [chn.wū][archaic variant of 污 (dirty)][(Skt. mala = impurity)]

85.39 汚 [chn.wū][archaic variant of 污 (dirty)][(Skt. mala = impurity)]

85.40 汛 [chn.xùn][eng.to flood; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.41 汜 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, (surname)); rare]

85.42 汝 [chn.rǔ][eng.you; (also rǔ, (surname))][(Skt. tvam = you)]

85.43 汞 [chn.gǒng][eng.mercury; (also gǒng, (surname))][(Skt. pārada = mercury)]

85.44 江 [chn.jiāng][eng.river; Yangtze; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. nadī = river)]

85.45 池 [chn.chí][eng.pond; pool; (also chí, (surname))][(Skt. taḍāga = pond)]

85.46 污 [chn.wū][eng.dirty; to defile; (also wū, (surname))][(Skt. mala = defilement)]

85.47 汢 [chn.tǔ][archaic; (also tǔ, to be water); rare]

85.48 汣 [chn.guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be water); rare]

85.49 汤 [chn.tāng][eng.soup; hot water; (also tāng, (surname))][(Skt. jala = hot water)]

85.50 汥 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be water); rare]

85.51 汦 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be water); rare]

85.52 汧 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be water); rare]

85.53 汨 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be water); rare]

85.54 汩 [gǔ][eng.to gush; (also gǔ, (surname))][(Skt. srav = to flow)]

85.55 汪 [wāng][eng.ocean; (also wāng, (surname))][(Skt. samudra = ocean)]

85.56 汫 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be water); rare]

85.57 汬 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be water); rare]

85.58 汭 [ruì][archaic; (also ruì, (surname)); rare]

85.59 汮 [jūn][archaic; (also jūn, to be water); rare]

85.60 汯 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be water); rare]

85.61 汰 [tài][eng.to wash; to eliminate; (also tài, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.62 汱 [tài][archaic variant of 汰 (to wash)][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.63 汲 [jí][eng.to draw water; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. uddharaṇa = drawing water)]

85.64 汳 [biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be water); rare]

85.65 汴 [biàn][archaic; (also biàn, (surname)); rare]

85.66 汵 [gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be water); rare]

85.67 汶 [wèn][archaic; (also wèn, (surname)); rare]

85.68 汷 [zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be water); rare]

85.69 汸 [fāng][archaic; (also fāng, to be water); rare]

85.70 汹 [xiōng][eng.to be turbulent; (also xiōng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣobha = turbulence)]

85.71 決 [jué][archaic variant of 决 (to decide)][(Skt. niścaya = decision)]

85.72 汻 [hǎng][archaic; (also hǎng, to be water); rare]

85.73 汼 [niú][archaic; (also niú, to be water); rare]

85.74 汽 [qì][eng.steam; vapor; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. vāṣpa = steam)]

85.75 汾 [fén][archaic; (also fén, (surname)); rare]

85.76 汿 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be water); rare]

85.77 沀 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be water); rare]

85.78 沁 [qìn][eng.to seep; (also qìn, (surname))][(Skt. srav = to seep)]

85.79 沂 [yí][archaic; (also yí, (surname)); rare]

85.80 沃 [wò][eng.to water; fertile; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. secana = watering)]

85.81 沄 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be water); rare]

85.82 沅 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, (surname)); rare]

85.83 沆 [hàng][archaic; (also hàng, to be water); rare]

85.84 沇 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be water); rare]

85.85 沈 [chén][eng.to sink; (also shěn, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = sinking)]

85.86 沉 [chén][eng.to sink; to be deep; (also chén, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = sinking)]

85.87 沊 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be water); rare]

85.88 沋 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be water); rare]

85.89 沌 [dùn][eng.confused; (also dùn, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

85.90 沍 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be water); rare]

85.91 沎 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be water); rare]

85.92 沏 [qī][eng.to steep; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = steeping)]

85.93 沐 [mù][eng.to bathe; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. snāna = bathing)]

85.94 沑 [nǜ][archaic; (also nǜ, to be water); rare]

85.95 沒 [méi][eng.traditional variant of 没 (to have not; to sink)][(Skt. nimajjana = sinking)]

85.96 沓 [tà][eng.to pile up; (also tà, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcaya = piling)]

85.97 沔 [miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, (surname)); rare]

85.98 沕 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be water); rare]

85.99 沖 [chōng][eng.traditional variant of 冲 (to rush; to rinse)][(Skt. dhāv = to rush)]

85.100 沗 [tiān][archaic; (also tiān, to be water); rare]

85.101 沘 [bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be water); rare]

85.102 沙 [shā][eng.sand; (also shā, (surname))][(Skt. sikatā = sand)]

85.103 沚 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, (surname)); rare]

85.104 沛 [pèi][eng.abundant; (also pèi, (surname))][(Skt. pūrṇa = abundant)]

85.105 沜 [pàn][archaic; (also pàn, to be water); rare]

85.106 沝 [zhuǐ][archaic; (also zhuǐ, to be water); rare]

85.107 沞 [zā][archaic; (also zā, to be water); rare]

85.108 沟 [gōu][eng.ditch; (also gōu, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = ditch)]

85.109 沠 [pài][archaic; (also pài, to be water); rare]

85.110 没 [méi][eng.to have not; to sink; (also mò, to sink)][(Skt. nimajjana = sinking)]

85.111 沢 [zé][eng.Japanese variant of 澤 (marsh)][(Skt. hrada = marsh)]

85.112 沣 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, (surname)); rare]

85.113 沤 [òu][eng.to bubble; (also ōu, to soak)][(Skt. budbuda = bubble)]

85.114 沥 [lì][eng.to drip; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = dripping)]

85.115 沦 [lún][eng.to sink; (also lún, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = sinking)]

85.116 沧 [cāng][eng.dark blue; (also cāng, (surname))]

85.117 沨 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be water); rare]

85.118 沩 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, (surname)); rare]

85.119 沪 [hù][eng.Shanghai; (also hù, (surname))]

85.120 沫 [mò][eng.foam; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. phena = foam)]

85.121 沬 [mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to be water); rare]

85.122 沭 [shù][archaic; (also shù, (surname)); rare]

85.123 沮 [jǔ][eng.to stop; to dismay; (also jū, to be water)][(Skt. avarodha = stopping)]

85.124 沯 [zá][archaic; (also zá, to be water); rare]

85.125 沰 [tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to be water); rare]

85.126 沱 [tuó][eng.to flow; (also tuó, (surname))][(Skt. srav = to flow)]

85.127 沲 [tuó][archaic variant of 沱 (to flow)][(Skt. srav = to flow)]

85.128 河 [hé][eng.river; (also hé, (surname))][(Skt. nadī = river)]

85.129 沴 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be water); rare]

85.130 沵 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be water); rare]

85.131 沶 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be water); rare]

85.132 沷 [fā][archaic; (also fā, to be water); rare]

85.133 沸 [fèi][eng.to boil; (also fèi, (surname))][(Skt. kaṣāya = boiling)]

85.134 油 [yóu][eng.oil; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. taila = oil)]

85.135 沺 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be water); rare]

85.136 治 [zhì][eng.to govern; to treat; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. śāsana = governing)]

85.137 沼 [zhǎo][eng.pond; (also zhǎo, (surname))][(Skt. taḍāga = pond)]

85.138 沽 [gū][eng.to buy; (also gū, (surname))][(Skt. kraya = buying)]

85.139 沾 [zhān][eng.to moisten; (also zhān, (surname))][(Skt. kledana = moistening)]

85.140 沿 [yán][eng.along; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. anu = along)]

85.141 泀 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be water); rare]

85.142 況 [kuàng][eng.traditional variant of 况 (situation)][(Skt. avasthā = situation)]

85.143 泂 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be water); rare]

85.144 泃 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be water); rare]

85.145 泄 [xiè][eng.to leak; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = leaking)]

85.146 泅 [qiú][eng.to swim; (also qiú, (surname))][(Skt. taraṇa = swimming)]

85.147 泆 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.148 泇 [jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be water); rare]

85.149 泈 [zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be water); rare]

85.150 泉 [quán][eng.spring; fountain; (also quán, (surname))][(Skt. saras = spring)]

85.151 泊 [bó][eng.to moor; (also pō, lake)][(Skt. laṅghana = mooring)]

85.152 泋 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be water); rare]

85.153 泌 [bì][eng.to secrete; (also mì, to seep)][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = secretion)]

85.154 泍 [bēn][archaic; (also bēn, to be water); rare]

85.155 泎 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be water); rare]

85.156 泏 [chù][archaic; (also chù, to be water); rare]

85.157 泐 [lè][archaic; (also lè, to be water); rare]

85.158 泑 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be water); rare]

85.159 泒 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be water); rare]

85.160 泓 [hóng][eng.deep; (also hóng, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

85.161 泔 [gān][eng.water from washing rice; (also gān, (surname))]

85.162 法 [fǎ][eng.law; method; Dharma; (also fǎ, (surname))][skt.dharma; (Skt. vidhi = method)]

85.163 泖 [mǎo][archaic; (also mǎo, to be water); rare]

85.164 泗 [sì][archaic; (also sì, (surname)); rare]

85.165 泘 [hū][archaic; (also hū, to be water); rare]

85.166 泙 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be water); rare]

85.167 泚 [cǐ][archaic; (also cǐ, to be water); rare]

85.168 泛 [fàn][eng.to float; (also fàn, (surname))][(Skt. plava = floating)]

85.169 泜 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be water); rare]

85.170 泝 [sù][archaic variant of 溯 (to go upstream)][(Skt. udaka = upstream)]

85.171 泞 [nìng][eng.mud; (also nìng, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = mud)]

85.172 泟 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be water); rare]

85.173 泠 [líng][eng.clear; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.174 泡 [pào][eng.bubble; (also pāo, to soak)][(Skt. budbuda = bubble)]

85.175 波 [bō][eng.wave; (also bō, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = wave)]

85.176 泣 [qì][eng.to weep; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. rudita = weeping)]

85.177 泤 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be water); rare]

85.178 泥 [ní][eng.mud; (also nì, to be stuck)][(Skt. paṅka = mud)]

85.179 泦 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be water); rare]

85.180 泧 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be water); rare]

85.181 注 [zhù][eng.to pour; to note; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. upanayana = pouring)]

85.182 泩 [shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be water); rare]

85.183 泪 [lèi][eng.tears; (also lèi, (surname))][(Skt. aśru = tears)]

85.184 泫 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be water); rare]

85.185 泬 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be water); rare]

85.186 泭 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be water); rare]

85.187 泮 [pàn][archaic; (also pàn, (surname)); rare]

85.188 泯 [mǐn][eng.to vanish; (also mǐn, (surname))][(Skt. vināśa = vanishing)]

85.189 泰 [tài][eng.great; peaceful; (also tài, (surname))][(Skt. śānti = peace)]

85.190 泱 [yāng][eng.vast; (also yāng, (surname))][(Skt. viśāla = vast)]

85.191 泲 [jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be water); rare]

85.192 泳 [yǒng][eng.to swim; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. taraṇa = swimming)]

85.193 泴 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be water); rare]

85.194 泵 [bèng][eng.pump; (also bèng, (surname))]

85.195 泶 [xué][archaic; (also xué, to be water); rare]

85.196 泷 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, (surname)); rare]

85.197 泸 [lú][archaic; (also lú, (surname)); rare]

85.198 泹 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be water); rare]

85.199 泺 [luò][archaic; (also luò, (surname)); rare]

85.200 泻 [xiè][eng.to pour; (also xiè, (surname))][(Skt. upanayana = pouring)]

85.201 泼 [pō][eng.to splash; (also pō, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to splash)]

85.202 泽 [zé][eng.marsh; (also zé, (surname))][(Skt. hrada = marsh)]

85.203 泾 [jīng][archaic; (also jīng, (surname)); rare]

85.204 泿 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be water); rare]

85.205 洀 [pán][archaic; (also pán, to be water); rare]

85.206 洁 [jié][eng.clean; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. śuci = clean)]

85.207 洂 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be water); rare]

85.208 洃 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be water); rare]

85.209 洄 [huí][eng.to flow back; (also huí, (surname))][(Skt. pratyāvṛtti = flowing back)]

85.210 洅 [zài][archaic; (also zài, to be water); rare]

85.211 洆 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be water); rare]

85.212 洇 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be water); rare]

85.213 洈 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be water); rare]

85.214 洉 [hòu][archaic; (also hòu, to be water); rare]

85.215 洊 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be water); rare]

85.216 洋 [yáng][eng.ocean; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. samudra = ocean)]

85.217 洌 [liè][archaic; (also liè, to be water); rare]

85.218 洍 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be water); rare]

85.219 洎 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be water); rare]

85.220 洏 [ér][archaic; (also ér, to be water); rare]

85.221 洐 [xíng][archaic; (also xíng, to be water); rare]

85.222 洑 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be water); rare]

85.223 洒 [sǎ][eng.to sprinkle; (also xǐ, to wash)][(Skt. secana = sprinkling)]

85.224 洓 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be water); rare]

85.225 洔 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be water); rare]

85.226 洕 [yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be water); rare]

85.227 洖 [wú][archaic; (also wú, to be water); rare]

85.228 洗 [xǐ][eng.to wash; (also xiǎn, to rinse)][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.229 洘 [kǎo][archaic; (also kǎo, to be water); rare]

85.230 洙 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, (surname)); rare]

85.231 洚 [jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be water); rare]

85.232 洛 [luò][eng.Luo River; (also luò, (surname))]

85.233 洜 [luò][archaic; (also luò, to be water); rare]

85.234 洝 [àn][archaic; (also àn, to be water); rare]

85.235 洞 [dòng][eng.cave; (also dòng, (surname))][(Skt. guhā = cave)]

85.236 洟 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be water); rare]

85.237 洠 [móu][archaic; (also móu, to be water); rare]

85.238 洡 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be water); rare]

85.239 洢 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be water); rare]

85.240 洣 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be water); rare]

85.241 洤 [quán][archaic variant of 泉 (spring)][(Skt. saras = spring)]

85.242 津 [jīn][eng.ford; (also jīn, (surname))][(Skt. tīrtha = ford)]

85.243 洦 [pò][archaic; (also pò, to be water); rare]

85.244 洧 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, (surname)); rare]

85.245 洨 [xiáo][archaic; (also xiáo, (surname)); rare]

85.246 洩 [xiè][archaic variant of 泄 (to leak)][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = leaking)]

85.247 洪 [hóng][eng.flood; (also hóng, (surname))][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.248 洫 [xù][archaic; (also xù, (surname)); rare]

85.249 洬 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be water); rare]

85.250 洭 [kuāng][archaic; (also kuāng, to be water); rare]

85.251 洮 [táo][archaic; (also táo, (surname)); rare]

85.252 洯 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be water); rare]

85.253 洰 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be water); rare]

85.254 洱 [ěr][archaic; (also ěr, (surname)); rare]

85.255 洲 [zhōu][eng.continent; (also zhōu, (surname))][(Skt. dvīpa = continent)]

85.256 洳 [rù][archaic; (also rù, to be water); rare]

85.257 洴 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be water); rare]

85.258 洵 [xún][archaic; (also xún, (surname)); rare]

85.259 洶 [xiōng][archaic variant of 汹 (turbulent)][(Skt. kṣobha = turbulence)]

85.260 洷 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be water); rare]

85.261 洸 [guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be water); rare]

85.262 洹 [huán][archaic; (also huán, (surname)); rare]

85.263 洺 [míng][archaic; (also míng, to be water); rare]

85.264 活 [huó][eng.to live; to be active; (also huó, (surname))][(Skt. jīvita = life)]

85.265 洼 [wā][eng.low-lying; (also wā, (surname))][(Skt. avaṭa = low-lying)]

85.266 洽 [qià][eng.to consult; to harmonize; (also qià, (surname))][(Skt. saṃvāda = consultation)]

85.267 派 [pài][eng.to send; to divide; (also pài, (surname))][(Skt. prahiṇaṇa = sending)]

85.268 洿 [wū][archaic; (also wū, to be water); rare]

85.269 浀 [qū][archaic; (also qū, to be water); rare]

85.270 流 [liú][eng.to flow; to stream; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. srav = to flow; Skt. dhārā = stream)]

85.271 浂 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.272 浃 [jiā][eng.to soak; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. kledana = soaking)]

85.273 浄 [jìng][eng.Japanese variant of 淨 (pure)][(Skt. śuddha = pure)]

85.274 浅 [qiǎn][eng.shallow; (also qiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. avagāḍha = shallow)]

85.275 浆 [jiāng][eng.fluid; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. rasa = fluid)]

85.276 浇 [jiāo][eng.to water; to irrigate; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. secana = watering)]

85.277 浈 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, (surname)); rare]

85.278 浉 [shī][archaic; (also shī, (surname)); rare]

85.279 浊 [zhuó][eng.muddy; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = muddy)]

85.280 测 [cè][eng.to measure; to estimate; (also cè, (surname))][(Skt. tulā = measuring)]

85.281 浌 [fá][archaic; (also fá, to be water); rare]

85.282 浍 [kuài][archaic; (also kuài, (surname)); rare]

85.283 济 [jì][eng.to help; to cross; (also jǐ, (surname))][(Skt. tāraṇa = helping)]

85.284 浏 [liú][eng.clear; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.285 浐 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, (surname)); rare]

85.286 浑 [hún][eng.muddy; (also hún, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = muddy)]

85.287 浒 [hǔ][archaic; (also hǔ, (surname)); rare]

85.288 浓 [nóng][eng.thick; dense; (also nóng, (surname))][(Skt. ghana = dense)]

85.289 浔 [xún][archaic; (also xún, (surname)); rare]

85.290 浕 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, (surname)); rare]

85.291 浖 [liè][archaic; (also liè, to be water); rare]

85.292 浗 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be water); rare]

85.293 浘 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be water); rare]

85.294 浙 [zhè][eng.Zhejiang; (also zhè, (surname))]

85.295 浚 [jùn][eng.to dredge; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. uddharaṇa = dredging)]

85.296 浛 [hán][archaic; (also hán, to be water); rare]

85.297 浜 [bāng][archaic; (also bāng, (surname)); rare]

85.298 浝 [máng][archaic; (also máng, to be water); rare]

85.299 浞 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be water); rare]

85.300 浟 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be water); rare]

85.301 浠 [xī][archaic; (also xī, (surname)); rare]

85.302 浡 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be water); rare]

85.303 浢 [dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to be water); rare]

85.304 浣 [huàn][eng.to wash; (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.305 浤 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be water); rare]

85.306 浥 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.307 浦 [pǔ][eng.riverbank; (also pǔ, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = riverbank)]

85.308 浧 [chěng][archaic; (also chěng, to be water); rare]

85.309 浨 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be water); rare]

85.310 浩 [hào][eng.great; vast; (also hào, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = great)]

85.311 浪 [làng][eng.wave; (also làng, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = wave)]

85.312 浫 [hǎn][archaic; (also hǎn, to be water); rare]

85.313 浬 [lǐ][eng.nautical mile; (also lǐ, (surname))]

85.314 浭 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be water); rare]

85.315 浮 [fú][eng.to float; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. plava = float)]

85.316 浯 [wú][archaic; (also wú, (surname)); rare]

85.317 浰 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be water); rare]

85.318 浱 [chún][archaic; (also chún, to be water); rare]

85.319 浲 [féng][archaic; (also féng, to be water); rare]

85.320 浳 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.321 浴 [yù][eng.to bathe; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. snāna = bathing)]

85.322 浵 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be water); rare]

85.323 浶 [láo][archaic; (also láo, to be water); rare]

85.324 海 [hǎi][eng.sea; ocean; (also hǎi, (surname))][skt.samudra; (Skt. sāgara = ocean)]

85.325 浸 [jìn][eng.to soak; to immerse; (also jìn, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = soaking)]

85.326 浹 [jiā][eng.traditional variant of 浃 (to soak)][(Skt. kledana = soaking)]

85.327 浺 [chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to be water); rare]

85.328 浻 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be water); rare]

85.329 浼 [měi][archaic; (also měi, to be water); rare]

85.330 浽 [suī][archaic; (also suī, to be water); rare]

85.331 浾 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be water); rare]

85.332 浿 [pèi][archaic; (also pèi, to be water); rare]

85.333 涀 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be water); rare]

85.334 涁 [shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be water); rare]

85.335 涂 [tú][eng.to apply; (also tú, (surname))][(Skt. lepana = applying)]

85.336 涃 [kùn][archaic; (also kùn, to be water); rare]

85.337 涄 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be water); rare]

85.338 涅 [niè][eng.nirvana; (also niè, (surname))][skt.nirvāṇa; (Skt. nirvṛti = nirvana)]

85.339 涆 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be water); rare]

85.340 涇 [jīng][eng.traditional variant of 泾 (archaic)]

85.341 消 [xiāo][eng.to disappear; to dissolve; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaya = disappearance)]

85.342 涉 [shè][eng.to wade; to be involved; (also shè, (surname))][(Skt. avataraṇa = wading)]

85.343 涊 [niǎn][archaic; (also niǎn, to be water); rare]

85.344 涋 [tū][archaic; (also tū, to be water); rare]

85.345 涌 [yǒng][eng.to gush; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. udbhava = gushing)]

85.346 涍 [xiào][archaic; (also xiào, to be water); rare]

85.347 涎 [xián][eng.saliva; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. lālā = saliva)]

85.348 涏 [tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be water); rare]

85.349 涐 [é][archaic; (also é, to be water); rare]

85.350 涑 [sù][archaic; (also sù, (surname)); rare]

85.351 涒 [tūn][archaic; (also tūn, to be water); rare]

85.352 涓 [juān][eng.a tiny stream; (also juān, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = stream)]

85.353 涔 [cén][archaic; (also cén, (surname)); rare]

85.354 涕 [tì][eng.tears; (also tì, (surname))][(Skt. aśru = tears)]

85.355 涖 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be water); rare]

85.356 涗 [shuì][archaic; (also shuì, to be water); rare]

85.357 涘 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be water); rare]

85.358 涙 [lèi][eng.Japanese variant of 淚 (tears)][(Skt. aśru = tears)]

85.359 涚 [shuì][archaic; (also shuì, to be water); rare]

85.360 涛 [tāo][eng.billows; (also tāo, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = billows)]

85.361 涜 [dú][archaic; (also dú, to be water); rare]

85.362 涝 [lào][eng.to flood; (also lào, (surname))][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.363 涞 [lái][archaic; (also lái, (surname)); rare]

85.364 涟 [lián][eng.ripples; (also lián, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = ripples)]

85.365 涠 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, (surname)); rare]

85.366 涡 [wō][eng.whirlpool; (also wō, (surname))][(Skt. āvarta = whirlpool)]

85.367 涢 [yún][archaic; (also yún, (surname)); rare]

85.368 涣 [huàn][eng.dispersed; (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. vikiraṇa = dispersed)]

85.369 涤 [dí][eng.to wash; (also dí, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.370 涥 [hēng][archaic; (also hēng, to be water); rare]

85.371 润 [rùn][eng.moist; (also rùn, (surname))][(Skt. snigdha = moist)]

85.372 涧 [jiàn][eng.mountain stream; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = stream)]

85.373 涨 [zhǎng][eng.to rise; (also zhàng, to swell)][(Skt. udgama = rising)]

85.374 涩 [sè][eng.astringent; (also sè, (surname))][(Skt. kaṣāya = astringent)]

85.375 涪 [fú][archaic; (also fú, (surname)); rare]

85.376 涫 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be water); rare]

85.377 涬 [xìng][archaic; (also xìng, to be water); rare]

85.378 涭 [shòu][archaic; (also shòu, to be water); rare]

85.379 涮 [shuàn][eng.to rinse; (also shuàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = rinsing)]

85.380 涯 [yá][eng.shore; (also yá, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = shore)]

85.381 涰 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be water); rare]

85.382 涱 [zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be water); rare]

85.383 液 [yè][eng.fluid; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. rasa = fluid)]

85.384 涳 [kōng][archaic; (also kōng, to be water); rare]

85.385 涴 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be water); rare]

85.386 涵 [hán][eng.to contain; (also hán, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = containing)]

85.387 涶 [tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to be water); rare]

85.388 涷 [dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be water); rare]

85.389 涸 [hé][eng.to dry up; (also hé, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = dried up)]

85.390 涹 [wō][archaic; (also wō, to be water); rare]

85.391 涺 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be water); rare]

85.392 涻 [shè][archaic; (also shè, to be water); rare]

85.393 涼 [liáng][eng.traditional variant of 凉 (cool)][(Skt. śīta = cool)]

85.394 涽 [hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be water); rare]

85.395 涾 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to be water); rare]

85.396 涿 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, (surname)); rare]

85.397 淀 [diàn][eng.sediment; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = sediment)]

85.398 淁 [qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be water); rare]

85.399 淂 [dé][archaic; (also dé, to be water); rare]

85.400 淃 [juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be water); rare]

85.401 淄 [zī][archaic; (also zī, (surname)); rare]

85.402 淅 [xī][archaic; (also xī, (surname)); rare]

85.403 淆 [xiáo][eng.confused; (also xiáo, (surname))][(Skt. moha = confusion)]

85.404 淇 [qí][archaic; (also qí, (surname)); rare]

85.405 淈 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be water); rare]

85.406 淉 [guǒ][archaic; (also guǒ, to be water); rare]

85.407 淊 [yān][archaic; (also yān, to be water); rare]

85.408 淋 [lín][eng.to pour; (also lín, (surname))][(Skt. secana = pouring)]

85.409 淌 [tǎng][eng.to flow; (also tǎng, (surname))][(Skt. srav = to flow)]

85.410 淍 [zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be water); rare]

85.411 淎 [pěng][archaic; (also pěng, to be water); rare]

85.412 淏 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be water); rare]

85.413 淐 [chāng][archaic; (also chāng, to be water); rare]

85.414 淑 [shū][eng.gentle; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. mṛdu = gentle)]

85.415 淒 [qī][archaic variant of 凄 (bleak)][(Skt. duḥkha = bleak)]

85.416 淓 [fāng][archaic; (also fāng, to be water); rare]

85.417 淔 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be water); rare]

85.418 淕 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be water); rare]

85.419 淖 [nào][eng.mud; (also nào, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = mud)]

85.420 淗 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be water); rare]

85.421 淘 [táo][eng.to wash; to pan; (also táo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.422 淙 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, (surname)); rare]

85.423 淚 [lèi][eng.traditional variant of 泪 (tears)][(Skt. aśru = tears)]

85.424 淛 [zhè][archaic variant of 浙 (Zhejiang)]

85.425 淜 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be water); rare]

85.426 淝 [féi][archaic; (also féi, (surname)); rare]

85.427 淞 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, (surname)); rare]

85.428 淟 [tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be water); rare]

85.429 淠 [pì][archaic; (also pì, to be water); rare]

85.430 淡 [dàn][eng.insipid; (also dàn, (surname))][(Skt. nīrasa = insipid)]

85.431 淢 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be water); rare]

85.432 淣 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be water); rare]

85.433 淤 [yū][eng.to silt up; (also yū, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = silt)]

85.434 淥 [lù][archaic variant of 渌 (clear water)]

85.435 淦 [gàn][archaic; (also gàn, (surname)); rare]

85.436 淧 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be water); rare]

85.437 淨 [jìng][eng.traditional variant of 净 (pure)][(Skt. śuddha = pure)]

85.438 淩 [líng][archaic variant of 凌 (ice)][(Skt. hima = ice)]

85.439 淪 [lún][eng.traditional variant of 沦 (to sink)][(Skt. nimajjana = sinking)]

85.440 淫 [yín][eng.licentious; (also yín, (surname))][(Skt. kāma = lust)]

85.441 淬 [cuì][eng.to temper; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. śam = to temper)]

85.442 淭 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be water); rare]

85.443 淮 [huái][archaic; (also huái, (surname)); rare]

85.444 淯 [yù][archaic; (also yù, (surname)); rare]

85.445 淰 [niǎn][archaic; (also niǎn, to be water); rare]

85.446 深 [shēn][eng.deep; (also shēn, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

85.447 淲 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be water); rare]

85.448 淳 [chún][eng.pure; (also chún, (surname))][(Skt. śuddha = pure)]

85.449 淴 [hū][archaic; (also hū, to be water); rare]

85.450 淵 [yuān][eng.traditional variant of 渊 (abyss)][(Skt. gambhīra = abyss)]

85.451 淶 [lái][archaic; (also lái, (surname)); rare]

85.452 混 [hùn][eng.to mix; (also hún, confused)][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing)]

85.453 淸 [qīng][archaic variant of 清 (clear)][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.454 淹 [yān][eng.to flood; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.455 淺 [qiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 浅 (shallow)][(Skt. avagāḍha = shallow)]

85.456 添 [tiān][eng.to add; (also tiān, (surname))][(Skt. yoga = addition)]

85.457 淼 [miǎo][eng.vast water; (also miǎo, (surname))][(Skt. jala = vast water)]

85.458 淽 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be water); rare]

85.459 淾 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be water); rare]

85.460 淿 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be water); rare]

85.461 渀 [bèn][archaic; (also bèn, to be water); rare]

85.462 渁 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be water); rare]

85.463 渂 [wèn][archaic; (also wèn, to be water); rare]

85.464 渃 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be water); rare]

85.465 渄 [fēi][archaic; (also fēi, to be water); rare]

85.466 清 [qīng][eng.clear; (also qīng, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.467 渆 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be water); rare]

85.468 渇 [kě][eng.Japanese variant of 渴 (thirsty)][(Skt. tṛṣṇā = thirst)]

85.469 済 [jì][eng.Japanese variant of 濟 (to help)][(Skt. tāraṇa = helping)]

85.470 渉 [shè][eng.Japanese variant of 涉 (to wade)][(Skt. avataraṇa = wading)]

85.471 渊 [yuān][eng.abyss; (also yuān, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = abyss)]

85.472 渋 [sè][eng.Japanese variant of 澀 (astringent)][(Skt. kaṣāya = astringent)]

85.473 渌 [lù][eng.clear water; (also lù, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.474 渍 [zì][eng.to soak; (also zì, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = soaking)]

85.475 渎 [dú][eng.to defile; (also dú, (surname))][(Skt. mala = defilement)]

85.476 渏 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be water); rare]

85.477 渐 [jiàn][eng.gradual; (also jiān, to soak)][(Skt. krama = gradual)]

85.478 渑 [miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, (surname)); rare]

85.479 渒 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be water); rare]

85.480 渓 [xī][eng.Japanese variant of 溪 (stream)][(Skt. kulyā = stream)]

85.481 渔 [yú][eng.to fish; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. matsya = fishing)]

85.482 渕 [yuān][archaic variant of 渊 (abyss)][(Skt. gambhīra = abyss)]

85.483 渖 [shěn][archaic; (also shěn, to be water); rare]

85.484 渗 [shèn][eng.to seep; (also shèn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = seeping)]

85.485 渘 [róu][archaic; (also róu, to be water); rare]

85.486 渙 [huàn][eng.traditional variant of 涣 (dispersed)][(Skt. vikiraṇa = dispersed)]

85.487 渚 [zhǔ][eng.islet; (also zhǔ, (surname))][(Skt. dvīpa = islet)]

85.488 減 [jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 减 (to reduce)][(Skt. hāni = reduction)]

85.489 渜 [nuǎn][archaic; (also nuǎn, to be water); rare]

85.490 渝 [yú][eng.to change; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. parivarta = change)]

85.491 渞 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be water); rare]

85.492 渟 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, to be water); rare]

85.493 渠 [qú][eng.channel; (also qú, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = channel)]

85.494 渡 [dù][eng.to cross; (also dù, (surname))][(Skt. taraṇa = crossing)]

85.495 渢 [féng][archaic; (also féng, to be water); rare]

85.496 渣 [zhā][eng.dregs; (also zhā, (surname))][(Skt. ṣaṭ = dregs)]

85.497 渤 [bó][archaic; (also bó, (surname)); rare]

85.498 渥 [wò][eng.moist; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. snigdha = moist)]

85.499 渦 [wō][eng.traditional variant of 涡 (whirlpool)][(Skt. āvarta = whirlpool)]

85.500 渧 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be water); rare]

85.501 渨 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be water); rare]

85.502 温 [wēn][eng.warm; (also wēn, (surname))][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

85.503 渪 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be water); rare]

85.504 渫 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be water); rare]

85.505 測 [cè][eng.traditional variant of 测 (to measure)][(Skt. tulā = measuring)]

85.506 渭 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, (surname)); rare]

85.507 渮 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be water); rare]

85.508 港 [gǎng][eng.port; (also gǎng, (surname))][(Skt. bandara = port)]

85.509 渰 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be water); rare]

85.510 渱 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be water); rare]

85.511 渲 [xuàn][eng.to wash; (also xuàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.512 渳 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be water); rare]

85.513 渴 [kě][eng.thirsty; (also kě, (surname))][(Skt. tṛṣṇā = thirst)]

85.514 渵 [máo][archaic; (also máo, to be water); rare]

85.515 渶 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be water); rare]

85.516 渷 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be water); rare]

85.517 游 [yóu][eng.to swim; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. taraṇa = swimming)]

85.518 渹 [hōng][archaic; (also hōng, to be water); rare]

85.519 渺 [miǎo][eng.vast; (also miǎo, (surname))][(Skt. vipula = vast)]

85.520 渻 [shěng][archaic; (also shěng, to be water); rare]

85.521 渼 [měi][archaic; (also měi, to be water); rare]

85.522 渽 [zāi][archaic; (also zāi, to be water); rare]

85.523 渾 [hún][eng.traditional variant of 浑 (muddy)][(Skt. paṅka = muddy)]

85.524 渿 [nài][archaic; (also nài, to be water); rare]

85.525 湀 [guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be water); rare]

85.526 湁 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be water); rare]

85.527 湂 [è][archaic; (also è, to be water); rare]

85.528 湃 [pài][eng.to roar; (also pài, (surname))][(Skt. garjana = roar)]

85.529 湄 [méi][eng.riverbank; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = riverbank)]

85.530 湅 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be water); rare]

85.531 湆 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be water); rare]

85.532 湇 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be water); rare]

85.533 湈 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be water); rare]

85.534 湉 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be water); rare]

85.535 湊 [còu][eng.traditional variant of 凑 (to assemble)][(Skt. samāgama = assembly)]

85.536 湋 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, (surname)); rare]

85.537 湌 [cān][archaic; (also cān, to be water); rare]

85.538 湍 [tuān][eng.rapid; (also tuān, (surname))][(Skt. vegavat = rapid)]

85.539 湎 [miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, to be water); rare]

85.540 湏 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be water); rare]

85.541 湐 [pò][archaic; (also pò, to be water); rare]

85.542 湑 [xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to be water); rare]

85.543 湒 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be water); rare]

85.544 湓 [pén][archaic; (also pén, (surname)); rare]

85.545 湔 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be water); rare]

85.546 湕 [jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be water); rare]

85.547 湖 [hú][eng.lake; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. hrada = lake)]

85.548 湗 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be water); rare]

85.549 湘 [xiāng][eng.Hunan; (also xiāng, (surname))]

85.550 湙 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.551 湚 [yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be water); rare]

85.552 湛 [zhàn][eng.deep; (also zhàn, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

85.553 湜 [shí][archaic; (also shí, to be water); rare]

85.554 湝 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be water); rare]

85.555 湞 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, (surname)); rare]

85.556 湟 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, (surname)); rare]

85.557 湠 [tàn][archaic; (also tàn, to be water); rare]

85.558 湡 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be water); rare]

85.559 湢 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be water); rare]

85.560 湣 [mǐn][archaic variant of 泯 (to vanish)][(Skt. vināśa = vanishing)]

85.561 湤 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be water); rare]

85.562 湥 [tū][archaic; (also tū, to be water); rare]

85.563 湦 [shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be water); rare]

85.564 湧 [yǒng][eng.traditional variant of 涌 (to gush)][(Skt. udbhava = gushing)]

85.565 湨 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be water); rare]

85.566 湩 [dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be water); rare]

85.567 湪 [tuàn][archaic; (also tuàn, to be water); rare]

85.568 湫 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be water); rare]

85.569 湬 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be water); rare]

85.570 湭 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be water); rare]

85.571 湮 [yān][eng.to bury; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. nikṣepa = burying)]

85.572 湯 [tāng][eng.traditional variant of 汤 (soup)][(Skt. jala = soup)]

85.573 湰 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be water); rare]

85.574 湱 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be water); rare]

85.575 湲 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be water); rare]

85.576 湳 [nǎn][archaic; (also nǎn, to be water); rare]

85.577 湴 [bàn][archaic; (also bàn, to be water); rare]

85.578 湵 [yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be water); rare]

85.579 湶 [quán][archaic variant of 泉 (spring)][(Skt. saras = spring)]

85.580 湷 [hún][archaic; (also hún, to be water); rare]

85.581 湸 [liàng][archaic; (also liàng, to be water); rare]

85.582 湹 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be water); rare]

85.583 湺 [bǎo][archaic; (also bǎo, to be water); rare]

85.584 湻 [chún][archaic variant of 淳 (pure)][(Skt. śuddha = pure)]

85.585 湼 [niè][archaic variant of 涅 (nirvana)][skt.nirvāṇa; (Skt. nirvṛti = nirvana)]

85.586 湽 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be water); rare]

85.587 湾 [wān][eng.bay; (also wān, (surname))][(Skt. aṭavī = bay)]

85.588 湿 [shī][eng.wet; (also shī, (surname))][(Skt. snigdha = wet)]

85.589 満 [mǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 滿 (full)][(Skt. pūrṇa = full)]

85.590 溁 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.591 溂 [là][archaic; (also là, to be water); rare]

85.592 溃 [kuì][eng.to break; (also kuì, (surname))][(Skt. bheda = breaking)]

85.593 溄 [féng][archaic; (also féng, to be water); rare]

85.594 溅 [jiàn][eng.to splash; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to splash)]

85.595 溆 [xù][archaic; (also xù, (surname)); rare]

85.596 溇 [lóu][archaic; (also lóu, (surname)); rare]

85.597 溈 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, (surname)); rare]

85.598 溉 [gài][eng.to irrigate; (also gài, (surname))][(Skt. secana = irrigation)]

85.599 溊 [xiā][archaic; (also xiā, to be water); rare]

85.600 溋 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.601 溌 [pō][archaic variant of 泼 (to splash)][(Skt. kṣip = to splash)]

85.602 溍 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be water); rare]

85.603 溎 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be water); rare]

85.604 溏 [táng][eng.muddy; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. paṅka = muddy)]

85.605 源 [yuán][eng.source; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. mūla = source)]

85.606 溑 [suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to be water); rare]

85.607 溒 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be water); rare]

85.608 溓 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be water); rare]

85.609 溔 [yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be water); rare]

85.610 溕 [ménɡ][archaic; (also ménɡ, to be water); rare]

85.611 準 [zhǔn][eng.traditional variant of 准 (standard)][(Skt. pramāṇa = standard)]

85.612 溗 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be water); rare]

85.613 溘 [kè][archaic; (also kè, to be water); rare]

85.614 溙 [tài][archaic; (also tài, to be water); rare]

85.615 溚 [tǎ][archaic; (also tǎ, to be water); rare]

85.616 溛 [wā][archaic; (also wā, to be water); rare]

85.617 溜 [liū][eng.to slip; (also liù, to slide)][(Skt. skhalana = slipping)]

85.618 溝 [gōu][eng.traditional variant of 沟 (ditch)][(Skt. kulyā = ditch)]

85.619 溞 [sāo][archaic; (also sāo, to be water); rare]

85.620 溟 [míng][archaic; (also míng, (surname)); rare]

85.621 溠 [zhà][archaic; (also zhà, to be water); rare]

85.622 溡 [shí][archaic; (also shí, to be water); rare]

85.623 溢 [yì][eng.to overflow; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. atiprava = overflow)]

85.624 溣 [lùn][archaic; (also lùn, to be water); rare]

85.625 溤 [mǎ][archaic; (also mǎ, to be water); rare]

85.626 溥 [pǔ][eng.wide; (also pǔ, (surname))][(Skt. viśāla = wide)]

85.627 溦 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be water); rare]

85.628 溧 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be water); rare]

85.629 溨 [zāi][archaic; (also zāi, to be water); rare]

85.630 溩 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be water); rare]

85.631 溪 [xī][eng.stream; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. nadī = stream)]

85.632 溫 [wēn][eng.traditional variant of 温 (warm)][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

85.633 溬 [qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be water); rare]

85.634 溭 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be water); rare]

85.635 溮 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be water); rare]

85.636 溯 [sù][eng.to go upstream; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. udaka = upstream)]

85.637 溰 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be water); rare]

85.638 溱 [qín][archaic; (also qín, (surname)); rare]

85.639 溲 [sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be water); rare]

85.640 溳 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be water); rare]

85.641 溴 [xiù][eng.bromine; (also xiù, (surname))]

85.642 溵 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be water); rare]

85.643 溶 [róng][eng.to dissolve; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. vilayana = dissolving)]

85.644 溷 [hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to be water); rare]

85.645 溸 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be water); rare]

85.646 溹 [suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to be water); rare]

85.647 溺 [nì][eng.to drown; (also nì, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = drowning)]

85.648 溻 [tā][archaic; (also tā, to be water); rare]

85.649 溼 [shī][archaic variant of 湿 (wet)][(Skt. snigdha = wet)]

85.650 溽 [rù][eng.muggy; (also rù, (surname))][(Skt. snigdha = muggy)]

85.651 溾 [āi][archaic; (also āi, to be water); rare]

85.652 溿 [pàn][archaic; (also pàn, to be water); rare]

85.653 滀 [chù][archaic; (also chù, to be water); rare]

85.654 滁 [chú][archaic; (also chú, (surname)); rare]

85.655 滂 [pāng][eng.to pour; (also pāng, (surname))][(Skt. srav = to pour)]

85.656 滃 [wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be water); rare]

85.657 滄 [cāng][eng.traditional variant of 沧 (dark blue)]

85.658 滅 [miè][eng.traditional variant of 灭 (to destroy)][(Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

85.659 滆 [gé][archaic; (also gé, to be water); rare]

85.660 滇 [diān][eng.Yunnan; (also diān, (surname))]

85.661 滈 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be water); rare]

85.662 滉 [huàng][archaic; (also huàng, to be water); rare]

85.663 滊 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be water); rare]

85.664 滋 [zī][eng.to nourish; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. poṣaṇa = nourishment)]

85.665 滌 [dí][eng.traditional variant of 涤 (to wash)][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.666 滍 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be water); rare]

85.667 滎 [xíng][archaic; (also xíng, (surname)); rare]

85.668 滏 [fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, (surname)); rare]

85.669 滐 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be water); rare]

85.670 滑 [huá][eng.slippery; (also huá, (surname))][(Skt. snigdha = slippery)]

85.671 滒 [gē][archaic; (also gē, to be water); rare]

85.672 滓 [zǐ][eng.dregs; (also zǐ, (surname))][(Skt. ṣaṭ = dregs)]

85.673 滔 [tāo][eng.to flood; (also tāo, (surname))][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.674 滕 [téng][archaic; (also téng, (surname)); rare]

85.675 滖 [suī][archaic; (also suī, to be water); rare]

85.676 滗 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be water); rare]

85.677 滘 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be water); rare]

85.678 滙 [huì][archaic variant of 汇 (to gather)][(Skt. samāgama = gathering)]

85.679 滚 [gǔn][eng.to roll; (also gǔn, (surname))][(Skt. parivartana = roll)]

85.680 滛 [yín][archaic variant of 淫 (licentious)][(Skt. kāma = lust)]

85.681 滜 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be water); rare]

85.682 滝 [lóng][eng.Japanese variant of 滝 (waterfall)]

85.683 滞 [zhì][eng.to delay; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. pralambana = delay)]

85.684 滟 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be water); rare]

85.685 滠 [shè][archaic; (also shè, (surname)); rare]

85.686 满 [mǎn][eng.full; (also mǎn, (surname))][(Skt. pūrṇa = full)]

85.687 滢 [yíng][eng.clear; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.688 滣 [chún][archaic; (also chún, to be water); rare]

85.689 滤 [lǜ][eng.to filter; (also lǜ, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = filtering)]

85.690 滥 [làn][eng.excessive; (also làn, (surname))][(Skt. ati = excessive)]

85.691 滦 [luán][archaic; (also luán, (surname)); rare]

85.692 滧 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be water); rare]

85.693 滨 [bīn][eng.waterfront; (also bīn, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = waterfront)]

85.694 滩 [tān][eng.beach; (also tān, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = beach)]

85.695 滪 [yù][archaic; (also yù, (surname)); rare]

85.696 滫 [xiǔ][archaic; (also xiǔ, to be water); rare]

85.697 滬 [hù][eng.traditional variant of 沪 (Shanghai)]

85.698 滭 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be water); rare]

85.699 滮 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be water); rare]

85.700 滯 [zhì][eng.traditional variant of 滞 (to delay)][(Skt. pralambana = delay)]

85.701 滰 [jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be water); rare]

85.702 滱 [kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to be water); rare]

85.703 滲 [shèn][eng.traditional variant of 渗 (to seep)][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = seeping)]

85.704 滳 [dī][archaic; (also dī, to be water); rare]

85.705 滴 [dī][eng.to drip; (also dī, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = dripping)]

85.706 滵 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be water); rare]

85.707 滶 [áo][archaic; (also áo, to be water); rare]

85.708 滷 [lǔ][eng.traditional variant of 卤 (brine)][(Skt. lavaṇa = brine)]

85.709 滸 [hǔ][eng.traditional variant of 浒 (archaic)]

85.710 滹 [hū][archaic; (also hū, (surname)); rare]

85.711 滺 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be water); rare]

85.712 滻 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, (surname)); rare]

85.713 滼 [fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be water); rare]

85.714 滽 [yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to be water); rare]

85.715 滾 [gǔn][eng.traditional variant of 滚 (to roll)][(Skt. parivartana = roll)]

85.716 滿 [mǎn][eng.traditional variant of 满 (full)][(Skt. pūrṇa = full)]

85.717 漀 [qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be water); rare]

85.718 漁 [yú][eng.traditional variant of 渔 (to fish)][(Skt. matsya = fishing)]

85.719 漂 [piāo][eng.to float; (also piǎo, to bleach)][(Skt. plava = float)]

85.720 漃 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be water); rare]

85.721 漄 [yá][archaic; (also yá, to be water); rare]

85.722 漅 [cháo][archaic; (also cháo, to be water); rare]

85.723 漆 [qī][eng.lacquer; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. lakṣā = lacquer)]

85.724 漇 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be water); rare]

85.725 漈 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be water); rare]

85.726 漉 [lù][eng.to strain; (also lù, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = straining)]

85.727 漊 [lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be water); rare]

85.728 漋 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be water); rare]

85.729 漌 [jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, to be water); rare]

85.730 漍 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be water); rare]

85.731 漎 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be water); rare]

85.732 漏 [lòu][eng.to leak; (also lòu, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = leak)]

85.733 漐 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be water); rare]

85.734 漑 [gài][eng.traditional variant of 溉 (to irrigate)][(Skt. secana = irrigation)]

85.735 漒 [qiáng][archaic; (also qiáng, to be water); rare]

85.736 漓 [lí][eng.to drip; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = drip)]

85.737 演 [yǎn][eng.to develop; (also yǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vistāra = development)]

85.738 漕 [cáo][eng.to transport by water; (also cáo, (surname))][(Skt. nāvā = transport)]

85.739 漖 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be water); rare]

85.740 漗 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be water); rare]

85.741 漘 [chún][archaic; (also chún, to be water); rare]

85.742 漙 [tuán][archaic; (also tuán, to be water); rare]

85.743 漚 [ōu][eng.traditional variant of 沤 (to bubble)][(Skt. budbuda = bubble)]

85.744 漛 [téng][archaic; (also téng, to be water); rare]

85.745 漜 [yě][archaic; (also yě, to be water); rare]

85.746 漝 [xí][archaic; (also xí, to be water); rare]

85.747 漞 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be water); rare]

85.748 漟 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be water); rare]

85.749 漠 [mò][eng.desert; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. maru = desert)]

85.750 漡 [shāng][archaic; (also shāng, to be water); rare]

85.751 漢 [hàn][eng.traditional variant of 汉 (Chinese; Han)][(Skt. cīna = China)]

85.752 漣 [lián][eng.traditional variant of 涟 (ripples)][(Skt. taraṅga = ripples)]

85.753 漤 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be water); rare]

85.754 漥 [wā][archaic; (also wā, to be water); rare]

85.755 漦 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be water); rare]

85.756 漧 [qián][archaic; (also qián, to be water); rare]

85.757 漨 [féng][archaic; (also féng, to be water); rare]

85.758 漩 [xuán][eng.whirlpool; (also xuán, (surname))][(Skt. āvarta = whirlpool)]

85.759 漪 [yī][eng.ripples; (also yī, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = ripples)]

85.760 漫 [màn][eng.free; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. svairā = free)]

85.761 漬 [zì][eng.traditional variant of 渍 (to soak)][(Skt. nimajjana = soak)]

85.762 漭 [mǎng][eng.vast; (also mǎng, (surname))][(Skt. vipula = vast)]

85.763 漮 [kāng][archaic; (also kāng, to be water); rare]

85.764 漯 [tà][archaic; (also tà, (surname)); rare]

85.765 漰 [pēng][archaic; (also pēng, to be water); rare]

85.766 漱 [shù][eng.to gargle; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = gargling)]

85.767 漲 [zhǎng][eng.traditional variant of 涨 (to rise)][(Skt. udgama = rising)]

85.768 漳 [zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, (surname)); rare]

85.769 漴 [chóng][archaic; (also chóng, to be water); rare]

85.770 漵 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be water); rare]

85.771 漶 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be water); rare]

85.772 漷 [huǒ][archaic; (also huǒ, to be water); rare]

85.773 漸 [jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 渐 (gradual)][(Skt. krama = gradual)]

85.774 漹 [yān][archaic; (also yān, to be water); rare]

85.775 漺 [shuǎng][archaic; (also shuǎng, to be water); rare]

85.776 漻 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be water); rare]

85.777 漼 [cuǐ][archaic; (also cuǐ, to be water); rare]

85.778 漽 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be water); rare]

85.779 漾 [yàng][eng.to ripple; (also yàng, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = ripple)]

85.780 漿 [jiāng][eng.traditional variant of 浆 (fluid)][(Skt. rasa = fluid)]

85.781 潀 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be water); rare]

85.782 潁 [yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, (surname)); rare]

85.783 潂 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be water); rare]

85.784 潃 [xiǔ][archaic; (also xiǔ, to be water); rare]

85.785 潄 [shù][archaic variant of 漱 (to gargle)][(Skt. kṣālana = gargling)]

85.786 潅 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be water); rare]

85.787 潆 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.788 潇 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, (surname)); rare]

85.789 潈 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be water); rare]

85.790 潉 [kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be water); rare]

85.791 潊 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be water); rare]

85.792 潋 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, (surname)); rare]

85.793 潌 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be water); rare]

85.794 潍 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, (surname)); rare]

85.795 潎 [pì][archaic; (also pì, to be water); rare]

85.796 潏 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be water); rare]

85.797 潐 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be water); rare]

85.798 潑 [pō][eng.traditional variant of 泼 (to splash)][(Skt. kṣip = to splash)]

85.799 潒 [dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be water); rare]

85.800 潓 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be water); rare]

85.801 潔 [jié][eng.traditional variant of 洁 (clean)][(Skt. śuci = clean)]

85.802 潕 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be water); rare]

85.803 潖 [pá][archaic; (also pá, to be water); rare]

85.804 潗 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be water); rare]

85.805 潘 [pān][archaic; (also pān, (surname)); rare]

85.806 潙 [wéi][archaic variant of 溈 (archaic)]

85.807 潚 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be water); rare]

85.808 潛 [qián][eng.traditional variant of 潜 (to hide)][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

85.809 潜 [qián][eng.to hide; (also qián, (surname))][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

85.810 潝 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be water); rare]

85.811 潞 [lù][archaic; (also lù, (surname)); rare]

85.812 潟 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be water); rare]

85.813 潠 [xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to be water); rare]

85.814 潡 [dùn][archaic; (also dùn, to be water); rare]

85.815 潢 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, (surname)); rare]

85.816 潣 [mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be water); rare]

85.817 潤 [rùn][eng.traditional variant of 润 (moist)][(Skt. snigdha = moist)]

85.818 潥 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be water); rare]

85.819 潦 [lǎo][eng.to flood; (also lào, (surname))][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.820 潧 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be water); rare]

85.821 潨 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be water); rare]

85.822 潩 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.823 潪 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be water); rare]

85.824 潫 [wān][archaic; (also wān, to be water); rare]

85.825 潬 [tān][archaic; (also tān, to be water); rare]

85.826 潭 [tán][eng.pool; (also tán, (surname))][(Skt. taḍāga = pool)]

85.827 潮 [cháo][eng.tide; (also cháo, (surname))][(Skt. jala = tide)]

85.828 潯 [xún][archaic; (also xún, (surname)); rare]

85.829 潰 [kuì][eng.traditional variant of 溃 (to break)][(Skt. bheda = breaking)]

85.830 潱 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be water); rare]

85.831 潲 [shào][archaic; (also shào, to be water); rare]

85.832 潳 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be water); rare]

85.833 潴 [zhū][eng.to store water; (also zhū, (surname))][(Skt. ādhāra = storing)]

85.834 潵 [sàn][archaic; (also sàn, to be water); rare]

85.835 潶 [hēi][archaic; (also hēi, to be water); rare]

85.836 潷 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be water); rare]

85.837 潸 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be water); rare]

85.838 潹 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be water); rare]

85.839 潺 [chán][archaic; (also chán, (surname)); rare]

85.840 潻 [shǔ][archaic; (also shǔ, to be water); rare]

85.841 潼 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, (surname)); rare]

85.842 潽 [pǔ][archaic; (also pǔ, to be water); rare]

85.843 潾 [lín][archaic; (also lín, (surname)); rare]

85.844 潿 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be water); rare]

85.845 澀 [sè][eng.traditional variant of 涩 (astringent)][(Skt. kaṣāya = astringent)]

85.846 澁 [sè][archaic variant of 澀 (astringent)][(Skt. kaṣāya = astringent)]

85.847 澂 [chéng][archaic variant of 澄 (clear)][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.848 澃 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be water); rare]

85.849 澄 [chéng][eng.clear; (also dèng, to settle)][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.850 澅 [huà][archaic; (also huà, to be water); rare]

85.851 澆 [jiāo][eng.traditional variant of 浇 (to water)][(Skt. secana = watering)]

85.852 澇 [lào][eng.traditional variant of 涝 (to flood)][(Skt. plava = flood)]

85.853 澈 [chè][eng.clear; (also chè, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.854 澉 [gǎn][archaic; (also gǎn, (surname)); rare]

85.855 澊 [cūn][archaic; (also cūn, to be water); rare]

85.856 澋 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be water); rare]

85.857 澌 [sī][archaic; (also sī, (surname)); rare]

85.858 澍 [shù][eng.to pour; (also zhù, to pour)][(Skt. secana = pouring)]

85.859 澎 [péng][eng.to surge; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = surge)]

85.860 澏 [hán][archaic; (also hán, to be water); rare]

85.861 澐 [yún][archaic; (also yún, (surname)); rare]

85.862 澑 [liù][archaic variant of 溜 (to slide)][(Skt. skhalana = slide)]

85.863 澒 [hòng][archaic; (also hòng, to be water); rare]

85.864 澓 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be water); rare]

85.865 澔 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be water); rare]

85.866 澕 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be water); rare]

85.867 澖 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be water); rare]

85.868 澗 [jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 涧 (mountain stream)][(Skt. kulyā = stream)]

85.869 澘 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be water); rare]

85.870 澙 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be water); rare]

85.871 澚 [ào][archaic; (also ào, to be water); rare]

85.872 澛 [lǔ][archaic variant of 鲁 (surname)]

85.873 澜 [lán][eng.ripples; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. taraṅga = ripples)]

85.874 澝 [nìng][archaic; (also nìng, to be water); rare]

85.875 澞 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be water); rare]

85.876 澟 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be water); rare]

85.877 澠 [shéng][archaic; (also shéng, (surname)); rare]

85.878 澡 [zǎo][eng.to bathe; (also zǎo, (surname))][(Skt. snāna = bathing)]

85.879 澢 [dāng][archaic; (also dāng, to be water); rare]

85.880 澣 [huàn][archaic variant of 浣 (to wash)][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.881 澤 [zé][eng.traditional variant of 泽 (marsh)][(Skt. hrada = marsh)]

85.882 澥 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, (surname)); rare]

85.883 澦 [yù][archaic; (also yù, (surname)); rare]

85.884 澧 [lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, (surname)); rare]

85.885 澨 [shì][archaic; (also shì, (surname)); rare]

85.886 澩 [xué][archaic; (also xué, to be water); rare]

85.887 澪 [líng][archaic; (also líng, (surname)); rare]

85.888 澫 [wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be water); rare]

85.889 澬 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be water); rare]

85.890 澭 [yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to be water); rare]

85.891 澮 [kuài][eng.traditional variant of 浍 (archaic)]

85.892 澯 [càn][archaic; (also càn, to be water); rare]

85.893 澰 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be water); rare]

85.894 澱 [diàn][eng.traditional variant of 淀 (sediment)][(Skt. paṅka = sediment)]

85.895 澲 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be water); rare]

85.896 澳 [ào][eng.bay; (also ào, (surname))][(Skt. aṭavī = bay)]

85.897 澴 [huán][archaic; (also huán, (surname)); rare]

85.898 澵 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be water); rare]

85.899 澶 [chán][archaic; (also chán, (surname)); rare]

85.900 澷 [màn][archaic variant of 漫 (free)][(Skt. svairā = free)]

85.901 澸 [gǎn][archaic; (also gǎn, to be water); rare]

85.902 澹 [dàn][eng.calm; (also tán, (surname))][(Skt. śānta = calm)]

85.903 澺 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.904 澻 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be water); rare]

85.905 澼 [pì][archaic; (also pì, to be water); rare]

85.906 澽 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be water); rare]

85.907 澾 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to be water); rare]

85.908 澿 [qín][archaic; (also qín, to be water); rare]

85.909 激 [jī][eng.to excite; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. kṣobha = excitement)]

85.910 濁 [zhuó][eng.traditional variant of 浊 (muddy)][(Skt. paṅka = muddy)]

85.911 濂 [lián][archaic; (also lián, (surname)); rare]

85.912 濃 [nóng][eng.traditional variant of 浓 (thick)][(Skt. ghana = thick)]

85.913 濄 [guō][archaic; (also guō, to be water); rare]

85.914 濅 [jìn][archaic variant of 浸 (to soak)][(Skt. nimajjana = soak)]

85.915 濆 [fén][archaic; (also fén, (surname)); rare]

85.916 濇 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be water); rare]

85.917 濈 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be water); rare]

85.918 濉 [suī][archaic; (also suī, (surname)); rare]

85.919 濊 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be water); rare]

85.920 濋 [chǔ][archaic; (also chǔ, to be water); rare]

85.921 濌 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to be water); rare]

85.922 濍 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be water); rare]

85.923 濎 [dǐng][archaic; (also dǐng, to be water); rare]

85.924 濏 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be water); rare]

85.925 濐 [zhǔ][archaic; (also zhǔ, to be water); rare]

85.926 濑 [lài][eng.rapids; (also lài, (surname))][(Skt. vegavat = rapids)]

85.927 濒 [bīn][eng.to be near; (also bīn, (surname))][(Skt. samīpa = near)]

85.928 濓 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be water); rare]

85.929 濔 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be water); rare]

85.930 濕 [shī][eng.traditional variant of 湿 (wet)][(Skt. snigdha = wet)]

85.931 濖 [shǔ][archaic; (also shǔ, to be water); rare]

85.932 濗 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be water); rare]

85.933 濘 [nìng][eng.traditional variant of 泞 (mud)][(Skt. paṅka = mud)]

85.934 濙 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.935 濚 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.936 濛 [méng][eng.drizzly; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = drizzle)]

85.937 濜 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be water); rare]

85.938 濝 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be water); rare]

85.939 濞 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be water); rare]

85.940 濟 [jì][eng.traditional variant of 济 (to help)][(Skt. tāraṇa = helping)]

85.941 濠 [háo][eng.moat; (also háo, (surname))][(Skt. parikhā = moat)]

85.942 濡 [rú][eng.to moisten; (also rú, (surname))][(Skt. kledana = moistening)]

85.943 濢 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be water); rare]

85.944 濣 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be water); rare]

85.945 濤 [tāo][eng.traditional variant of 涛 (billows)][(Skt. taraṅga = billows)]

85.946 濥 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be water); rare]

85.947 濦 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be water); rare]

85.948 濧 [duì][archaic; (also duì, to be water); rare]

85.949 濨 [cí][archaic; (also cí, to be water); rare]

85.950 濩 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be water); rare]

85.951 濪 [qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be water); rare]

85.952 濫 [làn][eng.traditional variant of 滥 (excessive)][(Skt. ati = excessive)]

85.953 濬 [jùn][archaic variant of 浚 (to dredge)][(Skt. uddharaṇa = dredging)]

85.954 濭 [ǎi][archaic; (also ǎi, to be water); rare]

85.955 濮 [pú][archaic; (also pú, (surname)); rare]

85.956 濯 [zhuó][eng.to wash; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

85.957 濰 [wéi][eng.traditional variant of 潍 (archaic)]

85.958 濱 [bīn][eng.traditional variant of 滨 (waterfront)][(Skt. tīra = waterfront)]

85.959 濲 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be water); rare]

85.960 濳 [qián][archaic variant of 潜 (to hide)][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

85.961 濴 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.962 濵 [bīn][archaic variant of 滨 (waterfront)][(Skt. tīra = waterfront)]

85.963 濶 [kuò][archaic variant of 阔 (broad)][(Skt. viśāla = broad)]

85.964 濷 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be water); rare]

85.965 濸 [cāng][archaic; (also cāng, to be water); rare]

85.966 濹 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be water); rare]

85.967 濺 [jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 溅 (to splash)][(Skt. kṣip = to splash)]

85.968 濻 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be water); rare]

85.969 濼 [luò][archaic; (also luò, (surname)); rare]

85.970 濽 [zàn][archaic; (also zàn, to be water); rare]

85.971 濾 [lǜ][eng.traditional variant of 滤 (to filter)][(Skt. kṣālana = filter)]

85.972 濿 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be water); rare]

85.973 瀀 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be water); rare]

85.974 瀁 [yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be water); rare]

85.975 瀂 [lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be water); rare]

85.976 瀃 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be water); rare]

85.977 瀄 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be water); rare]

85.978 瀅 [yíng][eng.traditional variant of 滢 (clear)][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.979 瀆 [dú][eng.traditional variant of 渎 (to defile)][(Skt. mala = defilement)]

85.980 瀇 [wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to be water); rare]

85.981 瀈 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be water); rare]

85.982 瀉 [xiè][eng.traditional variant of 泻 (to pour)][(Skt. upanayana = pouring)]

85.983 瀊 [pán][archaic; (also pán, to be water); rare]

85.984 瀋 [shěn][archaic; (also shěn, (surname)); rare]

85.985 瀌 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be water); rare]

85.986 瀍 [chán][archaic; (also chán, (surname)); rare]

85.987 瀎 [miè][archaic; (also miè, to be water); rare]

85.988 瀏 [liú][eng.traditional variant of 浏 (clear)][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

85.989 瀐 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be water); rare]

85.990 瀑 [pù][eng.waterfall; (also bào, rainstorm)][(Skt. jalapāta = waterfall)]

85.991 瀒 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be water); rare]

85.992 瀓 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be water); rare]

85.993 瀔 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be water); rare]

85.994 瀕 [bīn][eng.traditional variant of 濒 (to be near)][(Skt. samīpa = near)]

85.995 瀖 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be water); rare]

85.996 瀗 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be water); rare]

85.997 瀘 [lú][eng.traditional variant of 泸 (archaic)]

85.998 瀙 [qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to be water); rare]

85.999 瀚 [hàn][eng.vast; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. vipula = vast)]

85.1000 瀛 [yíng][eng.ocean; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. samudra = ocean)]

85.1001 瀜 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be water); rare]

85.1002 瀝 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 沥 (to drip)][(Skt. kṣaraṇa = drip)]

85.1003 瀞 [jìng][archaic variant of 净 (pure)][(Skt. śuddha = pure)]

85.1004 瀟 [xiāo][eng.traditional variant of 潇 (archaic)]

85.1005 瀠 [yíng][archaic variant of 潆 (archaic)]

85.1006 瀡 [suǐ][archaic; (also suǐ, to be water); rare]

85.1007 瀢 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be water); rare]

85.1008 瀣 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, (surname)); rare]

85.1009 瀤 [huái][archaic; (also huái, to be water); rare]

85.1010 瀥 [xuè][archaic; (also xuè, to be water); rare]

85.1011 瀦 [zhū][eng.traditional variant of 潴 (to store water)][(Skt. ādhāra = storing)]

85.1012 瀧 [lóng][eng.traditional variant of 泷 (archaic)]

85.1013 瀨 [lài][eng.traditional variant of 濑 (rapids)][(Skt. vegavat = rapids)]

85.1014 瀩 [duì][archaic; (also duì, to be water); rare]

85.1015 瀪 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be water); rare]

85.1016 瀫 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be water); rare]

85.1017 瀬 [lài][eng.Japanese variant of 瀨 (rapids)][(Skt. vegavat = rapids)]

85.1018 瀭 [shū][archaic; (also shū, to be water); rare]

85.1019 瀮 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be water); rare]

85.1020 瀯 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.1021 瀰 [mí][archaic; (also mí, to be water); rare]

85.1022 瀱 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be water); rare]

85.1023 瀲 [liàn][eng.traditional variant of 潋 (archaic)]

85.1024 瀳 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be water); rare]

85.1025 瀴 [yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to be water); rare]

85.1026 瀵 [fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to be water); rare]

85.1027 瀶 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be water); rare]

85.1028 瀷 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be water); rare]

85.1029 瀸 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be water); rare]

85.1030 瀹 [yuè][eng.to boil; (also yuè, (surname))][(Skt. kaṣāya = boiling)]

85.1031 瀺 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be water); rare]

85.1032 瀻 [dài][archaic; (also dài, to be water); rare]

85.1033 瀼 [ráng][archaic; (also ráng, to be water); rare]

85.1034 瀽 [jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be water); rare]

85.1035 瀾 [lán][eng.traditional variant of 澜 (ripples)][(Skt. taraṅga = ripples)]

85.1036 瀿 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be water); rare]

85.1037 灀 [shuàng][archaic; (also shuàng, to be water); rare]

85.1038 灁 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be water); rare]

85.1039 灂 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be water); rare]

85.1040 灃 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, (surname)); rare]

85.1041 灄 [shè][archaic; (also shè, (surname)); rare]

85.1042 灅 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be water); rare]

85.1043 灆 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be water); rare]

85.1044 灇 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be water); rare]

85.1045 灈 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be water); rare]

85.1046 灉 [yōng][archaic; (also yōng, to be water); rare]

85.1047 灊 [qián][archaic; (also qián, to be water); rare]

85.1048 灋 [fǎ][archaic variant of 法 (dharma)][skt.dharma; (Skt. vidhi = method)]

85.1049 灌 [guàn][eng.to irrigate; (also guàn, (surname))][(Skt. secana = irrigation)]

85.1050 灍 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be water); rare]

85.1051 灎 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be water); rare]

85.1052 灏 [hào][eng.vast; (also hào, (surname))][(Skt. vipula = vast)]

85.1053 灐 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be water); rare]

85.1054 灑 [sǎ][eng.traditional variant of 洒 (to sprinkle)][(Skt. secana = sprinkling)]

85.1055 灒 [zàn][archaic; (also zàn, to be water); rare]

85.1056 灓 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be water); rare]

85.1057 灔 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be water); rare]

85.1058 灕 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be water); rare]

85.1059 灖 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be water); rare]

85.1060 灗 [shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be water); rare]

85.1061 灘 [tān][eng.traditional variant of 滩 (beach)][(Skt. tīra = beach)]

85.1062 灙 [dǎng][archaic; (also dǎng, to be water); rare]

85.1063 灚 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be water); rare]

85.1064 灛 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be water); rare]

85.1065 灜 [yíng][archaic variant of 瀛 (ocean)][(Skt. samudra = ocean)]

85.1066 灝 [hào][archaic variant of 灏 (vast)][(Skt. vipula = vast)]

85.1067 灞 [bà][archaic; (also bà, (surname)); rare]

85.1068 灟 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be water); rare]

85.1069 灠 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be water); rare]

85.1070 灡 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be water); rare]

85.1071 灢 [nǎng][archaic; (also nǎng, to be water); rare]

85.1072 灣 [wān][eng.traditional variant of 湾 (bay)][(Skt. aṭavī = bay)]

85.1073 灤 [luán][eng.traditional variant of 滦 (archaic)]

85.1074 灥 [xún][archaic; (also xún, to be water); rare]

85.1075 灦 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be water); rare]

85.1076 灧 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be water); rare]

85.1077 灨 [gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be water); rare]

85.1078 灩 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be water); rare]

85.1079 灪 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be water); rare]

85.1080 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.85

85.1081 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

85.1082 85.1 水 (shuǐ) [skt.jal; udaka; āpa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents water. One of the five elements (mahābhūta) in Buddhist cosmology. Appears in Buddhist compound 水界 (āpo-dhātu, water element) and 水月 (udaka-candra, water-moon), a classic simile for illusion

85.1083 85.5 永 (yǒng) [skt.śāśvata] — Used for "eternal" and "forever"; appears in Buddhist compound 永恒 (nitya, eternal)

85.1084 85.15 求 (qiú) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Used for "to seek" and "to request"; appears in Buddhist compound 求道 (mārga-paryeṣṭi, seeking the path) and 求法 (dharma-paryeṣṭi, seeking the Dharma)

85.1085 85.44 江 (jiāng) [skt.nadī] — Used for "river"; appears in descriptions of the Ganges (gaṅgā = 恒河) and other rivers

85.1086 85.45 池 (chí) [skt.taḍāga] — Used for "pond" and "pool"; appears in descriptions of monastic gardens

85.1087 85.162 法 (fǎ) [skt.dharma; vidhi] — CRITICAL — One of the most important characters in all of Buddhism. Used to translate dharma, encompassing the Buddha’s teachings, the nature of reality, and the path of practice. Appears in countless compounds: 佛法 (Buddha-dharma), 法门 (dharma-mukha, gate to the Dharma), 法身 (dharma-kāya, Dharma body)

85.1088 85.175 波 (bō) [skt.taraṅga] — Used for "wave"; appears in Buddhist similes of impermanence

85.1089 85.178 泥 (ní) [skt.paṅka] — Used for "mud"; appears in Buddhist similes of defilement

85.1090 85.183 泪 (lèi) [skt.aśru] — Used for "tears"; appears in descriptions of compassion

85.1091 85.189 泰 (tài) [skt.śānti] — Used for "great" and "peaceful"; appears in compound 泰然 (śānta, calm/peaceful)

85.1092 85.192 泳 (yǒng) [skt.taraṇa] — Used for "to swim"; appears in Buddhist similes of crossing the ocean of suffering

85.1093 85.216 洋 (yáng) [skt.samudra] — CRITICAL — Used for "ocean"; appears in Buddhist compound 大洋 (samudra, ocean) and in similes of vastness

85.1094 85.247 洪 (hóng) [skt.plava] — Used for "flood"; appears in similes of the flood of suffering

85.1095 85.255 洲 (zhōu) [skt.dvīpa] — Used for "continent"; appears in Buddhist cosmology (e.g., Jambudvīpa = 阎浮提洲)

85.1096 85.264 活 (huó) [skt.jīvita] — CRITICAL — Used for "to live" and "life"; appears in Buddhist compound 活命 (jīvika, livelihood)

85.1097 85.270 流 (liú) [skt.srav; dhārā] — Used for "to flow" and "stream"; appears in Buddhist compound 流转 (saṃsāra, cyclic existence)

85.1098 85.324 海 (hǎi) [skt.samudra; sāgara] — CRITICAL — Used for "sea" and "ocean"; appears in Buddhist similes of the ocean of suffering (duḥkha-samudra) and the ocean of Dharma

85.1099 85.338 涅 (niè) [skt.nirvāṇa; nirvṛti] — CRITICAL — The first character in 涅槃 (nirvāṇa), the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice. Represents the extinguishing of defilements

85.1100 85.446 深 (shēn) [skt.gambhīra] — Used for "deep"; appears in Buddhist compound 深信 (gambhīra-śraddhā, deep faith) and 甚深 (gambhīra, very deep/profound), a quality of the Dharma

85.1101 85.466 清 (qīng) [skt.nirmala] — Used for "clear"; appears in Buddhist compound 清净 (viśuddha, pure/clear)

85.1102 85.471 渊 (yuān) [skt.gambhīra] — Used for "abyss"; appears in Buddhist similes of profound depth

85.1103 85.477 渐 (jiàn) [skt.krama] — Used for "gradual"; appears in Buddhist discussions of gradual vs. sudden awakening

85.1104 85.508 港 (gǎng) [skt.bandara] — Used for "port"; appears in descriptions of trade and pilgrimage

85.1105 85.513 渴 (kě) [skt.tṛṣṇā] — CRITICAL — Used for "thirsty"; appears in Buddhist compound 渴爱 (tṛṣṇā, thirst/craving), one of the causes of suffering

85.1106 85.519 渺 (miǎo) [skt.vipula] — Used for "vast"; appears in descriptions of vastness

85.1107 85.547 湖 (hú) [skt.hrada] — Used for "lake"; appears in descriptions of geography

85.1108 85.605 源 (yuán) [skt.mūla] — Used for "source"; appears in Buddhist compound 本源 (mūla, source/origin)

85.1109 85.611 準 (zhǔn) [skt.pramāṇa] — Used for "standard"; appears in Buddhist epistemology

85.1110 85.623 溢 (yì) [skt.atiprava] — Used for "to overflow"; appears in similes of abundance

85.1111 85.930 濕 (shī) [skt.snigdha] — Used for "wet"; appears in descriptions of moisture

85.1112 85.647 溺 (nì) [skt.nimajjana] — Used for "to drown"; appears in similes of drowning in defilements

85.1113 85.664 滋 (zī) [skt.poṣaṇa] — Used for "to nourish"; appears in Buddhist compound 滋养 (poṣaṇa, nourishment)

85.1114 85.670 滑 (huá) [skt.snigdha] — Used for "slippery"; appears in descriptions of smoothness

85.1115 85.686 满 (mǎn) [skt.pūrṇa] — Used for "full"; appears in Buddhist compound 圆满 (paripūrṇa, complete/perfected)

85.1116 85.719 漂 (piāo) [skt.plava] — Used for "to float"; appears in Buddhist similes of floating across the ocean of suffering

85.1117 85.732 漏 (lòu) [skt.kṣaraṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to leak"; appears in Buddhist compound 有漏 (āsrava, defiled) and 无漏 (anāsrava, undefiled)

85.1118 85.737 演 (yǎn) [skt.vistāra] — Used for "to develop" and "to elaborate"; appears in Buddhist compound 演说 (deśanā, expounding)

85.1119 85.749 漠 (mò) [skt.maru] — Used for "desert"; appears in descriptions of geography

85.1120 85.751 漢 (hàn) [skt.cīna] — Used for "Chinese" and "Han"; appears in compound 漢文 (cīna-bhāṣā, Chinese language)

85.1121 85.760 漫 (màn) [skt.svairā] — Used for "free" and "unrestrained"; appears in Buddhist discussions of heedlessness

85.1122 85.808 潛 (qián) [skt.gūhana] — Used for "to hide" and "to conceal"; appears in Buddhist compound 潛伏 (gūhana, lurking/hiding)

85.1123 85.826 潭 (tán) [skt.taḍāga] — Used for "pool"; appears in descriptions of geography

85.1124 85.827 潮 (cháo) [skt.jala] — Used for "tide"; appears in descriptions of nature

85.1125 85.849 澄 (chéng) [skt.nirmala] — Used for "clear"; appears in Buddhist compound 澄清 (nirmala, clear/pure)

85.1126 85.853 澈 (chè) [skt.nirmala] — Used for "clear"; appears in descriptions of clarity

85.1127 85.859 澎 (péng) [skt.taraṅga] — Used for "to surge"; appears in descriptions of waves

85.1128 85.881 澤 (zé) [skt.hrada] — Used for "marsh"; appears in descriptions of geography

85.1129 85.896 澳 (ào) [skt.aṭavī] — Used for "bay"; appears in descriptions of geography

85.1130 85.909 激 (jī) [skt.kṣobha] — Used for "to excite"; appears in Buddhist compound 激荡 (kṣobha, agitation)

85.1131 85.936 濛 (méng) [skt.dhūma] — Used for "drizzly"; appears in descriptions of weather

85.1132 85.942 濡 (rú) [skt.kledana] — Used for "to moisten"; appears in Buddhist compound 濡染 (kledana, soaking)

85.1133 85.990 瀑 (pù) [skt.jalapāta] — Used for "waterfall"; appears in descriptions of nature

85.1134 85.999 瀚 (hàn) [skt.vipula] — Used for "vast"; appears in descriptions of vastness

85.1135 85.1000 瀛 (yíng) [skt.samudra] — Used for "ocean"; appears in descriptions of the ocean

85.1136 85.1021 瀰 (mí) [skt.jala] — Used for "water"; appears in compound 瀰漫 (vyāpta, pervading)

85.1137 85.1030 瀹 (yuè) [skt.kaṣāya] — Used for "to boil"; appears in descriptions of cooking

86 火

86.1 火 [chn.huǒ][eng.fire; flame; anger; (also huǒ, (surname))][skt.agni; (Skt. tejas = fire; Skt. krodha = anger)]

86.2 灬 [chn.huǒ][eng.fire; (used as bottom radical)][skt.agni; (Skt. tejas = fire)]

86.3 灭 [chn.miè][eng.to extinguish; to destroy; (also miè, (surname))][(Skt. nirvāṇa = extinguishing)]

86.4 灮 [chn.guāng][archaic variant of 光 (light; brightness)][(Skt. prabhā = light)]

86.5 灯 [chn.dēng][eng.lamp; (also dēng, (surname))][(Skt. pradīpa = lamp)]

86.6 灰 [chn.huī][eng.ash; (also huī, (surname))][(Skt. bhasman = ash)]

86.7 灱 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be hot); rare]

86.8 灲 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be hot); rare]

86.9 灳 [chn.huǐ][archaic; (also huǐ, to be fire); rare]

86.10 灴 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be fire); rare]

86.11 灵 [chn.líng][eng.spirit; soul; clever; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. ātman = soul; Skt. citta = mind)]

86.12 灶 [chn.zào][eng.kitchen stove; (also zào, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgāra = stove)]

86.13 灷 [chn.zhùn][archaic; (also zhùn, to be fire); rare]

86.14 灸 [chn.jiǔ][eng.to cauterize; moxibustion; (also jiǔ, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = cauterizing)]

86.15 灹 [zhà][archaic; (also zhà, to be fire); rare]

86.16 灺 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be fire); rare]

86.17 灻 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be fire); rare]

86.18 灼 [zhuó][eng.to scorch; to burn; bright; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.19 災 [zāi][eng.traditional variant of 灾 (disaster; calamity)][(Skt. vipatti = calamity)]

86.20 灾 [zāi][eng.disaster; calamity; (also zāi, (surname))][(Skt. vipatti = calamity)]

86.21 灿 [càn][eng.brilliant; (also càn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliance)]

86.22 炀 [yáng][eng.to melt; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. dravaṇa = melting)]

86.23 炁 [qì][archaic variant of 氣 (vital energy)][(Skt. prāṇa = vital energy)]

86.24 炂 [zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be fire); rare]

86.25 炃 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be fire); rare]

86.26 炄 [niǔ][archaic; (also niǔ, to be fire); rare]

86.27 炅 [jiǒng][eng.bright; (also guì, to be fire)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

86.28 炆 [wén][archaic; (also wén, to be fire); rare]

86.29 炇 [pū][archaic; (also pū, to be fire); rare]

86.30 炈 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.31 炉 [lú][eng.stove; furnace; (also lú, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgāra = furnace)]

86.32 炊 [chuī][eng.to cook; (also chuī, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.33 炋 [pī][archaic; (also pī, to be fire); rare]

86.34 炌 [kài][archaic; (also kài, to be fire); rare]

86.35 炍 [pàn][archaic; (also pàn, to be fire); rare]

86.36 炎 [yán][eng.flame; blazing; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.37 炏 [yán][archaic variant of 炎 (flame)][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.38 炐 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be fire); rare]

86.39 炑 [mù][archaic; (also mù, to be fire); rare]

86.40 炒 [chǎo][eng.to stir-fry; (also chǎo, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.41 炓 [liào][archaic; (also liào, to be fire); rare]

86.42 炔 [guì][eng.alkyne; (also quē, to be bright)]

86.43 炕 [kàng][eng.kang; (also kàng, (surname))]

86.44 炖 [dùn][eng.to stew; (also dùn, (surname))]

86.45 炗 [guāng][archaic variant of 光 (light)][(Skt. prabhā = light)]

86.46 炘 [xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be fire); rare]

86.47 炙 [zhì][eng.to roast; to broil; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = roasting)]

86.48 炚 [guāng][archaic variant of 光 (light)][(Skt. prabhā = light)]

86.49 炛 [guāng][archaic variant of 光 (light)][(Skt. prabhā = light)]

86.50 炜 [wěi][eng.brilliant; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.51 炝 [qiàng][eng.to stir-fry; (also qiàng, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.52 炞 [biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be fire); rare]

86.53 炟 [dá][archaic; (also dá, to be fire); rare]

86.54 炠 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be fire); rare]

86.55 炡 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be fire); rare]

86.56 炢 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be fire); rare]

86.57 炣 [kě][archaic; (also kě, to be fire); rare]

86.58 炤 [zhào][archaic variant of 照 (to shine)][(Skt. prakāśa = shining)]

86.59 炥 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be fire); rare]

86.60 炦 [bá][archaic; (also bá, to be fire); rare]

86.61 炧 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be fire); rare]

86.62 炨 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be fire); rare]

86.63 炩 [lìng][archaic; (also lìng, to be fire); rare]

86.64 炪 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be fire); rare]

86.65 炫 [xuàn][eng.to dazzle; (also xuàn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = dazzle)]

86.66 炬 [jù][eng.torch; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. pradīpa = torch)]

86.67 炭 [tàn][eng.charcoal; (also tàn, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgāra = charcoal)]

86.68 炮 [pào][eng.cannon; (also páo, to roast; bāo, to cook)][(Skt. bāṇa = cannon)]

86.69 炯 [jiǒng][eng.bright; clear; (also jiǒng, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

86.70 炰 [páo][archaic; (also páo, to roast); rare]

86.71 炱 [tái][archaic; (also tái, to be fire); rare]

86.72 炲 [tái][archaic variant of 炱 (fire)]

86.73 炳 [bǐng][eng.brilliant; (also bǐng, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.74 炴 [yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be fire); rare]

86.75 炵 [tōng][archaic; (also tōng, to be fire); rare]

86.76 炶 [shǎn][archaic; (also shǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.77 炷 [zhù][eng.to burn; incense stick; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.78 炸 [zhà][eng.to explode; (also zhá, to fry)][(Skt. sphoṭa = explosion)]

86.79 点 [diǎn][eng.point; to dot; (also diǎn, (surname))][(Skt. bindu = point)]

86.80 為 [wéi][eng.traditional variant of 为 (to do; to be)][(Skt. karman = action; Skt. bhava = being)]

86.81 炻 [shí][archaic; (also shí, to be fire); rare]

86.82 炼 [liàn][eng.to refine; to smelt; (also liàn, (surname))][(Skt. tapana = refining)]

86.83 炽 [chì][eng.blazing; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. jvālā = blazing)]

86.84 炾 [huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be fire); rare]

86.85 炿 [zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be fire); rare]

86.86 烀 [hū][eng.to stew; (also hū, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = stewing)]

86.87 烁 [shuò][eng.to shine; (also shuò, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = shining)]

86.88 烂 [làn][eng.rotten; (also làn, (surname))][(Skt. jīrṇa = rotten)]

86.89 烃 [tīng][eng.hydrocarbon; (also tīng, (surname))]

86.90 烄 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be fire); rare]

86.91 烅 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be fire); rare]

86.92 烆 [héng][archaic; (also héng, to be fire); rare]

86.93 烇 [quǎn][archaic; (also quǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.94 烈 [liè][eng.fierce; intense; (also liè, (surname))][(Skt. tīvra = fierce)]

86.95 烉 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be fire); rare]

86.96 烊 [yáng][eng.to melt; (also yàng, to be hot)][(Skt. dravaṇa = melting)]

86.97 烋 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be fire); rare]

86.98 烌 [xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to be fire); rare]

86.99 烍 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.100 烎 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be fire); rare]

86.101 烏 [wū][eng.traditional variant of 乌 (crow; black)][(Skt. kāka = crow; Skt. kṛṣṇa = black)]

86.102 烐 [zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be fire); rare]

86.103 烑 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be fire); rare]

86.104 烒 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be fire); rare]

86.105 烓 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be fire); rare]

86.106 烔 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be fire); rare]

86.107 烕 [miè][archaic variant of 灭 (to extinguish)][(Skt. nirvāṇa = extinguishing)]

86.108 烖 [zāi][archaic variant of 灾 (calamity)][(Skt. vipatti = calamity)]

86.109 烗 [kài][archaic; (also kài, to be fire); rare]

86.110 烘 [hōng][eng.to roast; to bake; (also hōng, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = roasting)]

86.111 烙 [lào][eng.to brand; (also luò, to bake)][(Skt. dahana = branding)]

86.112 烚 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be fire); rare]

86.113 烛 [zhú][eng.candle; (also zhú, (surname))][(Skt. pradīpa = candle)]

86.114 烜 [xuǎn][eng.brilliant; (also xuǎn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.115 烝 [zhēng][eng.to steam; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. parivāpa = steaming)]

86.116 烞 [pò][archaic; (also pò, to be fire); rare]

86.117 烟 [yān][eng.smoke; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = smoke)]

86.118 烠 [huí][archaic; (also huí, to be fire); rare]

86.119 烡 [guāng][archaic variant of 光 (light)][(Skt. prabhā = light)]

86.120 烢 [chè][archaic; (also chè, to be fire); rare]

86.121 烣 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be fire); rare]

86.122 烤 [kǎo][eng.to roast; to bake; (also kǎo, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = roasting)]

86.123 烥 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be fire); rare]

86.124 烦 [fán][eng.to be annoyed; (also fán, (surname))][(Skt. kṣobha = annoyance)]

86.125 烧 [shāo][eng.to burn; (also shāo, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.126 烨 [yè][eng.brilliant; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.127 烩 [kuài][eng.to braise; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.128 烪 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be fire); rare]

86.129 烫 [tàng][eng.to scald; (also tàng, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = scalding)]

86.130 烬 [jìn][eng.ashes; (also jìn, (surname))][(Skt. bhasman = ashes)]

86.131 热 [rè][eng.hot; (also rè, (surname))][(Skt. uṣṇa = hot)]

86.132 烮 [liè][archaic variant of 烈 (fierce)][(Skt. tīvra = fierce)]

86.133 烯 [xī][eng.alkene; (also xī, (surname))]

86.134 烰 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be fire); rare]

86.135 烱 [jiǒng][archaic variant of 炯 (bright)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

86.136 烲 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be fire); rare]

86.137 烳 [pǔ][archaic; (also pǔ, to be fire); rare]

86.138 烴 [tīng][archaic variant of 烃 (hydrocarbon)]

86.139 烵 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be fire); rare]

86.140 烶 [tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be fire); rare]

86.141 烷 [wán][eng.alkane; (also wán, (surname))]

86.142 烸 [hǎi][archaic; (also hǎi, to be fire); rare]

86.143 烹 [pēng][eng.to cook; to boil; (also pēng, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.144 烺 [lǎng][archaic; (also lǎng, to be fire); rare]

86.145 烻 [yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be fire); rare]

86.146 烼 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be fire); rare]

86.147 烽 [fēng][eng.beacon fire; (also fēng, (surname))][(Skt. jvālā = beacon)]

86.148 烾 [chì][archaic variant of 赤 (red)][(Skt. rakta = red)]

86.149 烿 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be fire); rare]

86.150 焀 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be fire); rare]

86.151 焁 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be fire); rare]

86.152 焂 [shū][archaic; (also shū, to be fire); rare]

86.153 焃 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be fire); rare]

86.154 焄 [xūn][archaic variant of 熏 (to smoke)][(Skt. dhūma = smoking)]

86.155 焅 [kù][archaic; (also kù, to be fire); rare]

86.156 焆 [juān][archaic; (also juān, to be fire); rare]

86.157 焇 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be fire); rare]

86.158 焈 [xī][archaic variant of 熙 (bright)][(Skt. prabhā = bright)]

86.159 焉 [yān][archaic; how; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. katham = how)]

86.160 焊 [hàn][eng.to weld; (also hàn, (surname))][(Skt. saṃdhi = joining)]

86.161 焋 [zhuàng][archaic; (also zhuàng, to be fire); rare]

86.162 焌 [jùn][archaic; (also qū, to ignite); rare]

86.163 焍 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be fire); rare]

86.164 焎 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be fire); rare]

86.165 焏 [jí][archaic variant of 急 (urgent)][(Skt. tvarā = urgency)]

86.166 焐 [wù][eng.to warm; (also wù, (surname))][(Skt. uṣṇa = warmth)]

86.167 焑 [yān][archaic; (also yān, to be fire); rare]

86.168 焒 [lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be fire); rare]

86.169 焓 [hán][eng.enthalpy; (also hán, (surname))]

86.170 焔 [yàn][eng.Japanese variant of 焰 (flame)][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.171 焕 [huàn][eng.brilliant; (also huàn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.172 焖 [mèn][eng.to braise; (also mèn, (surname))]

86.173 焗 [jú][eng.to steam; (also jú, (surname))]

86.174 焘 [tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be fire); rare]

86.175 焙 [bèi][eng.to bake; to dry; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = baking)]

86.176 焚 [fén][eng.to burn; (also fén, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.177 焛 [lìn][archaic; (also lìn, to be fire); rare]

86.178 焜 [kūn][eng.brilliant; (also kūn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.179 焝 [hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to be fire); rare]

86.180 焞 [tūn][archaic; (also tūn, to be fire); rare]

86.181 焟 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be fire); rare]

86.182 焠 [cuì][eng.to temper; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. śam = tempering)]

86.183 無 [wú][eng.traditional variant of 无 (without)][(Skt. na = not)]

86.184 焢 [hōng][archaic; (also hōng, to be fire); rare]

86.185 焣 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be fire); rare]

86.186 焤 [fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to be fire); rare]

86.187 焥 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.188 焦 [jiāo][eng.to scorch; anxious; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = scorching; Skt. cintā = anxiety)]

86.189 焧 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be fire); rare]

86.190 焨 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be fire); rare]

86.191 焩 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be fire); rare]

86.192 焪 [qiòng][archaic; (also qiòng, to be fire); rare]

86.193 焫 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be fire); rare]

86.194 焬 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.195 焭 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be fire); rare]

86.196 焮 [xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be fire); rare]

86.197 焯 [zhuō][eng.to scald; bright; (also chāo, to blanch)][(Skt. dahana = scalding)]

86.198 焰 [yàn][eng.flame; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.199 焱 [yàn][eng.flames; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. jvālā = flames)]

86.200 焲 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.201 焳 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be fire); rare]

86.202 焴 [yù][archaic variant of 煜 (bright)][(Skt. prabhā = bright)]

86.203 焵 [gàng][archaic; (also gàng, to be fire); rare]

86.204 然 [rán][eng.thus; so; (also rán, (surname))][(Skt. iti = thus)]

86.205 焷 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be fire); rare]

86.206 焸 [xiǒng][archaic; (also xiǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.207 焹 [gàng][archaic; (also gàng, to be fire); rare]

86.208 焺 [shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be fire); rare]

86.209 焻 [chàng][archaic; (also chàng, to be fire); rare]

86.210 焼 [shāo][eng.Japanese variant of 燒 (to burn)][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.211 焽 [xiǒng][archaic; (also xiǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.212 焾 [niǎn][archaic; (also niǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.213 焿 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be fire); rare]

86.214 煀 [wū][archaic; (also wū, to be fire); rare]

86.215 煁 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be fire); rare]

86.216 煂 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be fire); rare]

86.217 煃 [kuǐ][archaic; (also kuǐ, to be fire); rare]

86.218 煄 [zhǒng][archaic; (also zhǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.219 煅 [duàn][eng.to calcine; (also duàn, (surname))]

86.220 煆 [xiā][archaic; (also xiā, to be fire); rare]

86.221 煇 [huī][archaic variant of 輝 (brightness)][(Skt. prabhā = brightness)]

86.222 煈 [fèng][archaic; (also fèng, to be fire); rare]

86.223 煉 [liàn][eng.traditional variant of 炼 (to refine)][(Skt. tapana = refining)]

86.224 煊 [xuān][eng.brilliant; (also xuān, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.225 煋 [xīng][archaic; (also xīng, to be fire); rare]

86.226 煌 [huáng][eng.brilliant; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.227 煍 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be fire); rare]

86.228 煎 [jiān][eng.to fry; to boil; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = frying)]

86.229 煏 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be fire); rare]

86.230 煐 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be fire); rare]

86.231 煑 [zhǔ][archaic variant of 煮 (to boil)][(Skt. pācana = boiling)]

86.232 煒 [wěi][eng.traditional variant of 炜 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.233 煓 [tuān][archaic; (also tuān, to be fire); rare]

86.234 煔 [shǎn][archaic; (also shǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.235 煕 [xī][archaic variant of 熙 (bright)][(Skt. prabhā = bright)]

86.236 煖 [nuǎn][archaic variant of 暖 (warm)][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

86.237 煗 [nuǎn][archaic variant of 暖 (warm)][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

86.238 煘 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be fire); rare]

86.239 煙 [yān][eng.traditional variant of 烟 (smoke)][(Skt. dhūma = smoke)]

86.240 煚 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.241 煛 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.242 煜 [yù][eng.brilliant; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.243 煝 [mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to be fire); rare]

86.244 煞 [shà][eng.to kill; to stop; (also shā, to terminate)][(Skt. vadha = killing)]

86.245 煟 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be fire); rare]

86.246 煠 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be fire); rare]

86.247 煡 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be fire); rare]

86.248 煢 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be fire); rare]

86.249 煣 [róu][archaic; (also róu, to be fire); rare]

86.250 煤 [méi][eng.coal; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgāra = coal)]

86.251 煥 [huàn][eng.traditional variant of 焕 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.252 煦 [xù][eng.warm; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. uṣṇa = warm)]

86.253 照 [zhào][eng.to shine; to illuminate; (also zhào, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśana = illumination)]

86.254 煨 [wēi][eng.to simmer; (also wēi, (surname))]

86.255 煩 [fán][eng.traditional variant of 烦 (annoyed)][(Skt. kṣobha = annoyance)]

86.256 煪 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be fire); rare]

86.257 煫 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be fire); rare]

86.258 煬 [yáng][eng.traditional variant of 炀 (to melt)][(Skt. dravaṇa = melting)]

86.259 煭 [liè][archaic variant of 烈 (fierce)][(Skt. tīvra = fierce)]

86.260 煮 [zhǔ][eng.to boil; to cook; (also zhǔ, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = boiling)]

86.261 煯 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be fire); rare]

86.262 煰 [zào][archaic; (also zào, to be fire); rare]

86.263 煱 [guā][archaic; (also guā, to be fire); rare]

86.264 煲 [bāo][eng.to cook slowly; (also bāo, (surname))]

86.265 煳 [hú][eng.burnt; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = burnt)]

86.266 煴 [yūn][archaic; (also yūn, to be fire); rare]

86.267 煵 [nǎn][archaic; (also nǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.268 煶 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be fire); rare]

86.269 煷 [huǒ][archaic variant of 火 (fire)][skt.agni; (Skt. tejas = fire)]

86.270 煸 [biān][eng.to stir-fry; (also biān, (surname))]

86.271 煹 [gòu][archaic; (also gòu, to be fire); rare]

86.272 煺 [tuì][archaic; (also tuì, to be fire); rare]

86.273 煻 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be fire); rare]

86.274 煼 [chǎo][archaic variant of 炒 (to stir-fry)][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.275 煽 [shān][eng.to fan; to incite; (also shān, (surname))][(Skt. prajvalana = fanning)]

86.276 煾 [ēn][archaic; (also ēn, to be fire); rare]

86.277 煿 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be fire); rare]

86.278 熀 [huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be fire); rare]

86.279 熁 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be fire); rare]

86.280 熂 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be fire); rare]

86.281 熃 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be fire); rare]

86.282 熄 [xī][eng.to extinguish; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. nirvāṇa = extinguishing)]

86.283 熅 [yūn][archaic variant of 煴 (fire)]

86.284 熆 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be fire); rare]

86.285 熇 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be fire); rare]

86.286 熈 [xī][archaic variant of 熙 (bright)][(Skt. prabhā = bright)]

86.287 熉 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be fire); rare]

86.288 熊 [xióng][eng.bear; (also xióng, (surname))][(Skt. ṛkṣa = bear)]

86.289 熋 [xióng][archaic variant of 熊 (bear)][(Skt. ṛkṣa = bear)]

86.290 熌 [shǎn][archaic; (also shǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.291 熍 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be fire); rare]

86.292 熎 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be fire); rare]

86.293 熏 [xūn][eng.to smoke; to fumigate; (also xūn, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = smoking)]

86.294 熐 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be fire); rare]

86.295 熑 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be fire); rare]

86.296 熒 [yíng][archaic variant of 荧 (glow)][(Skt. prakāśa = glow)]

86.297 熓 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be fire); rare]

86.298 熔 [róng][eng.to melt; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. dravaṇa = melting)]

86.299 熕 [gòng][archaic; (also gòng, to be fire); rare]

86.300 熖 [yàn][archaic variant of 焰 (flame)][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.301 熗 [qiàng][eng.traditional variant of 炝 (to stir-fry)][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.302 熘 [liū][archaic; (also liū, to be fire); rare]

86.303 熙 [xī][eng.bright; splendid; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = bright)]

86.304 熚 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be fire); rare]

86.305 熛 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be fire); rare]

86.306 熜 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be fire); rare]

86.307 熝 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be fire); rare]

86.308 熞 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be fire); rare]

86.309 熟 [shú][eng.cooked; ripe; familiar; (also shú, (surname))][(Skt. pakva = cooked)]

86.310 熠 [yì][eng.brilliant; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.311 熡 [lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be fire); rare]

86.312 熢 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be fire); rare]

86.313 熣 [suī][archaic; (also suī, to be fire); rare]

86.314 熤 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.315 熥 [tēng][archaic; (also tēng, to be fire); rare]

86.316 熦 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be fire); rare]

86.317 熧 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be fire); rare]

86.318 熨 [yùn][eng.to iron; (also yù, to apply heat)][(Skt. tāpana = heating)]

86.319 熩 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be fire); rare]

86.320 熪 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be fire); rare]

86.321 熫 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be fire); rare]

86.322 熬 [áo][eng.to boil; to endure; (also áo, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = boiling)]

86.323 熭 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be fire); rare]

86.324 熮 [liù][archaic; (also liù, to be fire); rare]

86.325 熯 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be fire); rare]

86.326 熰 [ōu][archaic; (also ōu, to be fire); rare]

86.327 熱 [rè][eng.traditional variant of 热 (hot)][(Skt. uṣṇa = hot)]

86.328 熲 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.329 熳 [màn][archaic; (also màn, to be fire); rare]

86.330 熴 [kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be fire); rare]

86.331 熵 [shāng][eng.entropy; (also shāng, (surname))]

86.332 熶 [cuàn][archaic; (also cuàn, to be fire); rare]

86.333 熷 [zēng][archaic; (also zēng, to be fire); rare]

86.334 熸 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be fire); rare]

86.335 熹 [xī][eng.dawn; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = dawn)]

86.336 熺 [xī][archaic variant of 熹 (dawn)][(Skt. prabhā = dawn)]

86.337 熻 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be fire); rare]

86.338 熼 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.339 熽 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be fire); rare]

86.340 熾 [chì][eng.traditional variant of 炽 (blazing)][(Skt. jvālā = blazing)]

86.341 熿 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be fire); rare]

86.342 燀 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.343 燁 [yè][eng.traditional variant of 烨 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.344 燂 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be fire); rare]

86.345 燃 [rán][eng.to burn; to ignite; (also rán, (surname))][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.346 燄 [yàn][eng.traditional variant of 焰 (flame)][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.347 燅 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be fire); rare]

86.348 燆 [qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to be fire); rare]

86.349 燇 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be fire); rare]

86.350 燈 [dēng][eng.traditional variant of 灯 (lamp)][(Skt. pradīpa = lamp)]

86.351 燉 [dùn][eng.traditional variant of 炖 (to stew)]

86.352 燊 [shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be fire); rare]

86.353 燋 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be scorched); rare]

86.354 燌 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be fire); rare]

86.355 燍 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be fire); rare]

86.356 燎 [liáo][eng.to burn; (also liǎo, to scorch)][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.357 燏 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be fire); rare]

86.358 燐 [lín][archaic variant of 磷 (phosphorus)]

86.359 燑 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be fire); rare]

86.360 燒 [shāo][eng.traditional variant of 烧 (to burn)][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.361 燓 [fén][archaic variant of 焚 (to burn)][(Skt. dahana = burning)]

86.362 燔 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be fire); rare]

86.363 燕 [yàn][eng.swallow; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣṇasāra = swallow)]

86.364 燖 [xún][archaic; (also xún, to be fire); rare]

86.365 燗 [làn][archaic variant of 烂 (rotten)][(Skt. jīrṇa = rotten)]

86.366 燘 [mén][archaic; (also mén, to be fire); rare]

86.367 燙 [tàng][eng.traditional variant of 烫 (to scald)][(Skt. dahana = scalding)]

86.368 燚 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.369 燛 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.370 燜 [mèn][eng.traditional variant of 焖 (to braise)]

86.371 燝 [jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be fire); rare]

86.372 燞 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be fire); rare]

86.373 營 [yíng][eng.traditional variant of 营 (to manage)][(Skt. nirmāṇa = management)]

86.374 燠 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be fire); rare]

86.375 燡 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.376 燢 [xué][archaic; (also xué, to be fire); rare]

86.377 燣 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be fire); rare]

86.378 燤 [tài][archaic; (also tài, to be fire); rare]

86.379 燥 [zào][eng.dry; (also zào, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = dry)]

86.380 燦 [càn][eng.traditional variant of 灿 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

86.381 燧 [suì][eng.flint; (also suì, (surname))][(Skt. aśman = flint)]

86.382 燨 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be fire); rare]

86.383 燩 [què][archaic; (also què, to be fire); rare]

86.384 燪 [zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be fire); rare]

86.385 燫 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be fire); rare]

86.386 燬 [huǐ][archaic variant of 毁 (to destroy)][(Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

86.387 燭 [zhú][eng.traditional variant of 烛 (candle)][(Skt. pradīpa = candle)]

86.388 燮 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to harmonize); rare]

86.389 燯 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be fire); rare]

86.390 燰 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be fire); rare]

86.391 燱 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be fire); rare]

86.392 燲 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be fire); rare]

86.393 燳 [zhào][archaic variant of 照 (to shine)][(Skt. prakāśa = shining)]

86.394 燴 [kuài][eng.traditional variant of 烩 (to braise)][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.395 燵 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to be fire); rare]

86.396 燶 [nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to be fire); rare]

86.397 燷 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be fire); rare]

86.398 燸 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be fire); rare]

86.399 燹 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.400 燺 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be fire); rare]

86.401 燻 [xūn][archaic variant of 熏 (to smoke)][(Skt. dhūma = smoking)]

86.402 燼 [jìn][eng.traditional variant of 烬 (ashes)][(Skt. bhasman = ashes)]

86.403 燽 [chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be fire); rare]

86.404 燾 [tāo][eng.traditional variant of 焘 (archaic)]

86.405 燿 [yào][archaic variant of 耀 (to shine)][(Skt. prabhā = shining)]

86.406 爀 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be fire); rare]

86.407 爁 [làn][archaic; (also làn, to be fire); rare]

86.408 爂 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be fire); rare]

86.409 爃 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be fire); rare]

86.410 爄 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be fire); rare]

86.411 爅 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be fire); rare]

86.412 爆 [bào][eng.to explode; (also bào, (surname))][(Skt. sphoṭa = explosion)]

86.413 爇 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be fire); rare]

86.414 爈 [lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be fire); rare]

86.415 爉 [là][archaic; (also là, to be fire); rare]

86.416 爊 [āo][archaic; (also āo, to be fire); rare]

86.417 爋 [xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be fire); rare]

86.418 爌 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be fire); rare]

86.419 爍 [shuò][eng.traditional variant of 烁 (to shine)][(Skt. prabhā = shining)]

86.420 爎 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be fire); rare]

86.421 爏 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be fire); rare]

86.422 爐 [lú][eng.traditional variant of 炉 (stove)][(Skt. aṅgāra = stove)]

86.423 爑 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be fire); rare]

86.424 爒 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be fire); rare]

86.425 爓 [yàn][archaic variant of 焰 (flame)][(Skt. jvālā = flame)]

86.426 爔 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be fire); rare]

86.427 爕 [xiè][archaic variant of 燮 (to harmonize)]

86.428 爖 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be fire); rare]

86.429 爗 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be fire); rare]

86.430 爘 [cān][archaic; (also cān, to be fire); rare]

86.431 爙 [rǎng][archaic; (also rǎng, to be fire); rare]

86.432 爚 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be fire); rare]

86.433 爛 [làn][eng.traditional variant of 烂 (rotten)][(Skt. jīrṇa = rotten)]

86.434 爜 [cóng][archaic; (also cóng, to be fire); rare]

86.435 爝 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be fire); rare]

86.436 爞 [chóng][archaic; (also chóng, to be fire); rare]

86.437 爟 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be fire); rare]

86.438 爠 [chú][archaic; (also chú, to be fire); rare]

86.439 爡 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be fire); rare]

86.440 爢 [mí][archaic; (also mí, to be fire); rare]

86.441 爣 [tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, to be fire); rare]

86.442 爤 [làn][archaic variant of 爛 (rotten)][(Skt. jīrṇa = rotten)]

86.443 爥 [zhú][archaic variant of 烛 (candle)][(Skt. pradīpa = candle)]

86.444 爦 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be fire); rare]

86.445 爧 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be fire); rare]

86.446 爨 [cuàn][eng.to cook; (also cuàn, (surname))][(Skt. pācana = cooking)]

86.447 爩 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be fire); rare]

86.448 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.86

86.449 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

86.450 86.1 火 (huǒ) [skt.agni; tejas; krodha] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents fire. One of the five elements (mahābhūta). Appears in Buddhist compound 火界 (tejo-dhātu, fire element) and 火宅 (agni-gṛha, burning house) in the Lotus Sutra

86.451 86.3 灭 (miè) [skt.nirvāṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to extinguish." Often associated with nirvāṇa, the extinguishing of defilements. Appears in compound 灭度 (nirvāṇa)

86.452 86.5 灯 (dēng) [skt.pradīpa] — CRITICAL — Used for "lamp"; appears in Buddhist compound 灯明 (pradīpa, light) and 传灯 (dharma-pradīpa, transmission of the lamp of Dharma)

86.453 86.6 灰 (huī) [skt.bhasman] — Used for "ash"; appears in Buddhist similes of impermanence

86.454 86.11 灵 (líng) [skt.ātman; citta] — Used for "spirit" and "soul"; appears in Daoist and Buddhist contexts

86.455 86.20 灾 (zāi) [skt.vipatti] — Used for "disaster" and "calamity"; appears in Buddhist discussions of suffering

86.456 86.18 灼 (zhuó) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to scorch" and "to burn"

86.457 86.36 炎 (yán) [skt.jvālā] — Used for "flame" and "blazing"; appears in compound 炎热 (uṣṇa, hot)

86.458 86.47 炙 (zhì) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to roast" and "to broil"

86.459 86.66 炬 (jù) [skt.pradīpa] — Used for "torch"; appears in descriptions of light

86.460 86.67 炭 (tàn) [skt.aṅgāra] — Used for "charcoal"; appears in descriptions of fuel

86.461 86.68 炮 (pào) [skt.bāṇa] — Used for "cannon" and "to roast"

86.462 86.73 炳 (bǐng) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brilliant"; appears in descriptions of light

86.463 86.77 炷 (zhù) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to burn" and "incense stick"; appears in ritual contexts

86.464 86.82 炼 (liàn) [skt.tapana] — Used for "to refine" and "to smelt"; appears in compound 炼金 (suvarṇa-tapana, gold refining)

86.465 86.83 炽 (chì) [skt.jvālā] — Used for "blazing"; appears in descriptions of intense fire

86.466 86.94 烈 (liè) [skt.tīvra] — Used for "fierce" and "intense"; appears in compound 猛烈 (tīvra, fierce)

86.467 86.110 烘 (hōng) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to roast" and "to bake"

86.468 86.111 烙 (lào) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to brand"

86.469 86.113 烛 (zhú) [skt.pradīpa] — Used for "candle"; appears in compound 烛光 (pradīpa-prabhā, candlelight)

86.470 86.117 烟 (yān) [skt.dhūma] — Used for "smoke"; appears in Buddhist similes of impermanence

86.471 86.124 烦 (fán) [skt.kṣobha] — Used for "annoyed"; appears in compound 烦恼 (kleśa, defilement/affliction), one of the most important Buddhist terms

86.472 86.125 烧 (shāo) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to burn"; appears in compound 烧香 (dhūpa, incense burning)

86.473 86.131 热 (rè) [skt.uṣṇa] — Used for "hot"; appears in compound 热恼 (uṣṇa-kleśa, hot distress)

86.474 86.143 烹 (pēng) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to cook" and "to boil"

86.475 86.147 烽 (fēng) [skt.jvālā] — Used for "beacon fire"; appears in military contexts

86.476 86.176 焚 (fén) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to burn"; appears in compound 焚身 (ātma-dahana, self-immolation)

86.477 86.197 焯 (zhuō) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to scald" and "bright"

86.478 86.198 焰 (yàn) [skt.jvālā] — Used for "flame"; appears in compound 火焰 (jvālā, blazing fire)

86.479 86.204 然 (rán) [skt.iti] — CRITICAL — Used for "thus" and "so"; appears as a suffix in Buddhist terms like 自然 (svayam, spontaneous) and 然灯 (Dīpaṃkara, the Buddha of Light)

86.480 86.226 煌 (huáng) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brilliant"; appears in descriptions of light

86.481 86.228 煎 (jiān) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to fry" and "to boil"

86.482 86.250 煤 (méi) [skt.aṅgāra] — Used for "coal"; appears in descriptions of fuel

86.483 86.253 照 (zhào) [skt.prakāśana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to shine" and "to illuminate"; appears in Buddhist compound 照明 (prakāśa, illumination)

86.484 86.260 煮 (zhǔ) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to boil" and "to cook"

86.485 86.275 煽 (shān) [skt.prajvalana] — Used for "to fan" and "to incite"

86.486 86.282 熄 (xī) [skt.nirvāṇa] — Used for "to extinguish"; appears in compound 熄灭 (nirvāṇa, extinguishing)

86.487 86.288 熊 (xióng) [skt.ṛkṣa] — Used for "bear"; appears in names and similes

86.488 86.293 熏 (xūn) [skt.dhūma] — Used for "to smoke" and "to fumigate"; appears in compound 熏香 (dhūpa, incense)

86.489 86.298 熔 (róng) [skt.dravaṇa] — Used for "to melt"; appears in descriptions of melting

86.490 86.303 熙 (xī) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "bright" and "splendid"; appears in descriptions of brightness

86.491 86.309 熟 (shú) [skt.pakva] — Used for "cooked" and "ripe"; appears in Buddhist compound 熟脱 (paripāka, ripening/maturation)

86.492 86.310 熠 (yì) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brilliant"; appears in descriptions of light

86.493 86.322 熬 (áo) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to boil" and "to endure"

86.494 86.327 熱 (rè) [skt.uṣṇa] — Traditional variant of 热; used for "hot"

86.495 86.335 熹 (xī) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "dawn"; appears in descriptions of morning light

86.496 86.345 燃 (rán) [skt.dahana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to burn" and "to ignite"; appears in Buddhist compound 燃灯 (Dīpaṃkara, the Buddha of Light)

86.497 86.356 燎 (liáo) [skt.dahana] — Used for "to burn"; appears in compound 燎原 (dahana, prairie fire)

86.498 86.350 燈 (dēng) [skt.pradīpa] — Traditional variant of 灯; used for "lamp"

86.499 86.360 燒 (shāo) [skt.dahana] — Traditional variant of 烧; used for "to burn"

86.500 86.379 燥 (zào) [skt.śuṣka] — Used for "dry"; appears in compound 干燥 (śuṣka, dry)

86.501 86.380 燦 (càn) [skt.prabhā] — Traditional variant of 灿; used for "brilliant"

86.502 86.381 燧 (suì) [skt.aśman] — Used for "flint"; appears in descriptions of fire-making

86.503 86.386 燬 (huǐ) [skt.vināśa] — Used for "to destroy"; appears in compound 燬坏 (vināśa, destruction)

86.504 86.387 燭 (zhú) [skt.pradīpa] — Traditional variant of 烛; used for "candle"

86.505 86.412 爆 (bào) [skt.sphoṭa] — Used for "to explode"; appears in compound 爆炸 (sphoṭa, explosion)

86.506 86.433 爛 (làn) [skt.jīrṇa] — Traditional variant of 烂; used for "rotten"

86.507 86.446 爨 (cuàn) [skt.pācana] — Used for "to cook"; appears in descriptions of cooking

87 爪

87.1 爪 [chn.zhǎo][eng.claw; talon; (also zhuǎ, claw of an animal)][(Skt. nakha = claw; Skt. daṃṣṭrā = talon)]

87.2 爫 [chn.zhǎo][eng.claw; (used as top radical)][(Skt. nakha = claw)]

87.3 爬 [chn.pá][eng.to crawl; to climb; to scratch; (also pá, (surname))][(Skt. sarp = to crawl; Skt. ārohaṇa = climbing)]

87.4 爭 [chn.zhēng][eng.traditional variant of 争 (to contend; to dispute)][(Skt. kalaha = dispute)]

87.5 爮 [chn.páo][archaic; (also páo, to scratch); rare]

87.6 爯 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to balance); rare]

87.7 爰 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to lead; to change); rare]

87.8 爱 [ài][eng.to love; to like; (also ài, (surname))][(Skt. sneha = love; Skt. prīti = affection)]

87.9 爲 [wéi][eng.traditional variant of 为 (to do; to be)][(Skt. karman = action; Skt. bhava = being)]

87.10 爳 [hǎn][archaic; (also hǎn, to be a claw); rare]

87.11 爴 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a claw); rare]

87.12 爵 [jué][eng.ancient wine vessel; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = vessel)]

87.13 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.87

87.14 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

87.15 87.1 爪 (zhǎo) [skt.nakha; daṃṣṭrā] — The radical itself; represents claws and talons. Appears in Buddhist similes of grasping and attachment

87.16 87.3 爬 (pá) [skt.sarp; ārohaṇa] — Used for "to crawl" and "to climb"; appears in descriptions of animals and insects

87.17 87.4 爭 (zhēng) [skt.kalaha] — Traditional variant of 争; used for "to contend" and "to dispute." Appears in Buddhist compound 争论 (kalaha, disputation)

87.18 87.7 爰 (yuán) — Archaic; used for "to lead" and "to change"; appears in classical texts

87.19 87.8 爱 (ài) [skt.sneha; prīti] — CRITICAL — Used for "to love" and "to like"; appears in Buddhist compound 爱欲 (kāma-rāga, desire/lust) and 爱别离苦 (priya-viprayoga-duḥkha, the suffering of separation from loved ones), one of the Eight Sufferings

87.20 87.9 爲 (wéi) [skt.karman; bhava] — Traditional variant of 为; used for "to do" and "to be." Appears in Buddhist compound 有为 (saṃskṛta, conditioned) and 无为 (asaṃskṛta, unconditioned)

87.21 87.12 爵 (jué) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "ancient wine vessel"; appears in descriptions of ritual vessels and offerings

88 父

88.1 父 [chn.fù][eng.father; (also fǔ, (surname))][skt.pitṛ; (Skt. janaka = father)]

88.2 爷 [chn.yé][eng.grandfather; old man; (also yé, (surname))][(Skt. pitāmaha = grandfather; Skt. vṛddha = old man)]

88.3 爸 [chn.bà][eng.father; dad; (also bà, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛ = father)]

88.4 爹 [chn.diē][eng.father; dad; (also diē, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛ = father; Skt. tāta = father)]

88.5 爺 [chn.yé][eng.traditional variant of 爷 (grandfather; old man)][(Skt. pitāmaha = grandfather; Skt. vṛddha = old man)]

88.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.88

88.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

88.8 88.1 父 (fù) [skt.pitṛ; janaka] — CRITICAL — Used for "father"; appears in Buddhist compound 父母 (pitṛ-mātṛ, father and mother) and 父 (pitṛ), often in discussions of filial piety and lineage. The Buddha is sometimes referred to as the "father of all beings" (众生之父, sarva-sattva-pitṛ)

88.9 88.2 爷 (yé) [skt.pitāmaha; vṛddha] — Used for "grandfather" and "old man"; appears as a respectful term for elder males

88.10 88.3 爸 (bà) [skt.pitṛ] — Used for "father" and "dad"; appears as a colloquial term for father

88.11 88.4 爹 (diē) [skt.pitṛ; tāta] — Used for "father" and "dad"; appears as a colloquial term for father, often in northern Chinese dialects

88.12 88.5 爺 (yé) [skt.pitāmaha; vṛddha] — Traditional variant of 爷; used for "grandfather" and "old man"

89 爻

89.1 爻 [chn.yáo][eng.to mix; to intermingle; to twine; to cross; the lines of the I Ching hexagram; (also yáo, (surname))][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing; Skt. liṅga = line)]

89.2 爼 [chn.zǔ][archaic variant of 俎 (sacrificial vessel; chopping board)][(Skt. pātra = vessel)]

89.3 爽 [chn.shuǎng][eng.fresh; cool; clear; bright; (also shuǎng, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear; Skt. śīta = cool)]

89.4 爾 [chn.ěr][eng.you; thus; (also ěr, (surname))][(Skt. tvam = you; Skt. iti = thus)]

89.5 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.89

89.6 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

89.7 89.1 爻 (yáo) [skt.miśraṇa; liṅga] — The radical itself; represents the lines of the I Ching hexagrams, used for divination. Appears in the compound 爻辞 (yáo cí, line statements of the I Ching)

89.8 89.2 爼 (zǔ) [skt.pātra] — Archaic variant of 俎; used for "sacrificial vessel" and "chopping board." Appears in ritual and sacrificial contexts

89.9 89.3 爽 (shuǎng) [skt.nirmala; śīta] — CRITICAL — Used for "fresh," "cool," and "clear"; appears in Buddhist compound 爽朗 (nirmala, clear and bright), used to describe a clear mind or clear weather

89.10 89.4 爾 (ěr) [skt.tvam; iti] — CRITICAL — Used as a pronoun meaning "you" and as a particle meaning "thus." Appears in Buddhist compound 爾時 (tena samayena, at that time), the traditional opening of Buddhist sūtras

90 爿

90.1 爿 [chn.qiáng][eng.split wood; half of a tree trunk; (also pán, to be a board)][(Skt. kāṣṭha = wood; Skt. phalaka = board)]

90.2 牀 [chn.chuáng][archaic variant of 床 (bed)][(Skt. śayyā = bed; Skt. mañca = couch)]

90.3 牁 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a boat); rare][(Skt. nāvā = boat)]

90.4 牂 [chn.zāng][archaic; (also zāng, to be a ewe); rare][(Skt. eḍakī = ewe)]

90.5 牃 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a board); rare]

90.6 牄 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be in a hurry); rare]

90.7 牅 [chn.yōng][archaic variant of 牖 (window)][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

90.8 牆 [chn.qiáng][eng.traditional variant of 墙 (wall)][(Skt. prākāra = wall)]

90.9 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.90

90.10 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

90.11 90.1 爿 (qiáng) [skt.kāṣṭha; phalaka] — The radical itself; represents "split wood" or "half of a tree trunk." It is the reverse of 片 (piàn, a slice) and appears in characters related to wood, beds, and walls

90.12 90.2 牀 (chuáng) [skt.śayyā; mañca] — Archaic variant of 床; used for "bed." Appears in descriptions of sleeping and resting, including the Buddha’s final bed in the Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra

90.13 90.3 牁 (kē) [skt.nāvā] — Rare; used for "boat"; appears in classical texts

90.14 90.4 牂 (zāng) [skt.eḍakī] — Rare; used for "ewe" (female sheep); appears in classical texts

90.15 90.8 牆 (qiáng) [skt.prākāra] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 墙; used for "wall." Appears in Buddhist contexts describing monastery walls (vihāra-prākāra) and in similes of enclosure and protection

91 片

91.1 片 [chn.piàn][eng.slice; piece; film; (also piān, (surname))][skt.khaṇḍa; (Skt. paṭṭa = strip)]

91.2 版 [chn.bǎn][eng.block; edition; printing plate; board; (also bǎn, (surname))][(Skt. phalaka = board)]

91.3 牉 [chn.pàn][archaic; (also pàn, to be a half); rare]

91.4 牊 [chn.cháo][archaic; (also cháo, to be a table); rare]

91.5 牋 [chn.jiān][archaic variant of 笺 (note; letter; writing paper)][(Skt. pattra = leaf/letter)]

91.6 牌 [chn.pái][eng.card; plaque; sign; (also pái, (surname))][(Skt. phalaka = tablet)]

91.7 牍 [chn.dú][eng.writing tablet; documents; (also dú, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = document; Skt. grantha = book)]

91.8 牎 [chn.chuāng][archaic variant of 窗 (window)][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

91.9 牏 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a wooden vessel); rare]

91.10 牐 [chn.zhá][eng.sluice; lock (canal); (also zhá, (surname))]

91.11 牑 [chn.biān][archaic; (also biān, to be a partition); rare]

91.12 牒 [chn.dié][eng.document; record; certificate; (also dié, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = document; Skt. grantha = record)]

91.13 牓 [chn.bǎng][eng.notice; list; banner; (also bǎng, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = notice)]

91.14 牔 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a board); rare]

91.15 牕 [chn.chuāng][archaic variant of 窗 (window)][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

91.16 牖 [chn.yǒu][eng.window; (also yǒu, (surname))][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

91.17 牗 [chn.yǒu][archaic variant of 牖 (window)][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

91.18 牘 [chn.dú][eng.traditional variant of 牍 (writing tablet; documents)][(Skt. pattra = document; Skt. grantha = book)]

91.19 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.91

91.20 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

91.21 91.1 片 (piàn) [skt.khaṇḍa; paṭṭa] — The radical itself; represents a slice or piece of wood. Appears in characters related to flat objects and documents

91.22 91.2 版 (bǎn) [skt.phalaka] — Used for "printing block" and "edition"; appears in Buddhist contexts for manuscript editions and printing

91.23 91.5 牋 (jiān) [skt.pattra] — Archaic variant of 笺; used for "note" and "letter," often in reference to writing materials

91.24 91.6 牌 (pái) [skt.phalaka] — Used for "card," "plaque," and "sign"; appears in descriptions of inscriptions and signs

91.25 91.7 牍 (dú) [skt.pattra; grantha] — Used for "writing tablet" and "documents"; appears in Buddhist contexts for manuscripts and scriptures

91.26 91.8/15 牎/牕/窗 (chuāng) [skt.vātāyana] — Used for "window"; appears in descriptions of monastic buildings and meditation halls

91.27 91.12 牒 (dié) [skt.pattra; grantha] — CRITICAL — Used for "document," "record," and "certificate"; appears in Buddhist compound 牒文 (lekhana, written document) and in historical records of monastic ordination

91.28 91.13 牓 (bǎng) [skt.paṭṭa] — Used for "notice" and "list"; appears in descriptions of announcements and banners

91.29 91.16 牖 (yǒu) [skt.vātāyana] — Used for "window"; appears in descriptions of monastic dwellings and meditation caves

91.30 91.18 牘 (dú) [skt.pattra; grantha] — Traditional variant of 牍; used for "documents" and "writing tablets"

92 牙

92.1 牙 [chn.yá][eng.fang; tooth; ivory; (also yá, (surname))][skt.danta; (Skt. daṃṣṭrā = fang)]

92.2 牚 [chn.chèng][eng.to prop up; to support; (also chēng, to lean on); rare][(Skt. avalamba = support)]

92.3 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.92

92.4 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

92.5 92.1 牙 (yá) [skt.danta; daṃṣṭrā] — The radical itself; represents "fang," "tooth," and "ivory." Appears in Buddhist compound 象牙 (gaja-danta, ivory) and 牙舍利 (danta-dhātu, tooth relic). The Buddha’s tooth relic is one of the most sacred Buddhist relics, enshrined in Sri Lanka’s Temple of the Tooth (Dāḷadā Māligāva)

92.6 92.2 牚 (chèng) [skt.avalamba] — Rare; used for "to prop up" and "to support." Appears in classical texts describing supporting structures

93 牛

93.1 牛 [chn.niú][eng.cow; ox; bull; (also niú, (surname))][skt.go; (Skt. vṛṣabha = bull)]

93.2 牜 [chn.niú][eng.cow; ox; bull; (used as left radical)][skt.go; (Skt. vṛṣabha = bull)]

93.3 牝 [chn.pìn][eng.female; (also pìn, (surname))][(Skt. strī = female)]

93.4 牞 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to be strong); rare]

93.5 牟 [chn.móu][eng.to seek; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = seeking)]

93.6 牠 [chn.tā][archaic variant of 它 (it)]

93.7 牡 [chn.mǔ][eng.male; (also mǔ, (surname))][(Skt. puṃ = male)]

93.8 牢 [chn.láo][eng.prison; pen; (also láo, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = prison)]

93.9 牣 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be full); rare]

93.10 牤 [chn.māng][archaic; (also māng, to be a bull); rare]

93.11 牥 [chn.fāng][archaic; (also fāng, to be a cow); rare]

93.12 牦 [chn.máo][eng.yak; (also máo, (surname))][(Skt. caṣāla = yak)]

93.13 牧 [chn.mù][eng.to tend; to herd; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. rakṣ = to tend; Skt. gopa = cowherd)]

93.14 牨 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be a cow); rare]

93.15 物 [chn.wù][eng.thing; object; matter; (also wù, (surname))][skt.artha; (Skt. vastu = thing)]

93.16 牪 [chn.yàn][archaic; (also yàn, to be a herd); rare]

93.17 牫 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a cow); rare]

93.18 牬 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a cow); rare]

93.19 牭 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, to be a cow); rare]

93.20 牮 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to prop up); rare]

93.21 牯 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be a cow); rare]

93.22 牰 [chn.chōu][archaic; (also chōu, to be a cow); rare]

93.23 牱 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a cow); rare]

93.24 牲 [chn.shēng][eng.sacrificial animal; (also shēng, (surname))][(Skt. paśu = sacrificial animal)]

93.25 牳 [chn.mǔ][archaic; (also mǔ, to be a cow); rare]

93.26 牴 [chn.dǐ][archaic variant of 抵 (to resist)][(Skt. prati = resistance)]

93.27 牵 [chn.qiān][eng.to pull; to lead; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

93.28 牶 [chn.quān][archaic; (also quān, to be a cow); rare]

93.29 牷 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a cow); rare]

93.30 牸 [chn.zì][archaic; (also zì, to be a cow); rare]

93.31 特 [chn.tè][eng.special; unique; (also tè, (surname))][(Skt. viśeṣa = special)]

93.32 牺 [chn.xī][eng.sacrifice; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. yajña = sacrifice)]

93.33 牻 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be a cow); rare]

93.34 牼 [chn.kēng][archaic; (also kēng, to be a cow); rare]

93.35 牽 [chn.qiān][eng.traditional variant of 牵 (to pull; to lead)][(Skt. ākṛṣ = to pull)]

93.36 牾 [chn.wǔ][archaic variant of 忤 (to oppose)][(Skt. viruddha = oppose)]

93.37 牿 [chn.gù][archaic; (also gù, to be a pen); rare]

93.38 犀 [chn.xī][eng.rhinoceros; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. khaḍga = rhinoceros)]

93.39 犁 [chn.lí][eng.plow; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. lāṅgala = plow)]

93.40 犂 [chn.lí][archaic variant of 犁 (plow)][(Skt. lāṅgala = plow)]

93.41 犃 [chn.póu][archaic; (also póu, to be a cow); rare]

93.42 犄 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a cow); rare]

93.43 犅 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be a cow); rare]

93.44 犆 [chn.tè][archaic; (also tè, to be a cow); rare]

93.45 犇 [chn.bēn][archaic variant of 奔 (to run)][(Skt. dhāv = to run)]

93.46 犈 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a cow); rare]

93.47 犉 [chn.rún][archaic; (also rún, to be a cow); rare]

93.48 犊 [chn.dú][eng.calf; (also dú, (surname))][(Skt. vatsa = calf)]

93.49 犋 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be a cow); rare]

93.50 犌 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be a cow); rare]

93.51 犍 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also qián, (surname)); rare]

93.52 犎 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be a cow); rare]

93.53 犏 [chn.piān][archaic; (also piān, to be a cow); rare]

93.54 犐 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a cow); rare]

93.55 犑 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to be a cow); rare]

93.56 犒 [chn.kào][eng.to reward; (also kào, (surname))][(Skt. dāna = reward)]

93.57 犓 [chn.chú][archaic; (also chú, to be a cow); rare]

93.58 犔 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a cow); rare]

93.59 犕 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a cow); rare]

93.60 犖 [chn.luò][archaic; (also luò, to be a cow); rare]

93.61 犗 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a cow); rare]

93.62 犘 [chn.má][archaic; (also má, to be a cow); rare]

93.63 犙 [chn.sān][archaic; (also sān, to be a cow); rare]

93.64 犚 [chn.wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be a cow); rare]

93.65 犛 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a cow); rare]

93.66 犜 [chn.dūn][archaic; (also dūn, to be a cow); rare]

93.67 犝 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a cow); rare]

93.68 犞 [chn.qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be a cow); rare]

93.69 犟 [chn.jiàng][eng.stubborn; (also jiàng, (surname))][(Skt. dārdhya = stubbornness)]

93.70 犠 [chn.xī][archaic variant of 牺 (sacrifice)][(Skt. yajña = sacrifice)]

93.71 犡 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a cow); rare]

93.72 犢 [chn.dú][eng.traditional variant of 犊 (calf)][(Skt. vatsa = calf)]

93.73 犣 [chn.liè][archaic; (also liè, to be a cow); rare]

93.74 犤 [chn.pái][archaic; (also pái, to be a cow); rare]

93.75 犥 [chn.piāo][archaic; (also piāo, to be a cow); rare]

93.76 犦 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a cow); rare]

93.77 犧 [chn.xī][eng.traditional variant of 牺 (sacrifice)][(Skt. yajña = sacrifice)]

93.78 犨 [chn.chōu][archaic; (also chōu, to be a cow); rare]

93.79 犩 [chn.wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be a cow); rare]

93.80 犪 [chn.kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be a cow); rare]

93.81 犫 [chn.chōu][archaic; (also chōu, to be a cow); rare]

93.82 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.93

93.83 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

93.84 93.1 牛 (niú) [skt.go; vṛṣabha] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents the ox or cow. Appears in Buddhist compound 牛王 (go-rāja, bull king), a title of the Buddha, and in similes of the ox in the Gopālaka Sūtra (牧牛经). The ox is also central to the Ten Oxherding Pictures (jūgyūzu), a Zen Buddhist series of drawings that illustrate the stages of spiritual development

93.85 93.3 牝 (pìn) [skt.strī] — Used for "female"; appears in compound 牝牛 (strī-go, cow)

93.86 93.5 牟 (móu) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Used for "to seek"; appears in the name 牟尼 (muni, sage), as in Śākyamuni (释迦牟尼)

93.87 93.7 牡 (mǔ) [skt.puṃ] — Used for "male"; appears in compound 牡牛 (puṃ-go, bull)

93.88 93.8 牢 (láo) [skt.bandhana] — Used for "prison" and "pen"; appears in Buddhist compound 牢狱 (bandhana, prison)

93.89 93.13 牧 (mù) [skt.rakṣ; gopa] — Used for "to herd" and "to tend"; appears in Buddhist compound 牧牛 (gopa, cowherd), as in the Gopālaka Sūtra, and in the Ten Oxherding Pictures

93.90 93.15 物 (wù) [skt.artha; vastu] — CRITICAL — Used for "thing," "object," and "matter"; appears in Buddhist compound 物界 (vastu-dhātu, realm of objects) and 事物 (bhāva, phenomena). This is one of the most common characters in Buddhist philosophy for "things" or "phenomena"

93.91 93.24 牲 (shēng) [skt.paśu] — Used for "sacrificial animal"; appears in descriptions of sacrifices

93.92 93.27 牵 (qiān) [skt.ākṛṣ] — Used for "to pull" and "to lead"; appears in Buddhist compound 牵引 (ākṛṣ, pulling/drawing)

93.93 93.31 特 (tè) [skt.viśeṣa] — CRITICAL — Used for "special" and "unique"; appears in Buddhist compound 特别 (viśeṣa, special/particular) and 特性 (viśeṣa-dharma, distinguishing characteristic)

93.94 93.32 牺 (xī) [skt.yajña] — Used for "sacrifice"; appears in Buddhist compound 牺牲 (yajña, offering)

93.95 93.38 犀 (xī) [skt.khaḍga] — Used for "rhinoceros"; appears in Buddhist compound 犀牛 (khaḍga, rhinoceros) and the Khaḍgaviṣāṇa Sūtra (犀牛角经, The Rhinoceros Horn Sūtra)

93.96 93.39 犁 (lí) [skt.lāṅgala] — Used for "plow"; appears in descriptions of agriculture

93.97 93.48 犊 (dú) [skt.vatsa] — Used for "calf"; appears in Buddhist similes of the young calf

93.98 93.56 犒 (kào) [skt.dāna] — Used for "to reward"; appears in military and ritual contexts

93.99 93.69 犟 (jiàng) [skt.dārdhya] — Used for "stubborn"; appears in descriptions of character

93.100 93.77 犧 (xī) [skt.yajña] — Traditional variant of 牺; used for "sacrifice." Appears in Buddhist contexts of ritual offerings

94 犬

94.1 犬 [chn.quǎn][eng.dog; (also quǎn, (surname))][skt.śvā; (Skt. kukura = dog)]

94.2 犭 [chn.quǎn][eng.dog; (used as left radical)][skt.śvā; (Skt. kukura = dog)]

94.3 犮 [chn.bá][archaic; (also bá, to pull); rare]

94.4 犯 [chn.fàn][eng.to violate; to offend; (also fàn, (surname))][(Skt. apacāra = offense)]

94.5 犰 [chn.qiú][eng.armadillo; (also qiú, (surname))][(Skt. salabha = armadillo)]

94.6 犱 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to be a dog); rare]

94.7 犲 [chn.chái][archaic variant of 豺 (jackal)][(Skt. śṛgāla = jackal)]

94.8 犳 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a leopard); rare]

94.9 犴 [chn.àn][archaic; (also àn, to be a dog); rare]

94.10 犵 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a dog); rare]

94.11 状 [chn.zhuàng][eng.state; condition; (also zhuàng, (surname))][(Skt. avasthā = state)]

94.12 犷 [chn.guǎng][eng.rough; wild; (also guǎng, (surname))][(Skt. raudra = wild)]

94.13 犸 [chn.mà][archaic; (also mà, to be a dog); rare]

94.14 犹 [chn.yóu][eng.still; yet; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. api = still)]

94.15 犺 [chn.kàng][archaic; (also kàng, to be a dog); rare]

94.16 犻 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a dog); rare]

94.17 犼 [chn.hǒu][archaic; (also hǒu, to be a dog); rare]

94.18 犽 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be a dog); rare]

94.19 犾 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be a dog); rare]

94.20 犿 [chn.huān][archaic; (also huān, to be a dog); rare]

94.21 狀 [chn.zhuàng][eng.traditional variant of 状 (state; condition)][(Skt. avasthā = state)]

94.22 狁 [chn.yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to be a dog); rare]

94.23 狂 [chn.kuáng][eng.mad; crazy; (also kuáng, (surname))][(Skt. unmatta = mad)]

94.24 狃 [chn.niǔ][archaic; (also niǔ, to be a dog); rare]

94.25 狄 [chn.dí][archaic; (also dí, (surname)); rare]

94.26 狅 [chn.kuáng][archaic variant of 狂 (mad)][(Skt. unmatta = mad)]

94.27 狆 [chn.zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be a dog); rare]

94.28 狇 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be a dog); rare]

94.29 狈 [chn.bèi][eng.wolf; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. vṛka = wolf)]

94.30 狉 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a dog); rare]

94.31 狊 [chn.jú][archaic; (also jú, to be a dog); rare]

94.32 狋 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a dog); rare]

94.33 狌 [chn.xīng][archaic variant of 猩 (orangutan)][(Skt. vanara = ape)]

94.34 狍 [chn.páo][archaic; (also páo, to be a dog); rare]

94.35 狎 [chn.xiá][eng.to be intimate; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. sneha = intimacy)]

94.36 狏 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a dog); rare]

94.37 狐 [chn.hú][eng.fox; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. jambuka = fox)]

94.38 狑 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a dog); rare]

94.39 狒 [chn.fèi][eng.baboon; (also fèi, (surname))][(Skt. vānara = monkey)]

94.40 狓 [chn.pí][archaic; (also pí, to be a dog); rare]

94.41 狔 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be a dog); rare]

94.42 狕 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be a dog); rare]

94.43 狖 [chn.yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to be a dog); rare]

94.44 狗 [chn.gǒu][eng.dog; (also gǒu, (surname))][(Skt. śvā = dog; Skt. kukura = dog)]

94.45 狘 [chn.xuè][archaic; (also xuè, to be a dog); rare]

94.46 狙 [chn.jū][eng.to spy; (also jū, (surname))][(Skt. anveṣaṇa = spying)]

94.47 狚 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be a dog); rare]

94.48 狛 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a dog); rare]

94.49 狜 [chn.kǔ][archaic; (also kǔ, to be a dog); rare]

94.50 狝 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a dog); rare]

94.51 狞 [chn.níng][eng.fierce; (also níng, (surname))][(Skt. ugra = fierce)]

94.52 狟 [chn.huan][archaic; (also huan, to be a dog); rare]

94.53 狠 [chn.hěn][eng.cruel; (also hěn, (surname))][(Skt. krūra = cruel)]

94.54 狡 [chn.jiǎo][eng.cunning; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. dhūrta = cunning)]

94.55 狢 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be a dog); rare]

94.56 狣 [chn.zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to be a dog); rare]

94.57 狤 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be a dog); rare]

94.58 狥 [chn.xùn][archaic variant of 徇 (to follow)][(Skt. anugama = following)]

94.59 狦 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to be a dog); rare]

94.60 狧 [chn.tà][archaic; (also tà, to be a dog); rare]

94.61 狨 [chn.róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a dog); rare]

94.62 狩 [chn.shòu][eng.to hunt; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. mṛgayā = hunting)]

94.63 狪 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a dog); rare]

94.64 狫 [chn.lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be a dog); rare]

94.65 独 [chn.dú][eng.alone; unique; (also dú, (surname))][(Skt. eka = alone)]

94.66 狭 [chn.xiá][eng.narrow; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkucita = narrow)]

94.67 狮 [chn.shī][eng.lion; (also shī, (surname))][(Skt. siṃha = lion)]

94.68 狯 [chn.kuài][eng.cunning; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. dhūrta = cunning)]

94.69 狰 [chn.zhēng][eng.fierce; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. ugra = fierce)]

94.70 狱 [chn.yù][eng.prison; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = prison)]

94.71 狲 [chn.sūn][archaic; (also sūn, (surname)); rare]

94.72 狳 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a dog); rare]

94.73 狴 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a dog); rare]

94.74 狵 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be a dog); rare]

94.75 狶 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a dog); rare]

94.76 狷 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a dog); rare]

94.77 狸 [chn.lí][eng.raccoon dog; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. śṛgāla = fox)]

94.78 狹 [chn.xiá][eng.traditional variant of 狭 (narrow)][(Skt. saṃkucita = narrow)]

94.79 狺 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be a dog); rare]

94.80 狻 [chn.suān][archaic; (also suān, to be a dog); rare]

94.81 狼 [chn.láng][eng.wolf; (also láng, (surname))][(Skt. vṛka = wolf)]

94.82 狽 [chn.bèi][eng.traditional variant of 狈 (wolf)][(Skt. vṛka = wolf)]

94.83 狾 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a dog); rare]

94.84 狿 [chn.yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a dog); rare]

94.85 猀 [chn.shā][archaic; (also shā, to be a dog); rare]

94.86 猁 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a dog); rare]

94.87 猂 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be a dog); rare]

94.88 猃 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a dog); rare]

94.89 猄 [chn.jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be a dog); rare]

94.90 猅 [chn.pái][archaic; (also pái, to be a dog); rare]

94.91 猆 [chn.fēi][archaic; (also fēi, to be a dog); rare]

94.92 猇 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a dog); rare]

94.93 猈 [chn.bài][archaic; (also bài, to be a dog); rare]

94.94 猉 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a dog); rare]

94.95 猊 [chn.ní][archaic; (also ní, to be a dog); rare]

94.96 猋 [chn.biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be a dog); rare]

94.97 猌 [chn.yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be a dog); rare]

94.98 猍 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to be a dog); rare]

94.99 猎 [chn.liè][eng.to hunt; (also liè, (surname))][(Skt. mṛgayā = hunting)]

94.100 猏 [chn.jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a dog); rare]

94.101 猐 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be a dog); rare]

94.102 猑 [chn.kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be a dog); rare]

94.103 猒 [chn.yàn][archaic variant of 厭 (to dislike)][(Skt. jugupsā = dislike)]

94.104 猓 [chn.guǒ][archaic; (also guǒ, to be a dog); rare]

94.105 猔 [chn.zòng][archaic; (also zòng, to be a dog); rare]

94.106 猕 [chn.mí][eng.macaque; (also mí, (surname))][(Skt. markaṭa = monkey)]

94.107 猖 [chn.chāng][archaic; (also chāng, to be a dog); rare]

94.108 猗 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to be a dog); rare]

94.109 猘 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a dog); rare]

94.110 猙 [chn.zhēng][eng.traditional variant of 狰 (fierce)][(Skt. ugra = fierce)]

94.111 猚 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be a dog); rare]

94.112 猛 [chn.měng][eng.fierce; (also měng, (surname))][(Skt. ugra = fierce)]

94.113 猜 [chn.cāi][eng.to guess; (also cāi, (surname))][(Skt. anumāna = guess)]

94.114 猝 [chn.cù][eng.sudden; (also cù, (surname))][(Skt. sahasā = sudden)]

94.115 猞 [chn.shē][archaic; (also shē, to be a dog); rare]

94.116 猟 [chn.liè][eng.Japanese variant of 獵 (to hunt)][(Skt. mṛgayā = hunting)]

94.117 猠 [chn.miàn][archaic; (also miàn, to be a dog); rare]

94.118 猡 [chn.luó][archaic; (also luó, to be a dog); rare]

94.119 猢 [chn.hú][eng.macaque; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. markaṭa = monkey)]

94.120 猣 [chn.zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be a dog); rare]

94.121 猤 [chn.guì][archaic; (also guì, to be a dog); rare]

94.122 猥 [chn.wěi][eng.vulgar; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. adhama = vulgar)]

94.123 猦 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be a dog); rare]

94.124 猧 [chn.wō][archaic; (also wō, to be a dog); rare]

94.125 猨 [chn.yuán][archaic variant of 猿 (ape)][(Skt. vanara = ape)]

94.126 猩 [chn.xīng][eng.orangutan; (also xīng, (surname))][(Skt. vanara = ape)]

94.127 猪 [chn.zhū][eng.pig; (also zhū, (surname))][(Skt. sūkara = pig)]

94.128 猫 [chn.māo][eng.cat; (also māo, (surname))][(Skt. biḍāla = cat)]

94.129 猬 [chn.wèi][eng.hedgehog; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. śallakī = hedgehog)]

94.130 猭 [chn.chuàn][archaic; (also chuàn, to be a dog); rare]

94.131 献 [chn.xiàn][eng.to offer; to present; (also xiàn, (surname))][(Skt. pūjā = offering)]

94.132 猯 [chn.tuān][archaic; (also tuān, to be a dog); rare]

94.133 猰 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be a dog); rare]

94.134 猱 [chn.náo][eng.macaque; (also náo, (surname))][(Skt. markaṭa = monkey)]

94.135 猲 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be a dog); rare]

94.136 猳 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be a dog); rare]

94.137 猴 [chn.hóu][eng.monkey; (also hóu, (surname))][(Skt. markaṭa = monkey; Skt. vanara = monkey)]

94.138 猵 [chn.biān][archaic; (also biān, to be a dog); rare]

94.139 猶 [chn.yóu][eng.traditional variant of 犹 (still; yet)][(Skt. api = still)]

94.140 猷 [chn.yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be a dog); rare]

94.141 猸 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be a dog); rare]

94.142 猹 [chn.chá][archaic; (also chá, to be a dog); rare]

94.143 猺 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be a dog); rare]

94.144 猻 [chn.sūn][eng.traditional variant of 狲 (archaic)]

94.145 猼 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a dog); rare]

94.146 猽 [chn.míng][archaic; (also míng, to be a dog); rare]

94.147 猾 [chn.huá][eng.sly; cunning; (also huá, (surname))][(Skt. dhūrta = cunning)]

94.148 猿 [chn.yuán][eng.ape; (also yuán, (surname))][(Skt. vanara = ape)]

94.149 獀 [chn.sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be a dog); rare]

94.150 獁 [chn.mà][archaic variant of 犸 (archaic)]

94.151 獂 [chn.huan][archaic; (also huan, to be a dog); rare]

94.152 獃 [chn.dāi][archaic variant of 呆 (stupid)][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

94.153 獄 [chn.yù][eng.traditional variant of 狱 (prison)][(Skt. bandhana = prison)]

94.154 獅 [chn.shī][eng.traditional variant of 狮 (lion)][(Skt. siṃha = lion)]

94.155 獆 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be a dog); rare]

94.156 獇 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be a dog); rare]

94.157 獈 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a dog); rare]

94.158 獉 [chn.zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a dog); rare]

94.159 獊 [chn.cāng][archaic; (also cāng, to be a dog); rare]

94.160 獋 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be a dog); rare]

94.161 獌 [chn.màn][archaic; (also màn, to be a dog); rare]

94.162 獍 [chn.jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a dog); rare]

94.163 獎 [chn.jiǎng][eng.traditional variant of 奖 (to encourage)][(Skt. dāna = reward)]

94.164 獏 [chn.mò][archaic variant of 貘 (tapir)][(Skt. tapira = tapir)]

94.165 獐 [chn.zhāng][eng.water deer; (also zhāng, (surname))][(Skt. mṛga = deer)]

94.166 獑 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be a dog); rare]

94.167 獒 [chn.áo][eng.mastiff; (also áo, (surname))][(Skt. śvāna = dog)]

94.168 獓 [chn.áo][archaic; (also áo, to be a dog); rare]

94.169 獔 [chn.háo][archaic variant of 獆 (archaic)]

94.170 獕 [chn.suī][archaic; (also suī, to be a dog); rare]

94.171 獖 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a dog); rare]

94.172 獗 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a dog); rare]

94.173 獘 [chn.bì][archaic variant of 斃 (to die)][(Skt. maraṇa = death)]

94.174 獙 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a dog); rare]

94.175 獚 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be a dog); rare]

94.176 獛 [chn.pú][archaic; (also pú, to be a dog); rare]

94.177 獜 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be a dog); rare]

94.178 獝 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be a dog); rare]

94.179 獞 [chn.tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a dog); rare]

94.180 獟 [chn.yào][archaic; (also yào, to be a dog); rare]

94.181 獠 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, (surname)); rare]

94.182 獡 [chn.shuò][archaic; (also shuò, to be a dog); rare]

94.183 獢 [chn.xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a dog); rare]

94.184 獣 [chn.shòu][eng.Japanese variant of 獸 (beast)][(Skt. mṛga = beast)]

94.185 獤 [chn.dùn][archaic; (also dùn, to be a dog); rare]

94.186 獥 [chn.jiao][archaic; (also jiao, to be a dog); rare]

94.187 獦 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to be a dog); rare]

94.188 獧 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a dog); rare]

94.189 獨 [chn.dú][eng.traditional variant of 独 (alone; unique)][(Skt. eka = alone)]

94.190 獩 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a dog); rare]

94.191 獪 [chn.kuài][eng.traditional variant of 狯 (cunning)][(Skt. dhūrta = cunning)]

94.192 獫 [chn.xiǎn][archaic variant of 猃 (archaic)]

94.193 獬 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a dog); rare]

94.194 獭 [chn.tǎ][eng.otter; (also tǎ, (surname))][(Skt. udra = otter)]

94.195 獮 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a dog); rare]

94.196 獯 [chn.xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be a dog); rare]

94.197 獰 [chn.níng][eng.traditional variant of 狞 (fierce)][(Skt. ugra = fierce)]

94.198 獱 [chn.bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a dog); rare]

94.199 獲 [chn.huò][eng.traditional variant of 获 (to obtain)][(Skt. prāpti = obtain)]

94.200 獳 [chn.rú][archaic; (also rú, to be a dog); rare]

94.201 獴 [chn.méng][eng.mongoose; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. nakula = mongoose)]

94.202 獵 [chn.liè][eng.traditional variant of 猎 (to hunt)][(Skt. mṛgayā = hunting)]

94.203 獶 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to be a dog); rare]

94.204 獷 [chn.guǎng][eng.traditional variant of 犷 (rough; wild)][(Skt. raudra = wild)]

94.205 獸 [chn.shòu][eng.traditional variant of 兽 (beast)][(Skt. mṛga = beast)]

94.206 獹 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a dog); rare]

94.207 獺 [chn.tǎ][eng.traditional variant of 獭 (otter)][(Skt. udra = otter)]

94.208 獻 [chn.xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 献 (to offer)][(Skt. pūjā = offering)]

94.209 獼 [chn.mí][eng.traditional variant of 猕 (macaque)][(Skt. markaṭa = monkey)]

94.210 獽 [chn.ráng][archaic; (also ráng, to be a dog); rare]

94.211 獾 [chn.huān][eng.badger; (also huān, (surname))][(Skt. bāhu = badger)]

94.212 獿 [chn.náo][archaic; (also náo, to be a dog); rare]

94.213 玀 [chn.luó][archaic; (also luó, to be a dog); rare]

94.214 玁 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a dog); rare]

94.215 玂 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a dog); rare]

94.216 玃 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a dog); rare]

94.217 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.94

94.218 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

94.219 94.1 犬 (quǎn) [skt.śvā; kukura] — The radical itself; represents the dog. Appears in Buddhist compound 犬吠 (śvā-śabda, dog barking), used in similes of useless noise

94.220 94.4 犯 (fàn) [skt.apacāra] — CRITICAL — Used for "to violate" and "to offend"; appears in Buddhist compound 犯戒 (śīla-atikrama, violating precepts)

94.221 94.5 犰 (qiú) [skt.salabha] — Used for "armadillo"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.222 94.7 犲 (chái) [skt.śṛgāla] — Used for "jackal"; appears in Buddhist similes of the jackal

94.223 94.11 状 (zhuàng) [skt.avasthā] — Used for "state" and "condition"; appears in Buddhist compound 状态 (avasthā, condition)

94.224 94.12 犷 (guǎng) [skt.raudra] — Used for "rough" and "wild"; appears in descriptions of character

94.225 94.14 犹 (yóu) [skt.api] — Used for "still" and "yet"; appears in Buddhist compound 犹如 (yathā, like/as)

94.226 94.23 狂 (kuáng) [skt.unmatta] — Used for "mad" and "crazy"; appears in Buddhist compound 狂乱 (unmāda, madness)

94.227 94.29 狈 (bèi) [skt.vṛka] — Used for "wolf"; appears in compound 狼狈 (saṅghaṭṭa, distressed)

94.228 94.35 狎 (xiá) [skt.sneha] — Used for "to be intimate"; appears in Buddhist contexts of attachment

94.229 94.37 狐 (hú) [skt.jambuka] — Used for "fox"; appears in Buddhist similes of the fox

94.230 94.39 狒 (fèi) [skt.vānara] — Used for "baboon"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.231 94.44 狗 (gǒu) [skt.śvā; kukura] — Used for "dog"; appears in Buddhist compound 狗子 (kukura-putra, son of a dog)

94.232 94.46 狙 (jū) [skt.anveṣaṇa] — Used for "to spy"; appears in compound 狙击 (anveṣaṇa, to ambush)

94.233 94.51 狞 (níng) [skt.ugra] — Used for "fierce"; appears in compound 狰狞 (ugra, ferocious)

94.234 94.53 狠 (hěn) [skt.krūra] — Used for "cruel"; appears in compound 狠心 (krūra-citta, cruel mind)

94.235 94.54 狡 (jiǎo) [skt.dhūrta] — Used for "cunning"; appears in compound 狡猾 (dhūrta, cunning)

94.236 94.62 狩 (shòu) [skt.mṛgayā] — Used for "to hunt"; appears in Buddhist similes of the hunt

94.237 94.65 独 (dú) [skt.eka] — CRITICAL — Used for "alone" and "unique"; appears in Buddhist compound 独觉 (pratyeka-buddha, solitary buddha), one of the three types of enlightened beings

94.238 94.66 狭 (xiá) [skt.saṃkucita] — Used for "narrow"; appears in compound 狭窄 (saṃkucita, narrow)

94.239 94.67 狮 (shī) [skt.siṃha] — CRITICAL — Used for "lion"; appears in Buddhist compound 狮子 (siṃha, lion), a common epithet of the Buddha (Śākyasiṃha, the lion of the Śākyas) and in the Lion’s Roar (狮子吼, siṃhanāda) that refers to the Buddha’s teaching

94.240 94.68 狯 (kuài) [skt.dhūrta] — Used for "cunning"; appears in compound 狡狯 (dhūrta, cunning)

94.241 94.69 狰 (zhēng) [skt.ugra] — Used for "fierce"; appears in compound 狰狞 (ugra, ferocious)

94.242 94.70 狱 (yù) [skt.bandhana] — Used for "prison"; appears in Buddhist compound 地狱 (naraka, hell), one of the realms of rebirth

94.243 94.77 狸 (lí) [skt.śṛgāla] — Used for "raccoon dog"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.244 94.81 狼 (láng) [skt.vṛka] — Used for "wolf"; appears in Buddhist similes of the wolf

94.245 94.99 猎 (liè) [skt.mṛgayā] — Used for "to hunt"; appears in descriptions of hunting

94.246 94.107 猖 (chāng) — Used for "wild" and "reckless"; appears in compound 猖狂 (unmatta, mad)

94.247 94.112 猛 (měng) [skt.ugra] — Used for "fierce"; appears in compound 猛烈 (tīvra, fierce)

94.248 94.113 猜 (cāi) [skt.anumāna] — Used for "to guess"; appears in compound 猜疑 (saṃśaya, doubt)

94.249 94.114 猝 (cù) [skt.sahasā] — Used for "sudden"; appears in compound 猝然 (sahasā, suddenly)

94.250 94.122 猥 (wěi) [skt.adhama] — Used for "vulgar"; appears in compound 猥亵 (adhama, obscene)

94.251 94.126 猩 (xīng) [skt.vanara] — Used for "orangutan"; appears in compound 猩猩 (vanara, orangutan)

94.252 94.127 猪 (zhū) [skt.sūkara] — Used for "pig"; appears in Buddhist similes of the pig (representing ignorance)

94.253 94.128 猫 (māo) [skt.biḍāla] — Used for "cat"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.254 94.129 猬 (wèi) [skt.śallakī] — Used for "hedgehog"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.255 94.131 献 (xiàn) [skt.pūjā] — CRITICAL — Used for "to offer" and "to present"; appears in Buddhist compound 献供 (pūjā, offering)

94.256 94.134 猱 (náo) [skt.markaṭa] — Used for "macaque"; appears in descriptions of monkeys

94.257 94.137 猴 (hóu) [skt.markaṭa; vanara] — Used for "monkey"; appears in Buddhist similes of the monkey mind

94.258 94.139 猶 (yóu) [skt.api] — Traditional variant of 犹; used for "still" and "yet"

94.259 94.147 猾 (huá) [skt.dhūrta] — Used for "sly" and "cunning"; appears in compound 狡猾 (dhūrta, cunning)

94.260 94.148 猿 (yuán) [skt.vanara] — Used for "ape"; appears in compound 猿猴 (vanara, monkey/ape)

94.261 94.165 獐 (zhāng) [skt.mṛga] — Used for "water deer"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.262 94.167 獒 (áo) [skt.śvāna] — Used for "mastiff"; appears in descriptions of dogs

94.263 94.194 獭 (tǎ) [skt.udra] — Used for "otter"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.264 94.201 獴 (méng) [skt.nakula] — Used for "mongoose"; appears in descriptions of animals

94.265 94.202 獵 (liè) [skt.mṛgayā] — Traditional variant of 猎; used for "to hunt"

94.266 94.205 獸 (shòu) [skt.mṛga] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 兽; used for "beast" and "animal"; appears in Buddhist compound 畜生 (tiryagyoni, animal realm), one of the realms of rebirth

94.267 94.207 獺 (tǎ) [skt.udra] — Traditional variant of 獭; used for "otter"

94.268 94.208 獻 (xiàn) [skt.pūjā] — Traditional variant of 献; used for "to offer"

94.269 94.209 獼 (mí) [skt.markaṭa] — Traditional variant of 猕; used for "macaque"

94.270 94.211 獾 (huān) [skt.bāhu] — Used for "badger"; appears in descriptions of animals

95 玄

95.1 玄 [chn.xuán][eng.profound; dark; mysterious; (also xuán, (surname))][skt.gambhīra; (Skt. rahasyam = mysterious)]

95.2 玅 [chn.miào][archaic variant of 妙 (wonderful; exquisite)][(Skt. sundara = wonderful; Skt. praṇīta = exquisite)]

95.3 玆 [chn.zī][archaic variant of 兹 (now; this; here)][(Skt. idam = this)]

95.4 率 [chn.shuài][eng.to lead; to command; (also lǜ, rate)][(Skt. netṛ = leader)]

95.5 玈 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a black bow); rare]

95.6 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.95

95.7 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

95.8 95.1 玄 (xuán) [skt.gambhīra; rahasyam] — The radical itself; represents "profound" and "dark." Appears in Daoist and Buddhist compound 玄妙 (gambhīra, profound and wonderful) and 玄谈 (gambhīra-vāda, profound discourse). In Buddhist texts, it is used to describe the profound nature of the Dharma

95.9 95.2 玅 (miào) [skt.sundara; praṇīta] — Archaic variant of 妙; used for "wonderful" and "exquisite." Appears in Buddhist compound 微妙 (sūkṣma, subtle/exquisite)

95.10 95.3 玆 (zī) [skt.idam] — Archaic variant of 兹; used for "now," "this," and "here." Appears in classical Chinese and Buddhist texts

95.11 95.4 率 (shuài) [skt.netṛ] — Used for "to lead" and "to command." Appears in Buddhist compound 率土 (sarva-deśa, all lands) and 率领 (netṛ, to lead). Also read lǜ meaning "rate" or "proportion"

95.12 95.5 玈 (lú) — Rare; used for "black bow"; appears in classical texts describing ritual objects

96 玉

96.1 玉 [chn.yù][eng.jade; precious stone; (also yù, (surname))][skt.maṇi; (Skt. ratna = jewel)]

96.2 玊 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a jade); rare]

96.3 王 [chn.wáng][eng.king; (also wàng, to rule)][skt.rājan; (Skt. nṛpa = king)]

96.4 玌 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a jade); rare]

96.5 玍 [chn.gǎ][archaic; (also gǎ, to be a jade); rare]

96.6 玎 [chn.dīng][archaic; (also dīng, to be a jade); rare]

96.7 玏 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to be a jade); rare]

96.8 玐 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be a jade); rare]

96.9 玑 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, (surname)); rare]

96.10 玒 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a jade); rare]

96.11 玓 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a jade); rare]

96.12 玔 [chn.chuàn][archaic; (also chuàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.13 玕 [chn.gān][archaic; (also gān, to be a jade); rare]

96.14 玖 [chn.jiǔ][archaic; (also jiǔ, (surname)); rare]

96.15 玗 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a jade); rare]

96.16 玘 [chn.qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, to be a jade); rare]

96.17 玙 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 璵 (a jade)]

96.18 玚 [chn.chàng][archaic; (also chàng, to be a jade); rare]

96.19 玛 [chn.mǎ][eng.agate; (also mǎ, (surname))][(Skt. aśmagarbha = agate)]

96.20 玜 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a jade); rare]

96.21 玝 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.22 玞 [chn.fū][archaic; (also fū, to be a jade); rare]

96.23 玟 [chn.wén][archaic; (also wén, to be a jade); rare]

96.24 玠 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a jade); rare]

96.25 玡 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be a jade); rare]

96.26 玢 [chn.bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a jade); rare]

96.27 玣 [chn.biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.28 玤 [chn.bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to be a jade); rare]

96.29 玥 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be a jade); rare]

96.30 玦 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a jade); rare]

96.31 玧 [chn.yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to be a jade); rare]

96.32 玨 [chn.jué][archaic variant of 珏 (two pieces of jade)]

96.33 玩 [chn.wán][eng.to play; (also wán, (surname))][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

96.34 玪 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be a jade); rare]

96.35 玫 [chn.méi][eng.rose; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. taruṇī = rose)]

96.36 玬 [chn.dǎn][archaic; (also dǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.37 玭 [chn.pín][archaic; (also pín, to be a jade); rare]

96.38 玮 [chn.wěi][eng.precious; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. ratna = precious)]

96.39 环 [chn.huán][eng.ring; (also huán, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgulīya = ring)]

96.40 现 [chn.xiàn][eng.now; present; (also xiàn, (surname))][(Skt. adya = now; Skt. pratyakṣa = present)]

96.41 玱 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be a jade); rare]

96.42 玲 [chn.líng][eng.tinkling; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣudra = tinkling)]

96.43 玳 [chn.dài][eng.turtle shell; (also dài, (surname))][(Skt. kacchapa = turtle)]

96.44 玴 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a jade); rare]

96.45 玵 [chn.án][archaic; (also án, to be a jade); rare]

96.46 玶 [chn.píng][archaic; (also píng, to be a jade); rare]

96.47 玷 [chn.diàn][eng.flaw; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. doṣa = flaw)]

96.48 玸 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a jade); rare]

96.49 玹 [chn.xuán][archaic; (also xuán, to be a jade); rare]

96.50 玺 [chn.xǐ][eng.imperial seal; (also xǐ, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = seal)]

96.51 玻 [chn.bō][eng.glass; (also bō, (surname))][(Skt. sphaṭika = crystal)]

96.52 玼 [chn.cǐ][archaic; (also cǐ, to be a jade); rare]

96.53 玽 [chn.gǒu][archaic; (also gǒu, to be a jade); rare]

96.54 玾 [chn.jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, to be a jade); rare]

96.55 玿 [chn.shao][archaic; (also shao, to be a jade); rare]

96.56 珀 [chn.pò][eng.amber; (also pò, (surname))][(Skt. ambara = amber)]

96.57 珁 [chn.ér][archaic; (also ér, to be a jade); rare]

96.58 珂 [chn.kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a jade); rare]

96.59 珃 [chn.rǎn][archaic; (also rǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.60 珄 [chn.shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be a jade); rare]

96.61 珅 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be a jade); rare]

96.62 珆 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a jade); rare]

96.63 珇 [chn.zǔ][archaic; (also zǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.64 珈 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, (surname)); rare]

96.65 珉 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be a jade); rare]

96.66 珊 [chn.shān][eng.coral; (also shān, (surname))][(Skt. pravāla = coral)]

96.67 珋 [chn.liǔ][archaic; (also liǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.68 珌 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a jade); rare]

96.69 珍 [chn.zhēn][eng.precious; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. ratna = precious)]

96.70 珎 [chn.zhēn][archaic variant of 珍 (precious)][(Skt. ratna = precious)]

96.71 珏 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a jade); rare]

96.72 珐 [chn.fà][eng.enamel; (also fà, (surname))]

96.73 珑 [chn.lóng][archaic; (also lóng, (surname)); rare]

96.74 珒 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be a jade); rare]

96.75 珓 [chn.jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be a jade); rare]

96.76 珔 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.77 珕 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a jade); rare]

96.78 珖 [chn.guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be a jade); rare]

96.79 珗 [chn.xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.80 珘 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be a jade); rare]

96.81 珙 [chn.gǒng][archaic; (also gǒng, (surname)); rare]

96.82 珚 [chn.yān][archaic; (also yān, to be a jade); rare]

96.83 珛 [chn.xiù][archaic; (also xiù, to be a jade); rare]

96.84 珜 [chn.yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be a jade); rare]

96.85 珝 [chn.xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.86 珞 [chn.luò][eng.necklace; (also luò, (surname))][(Skt. muktāhāra = pearl necklace)]

96.87 珟 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a jade); rare]

96.88 珠 [chn.zhū][eng.pearl; (also zhū, (surname))][skt.muktā; (Skt. maṇi = jewel)]

96.89 珡 [chn.qín][archaic variant of 琴 (stringed instrument)][(Skt. vīṇā = lute)]

96.90 珢 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be a jade); rare]

96.91 珣 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a jade); rare]

96.92 珤 [chn.bǎo][archaic variant of 宝 (treasure)][(Skt. ratna = treasure)]

96.93 珥 [chn.ěr][eng.earring; (also ěr, (surname))][(Skt. karṇika = earring)]

96.94 珦 [chn.xiàng][archaic; (also xiàng, to be a jade); rare]

96.95 珧 [chn.yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be a jade); rare]

96.96 珨 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a jade); rare]

96.97 珩 [chn.héng][archaic; (also héng, to be a jade); rare]

96.98 珪 [chn.guī][archaic; (also guī, (surname)); rare]

96.99 珫 [chn.chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to be a jade); rare]

96.100 珬 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be a jade); rare]

96.101 班 [chn.bān][eng.class; (also bān, (surname))][(Skt. varga = class)]

96.102 珮 [chn.pèi][archaic variant of 佩 (to wear)][(Skt. dhāraṇa = wearing)]

96.103 珯 [chn.lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be a jade); rare]

96.104 珰 [chn.dāng][archaic; (also dāng, (surname)); rare]

96.105 珱 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a jade); rare]

96.106 珲 [chn.hún][archaic; (also huī, to be a jade); rare]

96.107 珳 [chn.wén][archaic; (also wén, to be a jade); rare]

96.108 珴 [chn.é][archaic; (also é, to be a jade); rare]

96.109 珵 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a jade); rare]

96.110 珶 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a jade); rare]

96.111 珷 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.112 珸 [chn.wú][archaic; (also wú, to be a jade); rare]

96.113 珹 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a jade); rare]

96.114 珺 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be a jade); rare]

96.115 珻 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be a jade); rare]

96.116 珼 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a jade); rare]

96.117 珽 [chn.tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be a jade); rare]

96.118 現 [chn.xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 现 (now; present)][(Skt. adya = now; Skt. pratyakṣa = present)]

96.119 珿 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be a jade); rare]

96.120 琀 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to be a jade); rare]

96.121 琁 [chn.xuán][archaic variant of 璇 (beautiful jade)]

96.122 琂 [chn.yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a jade); rare]

96.123 球 [chn.qiú][eng.ball; (also qiú, (surname))][(Skt. gola = ball)]

96.124 琄 [chn.xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.125 琅 [chn.láng][archaic; (also láng, (surname)); rare]

96.126 理 [chn.lǐ][eng.to manage; (also lǐ, (surname))][(Skt. niyamana = management)]

96.127 琇 [chn.xiù][archaic; (also xiù, to be a jade); rare]

96.128 琈 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a jade); rare]

96.129 琉 [chn.liú][eng.gem; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. muktā = pearl)]

96.130 琊 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, (surname)); rare]

96.131 琋 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a jade); rare]

96.132 琌 [chn.líng][archaic variant of 玲 (tinkling)]

96.133 琍 [chn.lì][archaic variant of 璃 (glass)]

96.134 琎 [chn.jìn][archaic variant of 瑨 (jade)]

96.135 琏 [chn.liǎn][archaic; (also liǎn, (surname)); rare]

96.136 琐 [chn.suǒ][eng.trivial; (also suǒ, (surname))][(Skt. kṣudra = trivial)]

96.137 琑 [chn.suǒ][archaic variant of 琐 (trivial)][(Skt. kṣudra = trivial)]

96.138 琒 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be a jade); rare]

96.139 琓 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to be a jade); rare]

96.140 琔 [chn.diàn][archaic; (also diàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.141 琕 [chn.pín][archaic; (also pín, to be a jade); rare]

96.142 琖 [chn.zhǎn][archaic variant of 盏 (cup)][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

96.143 琗 [chn.sè][archaic; (also sè, to be a jade); rare]

96.144 琘 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be a jade); rare]

96.145 琙 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a jade); rare]

96.146 琚 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a jade); rare]

96.147 琛 [chn.chēn][eng.treasure; (also chēn, (surname))][(Skt. ratna = treasure)]

96.148 琜 [chn.lái][archaic; (also lái, to be a jade); rare]

96.149 琝 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be a jade); rare]

96.150 琞 [chn.shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be a jade); rare]

96.151 琟 [chn.wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be a jade); rare]

96.152 琠 [chn.tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.153 琡 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be a jade); rare]

96.154 琢 [chn.zhuó][eng.to carve; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. utkīrṇa = carving)]

96.155 琣 [chn.běng][archaic; (also běng, to be a jade); rare]

96.156 琤 [chn.chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a jade); rare]

96.157 琥 [chn.hǔ][eng.amber; (also hǔ, (surname))][(Skt. ambara = amber)]

96.158 琦 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, (surname)); rare]

96.159 琧 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be a jade); rare]

96.160 琨 [chn.kūn][archaic; (also kūn, (surname)); rare]

96.161 琩 [chn.chāng][archaic; (also chāng, to be a jade); rare]

96.162 琪 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, (surname)); rare]

96.163 琫 [chn.běng][archaic; (also běng, to be a jade); rare]

96.164 琬 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, (surname)); rare]

96.165 琭 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a jade); rare]

96.166 琮 [chn.cóng][archaic; (also cóng, (surname)); rare]

96.167 琯 [chn.guǎn][archaic; (also guǎn, (surname)); rare]

96.168 琰 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, (surname)); rare]

96.169 琱 [chn.diāo][archaic variant of 雕 (to carve)][(Skt. utkīrṇa = carving)]

96.170 琲 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a jade); rare]

96.171 琳 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, (surname)); rare]

96.172 琴 [chn.qín][eng.stringed instrument; (also qín, (surname))][(Skt. vīṇā = lute)]

96.173 琵 [chn.pí][eng.pipa; (also pí, (surname))]

96.174 琶 [chn.pá][eng.pipa; (also pá, (surname))]

96.175 琷 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be a jade); rare]

96.176 琸 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a jade); rare]

96.177 琹 [chn.qín][archaic variant of 琴 (stringed instrument)][(Skt. vīṇā = lute)]

96.178 琺 [chn.fà][eng.traditional variant of 珐 (enamel)]

96.179 琻 [chn.jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be a jade); rare]

96.180 琼 [chn.qióng][archaic; (also qióng, (surname)); rare]

96.181 琽 [chn.dǔ][archaic; (also dǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.182 琾 [chn.jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a jade); rare]

96.183 琿 [chn.hún][archaic variant of 珲 (jade)]

96.184 瑀 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.185 瑁 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, (surname)); rare]

96.186 瑂 [chn.méi][archaic; (also méi, to be a jade); rare]

96.187 瑃 [chn.chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be a jade); rare]

96.188 瑄 [chn.xuān][archaic; (also xuān, (surname)); rare]

96.189 瑅 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a jade); rare]

96.190 瑆 [chn.xīng][archaic; (also xīng, to be a jade); rare]

96.191 瑇 [chn.dài][archaic variant of 玳 (turtle shell)][(Skt. kacchapa = turtle)]

96.192 瑈 [chn.róu][archaic; (also róu, to be a jade); rare]

96.193 瑉 [chn.mín][archaic variant of 珉 (jade)]

96.194 瑊 [chn.zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a jade); rare]

96.195 瑋 [chn.wěi][eng.traditional variant of 玮 (precious)][(Skt. ratna = precious)]

96.196 瑌 [chn.ruán][archaic; (also ruán, to be a jade); rare]

96.197 瑍 [chn.huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.198 瑎 [chn.xié][archaic; (also xié, to be a jade); rare]

96.199 瑏 [chn.chuān][archaic; (also chuān, to be a jade); rare]

96.200 瑐 [chn.jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.201 瑑 [chn.zhuàn][archaic; (also zhuàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.202 瑒 [chn.chàng][archaic; (also chàng, to be a jade); rare]

96.203 瑓 [chn.liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.204 瑔 [chn.quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a jade); rare]

96.205 瑕 [chn.xiá][eng.flaw; (also xiá, (surname))][(Skt. doṣa = flaw)]

96.206 瑖 [chn.duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.207 瑗 [chn.yuàn][archaic; (also yuàn, (surname)); rare]

96.208 瑘 [chn.yá][archaic; (also yá, to be a jade); rare]

96.209 瑙 [chn.nǎo][eng.agate; (also nǎo, (surname))][(Skt. aśmagarbha = agate)]

96.210 瑚 [chn.hú][eng.coral; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. pravāla = coral)]

96.211 瑛 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, (surname)); rare]

96.212 瑜 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, (surname)); rare]

96.213 瑝 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be a jade); rare]

96.214 瑞 [chn.ruì][eng.auspicious; (also ruì, (surname))][(Skt. maṅgala = auspicious)]

96.215 瑟 [chn.sè][eng.ancient zither; (also sè, (surname))][(Skt. vīṇā = lute)]

96.216 瑠 [chn.liú][eng.Japanese variant of 琉 (gem)][(Skt. muktā = pearl)]

96.217 瑡 [chn.shī][archaic; (also shī, to be a jade); rare]

96.218 瑢 [chn.róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a jade); rare]

96.219 瑣 [chn.suǒ][eng.traditional variant of 琐 (trivial)][(Skt. kṣudra = trivial)]

96.220 瑤 [chn.yáo][eng.traditional variant of 瑶 (jade)]

96.221 瑥 [chn.wēn][archaic; (also wēn, to be a jade); rare]

96.222 瑦 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.223 瑧 [chn.zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a jade); rare]

96.224 瑨 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be a jade); rare]

96.225 瑩 [chn.yíng][eng.traditional variant of 莹 (luster)][(Skt. prabhā = luster)]

96.226 瑪 [chn.mǎ][eng.traditional variant of 玛 (agate)][(Skt. aśmagarbha = agate)]

96.227 瑫 [chn.tāo][archaic; (also tāo, to be a jade); rare]

96.228 瑬 [chn.liú][archaic; (also liú, to be a jade); rare]

96.229 瑭 [chn.táng][archaic; (also táng, (surname)); rare]

96.230 瑮 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a jade); rare]

96.231 瑯 [chn.láng][archaic variant of 琅 (jade)]

96.232 瑰 [chn.guī][archaic; (also guī, (surname)); rare]

96.233 瑱 [chn.tiàn][archaic; (also tiàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.234 瑲 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, to be a jade); rare]

96.235 瑳 [chn.cuō][archaic; (also cuō, to be a jade); rare]

96.236 瑴 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a jade); rare]

96.237 瑵 [chn.zǎo][archaic; (also zǎo, to be a jade); rare]

96.238 瑶 [chn.yáo][eng.beautiful jade; (also yáo, (surname))][(Skt. maṇi = jade)]

96.239 瑷 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, (surname)); rare]

96.240 瑸 [chn.bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a jade); rare]

96.241 瑹 [chn.tú][archaic; (also tú, to be a jade); rare]

96.242 瑺 [chn.cháng][archaic; (also cháng, to be a jade); rare]

96.243 瑻 [chn.kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be a jade); rare]

96.244 瑼 [chn.zhuān][archaic; (also zhuān, to be a jade); rare]

96.245 瑽 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be a jade); rare]

96.246 瑾 [chn.jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, (surname)); rare]

96.247 瑿 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to be a jade); rare]

96.248 璀 [chn.cuǐ][eng.brilliant; (also cuǐ, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

96.249 璁 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be a jade); rare]

96.250 璂 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a jade); rare]

96.251 璃 [chn.lí][eng.glass; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. sphaṭika = crystal)]

96.252 璄 [chn.yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to be a jade); rare]

96.253 璅 [chn.suǒ][archaic; (also suǒ, to be a jade); rare]

96.254 璆 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a jade); rare]

96.255 璇 [chn.xuán][archaic; (also xuán, (surname)); rare]

96.256 璈 [chn.áo][archaic; (also áo, to be a jade); rare]

96.257 璉 [chn.liǎn][eng.traditional variant of 琏 (jade)]

96.258 璊 [chn.mén][archaic; (also mén, to be a jade); rare]

96.259 璋 [chn.zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, (surname)); rare]

96.260 璌 [chn.yín][archaic; (also yín, to be a jade); rare]

96.261 璍 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be a jade); rare]

96.262 璎 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, (surname)); rare]

96.263 璏 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a jade); rare]

96.264 璐 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, (surname)); rare]

96.265 璑 [chn.wú][archaic; (also wú, to be a jade); rare]

96.266 璒 [chn.dēng][archaic; (also dēng, to be a jade); rare]

96.267 璓 [chn.xiù][archaic; (also xiù, to be a jade); rare]

96.268 璔 [chn.zēng][archaic; (also zēng, to be a jade); rare]

96.269 璕 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a jade); rare]

96.270 璖 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a jade); rare]

96.271 璗 [chn.dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be a jade); rare]

96.272 璘 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, (surname)); rare]

96.273 璙 [chn.liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be a jade); rare]

96.274 璚 [chn.qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be a jade); rare]

96.275 璛 [chn.sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a jade); rare]

96.276 璜 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, (surname)); rare]

96.277 璝 [chn.guī][archaic; (also guī, to be a jade); rare]

96.278 璞 [chn.pú][eng.uncut jade; (also pú, (surname))][(Skt. maṇi = uncut jade)]

96.279 璟 [chn.jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, (surname)); rare]

96.280 璠 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be a jade); rare]

96.281 璡 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be a jade); rare]

96.282 璢 [chn.liú][archaic; (also liú, to be a jade); rare]

96.283 璣 [chn.jī][eng.traditional variant of 玑 (jade)]

96.284 璤 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a jade); rare]

96.285 璥 [chn.jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be a jade); rare]

96.286 璦 [chn.ài][eng.traditional variant of 瑷 (jade)]

96.287 璧 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, (surname)); rare]

96.288 璨 [chn.càn][eng.brilliant; (also càn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

96.289 璩 [chn.qú][archaic; (also qú, (surname)); rare]

96.290 璪 [chn.zǎo][archaic; (also zǎo, to be a jade); rare]

96.291 璫 [chn.dāng][eng.traditional variant of 珰 (jade)]

96.292 璬 [chn.jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be a jade); rare]

96.293 璭 [chn.gùn][archaic; (also gùn, to be a jade); rare]

96.294 璮 [chn.tǎn][archaic; (also tǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.295 璯 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be a jade); rare]

96.296 環 [chn.huán][eng.traditional variant of 环 (ring)][(Skt. aṅgulīya = ring)]

96.297 璱 [chn.sè][archaic; (also sè, to be a jade); rare]

96.298 璲 [chn.suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a jade); rare]

96.299 璳 [chn.tián][archaic; (also tián, to be a jade); rare]

96.300 璴 [chn.chǔ][archaic; (also chǔ, to be a jade); rare]

96.301 璵 [chn.yú][archaic variant of 玙 (jade)]

96.302 璶 [chn.jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be a jade); rare]

96.303 璷 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a jade); rare]

96.304 璸 [chn.bīn][archaic variant of 瑸 (jade)]

96.305 璹 [chn.shú][archaic; (also shú, to be a jade); rare]

96.306 璺 [chn.wèn][archaic; (also wèn, to be a jade); rare]

96.307 璻 [chn.zuǐ][archaic; (also zuǐ, to be a jade); rare]

96.308 璼 [chn.lán][archaic; (also lán, to be a jade); rare]

96.309 璽 [chn.xǐ][eng.traditional variant of 玺 (imperial seal)][(Skt. mudrā = seal)]

96.310 璾 [chn.zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a jade); rare]

96.311 璿 [chn.xuán][archaic variant of 璇 (jade)]

96.312 瓀 [chn.ruǎn][archaic; (also ruǎn, to be a jade); rare]

96.313 瓁 [chn.wò][archaic; (also wò, to be a jade); rare]

96.314 瓂 [chn.gài][archaic; (also gài, to be a jade); rare]

96.315 瓃 [chn.léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a jade); rare]

96.316 瓄 [chn.dú][archaic; (also dú, to be a jade); rare]

96.317 瓅 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a jade); rare]

96.318 瓆 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a jade); rare]

96.319 瓇 [chn.rú][archaic; (also rú, to be a jade); rare]

96.320 瓈 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a jade); rare]

96.321 瓉 [chn.zàn][archaic; (also zàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.322 瓊 [chn.qióng][eng.traditional variant of 琼 (jade)]

96.323 瓋 [chn.tì][archaic; (also tì, to be a jade); rare]

96.324 瓌 [chn.guī][archaic; (also guī, to be a jade); rare]

96.325 瓍 [chn.suí][archaic; (also suí, to be a jade); rare]

96.326 瓎 [chn.là][archaic; (also là, to be a jade); rare]

96.327 瓏 [chn.lóng][eng.traditional variant of 珑 (jade)]

96.328 瓐 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a jade); rare]

96.329 瓑 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a jade); rare]

96.330 瓒 [chn.zàn][archaic; (also zàn, (surname)); rare]

96.331 瓓 [chn.làn][archaic; (also làn, to be a jade); rare]

96.332 瓔 [chn.yīng][eng.traditional variant of 璎 (jade)]

96.333 瓕 [chn.mí][archaic; (also mí, to be a jade); rare]

96.334 瓖 [chn.xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be a jade); rare]

96.335 瓗 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a jade); rare]

96.336 瓘 [chn.guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be a jade); rare]

96.337 瓙 [chn.dào][archaic; (also dào, to be a jade); rare]

96.338 瓚 [chn.zàn][eng.traditional variant of 瓒 (jade)]

96.339 瓛 [chn.huan][archaic; (also huan, to be a jade); rare]

96.340 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.96

96.341 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

96.342 96.1 玉 (yù) [skt.maṇi; ratna] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents jade and precious stones. Appears in Buddhist compound 玉毫 (ūrṇā, the white hair between the Buddha’s eyebrows), one of the 32 major marks of a great being, and in countless descriptions of jewels in the Pure Land and in offerings

96.343 96.3 王 (wáng) [skt.rājan; nṛpa] — CRITICAL — Used for "king"; appears in Buddhist compound 转轮王 (cakravartin, wheel-turning king), a universal monarch, and in names of kings in Buddhist texts

96.344 96.19 玛 (mǎ) [skt.aśmagarbha] — Used for "agate"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.345 96.33 玩 (wán) [skt.krīḍā] — Used for "to play"; appears in Buddhist contexts of playfulness and enjoyment

96.346 96.35 玫 (méi) [skt.taruṇī] — Used for "rose"; appears in descriptions of flowers

96.347 96.38 玮 (wěi) [skt.ratna] — Used for "precious" and "valuable"

96.348 96.39 环 (huán) [skt.aṅgulīya] — Used for "ring"; appears in descriptions of jewelry and ornaments

96.349 96.40 现 (xiàn) [skt.adya; pratyakṣa] — CRITICAL — Used for "now" and "present"; appears in Buddhist compound 现前 (pratyakṣa, manifest/present)

96.350 96.42 玲 (líng) [skt.kṣudra] — Used for "tinkling" (sound of jade); appears in compound 玲珑 (kṣudra, exquisite/clear)

96.351 96.43 玳 (dài) [skt.kacchapa] — Used for "turtle shell"; appears in descriptions of materials

96.352 96.47 玷 (diàn) [skt.doṣa] — Used for "flaw"; appears in compound 玷污 (doṣa, defilement)

96.353 96.50 玺 (xǐ) [skt.mudrā] — Used for "imperial seal"; appears in descriptions of royal authority

96.354 96.51 玻 (bō) [skt.sphaṭika] — Used for "glass"; appears in descriptions of transparent materials

96.355 96.56 珀 (pò) [skt.ambara] — Used for "amber"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.356 96.66 珊 (shān) [skt.pravāla] — Used for "coral"; appears in descriptions of precious materials

96.357 96.69 珍 (zhēn) [skt.ratna] — CRITICAL — Used for "precious" and "treasure"; appears in Buddhist compound 珍宝 (ratna, jewels)

96.358 96.88 珠 (zhū) [skt.muktā; maṇi] — CRITICAL — Used for "pearl"; appears in Buddhist compound 宝珠 (cintā-maṇi, wish-fulfilling jewel), a symbol of the Dharma and the Buddha’s teachings

96.359 96.93 珥 (ěr) [skt.karṇika] — Used for "earring"; appears in descriptions of jewelry

96.360 96.101 班 (bān) [skt.varga] — Used for "class" and "group"; appears in compound 班级 (varga, class)

96.361 96.102 珮 (pèi) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Used for "to wear"; appears in descriptions of ornaments

96.362 96.123 球 (qiú) [skt.gola] — Used for "ball"; appears in descriptions of objects

96.363 96.126 理 (lǐ) [skt.niyamana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to manage" and "reason"; appears in Buddhist compound 道理 (dharma, principle)

96.364 96.129 琉 (liú) [skt.muktā] — Used for "gem"; appears in compound 琉璃 (vaiḍūrya, lapis lazuli), a precious stone mentioned in Buddhist texts

96.365 96.136 琐 (suǒ) [skt.kṣudra] — Used for "trivial"; appears in compound 琐碎 (kṣudra, trivial)

96.366 96.147 琛 (chēn) [skt.ratna] — Used for "treasure"; appears in descriptions of offerings

96.367 96.154 琢 (zhuó) [skt.utkīrṇa] — Used for "to carve"; appears in the phrase 琢磨 (utkīrṇa, to carve and polish), used for refining the mind

96.368 96.157 琥 (hǔ) [skt.ambara] — Used for "amber"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.369 96.162 琪 (qí) — Used for "fine jade"; appears in names and descriptions of precious stones

96.370 96.166 琮 (cóng) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of ritual objects

96.371 96.168 琰 (yǎn) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.372 96.171 琳 (lín) — Used for "beautiful jade"; appears in compound 琳琅 (ratna, precious things)

96.373 96.172 琴 (qín) [skt.vīṇā] — Used for "stringed instrument"; appears in Buddhist compound 琴瑟 (vīṇā, music)

96.374 96.173 琵 (pí) — Used for "pipa" (stringed instrument); appears in descriptions of music

96.375 96.174 琶 (pá) — Used for "pipa" (stringed instrument); appears in descriptions of music

96.376 96.180 琼 (qióng) — Used for "fine jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.377 96.185 瑁 (mào) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of ritual objects

96.378 96.205 瑕 (xiá) [skt.doṣa] — Used for "flaw"; appears in Buddhist compound 瑕玷 (doṣa, flaw/defect)

96.379 96.209 瑙 (nǎo) [skt.aśmagarbha] — Used for "agate"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.380 96.210 瑚 (hú) [skt.pravāla] — Used for "coral"; appears in descriptions of precious materials

96.381 96.211 瑛 (yīng) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.382 96.212 瑜 (yú) — Used for "fine jade"; appears in the name 瑜伽 (yoga, union)

96.383 96.214 瑞 (ruì) [skt.maṅgala] — CRITICAL — Used for "auspicious"; appears in Buddhist compound 瑞相 (maṅgala, auspicious signs)

96.384 96.215 瑟 (sè) [skt.vīṇā] — Used for "ancient zither"; appears in descriptions of music

96.385 96.238 瑶 (yáo) [skt.maṇi] — Used for "beautiful jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.386 96.246 瑾 (jǐn) — Used for "fine jade"; appears in names and descriptions of precious stones

96.387 96.248 璀 (cuǐ) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brilliant"; appears in compound 璀璨 (prabhā, brilliant)

96.388 96.251 璃 (lí) [skt.sphaṭika] — Used for "glass"; appears in compound 琉璃 (vaiḍūrya, lapis lazuli)

96.389 96.255 璇 (xuán) — Used for "beautiful jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.390 96.259 璋 (zhāng) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of ritual objects

96.391 96.262 璎 (yīng) — Used for "jade"; appears in compound 璎珞 (muktāhāra, pearl necklace/garland), a traditional Buddhist ornament often mentioned in texts as an offering or decoration of Bodhisattvas

96.392 96.264 璐 (lù) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.393 96.278 璞 (pú) [skt.maṇi] — Used for "uncut jade"; appears in the phrase 璞玉 (maṇi, unpolished jade), used for the inherent potential of the mind

96.394 96.288 璨 (càn) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brilliant"; appears in compound 璨然 (prabhā, brilliant)

96.395 96.287 璧 (bì) — Used for "jade"; appears in the phrase 完璧 (khaṇḍa, intact jade)

96.396 96.296 環 (huán) [skt.aṅgulīya] — Traditional variant of 环; used for "ring"

96.397 96.309 璽 (xǐ) [skt.mudrā] — Traditional variant of 玺; used for "imperial seal"

96.398 96.311 璿 (xuán) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

96.399 96.327 瓏 (lóng) — Used for "jade"; appears in compound 珑玲 (prabhā, exquisite)

96.400 96.332 瓔 (yīng) — Used for "jade"; appears in compound 瓔珞 (muktāhāra, pearl necklace)

96.401 96.338 瓚 (zàn) — Used for "jade"; appears in descriptions of ritual objects

97 瓜

97.1 瓜 [chn.guā][eng.melon; gourd; (also guā, (surname))][(Skt. karkaṭī = melon; Skt. alābu = gourd)]

97.2 瓝 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a small melon); rare]

97.3 瓞 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a melon); rare]

97.4 瓟 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a gourd); rare]

97.5 瓠 [chn.hù][eng.gourd; bottle gourd; (also hù, (surname))][(Skt. alābu = gourd)]

97.6 瓡 [chn.zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be a melon); rare]

97.7 瓢 [chn.piáo][eng.gourd ladle; (also piáo, (surname))][(Skt. darvi = ladle)]

97.8 瓣 [chn.bàn][eng.petal; segment; (also bàn, (surname))][(Skt. dalaka = petal; Skt. khaṇḍa = segment)]

97.9 瓤 [chn.ráng][eng.flesh of melon; (also ráng, (surname))][(Skt. māṃsa = flesh)]

97.10 瓥 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a small gourd); rare]

97.11 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.97

97.12 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

97.13 97.1 瓜 (guā) [skt.karkaṭī; alābu] — The radical itself; represents "melon" and "gourd." Appears in Buddhist similes of growth and impermanence, such as the melon that grows from a seed and ripens. Also appears in compound 瓜瓞 (alābu, gourd/melon offspring), used to describe a lineage of disciples

97.14 97.5 瓠 (hù) [skt.alābu] — Used for "bottle gourd." Appears in descriptions of vessels and in similes of emptiness — the gourd is hollow and can be used as a container, a metaphor for the emptiness of phenomena

97.15 97.3 瓞 (dié) — Rare; used for "small melon." Appears in compound 瓜瓞 (alābu, small melons on a vine), used to describe generational continuity

97.16 97.7 瓢 (piáo) [skt.darvi] — Used for "gourd ladle." Appears in descriptions of utensils and vessels

97.17 97.8 瓣 (bàn) [skt.dalaka; khaṇḍa] — Used for "petal" and "segment." Appears in Buddhist similes of the lotus, where the petals represent stages of awakening. The lotus is a central symbol of purity and enlightenment in Buddhist art and literature

97.18 97.9 瓤 (ráng) [skt.māṃsa] — Used for "flesh of melon"; appears in descriptions of fruits and food

98 瓦

98.1 瓦 [chn.wǎ][eng.tile; earthenware; pottery; (also wǎ, (surname))][(Skt. kapāla = tile; Skt. mṛttikā = earthenware)]

98.2 瓧 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, to be a tile); rare]

98.3 瓨 [chn.xiáng][archaic; (also xiáng, to be a jar); rare]

98.4 瓩 [chn.qiānwǎ][eng.kilowatt; (also qiānwǎ, unit)]

98.5 瓪 [chn.bǎn][archaic; (also bǎn, to be a tile); rare]

98.6 瓫 [chn.pén][archaic variant of 盆 (basin)][(Skt. kumbha = basin)]

98.7 瓬 [chn.fǎng][archaic; (also fǎng, to be a tile); rare]

98.8 瓭 [chn.dǎn][archaic; (also dǎn, to be a tile); rare]

98.9 瓮 [chn.wèng][eng.urn; earthen jar; (also wèng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = urn)]

98.10 瓯 [chn.ōu][eng.small bowl; (also ōu, (surname))][(Skt. pātra = bowl)]

98.11 瓰 [chn.fēnwǎ][eng.deciwatt; (also fēnwǎ, unit)]

98.12 瓱 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be a tile); rare]

98.13 瓲 [chn.tūn][archaic; (also tūn, to be a tile); rare]

98.14 瓳 [chn.hú][archaic; (also hú, to be a tile); rare]

98.15 瓴 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a tile); rare]

98.16 瓵 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a tile); rare]

98.17 瓶 [chn.píng][eng.bottle; vase; (also píng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = bottle)]

98.18 瓷 [chn.cí][eng.porcelain; (also cí, (surname))][(Skt. śukti = porcelain)]

98.19 瓸 [chn.bǎi][archaic; (also bǎi, to be a tile); rare]

98.20 瓹 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a tile); rare]

98.21 瓺 [chn.cháng][archaic; (also cháng, to be a tile); rare]

98.22 瓻 [chn.chī][archaic; (also chī, to be a tile); rare]

98.23 瓼 [chn.lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to be a tile); rare]

98.24 瓽 [chn.dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be a tile); rare]

98.25 瓾 [chn.wā][archaic; (also wā, to be a tile); rare]

98.26 瓿 [chn.bù][archaic; (also bù, to be a tile); rare]

98.27 甀 [chn.zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be a tile); rare]

98.28 甁 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 瓶 (bottle)][(Skt. kumbha = bottle)]

98.29 甂 [chn.biān][archaic; (also biān, to be a tile); rare]

98.30 甃 [chn.zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be a tile); rare]

98.31 甄 [chn.zhēn][eng.to evaluate; to distinguish; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = evaluation)]

98.32 甅 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a tile); rare]

98.33 甆 [chn.cí][archaic variant of 瓷 (porcelain)][(Skt. śukti = porcelain)]

98.34 甇 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a tile); rare]

98.35 甈 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a tile); rare]

98.36 甉 [chn.xián][archaic; (also xián, to be a tile); rare]

98.37 甊 [chn.lǒu][archaic; (also lǒu, to be a tile); rare]

98.38 甋 [chn.dí][archaic; (also dí, to be a tile); rare]

98.39 甌 [chn.ōu][eng.traditional variant of 瓯 (small bowl)][(Skt. pātra = bowl)]

98.40 甍 [chn.méng][archaic; (also méng, to be a tile); rare]

98.41 甎 [chn.zhuān][archaic variant of 砖 (brick)][(Skt. iṣṭakā = brick)]

98.42 甏 [chn.bèng][archaic; (also bèng, to be a jar); rare]

98.43 甐 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be a tile); rare]

98.44 甑 [chn.zèng][eng.ancient steamer; (also zèng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = steamer)]

98.45 甒 [chn.wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be a tile); rare]

98.46 甓 [chn.pì][archaic; (also pì, to be a tile); rare]

98.47 甔 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, to be a tile); rare]

98.48 甕 [chn.wèng][eng.traditional variant of 瓮 (urn; earthen jar)][(Skt. kumbha = urn)]

98.49 甖 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a tile); rare]

98.50 甗 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a tile); rare]

98.51 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.98

98.52 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

98.53 98.1 瓦 (wǎ) [skt.kapāla; mṛttikā] — The radical itself; represents tile, pottery, and earthenware. Appears in Buddhist compound 瓦砾 (kapāla, broken tiles/pebbles), used in similes of worthlessness vs. the preciousness of the Dharma

98.54 98.6 瓫 (pén) [skt.kumbha] — Archaic variant of 盆; used for "basin." Appears in descriptions of vessels and ritual containers

98.55 98.9 瓮 (wèng) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "urn" and "earthen jar"; appears in descriptions of storage vessels

98.56 98.10 瓯 (ōu) [skt.pātra] — Used for "small bowl"; appears in descriptions of vessels

98.57 98.17 瓶 (píng) [skt.kumbha] — CRITICAL — Used for "bottle" and "vase"; appears in Buddhist compound 水瓶 (jala-kumbha, water bottle), one of the eight auspicious symbols, and in descriptions of offerings

98.58 98.18 瓷 (cí) [skt.śukti] — Used for "porcelain"; appears in descriptions of fine ceramics

98.59 98.31 甄 (zhēn) [skt.vicāra] — Used for "to evaluate" and "to distinguish"; appears in compound 甄别 (vicāra, to differentiate)

98.60 98.33 甆 (cí) [skt.śukti] — Archaic variant of 瓷; used for "porcelain"

98.61 98.41 甎 (zhuān) [skt.iṣṭakā] — Used for "brick"; appears in descriptions of building materials

98.62 98.44 甑 (zèng) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "ancient steamer"; appears in descriptions of cooking vessels

98.63 98.48 甕 (wèng) [skt.kumbha] — Traditional variant of 瓮; used for "urn" and "earthen jar"

99 甘

99.1 甘 [chn.gān][eng.sweet; pleasant; (also gān, (surname))][skt.madhura; (Skt. svādu = sweet)]

99.2 甙 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a sweet taste); rare][(Skt. madhuratā = sweetness)]

99.3 甚 [chn.shèn][eng.very; extremely; (also shèn, (surname))][(Skt. ati = very; Skt. parama = extreme)]

99.4 甛 [chn.tián][archaic variant of 甜 (sweet)][(Skt. madhura = sweet)]

99.5 甜 [chn.tián][eng.sweet; (also tián, (surname))][(Skt. madhura = sweet)]

99.6 甝 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to be a tiger); rare][(Skt. vyāghra = tiger)]

99.7 甞 [chn.cháng][archaic variant of 尝 (to taste; to try)][(Skt. rasa = taste)]

99.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 0.99

99.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

99.10 99.1 甘 (gān) [skt.madhura; svādu] — The radical itself; represents "sweet" and "pleasant." Appears in Buddhist compound 甘露 (amṛta, nectar/ambrosia), the "sweet dew" of the Dharma that brings liberation. Amṛta is one of the most evocative terms in Buddhism, referring to the deathless state of nirvāṇa

99.11 99.3 甚 (shèn) [skt.ati; parama] — Used for "very" and "extremely." Appears in Buddhist compound 甚深 (gambhīra, very deep/profound), a common description of the Dharma’s depth. This term is frequently used in Mahāyāna sūtras to describe the profound nature of the teachings

99.12 99.5 甜 (tián) [skt.madhura] — Used for "sweet." Appears in compound 甜美 (madhura, sweet and beautiful), used to describe pleasant experiences and the sweetness of the Dharma

99.13 99.4 甛 (tián) [skt.madhura] — Archaic variant of 甜; used for "sweet"

99.14 99.6 甝 (hán) [skt.vyāghra] — Rare; used for "tiger"; appears in classical texts describing animals

99.15 99.7 甞 (cháng) [skt.rasa] — Archaic variant of 尝; used for "to taste" and "to try." Appears in Buddhist compound 尝味 (rasa, to taste the flavor), used metaphorically for experiencing the Dharma

100 生

100.1 生 [chn.shēng][eng.to be born; life; to produce; (also shēng, (surname))][skt.jāti; (Skt. janman = birth; Skt. bhava = existence)]

100.2 甠 [chn.qíng][archaic variant of 晴 (clear; fine weather)][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

100.3 甡 [chn.shēn][archaic variant of 莘 (numerous; luxuriant)][(Skt. bahu = numerous)]

100.4 產 [chn.chǎn][eng.traditional variant of 产 (to give birth; to produce)][(Skt. janana = birth; Skt. utpatti = production)]

100.5 産 [chn.chǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 產 (to give birth; to produce)][(Skt. janana = birth)]

100.6 甤 [chn.ruí][archaic; (also ruí, to be a pistil); rare][(Skt. kēsara = pistil)]

100.7 甥 [chn.shēng][eng.nephew; (also shēng, (surname))][(Skt. bhāgineya = nephew; Skt. bhrātṛputra = brother’s son)]

100.8 甦 [chn.sū][eng.to revive; to awaken; (also sū, (surname))][(Skt. utthāna = reviving; Skt. punarbhava = rebirth)]

100.9 甧 [chn.shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be life); rare]

100.10 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 100

100.11 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

100.12 100.1 生 (shēng) [skt.jāti; janman; bhava] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "life," "birth," and "production." Appears in countless Buddhist compounds: 生死 (saṃsāra, birth and death/circular existence), 众生 (sattva, living beings), 发生 (utpatti, arising/production), and 生灭 (utpāda-vyaya, arising and ceasing). This is one of the most fundamental terms in Buddhist philosophy, central to the doctrine of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda) and the cycle of rebirth

100.13 100.4/5 產/産 (chǎn) [skt.janana; utpatti] — Used for "to give birth" and "to produce." Appears in Buddhist compound 产生 (utpatti, arising/production). In Buddhist texts, it is used to describe the arising of phenomena and the production of karma

100.14 100.7 甥 (shēng) [skt.bhāgineya; bhrātṛputra] — Used for "nephew"; appears in descriptions of family relationships

100.15 100.8 甦 (sū) [skt.utthāna; punarbhava] — Used for "to revive" and "to awaken." Appears in Buddhist contexts of awakening and the revival of spiritual life

101 用

101.1 用 [chn.yòng][eng.to use; to employ; to apply; (also yòng, (surname))][(Skt. upayoga = application; Skt. prayoga = employment)]

101.2 甩 [chn.shuǎi][eng.to throw; to fling; to cast off; (also shuǎi, (surname))][(Skt. kṣip = to throw)]

101.3 甪 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a unicorn); rare][(Skt. khaḍga = unicorn)]

101.4 甫 [chn.fǔ][eng.just; exactly; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. eva = just)]

101.5 甬 [chn.yǒng][eng.path; (also yǒng, (surname))][(Skt. mārga = path)]

101.6 甭 [chn.béng][eng.need not; (also béng, (surname))]

101.7 甮 [chn.fèng][archaic; (also fèng, to be a use); rare]

101.8 甯 [chn.níng][archaic variant of 寧 (peaceful; tranquil)][(Skt. śānti = peace)]

101.9 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 101

101.10 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

101.11 101.1 用 (yòng) [skt.upayoga; prayoga] — CRITICAL — Used for "to use" and "to employ." Appears in Buddhist compound 受用 (upabhoga, enjoyment/use), 功用 (karman, function/action), and 用功 (prayatna, to make effort). Also appears in compound 妙用 (upāya, skillful means), a key Mahāyāna concept referring to the Buddha’s ability to adapt teachings to beings

101.12 101.2 甩 (shuǎi) [skt.kṣip] — Used for "to throw," "to fling," and "to cast off." Appears in modern Chinese as a colloquial term

101.13 101.4 甫 (fǔ) [skt.eva] — Used for "just" and "exactly." Appears as a marker of time in compound 甫一 (yadā, as soon as)

101.14 101.5 甬 (yǒng) [skt.mārga] — Used for "path" and "corridor." Appears in compound 甬道 (mārga, passage/corridor), often used to describe the pathway to a temple or stupa

101.15 101.6 甭 (béng) — Used for "need not" or "do not." Appears in modern Chinese as a contraction of 不用 (bù yòng, need not)

101.16 101.8 甯 (níng) [skt.śānti] — Archaic variant of 寧; used for "peaceful" and "tranquil." Appears in compound 甯静 (śānti, tranquil)

102 田

102.1 田 [chn.tián][eng.field; farmland; (also tián, (surname))][skt.kṣetra; (Skt. vṛtti = cultivation)]

102.2 由 [chn.yóu][eng.cause; reason; from; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. hetu = cause; Skt. kāraṇa = reason)]

102.3 甲 [chn.jiǎ][eng.armor; shell; the first heavenly stem; (also jiǎ, (surname))][(Skt. kavaca = armor; Skt. śaṅkha = shell)]

102.4 申 [chn.shēn][eng.to report; to state; the ninth earthly branch; (also shēn, (surname))][(Skt. kathana = reporting)]

102.5 甴 [chn.yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be a cause); rare]

102.6 电 [chn.diàn][eng.electricity; lightning; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. vidyut = lightning)]

102.7 甶 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a field); rare]

102.8 男 [chn.nán][eng.male; man; (also nán, (surname))][(Skt. puṃ = male; Skt. nara = man)]

102.9 甸 [chn.diàn][eng.surrounding; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. pariveṣṭana = surrounding)]

102.10 甹 [chn.pīng][archaic; (also pīng, to be a field); rare]

102.11 町 [chn.tǐng][eng.field; (also tīng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣetra = field)]

102.12 画 [chn.huà][eng.to draw; picture; (also huà, (surname))][(Skt. citra = picture)]

102.13 甼 [chn.dīng][archaic; (also dīng, to be a field); rare]

102.14 甽 [chn.quǎn][archaic variant of 畎 (ditch)][(Skt. kulyā = ditch)]

102.15 甾 [chn.zāi][archaic; (also zāi, to be a field); rare]

102.16 甿 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be a field); rare]

102.17 畀 [chn.bì][eng.to give; to bestow; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. dā = to give)]

102.18 畁 [chn.bì][archaic variant of 畀 (to give)][(Skt. dā = to give)]

102.19 畂 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be a field); rare]

102.20 畃 [chn.xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a field); rare]

102.21 畄 [chn.liú][archaic variant of 留 (to remain)][(Skt. śeṣa = to remain)]

102.22 畅 [chn.chàng][eng.smooth; free; (also chàng, (surname))][(Skt. nirvāṇa = free; Skt. sukhā = smooth)]

102.23 畆 [chn.mǔ][archaic variant of 亩 (unit of area)]

102.24 畇 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to be a field); rare]

102.25 畈 [chn.fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be a field); rare]

102.26 畉 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a field); rare]

102.27 畊 [chn.gēng][archaic variant of 耕 (to plow)][(Skt. kṛṣi = plowing)]

102.28 畋 [chn.tián][eng.to hunt; (also tián, (surname))][(Skt. mṛgayā = hunting)]

102.29 界 [chn.jiè][eng.boundary; world; realm; (also jiè, (surname))][skt.dhātu; (Skt. viṣaya = realm)]

102.30 畍 [chn.jiè][archaic variant of 界 (boundary)][skt.dhātu; (Skt. viṣaya = realm)]

102.31 畎 [chn.quǎn][eng.ditch; (also quǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kulyā = ditch)]

102.32 畏 [chn.wèi][eng.to fear; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. bhaya = fear)]

102.33 畐 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a field); rare]

102.34 畑 [chn.tián][eng.Japanese variant of 田 (field)][skt.kṣetra; (Skt. vṛtti = cultivation)]

102.35 畒 [chn.mǔ][archaic variant of 亩 (unit of area)]

102.36 畓 [chn.tián][eng.Korean hanja; (also tián, to be a field); rare]

102.37 畔 [chn.pàn][eng.bank; side; (also pàn, (surname))][(Skt. tīra = bank; Skt. pārśva = side)]

102.38 畕 [chn.jiāng][archaic; (also jiāng, to be a field); rare]

102.39 畖 [chn.wā][archaic; (also wā, to be a field); rare]

102.40 畗 [chn.dá][archaic variant of 畗 (to be a field)]

102.41 畘 [chn.nán][archaic; (also nán, to be a field); rare]

102.42 留 [chn.liú][eng.to remain; to stay; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. śeṣa = to remain; Skt. sthāna = to stay)]

102.43 畚 [chn.běn][archaic; (also běn, to be a field); rare]

102.44 畛 [chn.zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be a field); rare]

102.45 畜 [chn.chù][eng.livestock; (also xù, to raise)][(Skt. paśu = livestock)]

102.46 畝 [chn.mǔ][eng.traditional variant of 亩 (unit of area)][(Skt. kṣetra = field unit)]

102.47 畞 [chn.mǔ][archaic variant of 亩 (unit of area)]

102.48 畟 [chn.cè][archaic; (also cè, to be a field); rare]

102.49 畠 [chn.tián][eng.Japanese variant of 田 (field)][skt.kṣetra; (Skt. vṛtti = cultivation)]

102.50 畡 [chn.gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be a field); rare]

102.51 畢 [chn.bì][eng.traditional variant of 毕 (to finish; to complete)][(Skt. samāpti = completion)]

102.52 畣 [chn.dá][archaic variant of 答 (to answer)][(Skt. prati = answer)]

102.53 畤 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a field); rare]

102.54 略 [chn.lüè][eng.to omit; to plan; (also lüè, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkṣepa = omission; Skt. upāya = plan)]

102.55 畦 [chn.qí][eng.ridge; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = ridge)]

102.56 畧 [chn.lüè][archaic variant of 略 (to omit; to plan)][(Skt. saṃkṣepa = omission)]

102.57 畨 [chn.fān][archaic variant of 番 (foreign; to turn)][(Skt. anya = foreign)]

102.58 畩 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to be a field); rare]

102.59 番 [chn.fān][eng.foreign; to turn; (also pān, (surname))][(Skt. anya = foreign; Skt. parivartana = turn)]

102.60 畫 [chn.huà][eng.traditional variant of 画 (to draw; picture)][(Skt. citra = picture)]

102.61 畬 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a field); rare]

102.62 畭 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a field); rare]

102.63 畮 [chn.mǔ][archaic variant of 亩 (unit of area)]

102.64 畯 [chn.jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be a field); rare]

102.65 異 [chn.yì][eng.traditional variant of 异 (different; to separate)][(Skt. bheda = difference)]

102.66 畱 [chn.liú][archaic variant of 留 (to remain)][(Skt. śeṣa = to remain)]

102.67 畲 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a field); rare]

102.68 畳 [chn.dié][eng.Japanese variant of 疊 (to pile up)][(Skt. saṃcaya = piling)]

102.69 畴 [chn.chóu][eng.to plan; category; (also chóu, (surname))][(Skt. ālambana = category; Skt. upāya = plan)]

102.70 畵 [chn.huà][archaic variant of 畫 (to draw)][(Skt. citra = picture)]

102.71 當 [chn.dāng][eng.traditional variant of 当 (to be; to serve as)][(Skt. yukta = proper; Skt. kāla = time)]

102.72 畷 [chn.zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a field); rare]

102.73 畸 [chn.jī][eng.fraction; odd; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇḍa = fraction)]

102.74 畹 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, (surname)); rare]

102.75 畺 [chn.jiāng][archaic variant of 疆 (boundary)][(Skt. sīmā = boundary)]

102.76 畻 [chn.chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a field); rare]

102.77 畼 [chn.chàng][archaic variant of 畅 (smooth)][(Skt. nirvāṇa = free)]

102.78 畽 [chn.tuǎn][archaic; (also tuǎn, to be a field); rare]

102.79 畾 [chn.léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a field); rare]

102.80 畿 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, (surname)); rare]

102.81 疀 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to be a field); rare]

102.82 疁 [chn.liú][archaic; (also liú, to be a field); rare]

102.83 疂 [chn.dié][archaic variant of 疊 (to pile up)][(Skt. saṃcaya = piling)]

102.84 疃 [chn.tuǎn][archaic; (also tuǎn, to be a field); rare]

102.85 疄 [chn.lín][archaic; (also lín, to be a field); rare]

102.86 疅 [chn.jiāng][archaic; (also jiāng, to be a field); rare]

102.87 疆 [chn.jiāng][eng.boundary; border; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. sīmā = boundary)]

102.88 疇 [chn.chóu][eng.traditional variant of 畴 (to plan; category)][(Skt. ālambana = category)]

102.89 疈 [chn.pì][archaic; (also pì, to be a field); rare]

102.90 疉 [chn.dié][archaic variant of 疊 (to pile up)][(Skt. saṃcaya = piling)]

102.91 疊 [chn.dié][eng.traditional variant of 叠 (to pile up; to repeat)][(Skt. saṃcaya = piling; Skt. punar = repeat)]

102.92 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 102

102.93 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

102.94 102.1 田 (tián) [skt.kṣetra; vṛtti] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents a field. Appears in Buddhist compound 福田 (puṇya-kṣetra, field of merit), the field in which one plants seeds of virtue through generosity and practice, yielding the harvest of enlightenment

102.95 102.2 由 (yóu) [skt.hetu; kāraṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "cause" and "reason." Appears in Buddhist compound 因果 (hetu-phala, cause and effect), one of the most fundamental principles of Buddhist philosophy. Also appears in 由旬 (yojana, a unit of distance)

102.96 102.3 甲 (jiǎ) [skt.kavaca; śaṅkha] — Used for "armor" and "shell." Also the first of the ten heavenly stems (tiāngān). Appears in Buddhist compound 甲胄 (kavaca, armor), used as a metaphor for the armor of mindfulness

102.97 102.4 申 (shēn) [skt.kathana] — Used for "to report" and "to state." The ninth earthly branch. Appears in compound 申报 (nivedana, to report)

102.98 102.6 电 (diàn) [skt.vidyut] — Used for "electricity" and "lightning." Appears in Buddhist compound 电光 (vidyut-prabhā, lightning flash), used as a simile for the fleeting nature of phenomena and the suddenness of awakening

102.99 102.8 男 (nán) [skt.puṃ; nara] — CRITICAL — Used for "male" and "man." Appears in Buddhist compound 男子 (purusa, man/person), often used in discussions of gender and the universal potential for awakening

102.100 102.9 甸 (diàn) [skt.pariveṣṭana] — Used for "surrounding"; appears in compound 甸服 (pariveṣṭana, surrounding area)

102.101 102.17 畀 (bì) [skt.dā] — Used for "to give" and "to bestow"; appears in classical texts

102.102 102.22 畅 (chàng) [skt.nirvāṇa; sukhā] — Used for "smooth" and "free." Appears in Buddhist compound 畅快 (sukhā, happy/pleasant) and 畅达 (nirvāṇa, free/unobstructed)

102.103 102.29 界 (jiè) [skt.dhātu; viṣaya] — CRITICAL — Used for "boundary," "world," and "realm." Appears in Buddhist compound 世界 (loka-dhātu, world system), 眼界 (cakṣur-dhātu, the eye element), and 法界 (dharma-dhātu, the Dharma-realm). One of the most important terms in Buddhist cosmology and philosophy

102.104 102.32 畏 (wèi) [skt.bhaya] — Used for "to fear." Appears in Buddhist compound 畏惧 (bhaya, fear/terror) and 无畏 (abhaya, fearlessness), a quality of the Buddha and the Dharma

102.105 102.37 畔 (pàn) [skt.tīra; pārśva] — Used for "bank" and "side"; appears in compound 河畔 (tīra, riverbank)

102.106 102.42 留 (liú) [skt.śeṣa; sthāna] — Used for "to remain" and "to stay." Appears in Buddhist compound 滞留 (pralambana, delay)

102.107 102.45 畜 (chù) [skt.paśu] — Used for "livestock." Appears in Buddhist compound 畜生 (tiryagyoni, animal realm), one of the realms of rebirth. Also read xù meaning "to raise" (animals)

102.108 102.54 略 (lüè) [skt.saṃkṣepa; upāya] — Used for "to omit" and "to plan." Appears in Buddhist compound 略说 (saṃkṣepa, concise explanation) and 简略 (saṃkṣepa, abbreviated)

102.109 102.59 番 (fān) [skt.anya; parivartana] — Used for "foreign" and "to turn." Appears in compound 番人 (videśa, foreigner) and 番号 (saṃkhyā, number)

102.110 102.65 異 (yì) [skt.bheda] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 异; used for "different" and "to separate." Appears in Buddhist compound 异生 (pṛthagjana, ordinary being) and 异熟 (vipāka, maturation/retribution)

102.111 102.91 疊 (dié) [skt.saṃcaya; punar] — Used for "to pile up" and "to repeat." Appears in compound 重叠 (saṃcaya, overlapping)

102.112 102.87 疆 (jiāng) [skt.sīmā] — Used for "boundary" and "border." Appears in Buddhist compound 疆界 (sīmā, boundary), often used in descriptions of monastic boundaries (sīmā)

103 疋

103.1 疋 [chn.pǐ][eng.a bolt of cloth; to arrange; (also yǎ, to be elegant; shū, foot)][(Skt. paṭa = cloth)]

103.2 疌 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, to be swift); rare][(Skt. kṣipra = swift)]

103.3 疍 [chn.dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be a tunic); rare]

103.4 疎 [chn.shū][archaic variant of 疏 (to clarify; to disperse)][(Skt. prakāśana = clarification)]

103.5 疏 [chn.shū][eng.to clarify; to explain; to disperse; sparse; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. vyākhyāna = explanation; Skt. vikiraṇa = dispersal)]

103.6 疐 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to trip); rare]

103.7 疑 [chn.yí][eng.to doubt; to suspect; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. vicikitsā = doubt)]

103.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 103

103.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

103.10 103.1 疋 (pǐ) [skt.paṭa] — The radical itself; represents a bolt of cloth or a measure of cloth. Also read yǎ meaning "elegant" and shū meaning "foot." Appears in compound 疋帛 (paṭa, silk cloth), used in descriptions of offerings and robes

103.11 103.2 疌 (jié) [skt.kṣipra] — Rare; used for "swift." Appears in classical texts describing speed

103.12 103.4 疎 (shū) [skt.prakāśana] — Archaic variant of 疏; used for "to clarify" and "to disperse." Appears in compound 疎通 (prakāśana, to clarify)

103.13 103.5 疏 (shū) [skt.vyākhyāna; vikiraṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to clarify," "to explain," and "to disperse." Appears in Buddhist compound 疏 (vyākhyāna, commentary/exegesis), used in the titles of many Buddhist commentaries. Also appears in compound 疏通 (vikiraṇa, to disperse)

103.14 103.7 疑 (yí) [skt.vicikitsā] — CRITICAL — Used for "to doubt" and "to suspect." Appears in Buddhist compound 疑惑 (vicikitsā, doubt/uncertainty), one of the Five Hindrances (pañca-nīvaraṇa) that obstruct the path of meditation. Overcoming doubt is an essential step on the Buddhist path

104 疒

104.1 疒 [chn.nè][eng.sickness; illness; disease; (also chuáng, to be sick)][skt.roga; (Skt. vyādhi = disease)]

104.2 疓 [chn.nǎi][archaic; (also nǎi, to be sick); rare]

104.3 疔 [chn.dīng][eng.boil; sore; (also dīng, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = boil)]

104.4 疕 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be a sore); rare]

104.5 疖 [chn.jiē][eng.boil; furuncle; (also jiē, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = boil)]

104.6 疗 [chn.liáo][eng.to heal; to cure; (also liáo, (surname))][(Skt. cikitsā = healing)]

104.7 疘 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be sick); rare]

104.8 疙 [chn.gē][eng.pimple; wart; (also gē, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = pimple)]

104.9 疚 [chn.jiù][eng.remorse; chronic illness; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. anutāpa = remorse)]

104.10 疛 [chn.zhǒu][archaic; (also zhǒu, to be sick); rare]

104.11 疜 [chn.xià][archaic; (also xià, to be sick); rare]

104.12 疝 [chn.shàn][eng.hernia; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddhi = hernia)]

104.13 疞 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to be sick); rare]

104.14 疟 [chn.nüè][eng.malaria; (also yào, to be feverish)][(Skt. jvara = fever)]

104.15 疠 [chn.lì][eng.plague; epidemic; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. maraka = plague)]

104.16 疡 [chn.yáng][eng.sore; ulcer; (also yáng, (surname))][(Skt. vraṇa = ulcer)]

104.17 疢 [chn.chèn][archaic; (also chèn, to be sick); rare]

104.18 疣 [chn.yóu][eng.wart; (also yóu, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = wart)]

104.19 疤 [chn.bā][eng.scar; (also bā, (surname))][(Skt. vyaṅga = scar)]

104.20 疥 [chn.jiè][eng.scabies; (also jiè, (surname))][(Skt. pāma = scabies)]

104.21 疦 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be sick); rare]

104.22 疧 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be sick); rare]

104.23 疨 [chn.yǎ][archaic; (also yǎ, to be sick); rare]

104.24 疩 [chn.cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be sick); rare]

104.25 疪 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be sick); rare]

104.26 疫 [chn.yì][eng.epidemic; plague; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. maraka = epidemic)]

104.27 疬 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be sick); rare]

104.28 疭 [chn.zòng][archaic; (also zòng, to be sick); rare]

104.29 疮 [chn.chuāng][eng.sore; wound; (also chuāng, (surname))][(Skt. vraṇa = wound)]

104.30 疯 [chn.fēng][eng.mad; insane; (also fēng, (surname))][(Skt. unmāda = insanity)]

104.31 疰 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be sick); rare]

104.32 疱 [chn.pào][eng.blister; (also pào, (surname))][(Skt. budbuda = blister)]

104.33 疲 [chn.pí][eng.tired; weary; (also pí, (surname))][(Skt. śrama = fatigue)]

104.34 疳 [chn.gān][archaic; (also gān, to be sick); rare]

104.35 疴 [chn.kē][eng.illness; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. roga = illness)]

104.36 疵 [chn.cī][eng.flaw; defect; (also cī, (surname))][(Skt. doṣa = flaw)]

104.37 疶 [chn.xuē][archaic; (also xuē, to be sick); rare]

104.38 疷 [chn.dī][archaic; (also dī, to be sick); rare]

104.39 疸 [chn.dǎn][eng.jaundice; (also dǎn, (surname))][(Skt. pāṇḍu = jaundice)]

104.40 疹 [chn.zhěn][eng.rash; (also zhěn, (surname))][(Skt. kuṣṭha = rash)]

104.41 疺 [chn.fá][archaic; (also fá, to be sick); rare]

104.42 疻 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be sick); rare]

104.43 疼 [téng][eng.pain; to ache; (also téng, (surname))][(Skt. vedanā = pain)]

104.44 疽 [jū][eng.ulcer; carbuncle; (also jū, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = ulcer)]

104.45 疾 [jí][eng.disease; to hate; (also jí, (surname))][skt.roga; (Skt. vyādhi = disease)]

104.46 疿 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be sick); rare]

104.47 痀 [gōu][archaic; (also gōu, to be hunched); rare]

104.48 痁 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be sick); rare]

104.49 痂 [jiā][eng.scab; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. rūkṣa = scab)]

104.50 痃 [xuán][archaic; (also xuán, to be sick); rare]

104.51 痄 [zhà][archaic; (also zhà, to be sick); rare]

104.52 病 [bìng][eng.illness; disease; (also bìng, (surname))][skt.roga; (Skt. vyādhi = disease)]

104.53 痆 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be sick); rare]

104.54 症 [zhèng][eng.symptom; disease; (also zhēng, to be ill)][(Skt. lakṣaṇa = symptom)]

104.55 痈 [yōng][eng.abscess; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = abscess)]

104.56 痉 [jìng][eng.spasm; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. ākulatā = spasm)]

104.57 痊 [quán][eng.to recover; to heal; (also quán, (surname))][(Skt. cikitsā = healing)]

104.58 痋 [téng][archaic; (also téng, to be sick); rare]

104.59 痌 [tōng][archaic; (also tōng, to be sick); rare]

104.60 痍 [yí][eng.wound; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. vraṇa = wound)]

104.61 痎 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be sick); rare]

104.62 痏 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be sick); rare]

104.63 痐 [huí][archaic; (also huí, to be sick); rare]

104.64 痑 [tān][archaic; (also tān, to be sick); rare]

104.65 痒 [yǎng][eng.itchy; (also yǎng, (surname))][(Skt. kaṇḍū = itch)]

104.66 痓 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be sick); rare]

104.67 痔 [zhì][eng.hemorrhoids; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. arśas = hemorrhoids)]

104.68 痕 [hén][eng.scar; mark; (also hén, (surname))][(Skt. vyaṅga = mark)]

104.69 痖 [yǎ][eng.mute; (also yǎ, (surname))][(Skt. mūka = mute)]

104.70 痗 [mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to be sick); rare]

104.71 痘 [dòu][eng.smallpox; (also dòu, (surname))][(Skt. masūrikā = smallpox)]

104.72 痙 [jìng][eng.traditional variant of 痉 (spasm)][(Skt. ākulatā = spasm)]

104.73 痚 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be sick); rare]

104.74 痛 [tòng][eng.pain; to ache; (also tòng, (surname))][skt.vedanā; (Skt. duḥkha = suffering)]

104.75 痜 [tū][archaic; (also tū, to be sick); rare]

104.76 痝 [máng][archaic; (also máng, to be sick); rare]

104.77 痞 [pǐ][archaic; (also pǐ, to be sick); rare]

104.78 痟 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be sick); rare]

104.79 痠 [suān][eng.aching; (also suān, (surname))][(Skt. vedanā = aching)]

104.80 痡 [pū][archaic; (also pū, to be sick); rare]

104.81 痢 [lì][eng.dysentery; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. atisāra = dysentery)]

104.82 痣 [zhì][eng.mole; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. tilaka = mole)]

104.83 痤 [cuó][archaic; (also cuó, to be sick); rare]

104.84 痥 [duò][archaic; (also duò, to be sick); rare]

104.85 痦 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be sick); rare]

104.86 痧 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be sick); rare]

104.87 痨 [láo][archaic; (also láo, to be sick); rare]

104.88 痩 [shòu][eng.Japanese variant of 瘦 (thin; lean)][(Skt. kṛśa = thin)]

104.89 痪 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be sick); rare]

104.90 痫 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be sick); rare]

104.91 痬 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be sick); rare]

104.92 痭 [bēng][archaic; (also bēng, to be sick); rare]

104.93 痮 [zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be sick); rare]

104.94 痯 [guǎn][archaic; (also guǎn, to be sick); rare]

104.95 痰 [tán][eng.phlegm; (also tán, (surname))][(Skt. śleṣman = phlegm)]

104.96 痱 [fèi][eng.heat rash; (also fèi, (surname))][(Skt. piṭaka = rash)]

104.97 痲 [má][archaic variant of 麻 (numb)][(Skt. supti = numbness)]

104.98 痳 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be sick); rare]

104.99 痴 [chī][eng.stupid; foolish; (also chī, (surname))][skt.moha; (Skt. mūḍha = foolish)]

104.100 痵 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be sick); rare]

104.101 痶 [tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be sick); rare]

104.102 痷 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be sick); rare]

104.103 痸 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be sick); rare]

104.104 痹 [bì][eng.paralysis; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. pakṣāghāta = paralysis)]

104.105 痺 [bì][archaic variant of 痹 (paralysis)][(Skt. pakṣāghāta = paralysis)]

104.106 痻 [mín][archaic; (also mín, to be sick); rare]

104.107 痼 [gù][eng.chronic; (also gù, (surname))][(Skt. cira = chronic)]

104.108 痽 [duī][archaic; (also duī, to be sick); rare]

104.109 痾 [ē][archaic; (also ē, to be sick); rare]

104.110 痿 [wěi][eng.impotence; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. klība = impotence)]

104.111 瘀 [yū][eng.stasis; (also yū, (surname))][(Skt. sthāna = stasis)]

104.112 瘁 [cuì][eng.to be weary; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. klama = weariness)]

104.113 瘂 [yǎ][archaic variant of 痖 (mute)][(Skt. mūka = mute)]

104.114 瘃 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be sick); rare]

104.115 瘄 [cù][archaic; (also cù, to be sick); rare]

104.116 瘅 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be sick); rare]

104.117 瘆 [shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be sick); rare]

104.118 瘇 [zhǒng][archaic; (also zhǒng, to be sick); rare]

104.119 瘈 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be sick); rare]

104.120 瘉 [yù][archaic variant of 愈 (to heal)][(Skt. cikitsā = healing)]

104.121 瘊 [hóu][archaic; (also hóu, to be sick); rare]

104.122 瘋 [fēng][eng.traditional variant of 疯 (mad)][(Skt. unmāda = madness)]

104.123 瘌 [là][archaic; (also là, to be sick); rare]

104.124 瘍 [yáng][eng.traditional variant of 疡 (sore; ulcer)][(Skt. vraṇa = ulcer)]

104.125 瘎 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be sick); rare]

104.126 瘏 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be sick); rare]

104.127 瘐 [yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be sick); rare]

104.128 瘑 [guō][archaic; (also guō, to be sick); rare]

104.129 瘒 [wén][archaic; (also wén, to be sick); rare]

104.130 瘓 [huàn][eng.traditional variant of 痪 (archaic)]

104.131 瘔 [kù][archaic; (also kù, to be sick); rare]

104.132 瘕 [jiǎ][archaic; (also jiǎ, to be sick); rare]

104.133 瘖 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be sick); rare]

104.134 瘗 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be sick); rare]

104.135 瘘 [lòu][eng.fistula; (also lòu, (surname))][(Skt. nāḍī = fistula)]

104.136 瘙 [sào][archaic; (also sào, to be sick); rare]

104.137 瘚 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be sick); rare]

104.138 瘛 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be sick); rare]

104.139 瘜 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be sick); rare]

104.140 瘝 [guān][archaic; (also guān, to be sick); rare]

104.141 瘞 [yì][archaic variant of 瘗 (to bury)]

104.142 瘟 [wēn][eng.plague; (also wēn, (surname))][(Skt. maraka = plague)]

104.143 瘠 [jí][eng.lean; thin; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. kṛśa = thin)]

104.144 瘡 [chuāng][eng.traditional variant of 疮 (sore; wound)][(Skt. vraṇa = wound)]

104.145 瘢 [bān][eng.scar; (also bān, (surname))][(Skt. vyaṅga = scar)]

104.146 瘣 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be sick); rare]

104.147 瘤 [liú][eng.tumor; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. arbuda = tumor)]

104.148 瘥 [chài][eng.to recover; (also cuó, to be sick)][(Skt. cikitsā = recovery)]

104.149 瘦 [shòu][eng.thin; lean; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. kṛśa = thin)]

104.150 瘧 [nüè][eng.traditional variant of 疟 (malaria)][(Skt. jvara = malaria)]

104.151 瘨 [diān][archaic; (also diān, to be sick); rare]

104.152 瘩 [dá][archaic; (also dá, to be sick); rare]

104.153 瘪 [biě][eng.shriveled; (also biē, to be flat)][(Skt. śuṣka = shriveled)]

104.154 瘫 [tān][eng.paralysis; (also tān, (surname))][(Skt. pakṣāghāta = paralysis)]

104.155 瘬 [zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be sick); rare]

104.156 瘭 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be sick); rare]

104.157 瘮 [shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be sick); rare]

104.158 瘯 [cù][archaic; (also cù, to be sick); rare]

104.159 瘰 [luǒ][eng.scrofula; (also luǒ, (surname))][(Skt. granthi = scrofula)]

104.160 瘱 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be sick); rare]

104.161 瘲 [zòng][archaic; (also zòng, to be sick); rare]

104.162 瘳 [chōu][eng.to recover; (also chōu, (surname))][(Skt. cikitsā = recovery)]

104.163 瘴 [zhàng][eng.miasma; (also zhàng, (surname))][(Skt. dhūma = miasma)]

104.164 瘵 [zhài][archaic; (also zhài, to be sick); rare]

104.165 瘶 [sòu][archaic; (also sòu, to be sick); rare]

104.166 瘷 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be sick); rare]

104.167 瘸 [qué][eng.lame; (also qué, (surname))][(Skt. khañja = lame)]

104.168 瘹 [diào][archaic; (also diào, to be sick); rare]

104.169 瘺 [lòu][archaic variant of 瘘 (fistula)][(Skt. nāḍī = fistula)]

104.170 瘻 [lòu][archaic variant of 瘘 (fistula)][(Skt. nāḍī = fistula)]

104.171 瘼 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be sick); rare]

104.172 瘽 [qín][archaic; (also qín, to be sick); rare]

104.173 瘾 [yǐn][eng.addiction; (also yǐn, (surname))][(Skt. abhiniveśa = addiction)]

104.174 瘿 [yǐng][eng.goiter; (also yǐng, (surname))][(Skt. galagaṇḍa = goiter)]

104.175 癀 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be sick); rare]

104.176 癁 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be sick); rare]

104.177 療 [liáo][eng.traditional variant of 疗 (to heal)][(Skt. cikitsā = healing)]

104.178 癃 [lóng][eng.urinary retention; (also lóng, (surname))][(Skt. mūtrāghāta = retention)]

104.179 癄 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be sick); rare]

104.180 癅 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be sick); rare]

104.181 癆 [láo][eng.traditional variant of 痨 (archaic)]

104.182 癇 [xián][archaic variant of 痫 (archaic)]

104.183 癈 [fèi][archaic variant of 废 (to abandon)][(Skt. apaharaṇa = abandonment)]

104.184 癉 [dān][archaic; (also dān, to be sick); rare]

104.185 癊 [yìn][archaic; (also yìn, to be sick); rare]

104.186 癋 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be sick); rare]

104.187 癌 [ái][eng.cancer; (also ái, (surname))][(Skt. arbuda = tumor)]

104.188 癍 [bān][archaic; (also bān, to be sick); rare]

104.189 癎 [xián][archaic variant of 痫 (archaic)]

104.190 癏 [guān][archaic; (also guān, to be sick); rare]

104.191 癐 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be sick); rare]

104.192 癑 [nòng][archaic; (also nòng, to be sick); rare]

104.193 癒 [yù][eng.to heal; to recover; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. cikitsā = healing)]

104.194 癓 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be sick); rare]

104.195 癔 [yì][eng.hysteria; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. unmāda = hysteria)]

104.196 癕 [yōng][archaic variant of 痈 (abscess)][(Skt. piṭaka = abscess)]

104.197 癖 [pǐ][eng.addiction; (also pǐ, (surname))][(Skt. abhiniveśa = addiction)]

104.198 癗 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be sick); rare]

104.199 癘 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 疠 (plague)][(Skt. maraka = plague)]

104.200 癙 [shǔ][archaic; (also shǔ, to be sick); rare]

104.201 癚 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be sick); rare]

104.202 癛 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be sick); rare]

104.203 癜 [diàn][eng.mottled; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. citra = mottled)]

104.204 癝 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be sick); rare]

104.205 癞 [lài][eng.leprosy; (also lài, (surname))][(Skt. kuṣṭha = leprosy)]

104.206 癟 [biě][eng.traditional variant of 瘪 (shrivelled)][(Skt. śuṣka = shrivelled)]

104.207 癠 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be sick); rare]

104.208 癡 [chī][eng.traditional variant of 痴 (stupid; foolish)][skt.moha; (Skt. mūḍha = foolish)]

104.209 癢 [yǎng][eng.traditional variant of 痒 (itchy)][(Skt. kaṇḍū = itchy)]

104.210 癣 [xuǎn][eng.ringworm; (also xuǎn, (surname))][(Skt. dadru = ringworm)]

104.211 癤 [jiē][eng.traditional variant of 疖 (boil)][(Skt. piṭaka = boil)]

104.212 癥 [zhēng][eng.obstruction; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. āvaraṇa = obstruction)]

104.213 癦 [mèng][archaic; (also mèng, to be sick); rare]

104.214 癧 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be sick); rare]

104.215 癨 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be sick); rare]

104.216 癩 [lài][eng.traditional variant of 癞 (leprosy)][(Skt. kuṣṭha = leprosy)]

104.217 癪 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be sick); rare]

104.218 癫 [diān][eng.mad; insane; (also diān, (surname))][(Skt. unmāda = insanity)]

104.219 癬 [xuǎn][eng.traditional variant of 癣 (ringworm)][(Skt. dadru = ringworm)]

104.220 癭 [yǐng][eng.traditional variant of 瘿 (goiter)][(Skt. galagaṇḍa = goiter)]

104.221 癮 [yǐn][eng.traditional variant of 瘾 (addiction)][(Skt. abhiniveśa = addiction)]

104.222 癯 [qú][eng.lean; thin; (also qú, (surname))][(Skt. kṛśa = thin)]

104.223 癰 [yōng][eng.traditional variant of 痈 (abscess)][(Skt. piṭaka = abscess)]

104.224 癱 [tān][eng.traditional variant of 瘫 (paralysis)][(Skt. pakṣāghāta = paralysis)]

104.225 癲 [diān][eng.traditional variant of 癫 (mad)][(Skt. unmāda = madness)]

104.226 癳 [luǒ][archaic; (also luǒ, to be sick); rare]

104.227 癴 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be sick); rare]

104.228 癵 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be sick); rare]

104.229 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 104

104.230 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

104.231 104.1 疒 (nè) [skt.roga; vyādhi] — The radical itself; represents sickness and disease. Appears in numerous Buddhist texts where illness is used as a metaphor for spiritual affliction (greed, hatred, ignorance)

104.232 104.6 疗 (liáo) [skt.cikitsā] — Used for "to heal" and "to cure"; appears in Buddhist compound 医疗 (cikitsā, medical treatment) and in similes of the Buddha as the great physician

104.233 104.9 疚 (jiù) [skt.anutāpa] — Used for "remorse"; appears in Buddhist contexts of regret and confession

104.234 104.26 疫 (yì) [skt.maraka] — Used for "epidemic" and "plague"; appears in descriptions of suffering and impermanence

104.235 104.29 疮 (chuāng) [skt.vraṇa] — Used for "sore" and "wound"; appears in Buddhist similes of the body as a wound

104.236 104.30 疯 (fēng) [skt.unmāda] — Used for "mad" and "insane"; appears in Buddhist contexts of mental affliction

104.237 104.33 疲 (pí) [skt.śrama] — Used for "tired" and "weary"; appears in descriptions of the exhaustion of saṃsāra

104.238 104.45 疾 (jí) [skt.roga; vyādhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "disease"; appears in Buddhist compound 疾苦 (duḥkha, suffering) and in descriptions of the Buddha’s compassion for those afflicted

104.239 104.52 病 (bìng) [skt.roga; vyādhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "illness"; appears in Buddhist compound 病苦 (vyādhi-duḥkha, suffering of illness), one of the Eight Sufferings, and in the simile of the Buddha as the great physician who cures the disease of saṃsāra

104.240 104.54 症 (zhèng) [skt.lakṣaṇa] — Used for "symptom"; appears in descriptions of disease

104.241 104.57 痊 (quán) [skt.cikitsā] — Used for "to recover"; appears in compound 痊愈 (cikitsā, to heal completely)

104.242 104.74 痛 (tòng) [skt.vedanā; duḥkha] — CRITICAL — Used for "pain"; appears in Buddhist compound 痛苦 (duḥkha, suffering), the first Noble Truth

104.243 104.99 痴 (chī) [skt.moha; mūḍha] — CRITICAL — Used for "stupid" and "deluded"; appears in Buddhist compound 贪嗔痴 (rāga-dveṣa-moha, greed-hatred-delusion), the Three Poisons that are the root of suffering

104.244 104.104 痹 (bì) [skt.pakṣāghāta] — Used for "paralysis"; appears in descriptions of physical affliction

104.245 104.142 瘟 (wēn) [skt.maraka] — Used for "plague"; appears in descriptions of epidemics

104.246 104.147 瘤 (liú) [skt.arbuda] — Used for "tumor"; appears in descriptions of disease

104.247 104.149 瘦 (shòu) [skt.kṛśa] — Used for "thin" and "lean"; appears in descriptions of ascetic practices

104.248 104.154 瘫 (tān) [skt.pakṣāghāta] — Used for "paralysis"; appears in descriptions of physical affliction

104.249 104.162 瘳 (chōu) [skt.cikitsā] — Used for "to recover"; appears in compound 瘳愈 (cikitsā, recovery)

104.250 104.187 癌 (ái) [skt.arbuda] — Used for "cancer"; appears in modern medical contexts

104.251 104.197 癖 (pǐ) [skt.abhiniveśa] — Used for "addiction"; appears in Buddhist contexts of attachment

104.252 104.193 癒 (yù) [skt.cikitsā] — Used for "to heal"; appears in compound 治癒 (cikitsā, to cure)

104.253 104.218 癫 (diān) [skt.unmāda] — Used for "mad"; appears in Buddhist contexts of mental disturbance

105 癶

105.1 癶 [chn.bō][eng.footsteps; to step; to go; to ascend; (also bō, (surname))][(Skt. pada = step; Skt. gamana = going)]

105.2 癷 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be footsteps); rare]

105.3 癸 [chn.guǐ][eng.tenth heavenly stem; (also guǐ, (surname))][(Skt. daśama = tenth)]

105.4 癹 [chn.bá][archaic; (also bá, to step); rare]

105.5 発 [chn.fā][eng.Japanese variant of 發 (to send; to start; to issue)][(Skt. praveśa = sending; Skt. udbhava = arising)]

105.6 登 [chn.dēng][eng.to ascend; to climb; to publish; (also dēng, (surname))][(Skt. ārohaṇa = ascent; Skt. udgama = climbing)]

105.7 發 [chn.fā][eng.traditional variant of 发 (to send; to issue; to start)][(Skt. praveśa = sending; Skt. udbhava = arising)]

105.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 105

105.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

105.10 105.1 癶 (bō) [skt.pada; gamana] — The radical itself; represents "footsteps" and "to ascend." It appears as a component in characters related to climbing, ascending, and movement

105.11 105.3 癸 (guǐ) [skt.daśama] — The tenth of the ten heavenly stems (tiāngān). Used in calendrical and divination systems, including the I Ching and Chinese astrology

105.12 105.5 発 (fā) [skt.praveśa; udbhava] — Japanese variant of 發; used for "to send," "to start," and "to issue"

105.13 105.6 登 (dēng) [skt.ārohaṇa; udgama] — CRITICAL — Used for "to ascend," "to climb," and "to publish." Appears in Buddhist compound 登地 (bhūmi-ārohaṇa, to ascend the stages of the Bodhisattva path), referring to the progressive attainment of the ten bhūmis. Also appears in 登坛 (maṇḍala-ārohaṇa, to ascend the platform), used in ordination ceremonies

105.14 105.7 發 (fā) [skt.praveśa; udbhava] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 发; used for "to send," "to issue," and "to start." Appears in Buddhist compound 發心 (bodhicittotpāda, to generate the mind of awakening), the moment of first generating bodhicitta, a crucial step on the Bodhisattva path. Also appears in 發愿 (praṇidhāna, to make a vow) and 發露 (deśanā, confession)

106 白

106.1 白 [chn.bái][eng.white; pure; clear; (also bái, (surname))][skt.śukla; (Skt. śveta = white; Skt. nirmala = pure)]

106.2 百 [chn.bǎi][eng.hundred; numerous; (also bǎi, (surname))][skt.śata; (Skt. bahu = numerous)]

106.3 癿 [chn.qié][archaic; (also qié, to be a mountain); rare]

106.4 皀 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be a grain); rare]

106.5 皁 [chn.zào][archaic variant of 皂 (black; soap)][(Skt. kṛṣṇa = black)]

106.6 皂 [chn.zào][eng.black; soap; (also zào, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣṇa = black)]

106.7 皃 [chn.mào][archaic variant of 貌 (appearance)][(Skt. rūpa = appearance)]

106.8 的 [chn.dì][eng.possessive particle; (also dí, real)][(Skt. eva = particle)]

106.9 皅 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be white); rare]

106.10 皆 [chn.jiē][eng.all; every; (also jiē, (surname))][(Skt. sarva = all)]

106.11 皇 [chn.huáng][eng.emperor; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. rājan = king; Skt. mahārāja = great king)]

106.12 皈 [chn.guī][eng.to return; to take refuge; (also guī, (surname))][skt.śaraṇa; (Skt. nivartana = return)]

106.13 皉 [chn.cǐ][archaic; (also cǐ, to be white); rare]

106.14 皊 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be white); rare]

106.15 皋 [chn.gāo][archaic; (also gāo, (surname)); rare]

106.16 皌 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be white); rare]

106.17 皍 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be white); rare]

106.18 皎 [chn.jiǎo][eng.bright; clear; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

106.19 皏 [chn.pěng][archaic; (also pěng, to be white); rare]

106.20 皐 [chn.gāo][archaic variant of 皋 (archaic)]

106.21 皑 [chn.ái][eng.white; (also ái, (surname))][(Skt. śveta = white)]

106.22 皒 [chn.é][archaic; (also é, to be white); rare]

106.23 皓 [chn.hào][eng.bright; white; (also hào, (surname))][(Skt. prakāśa = bright; Skt. śveta = white)]

106.24 皔 [chn.hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be white); rare]

106.25 皕 [chn.bì][archaic; (also bì, to be white); rare]

106.26 皖 [chn.wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, (surname)); rare]

106.27 皗 [chn.chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be white); rare]

106.28 皘 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be white); rare]

106.29 皙 [chn.xī][eng.white; pale; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. śveta = white)]

106.30 皚 [chn.ái][eng.traditional variant of 皑 (white)][(Skt. śveta = white)]

106.31 皛 [chn.xiǎo][archaic; (also xiǎo, to be bright); rare]

106.32 皜 [chn.hào][archaic variant of 皓 (bright)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

106.33 皝 [chn.huǎng][archaic; (also huǎng, to be white); rare]

106.34 皞 [chn.hào][archaic; (also hào, to be white); rare]

106.35 皟 [chn.zé][archaic; (also zé, to be white); rare]

106.36 皠 [chn.cuǐ][archaic; (also cuǐ, to be white); rare]

106.37 皡 [chn.hào][archaic variant of 皞 (white)]

106.38 皢 [chn.xiǎo][archaic; (also xiǎo, to be bright); rare]

106.39 皣 [chn.yè][archaic; (also yè, to be white); rare]

106.40 皤 [chn.pó][archaic; (also pó, to be white); rare]

106.41 皥 [chn.hào][archaic variant of 皞 (white)]

106.42 皦 [chn.jiǎo][archaic variant of 皎 (bright)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

106.43 皧 [chn.ài][archaic; (also ài, to be white); rare]

106.44 皨 [chn.xīng][archaic; (also xīng, to be white); rare]

106.45 皩 [chn.huàng][archaic; (also huàng, to be white); rare]

106.46 皪 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be white); rare]

106.47 皫 [chn.piǎo][archaic; (also piǎo, to be white); rare]

106.48 皬 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be white); rare]

106.49 皭 [chn.jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be white); rare]

106.50 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 106

106.51 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

106.52 106.1 白 (bái) [skt.śukla; śveta; nirmala] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "white" and "pure." Appears in Buddhist compound 白法 (śukla-dharma, wholesome/pure dharmas), 白净 (śuddha, pure/clean), and 白毫 (ūrṇā, the white hair between the Buddha’s eyebrows), one of the 32 major marks of a great being. Also appears in 白伞 (sita-cchatra, white parasol), a symbol of royalty and spiritual sovereignty

106.53 106.2 百 (bǎi) [skt.śata; bahu] — CRITICAL — Used for "hundred" and "numerous." Appears in Buddhist compound 百法 (śata-dharma, hundred dharmas), a classification system in Yogācāra Buddhism, and 百千 (śata-sahasra, hundred thousand), used in descriptions of vast numbers

106.54 106.6 皂 (zào) [skt.kṛṣṇa] — Used for "black" and "soap." Appears as the opposite of 白 in compound 皂白 (kṛṣṇa-śukla, black and white), used to describe clear distinction

106.55 106.8 的 (dì) [skt.eva] — CRITICAL — Used as a possessive particle. Appears in Buddhist texts as a marker of relationship and attribution. Also read dí meaning "real" or "true"

106.56 106.10 皆 (jiē) [skt.sarva] — Used for "all" and "every." Appears in Buddhist compound 皆共 (sarva, all together) and in texts describing universal teachings

106.57 106.11 皇 (huáng) [skt.rājan; mahārāja] — Used for "emperor." Appears in Buddhist compound 皇觉 (rāja-buddha, enlightened king) and in descriptions of royal patrons

106.58 106.12 皈 (guī) [skt.śaraṇa; nivartana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to take refuge." Appears in Buddhist compound 皈依 (śaraṇa-gamana, taking refuge), one of the most fundamental Buddhist practices. The Three Refuges (tri-śaraṇa) are the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha

106.59 106.18 皎 (jiǎo) [skt.prakāśa] — Used for "bright" and "clear." Appears in compound 皎洁 (prakāśa, bright and pure)

106.60 106.21 皑 (ái) [skt.śveta] — Used for "white." Appears in compound 皑皑 (śveta, white as snow)

106.61 106.23 皓 (hào) [skt.prakāśa; śveta] — Used for "bright" and "white." Appears in compound 皓月 (śveta-candra, bright moon), used in similes of the Buddha’s radiance

106.62 106.29 皙 (xī) [skt.śveta] — Used for "white" and "pale." Appears in compound 白皙 (śveta, fair-skinned)

106.63 106.30 皚 (ái) [skt.śveta] — Traditional variant of 皑; used for "white"

106.64 106.32 皜 (hào) [skt.prakāśa] — Archaic variant of 皓; used for "bright"

106.65 106.42 皦 (jiǎo) [skt.prakāśa] — Archaic variant of 皎; used for "bright"

107 皮

107.1 皮 [chn.pí][eng.skin; hide; leather; (also pí, (surname))][skt.carma; (Skt. tvac = skin)]

107.2 皯 [chn.gǎn][archaic; (also gǎn, to be dry skin); rare]

107.3 皰 [chn.pào][archaic variant of 疱 (blister; pimple)][(Skt. budbuda = blister)]

107.4 皱 [chn.zhòu][eng.to wrinkle; to crease; (also zhòu, (surname))][(Skt. valī = wrinkle)]

107.5 皲 [chn.jūn][eng.chapped; (also jūn, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = chapped)]

107.6 皳 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a ball); rare]

107.7 皴 [chn.cūn][eng.to crack; to chap; (also cūn, (surname))][(Skt. sphoṭana = cracking)]

107.8 皵 [chn.què][archaic; (also què, to be rough); rare]

107.9 皶 [zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to be rough); rare]

107.10 皷 [gǔ][archaic variant of 鼓 (drum)][(Skt. mṛdaṅga = drum)]

107.11 皸 [jūn][eng.traditional variant of 皲 (chapped)][(Skt. śuṣka = chapped)]

107.12 皹 [jūn][archaic variant of 皲 (chapped)][(Skt. śuṣka = chapped)]

107.13 皺 [zhòu][eng.traditional variant of 皱 (to wrinkle)][(Skt. valī = wrinkle)]

107.14 皻 [zhā][archaic; (also zhā, to be rough); rare]

107.15 皼 [gǔ][archaic variant of 鼓 (drum)][(Skt. mṛdaṅga = drum)]

107.16 皽 [zhǎn][archaic; (also zhǎn, to be wrinkled); rare]

107.17 皾 [dú][archaic; (also dú, to be leather); rare]

107.18 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 107

107.19 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

107.20 107.1 皮 (pí) [skt.carma; tvac] — The radical itself; represents "skin" and "leather." Appears in Buddhist compound 皮肤 (carma, skin), used in descriptions of the body and in the contemplation of the body’s nature (kāyānupassanā). In the Śūraṅgama Sūtra, the skin is mentioned as one of the six sense bases (āyatana)

107.21 107.4 皱 (zhòu) [skt.valī] — Used for "to wrinkle" and "to crease"; appears in descriptions of aging and impermanence, reminding us of the fleeting nature of the body

107.22 107.5 皲 (jūn) [skt.śuṣka] — Used for "chapped" and "cracked"; appears in descriptions of dry, cracked skin, often used in ascetic contexts

107.23 107.7 皴 (cūn) [skt.sphoṭana] — Used for "to crack" and "to chap"; appears in descriptions of rough, cracked skin

107.24 107.10/15 皷/鼓 (gǔ) [skt.mṛdaṅga] — Used for "drum"; appears in Buddhist compound 鼓音 (mṛdaṅga-śabda, drum sound), used in similes for the Dharma’s resonance and in ritual contexts

107.25 107.13 皺 (zhòu) [skt.valī] — Traditional variant of 皱; used for "to wrinkle"

108 皿

108.1 皿 [chn.mǐn][eng.dish; shallow container; vessel; (also mǐn, (surname))][skt.bhāṇḍa; (Skt. pātra = vessel)]

108.2 盀 [chn.qī][archaic; (also qī, to be a vessel); rare]

108.3 盁 [chn.yíng][archaic variant of 盈 (to fill; full)][(Skt. pūrṇa = full)]

108.4 盂 [chn.yú][eng.alms bowl; (also yú, (surname))][skt.pātra; (Skt. bhikṣā-pātra = alms bowl)]

108.5 盃 [chn.bēi][archaic variant of 杯 (cup)][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

108.6 盄 [chn.diǎo][archaic; (also diǎo, to be a vessel); rare]

108.7 盅 [chn.zhōng][eng.small cup; (also zhōng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

108.8 盆 [chn.pén][eng.basin; pot; (also pén, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = basin)]

108.9 盇 [chn.hé][archaic variant of 盍 (why not; to cover)][(Skt. kim = why)]

108.10 盈 [chn.yíng][eng.to fill; to be full; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. pūrṇa = full)]

108.11 盉 [chn.hé][archaic; (also hé, to be a vessel); rare]

108.12 益 [chn.yì][eng.to benefit; to profit; to increase; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. upakāra = benefit; Skt. vṛddhi = increase)]

108.13 盋 [chn.bō][archaic; (also bō, to be a bowl); rare]

108.14 盌 [chn.wǎn][archaic variant of 碗 (bowl)][(Skt. kumbha = bowl)]

108.15 盍 [chn.hé][eng.why not; (also hé, (surname))][(Skt. kim = why; Skt. katham = how)]

108.16 盎 [chn.àng][eng.abundant; (also àng, (surname))][(Skt. pūrṇa = abundant)]

108.17 盏 [chn.zhǎn][eng.small cup; (also zhǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

108.18 盐 [chn.yán][eng.salt; (also yán, (surname))][skt.lavaṇa; (Skt. saindhava = salt)]

108.19 监 [chn.jiān][eng.to supervise; (also jiàn, prison)][(Skt. adhyakṣa = supervisor)]

108.20 盒 [chn.hé][eng.box; (also hé, (surname))][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

108.21 盓 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a vessel); rare]

108.22 盔 [chn.kuī][eng.helmet; (also kuī, (surname))][(Skt. śirastra = helmet)]

108.23 盕 [chn.fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be a vessel); rare]

108.24 盖 [chn.gài][eng.lid; cover; (also gài, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = cover)]

108.25 盗 [chn.dào][eng.to steal; (also dào, (surname))][(Skt. cora = theft; Skt. apahāra = stealing)]

108.26 盘 [chn.pán][eng.tray; plate; (also pán, (surname))][(Skt. pātra = tray)]

108.27 盙 [chn.fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to be a vessel); rare]

108.28 盚 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a vessel); rare]

108.29 盛 [chn.shèng][eng.to flourish; (also chéng, to hold)][(Skt. samṛddhi = flourishing; Skt. dhāraṇa = holding)]

108.30 盜 [chn.dào][eng.traditional variant of 盗 (to steal)][(Skt. cora = theft)]

108.31 盝 [chn.lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a vessel); rare]

108.32 盞 [chn.zhǎn][eng.traditional variant of 盏 (small cup)][(Skt. kumbha = cup)]

108.33 盟 [chn.méng][eng.to swear; alliance; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. pratijñā = vow; Skt. saṃdhi = alliance)]

108.34 盠 [chn.lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a vessel); rare]

108.35 盡 [chn.jìn][eng.traditional variant of 尽 (to exhaust; to use up)][(Skt. kṣaya = exhaustion)]

108.36 盢 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be a vessel); rare]

108.37 監 [chn.jiān][eng.traditional variant of 监 (to supervise)][(Skt. adhyakṣa = supervisor)]

108.38 盤 [chn.pán][eng.traditional variant of 盘 (tray; plate)][(Skt. pātra = tray)]

108.39 盥 [chn.guàn][eng.to wash; (also guàn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

108.40 盦 [chn.ān][archaic; (also ān, to be a vessel); rare]

108.41 盧 [chn.lú][eng.traditional variant of 卢 (surname)]

108.42 盨 [chn.xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to be a vessel); rare]

108.43 盩 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be a vessel); rare]

108.44 盪 [chn.dàng][archaic variant of 荡 (to wash; to sway)][(Skt. kṣālana = washing)]

108.45 盫 [chn.ān][archaic; (also ān, to be a vessel); rare]

108.46 盬 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be a vessel); rare]

108.47 盭 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a vessel); rare]

108.48 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 108

108.49 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

108.50 108.1 皿 (mǐn) [skt.bhāṇḍa; pātra] — The radical itself; represents a shallow container or dish. Appears in Buddhist contexts describing ritual vessels and alms bowls

108.51 108.4 盂 (yú) [skt.pātra; bhikṣā-pātra] — CRITICAL — Used for "alms bowl." Appears in Buddhist compound 钵盂 (pātra, alms bowl), the traditional bowl of a Buddhist monk. The alms bowl is one of the eight requisites of a monastic

108.52 108.8 盆 (pén) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "basin" and "pot"; appears in descriptions of vessels and offerings

108.53 108.10 盈 (yíng) [skt.pūrṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to fill" and "to be full." Appears in Buddhist compound 盈满 (pūrṇa, full/complete), used to describe the fullness of the Dharma

108.54 108.12 益 (yì) [skt.upakāra; vṛddhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "benefit" and "to increase." Appears in Buddhist compound 利益 (upakāra, benefit/advantage), a common term in Buddhist texts describing the benefits of practice. Also appears in 增益 (vṛddhi, increase/enhancement), one of the four ritual actions in esoteric Buddhism

108.55 108.15 盍 (hé) [skt.kim; katham] — Used for "why not"; appears as a classical Chinese particle

108.56 108.16 盎 (àng) [skt.pūrṇa] — Used for "abundant" and "full"; appears in compound 盎然 (pūrṇa, abundant)

108.57 108.17 盏 (zhǎn) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "small cup"; appears in descriptions of vessels

108.58 108.18 盐 (yán) [skt.lavaṇa; saindhava] — CRITICAL — Used for "salt"; appears in Buddhist compound 盐味 (lavaṇa-rasa, salty taste) and in descriptions of offerings and sustenance

108.59 108.19 监 (jiān) [skt.adhyakṣa] — Used for "to supervise"; appears in Buddhist compound 监寺 (adhyakṣa, temple supervisor)

108.60 108.20 盒 (hé) [skt.saṃpuṭa] — Used for "box"; appears in descriptions of containers and relic boxes

108.61 108.22 盔 (kuī) [skt.śirastra] — Used for "helmet"; appears in descriptions of armor

108.62 108.24 盖 (gài) [skt.chādana] — CRITICAL — Used for "lid" and "cover." Appears in Buddhist compound 盖缠 (nīvaraṇa, hindrances/obstructions), one of the five hindrances to meditation. Also appears in 无盖 (anāvaraṇa, uncovered/unobstructed)

108.63 108.25 盗 (dào) [skt.cora; apahāra] — Used for "to steal"; appears in Buddhist compound 盗戒 (corā-dāna, stealing), one of the precepts

108.64 108.26 盘 (pán) [skt.pātra] — Used for "tray" and "plate"; appears in descriptions of offering vessels

108.65 108.29 盛 (shèng) [skt.samṛddhi; dhāraṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to flourish" and "to hold." Appears in Buddhist compound 盛事 (samṛddhi, flourishing event) and 盛德 (guṇa, abundant virtue). Also read chéng meaning "to hold" or "to contain"

108.66 108.33 盟 (méng) [skt.pratijñā; saṃdhi] — Used for "to swear" and "alliance"; appears in Buddhist compound 盟誓 (pratijñā, vow), often used in descriptions of vows and promises

108.67 108.35 盡 (jìn) [skt.kṣaya] — Traditional variant of 尽; used for "to exhaust." Appears in Buddhist compound 无尽 (akṣaya, inexhaustible), describing the infinite qualities of the Buddha and the Dharma

108.68 108.37 監 (jiān) [skt.adhyakṣa] — Traditional variant of 监; used for "to supervise"

108.69 108.38 盤 (pán) [skt.pātra] — Traditional variant of 盘; used for "tray" and "plate"

108.70 108.39 盥 (guàn) [skt.kṣālana] — Used for "to wash"; appears in compound 盥洗 (kṣālana, washing), used in descriptions of ritual cleansing

108.71 108.44 盪 (dàng) [skt.kṣālana] — Used for "to wash" and "to sway"; appears in descriptions of washing

109 目

109.1 目 [chn.mù][eng.eye; to look; to see; (also mù, (surname))][skt.cakṣus; (Skt. dṛṣṭi = sight)]

109.2 盯 [chn.dīng][eng.to stare; to gaze; (also dīng, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = staring)]

109.3 盰 [chn.gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be eye); rare]

109.4 盱 [chn.xū][archaic; (also xū, to look up); rare]

109.5 盲 [chn.máng][eng.blind; (also máng, (surname))][skt.andha; (Skt. cakṣur-hīna = blind)]

109.6 盳 [chn.máng][archaic variant of 盲 (blind)][skt.andha]

109.7 直 [chn.zhí][eng.straight; upright; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. ṛju = straight)]

109.8 盵 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be eye); rare]

109.9 盶 [chn.yuǎn][archaic; (also yuǎn, to be eye); rare]

109.10 盷 [chn.tián][archaic; (also tián, to be eye); rare]

109.11 相 [chn.xiāng][eng.mutual; to look at; appearance; (also xiàng, appearance)][skt.lakṣaṇa; (Skt. ākāra = appearance)]

109.12 盹 [chn.dǔn][eng.drowsy; (also dǔn, (surname))][(Skt. styāna = drowsiness)]

109.13 盺 [chn.xīn][archaic; (also xīn, to be eye); rare]

109.14 盻 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to look); rare]

109.15 盼 [chn.pàn][eng.to gaze; to long for; (also pàn, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = gazing)]

109.16 盽 [chn.fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be eye); rare]

109.17 盾 [chn.dùn][eng.shield; (also dùn, (surname))][(Skt. phalaka = shield)]

109.18 盿 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be eye); rare]

109.19 眀 [chn.míng][archaic variant of 明 (bright)][(Skt. prakāśa = bright)]

109.20 省 [chn.shěng][eng.to economize; (also xǐng, to examine)][(Skt. paryavekṣaṇa = examination)]

109.21 眂 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 視 (to see)][(Skt. darśana = seeing)]

109.22 眃 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to be eye); rare]

109.23 眄 [chn.miǎn][eng.to glance; (also miǎn, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = glance)]

109.24 眅 [chn.pān][archaic; (also pān, to look); rare]

109.25 眆 [chn.fǎng][archaic; (also fǎng, to be eye); rare]

109.26 眇 [chn.miǎo][eng.small; (also miǎo, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = small)]

109.27 眈 [chn.dān][eng.to stare; (also dān, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = staring)]

109.28 眉 [chn.méi][eng.eyebrow; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. bhrū = eyebrow)]

109.29 眊 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, to look); rare]

109.30 看 [chn.kàn][eng.to see; to look; (also kān, to watch)][(Skt. darśana = seeing; Skt. avekṣaṇa = watching)]

109.31 県 [chn.xiàn][eng.Japanese variant of 縣 (county)]

109.32 眍 [chn.kōu][archaic; (also kōu, to be eye); rare]

109.33 眎 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 視 (to see)][(Skt. darśana = seeing)]

109.34 眏 [chn.yāng][archaic; (also yāng, to be eye); rare]

109.35 眐 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be eye); rare]

109.36 眑 [yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be eye); rare]

109.37 眒 [shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be eye); rare]

109.38 眓 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be eye); rare]

109.39 眔 [dà][archaic; (also dà, to be eye); rare]

109.40 眕 [zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be eye); rare]

109.41 眖 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be eye); rare]

109.42 眗 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be eye); rare]

109.43 眘 [shèn][archaic variant of 慎 (cautious)][(Skt. apramāda = caution)]

109.44 眙 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to look); rare]

109.45 眚 [shěng][archaic; (also shěng, to be eye); rare]

109.46 眛 [mèi][archaic variant of 昧 (dark; obscure)][(Skt. tamas = dark)]

109.47 眜 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be eye); rare]

109.48 眝 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to look); rare]

109.49 眞 [zhēn][archaic variant of 真 (true; real)][(Skt. satya = true)]

109.50 真 [chn.zhēn][eng.true; real; (also zhēn, (surname))][skt.satya; (Skt. tathā = thus)]

109.51 眠 [mián][eng.to sleep; (also mián, (surname))][(Skt. svapna = sleep; Skt. nidrā = sleep)]

109.52 眡 [shì][archaic variant of 視 (to see)][(Skt. darśana = seeing)]

109.53 眢 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be eye); rare]

109.54 眣 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be eye); rare]

109.55 眤 [nì][archaic variant of 暱 (intimate)][(Skt. sneha = intimacy)]

109.56 眥 [zì][archaic variant of 眦 (eye socket)]

109.57 眦 [zì][eng.eye socket; (also zì, (surname))][(Skt. akṣi-koṇa = eye socket)]

109.58 眧 [chǎo][archaic; (also chǎo, to be eye); rare]

109.59 眨 [zhǎ][eng.to blink; (also zhǎ, (surname))][(Skt. nimīlana = blinking)]

109.60 眩 [xuàn][eng.to dazzle; (also xuàn, (surname))][(Skt. moha = bewilderment)]

109.61 眪 [bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be eye); rare]

109.62 眫 [pǎng][archaic; (also pǎng, to be eye); rare]

109.63 眬 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be eye); rare]

109.64 眭 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be eye); rare]

109.65 眮 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be eye); rare]

109.66 眯 [mī][eng.to squint; (also mǐ, to be dust)][(Skt. nimīlita = squinting)]

109.67 眰 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be eye); rare]

109.68 眱 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be eye); rare]

109.69 眲 [nè][archaic; (also nè, to be eye); rare]

109.70 眳 [míng][archaic; (also míng, to be eye); rare]

109.71 眴 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be eye); rare]

109.72 眵 [chī][archaic; (also chī, to be eye); rare]

109.73 眶 [kuàng][eng.eye socket; (also kuàng, (surname))][(Skt. akṣi-koṇa = socket)]

109.74 眷 [juàn][eng.to care for; (also juàn, (surname))][(Skt. anugraha = care)]

109.75 眸 [móu][eng.pupil; (also móu, (surname))][(Skt. tārā = pupil)]

109.76 眹 [zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be eye); rare]

109.77 眺 [tiào][eng.to gaze; to look far; (also tiào, (surname))][(Skt. dūra-darśana = far sight)]

109.78 眻 [yáng][archaic; (also yáng, to be eye); rare]

109.79 眼 [yǎn][eng.eye; (also yǎn, (surname))][skt.cakṣus; (Skt. netra = eye)]

109.80 眽 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be eye); rare]

109.81 眾 [zhòng][eng.traditional variant of 众 (crowd; many)][(Skt. jana = people; Skt. saṅgha = assembly)]

109.82 眿 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be eye); rare]

109.83 着 [zhe][eng.particle; (also zháo, to touch; zhuó, to wear)][(Skt. upayoga = application)]

109.84 睁 [zhēng][eng.to open the eyes; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. unmīlana = opening eyes)]

109.85 睂 [méi][archaic variant of 眉 (eyebrow)][(Skt. bhrū = eyebrow)]

109.86 睃 [suō][archaic; (also suō, to look); rare]

109.87 睄 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to look); rare]

109.88 睅 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be eye); rare]

109.89 睆 [huǎn][archaic; (also huǎn, to be eye); rare]

109.90 睇 [dì][eng.to look; (also dì, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = looking)]

109.91 睈 [chěng][archaic; (also chěng, to be eye); rare]

109.92 睉 [cuó][archaic; (also cuó, to be eye); rare]

109.93 睊 [juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be eye); rare]

109.94 睋 [é][archaic; (also é, to look); rare]

109.95 睌 [mǎn][archaic; (also mǎn, to be eye); rare]

109.96 睍 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be eye); rare]

109.97 睎 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to look); rare]

109.98 睏 [kùn][eng.to be sleepy; (also kùn, (surname))][(Skt. nidrā = sleepiness)]

109.99 睐 [lài][eng.to glance; (also lài, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = glance)]

109.100 睑 [jiǎn][eng.eyelid; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. netra-paṭa = eyelid)]

109.101 睒 [shǎn][archaic; (also shǎn, to flash); rare]

109.102 睓 [tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be eye); rare]

109.103 睔 [gùn][archaic; (also gùn, to be eye); rare]

109.104 睕 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be eye); rare]

109.105 睖 [lèng][archaic; (also lèng, to look); rare]

109.106 睗 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to look); rare]

109.107 睘 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be eye); rare]

109.108 睙 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be eye); rare]

109.109 睚 [yá][archaic; (also yá, to be eye); rare]

109.110 睛 [jīng][eng.eye; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. cakṣus = eye)]

109.111 睜 [zhēng][eng.traditional variant of 睁 (to open eyes)][(Skt. unmīlana = opening)]

109.112 睝 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be eye); rare]

109.113 睞 [lài][eng.traditional variant of 睐 (to glance)][(Skt. avalokana = glance)]

109.114 睟 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be eye); rare]

109.115 睠 [juàn][archaic variant of 眷 (to care for)][(Skt. anugraha = care)]

109.116 睡 [shuì][eng.to sleep; (also shuì, (surname))][(Skt. svapna = sleep; Skt. nidrā = sleep)]

109.117 睢 [suī][archaic; (also suī, to be eye); rare]

109.118 督 [dū][eng.to supervise; (also dū, (surname))][(Skt. adhyakṣa = supervision)]

109.119 睤 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be eye); rare]

109.120 睥 [bì][eng.to look askance; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. apaśya = looking askance)]

109.121 睦 [mù][eng.harmonious; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. saṃprīti = harmony)]

109.122 睧 [hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be eye); rare]

109.123 睨 [nì][eng.to look askance; (also nì, (surname))][(Skt. apaśya = looking askance)]

109.124 睩 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be eye); rare]

109.125 睪 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be eye); rare]

109.126 睫 [jié][eng.eyelashes; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. aśru-pakṣmā = eyelashes)]

109.127 睬 [cǎi][eng.to notice; to pay attention; (also cǎi, (surname))][(Skt. avadhāna = attention)]

109.128 睭 [zhǒu][archaic; (also zhǒu, to be eye); rare]

109.129 睮 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be eye); rare]

109.130 睯 [hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be eye); rare]

109.131 睰 [mà][archaic; (also mà, to be eye); rare]

109.132 睱 [xià][archaic; (also xià, to be eye); rare]

109.133 睲 [xǐng][archaic; (also xǐng, to be eye); rare]

109.134 睳 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be eye); rare]

109.135 睴 [hùn][archaic; (also hùn, to be eye); rare]

109.136 睵 [zāi][archaic; (also zāi, to be eye); rare]

109.137 睶 [chǔn][archaic; (also chǔn, to be eye); rare]

109.138 睷 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be eye); rare]

109.139 睸 [mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to be eye); rare]

109.140 睹 [dǔ][eng.to see; to observe; (also dǔ, (surname))][(Skt. darśana = seeing; Skt. avekṣaṇa = observation)]

109.141 睺 [hóu][archaic; (also hóu, to be eye); rare]

109.142 睻 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be eye); rare]

109.143 睼 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be eye); rare]

109.144 睽 [kuí][eng.to stare; (also kuí, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = staring)]

109.145 睾 [gāo][eng.testis; (also gāo, (surname))][(Skt. bīja = testis)]

109.146 睿 [ruì][eng.wise; perspicacious; (also ruì, (surname))][(Skt. vidvān = wise)]

109.147 瞀 [mào][archaic; (also mào, to be eye); rare]

109.148 瞁 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be eye); rare]

109.149 瞂 [fá][archaic; (also fá, to be eye); rare]

109.150 瞃 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be eye); rare]

109.151 瞄 [miáo][eng.to aim; (also miáo, (surname))][(Skt. lakṣya = aim)]

109.152 瞅 [chǒu][eng.to glance; (also chǒu, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = glance)]

109.153 瞆 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be eye); rare]

109.154 瞇 [mī][eng.traditional variant of 眯 (to squint)][(Skt. nimīlita = squinting)]

109.155 瞈 [wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be eye); rare]

109.156 瞉 [kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to be eye); rare]

109.157 瞊 [dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be eye); rare]

109.158 瞋 [chēn][eng.to be angry; (also chēn, (surname))][skt.krodha; (Skt. prasāda = anger)]

109.159 瞌 [kē][eng.to doze; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. nidrā = doze)]

109.160 瞍 [sǒu][archaic; (also sǒu, to be blind); rare]

109.161 瞎 [xiā][eng.blind; (also xiā, (surname))][(Skt. andha = blind)]

109.162 瞏 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be eye); rare]

109.163 瞐 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be eye); rare]

109.164 瞑 [míng][eng.to close the eyes; (also míng, to sleep)][(Skt. nimīlana = closing eyes)]

109.165 瞒 [mán][eng.to hide; (also mán, (surname))][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

109.166 瞓 [fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to be eye); rare]

109.167 瞔 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be eye); rare]

109.168 瞕 [zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be eye); rare]

109.169 瞖 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be eye); rare]

109.170 瞗 [diāo][archaic; (also diāo, to be eye); rare]

109.171 瞘 [kōu][archaic; (also kōu, to be eye); rare]

109.172 瞙 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be eye); rare]

109.173 瞚 [shùn][archaic variant of 瞬 (to blink)][(Skt. nimīlana = blink)]

109.174 瞛 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be eye); rare]

109.175 瞜 [lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be eye); rare]

109.176 瞝 [chī][archaic; (also chī, to be eye); rare]

109.177 瞞 [mán][eng.traditional variant of 瞒 (to hide)][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

109.178 瞟 [piǎo][eng.to glance; (also piǎo, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = glance)]

109.179 瞠 [chēng][eng.to stare; (also chēng, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = staring)]

109.180 瞡 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be eye); rare]

109.181 瞢 [méng][archaic; (also méng, to be obscure); rare]

109.182 瞣 [wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be eye); rare]

109.183 瞤 [rún][archaic; (also rún, to be eye); rare]

109.184 瞥 [piē][eng.to glance; (also piē, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = glance)]

109.185 瞦 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be eye); rare]

109.186 瞧 [qiáo][eng.to see; (also qiáo, (surname))][(Skt. darśana = seeing)]

109.187 瞨 [pú][archaic; (also pú, to be eye); rare]

109.188 瞩 [zhǔ][eng.to gaze; (also zhǔ, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = gazing)]

109.189 瞪 [dèng][eng.to stare; (also dèng, (surname))][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = staring)]

109.190 瞫 [shěn][archaic; (also shěn, to be eye); rare]

109.191 瞬 [shùn][eng.to blink; (also shùn, (surname))][(Skt. nimīlana = blink)]

109.192 瞭 [liào][eng.to watch; (also liào, to perceive)][(Skt. avekṣaṇa = watching)]

109.193 瞮 [chè][archaic; (also chè, to be eye); rare]

109.194 瞯 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be eye); rare]

109.195 瞰 [kàn][eng.to overlook; (also kàn, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = overlooking)]

109.196 瞱 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be eye); rare]

109.197 瞲 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be eye); rare]

109.198 瞳 [tóng][eng.pupil; (also tóng, (surname))][(Skt. tārā = pupil)]

109.199 瞴 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be eye); rare]

109.200 瞵 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be eye); rare]

109.201 瞶 [guì][archaic variant of 瞆 (blind)][skt.andha]

109.202 瞷 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be eye); rare]

109.203 瞸 [yè][archaic; (also yè, to be eye); rare]

109.204 瞹 [ài][archaic; (also ài, to be eye); rare]

109.205 瞺 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be eye); rare]

109.206 瞻 [zhān][eng.to look up; (also zhān, (surname))][(Skt. udīkṣaṇa = looking up)]

109.207 瞼 [jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 睑 (eyelid)][(Skt. netra-paṭa = eyelid)]

109.208 瞽 [gǔ][eng.blind; (also gǔ, (surname))][skt.andha]

109.209 瞾 [zhào][archaic variant of 照 (to shine)][(Skt. prakāśa = shine)]

109.210 瞿 [qú][archaic; (also qú, (surname)); rare]

109.211 矀 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be eye); rare]

109.212 矁 [chǒu][archaic; (also chǒu, to be eye); rare]

109.213 矂 [sào][archaic; (also sào, to be eye); rare]

109.214 矃 [nǐng][archaic; (also nǐng, to be eye); rare]

109.215 矄 [xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be eye); rare]

109.216 矅 [yào][archaic variant of 耀 (to shine)][(Skt. prabhā = shine)]

109.217 矆 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be eye); rare]

109.218 矇 [méng][eng.blind; (also méng, (surname))][skt.andha]

109.219 矈 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be eye); rare]

109.220 矉 [pín][archaic; (also pín, to be eye); rare]

109.221 矊 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be eye); rare]

109.222 矋 [lèi][archaic; (also lèi, to be eye); rare]

109.223 矌 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be eye); rare]

109.224 矍 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be eye); rare]

109.225 矎 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be eye); rare]

109.226 矏 [mián][archaic; (also mián, to be eye); rare]

109.227 矐 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be eye); rare]

109.228 矑 [lú][archaic; (also lú, to be eye); rare]

109.229 矒 [méng][archaic variant of 瞢 (obscure)]

109.230 矓 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be eye); rare]

109.231 矔 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be eye); rare]

109.232 矕 [mǎn][archaic; (also mǎn, to be eye); rare]

109.233 矖 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be eye); rare]

109.234 矗 [chù][eng.to tower; (also chù, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = towering)]

109.235 矘 [tǎng][archaic; (also tǎng, to be eye); rare]

109.236 矙 [kàn][archaic; (also kàn, to be eye); rare]

109.237 矚 [zhǔ][eng.traditional variant of 瞩 (to gaze)][(Skt. nirīkṣaṇa = gazing)]

109.238 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 109

109.239 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

109.240 109.1 目 (mù) [skt.cakṣus; dṛṣṭi] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents the eye. Appears in Buddhist compound 眼睛 (cakṣus, eye), 目见 (cakṣur-darśana, seeing with the eyes), and 目连 (Maudgalyāyana, one of the Buddha’s chief disciples, known for his supernormal powers). In Buddhist philosophy, the eye is one of the six sense bases (āyatana) and is often used metaphorically for insight and wisdom

109.241 109.2 盯 (dīng) [skt.nirīkṣaṇa] — Used for "to stare" and "to gaze"; appears in descriptions of concentration

109.242 109.5 盲 (máng) [skt.andha] — Used for "blind"; appears in Buddhist compound 盲人 (andha-puruṣa, blind person), used in similes of spiritual blindness

109.243 109.7 直 (zhí) [skt.ṛju] — CRITICAL — Used for "straight" and "upright." Appears in Buddhist compound 直心 (ṛju-citta, upright mind), a quality of sincerity and directness, and 直指 (ṛju-deśanā, direct pointing), a teaching method in Zen Buddhism

109.244 109.11 相 (xiāng) [skt.lakṣaṇa; ākāra] — CRITICAL — Used for "mutual," "to look at," and "appearance." Appears in Buddhist compound 相好 (lakṣaṇa-vyañjana, marks and signs), the 32 major and 80 minor marks of the Buddha, and 法相 (dharma-lakṣaṇa, characteristics of dharmas), a key term in Yogācāra and Abhidharma

109.245 109.15 盼 (pàn) [skt.nirīkṣaṇa] — Used for "to gaze" and "to long for"; appears in descriptions of longing and expectation

109.246 109.20 省 (shěng) [skt.paryavekṣaṇa] — Used for "to economize" and "to examine." Appears in Buddhist compound 反省 (pratyavekṣaṇa, introspection/self-examination), an important practice in Buddhism

109.247 109.23 眄 (miǎn) [skt.avalokana] — Used for "to glance"; appears in descriptions of looking

109.248 109.26 眇 (miǎo) [skt.sūkṣma] — Used for "small"; appears in compound 微小 (sūkṣma, minute)

109.249 109.30 看 (kàn) [skt.darśana; avekṣaṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to see" and "to look." Appears in Buddhist compound 看经 (sūtra-darśana, reading/seeing the sūtras) and 看守 (rakṣaṇa, watching/guarding)

109.250 109.50 真 (zhēn) [skt.satya; tathā] — CRITICAL — Used for "true" and "real." Appears in Buddhist compound 真实 (satya, truth/reality), 真如 (tathatā, suchness), and 真言 (mantra, true word). Also appears in 真空 (śūnyatā, true emptiness)

109.251 109.51 眠 (mián) [skt.svapna; nidrā] — Used for "to sleep"; appears in Buddhist compound 睡眠 (nidrā, sleep), one of the five hindrances (pañca-nīvaraṇa)

109.252 109.60 眩 (xuàn) [skt.moha] — Used for "to dazzle"; appears in descriptions of confusion

109.253 109.73 眶 (kuàng) [skt.akṣi-koṇa] — Used for "eye socket"; appears in descriptions of the eye

109.254 109.74 眷 (juàn) [skt.anugraha] — Used for "to care for"; appears in compound 眷属 (parivāra, retinue/family)

109.255 109.75 眸 (móu) [skt.tārā] — Used for "pupil"; appears in compound 眼眸 (cakṣu, eye)

109.256 109.77 眺 (tiào) [skt.dūra-darśana] — Used for "to gaze" and "to look far"; appears in compound 眺望 (dūra-darśana, looking far)

109.257 109.79 眼 (yǎn) [skt.cakṣus; netra] — CRITICAL — Used for "eye"; appears in Buddhist compound 眼根 (cakṣur-indriya, eye faculty), one of the six sense organs, and 法眼 (dharma-cakṣus, Dharma eye), a quality of awakened vision

109.258 109.81 眾 (zhòng) [skt.jana; saṅgha] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 众; used for "crowd" and "assembly." Appears in Buddhist compound 眾生 (sattva, living beings) and 僧眾 (saṅgha, monastic community)

109.259 109.83 着 (zhe) [skt.upayoga] — Used as a particle; appears in many grammatical contexts

109.260 109.84 睜 (zhēng) [skt.unmīlana] — Used for "to open the eyes"; appears in descriptions of awakening

109.261 109.110 睛 (jīng) [skt.cakṣus] — Used for "eye"; appears in compound 眼睛 (cakṣus, eye)

109.262 109.116 睡 (shuì) [skt.svapna; nidrā] — Used for "to sleep"; appears in Buddhist compound 睡眠 (nidrā, sleepiness), one of the five hindrances

109.263 109.118 督 (dū) [skt.adhyakṣa] — Used for "to supervise"; appears in compound 督导 (adhyakṣa, supervision)

109.264 109.121 睦 (mù) [skt.saṃprīti] — Used for "harmonious"; appears in compound 和睦 (saṃprīti, harmony)

109.265 109.123 睨 (nì) [skt.apaśya] — Used for "to look askance"; appears in descriptions of contempt

109.266 109.126 睫 (jié) [skt.aśru-pakṣmā] — Used for "eyelashes"; appears in descriptions of the eye

109.267 109.140 睹 (dǔ) [skt.darśana; avekṣaṇa] — Used for "to see" and "to observe." Appears in Buddhist compound 睹见 (darśana, seeing)

109.268 109.158 瞋 (chēn) [skt.krodha] — CRITICAL — Used for "to be angry"; appears in Buddhist compound 贪瞋痴 (rāga-dveṣa-moha, greed-hatred-delusion), the three poisons. Krodha is one of the mental defilements to be overcome

109.269 109.161 瞎 (xiā) [skt.andha] — Used for "blind"; appears in descriptions of spiritual blindness

109.270 109.164 瞑 (míng) [skt.nimīlana] — Used for "to close the eyes"; appears in compound 瞑想 (dhyāna, meditation)

109.271 109.165 瞒 (mán) [skt.gūhana] — Used for "to hide"; appears in compound 隐瞒 (gūhana, concealment)

109.272 109.178 瞟 (piǎo) [skt.avalokana] — Used for "to glance"; appears in descriptions of quick looking

109.273 109.184 瞥 (piē) [skt.avalokana] — Used for "to glance"; appears in compound 瞥见 (avalokana, to glimpse)

109.274 109.186 瞧 (qiáo) [skt.darśana] — Used for "to see"; appears in colloquial contexts

109.275 109.188 瞩 (zhǔ) [skt.nirīkṣaṇa] — Used for "to gaze"; appears in compound 瞩目 (nirīkṣaṇa, to gaze at)

109.276 109.191 瞬 (shùn) [skt.nimīlana] — Used for "to blink"; appears in compound 瞬间 (nimīlana, instant/moment)

109.277 109.198 瞳 (tóng) [skt.tārā] — Used for "pupil"; appears in compound 瞳孔 (tārā, pupil)

109.278 109.206 瞻 (zhān) [skt.udīkṣaṇa] — Used for "to look up"; appears in Buddhist compound 瞻仰 (udīkṣaṇa, to gaze up with reverence)

109.279 109.208 瞽 (gǔ) [skt.andha] — Used for "blind"; appears in compound 瞽者 (andha, blind person)

109.280 109.218 矇 (méng) [skt.andha] — Used for "blind"; appears in compound 矇昧 (andha, obscure/ignorant)

109.281 109.234 矗 (chù) [skt.ucchrāya] — Used for "to tower"; appears in descriptions of tall structures

109.282 109.237 矚 (zhǔ) [skt.nirīkṣaṇa] — Traditional variant of 瞩; used for "to gaze"

110 矛

110.1 矛 [chn.máo][eng.spear; lance; (also máo, (surname))][skt.śakti; (Skt. śūla = spear)]

110.2 矜 [chn.jīn][eng.to pity; to be compassionate; to boast; (also qín, to be cautious)][skt.dayā; (Skt. kāruṇya = compassion; Skt. mada = pride)]

110.3 矝 [chn.jīn][archaic variant of 矜 (to pity; to boast)][skt.dayā; (Skt. mada = pride)]

110.4 矞 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be auspicious); rare][(Skt. maṅgala = auspicious)]

110.5 矟 [chn.shuò][archaic variant of 槊 (lance)][(Skt. śakti = lance)]

110.6 矠 [chn.zé][archaic; (also zé, to be a spear); rare]

110.7 矡 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a spear); rare]

110.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 110

110.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

110.10 110.1 矛 (máo) [skt.śakti; śūla] — The radical itself; represents a spear or lance. Appears in Buddhist compound 矛盾 (śakti-phalaka, spear and shield), used metaphorically for contradiction or conflict. The spear also appears in similes of penetrating wisdom and in descriptions of warfare

110.11 110.2 矜 (jīn) [skt.dayā; kāruṇya; mada] — CRITICAL — Used for "to pity" and "to be compassionate." Also means "to boast" or "pride." Appears in Buddhist compound 矜持 (mada, conceit), one of the mental defilements. The dual meaning of compassion and pride reflects the importance of self-awareness on the spiritual path — one must cultivate compassion while avoiding the conceit that can arise from it

110.12 110.3 矝 (jīn) [skt.dayā; mada] — Archaic variant of 矜; used for "to pity" and "to boast"

110.13 110.4 矞 (yù) [skt.maṅgala] — Rare; used for "auspicious." Appears in classical texts describing good fortune

110.14 110.5 矟 (shuò) [skt.śakti] — Archaic variant of 槊; used for "lance"

110.15 110.6 矠 (zé) — Rare; used for "spear"; appears in classical texts

110.16 110.7 矡 (jué) — Rare; used for "spear"; appears in classical texts

111 矢

111.1 矢 [chn.shǐ][eng.arrow; to vow; (also shǐ, (surname))][skt.śara; (Skt. pratijñā = vow)]

111.2 知 [chn.zhī][eng.to know; knowledge; (also zhī, (surname))][skt.jñāna; (Skt. vidyā = knowledge)]

111.3 矦 [chn.hóu][archaic variant of 侯 (marquis; nobleman)][(Skt. rājā = king; Skt. kṣatriya = noble)]

111.4 矧 [chn.shěn][eng.moreover; besides; (also shěn, (surname))][(Skt. api = moreover)]

111.5 矨 [chn.yǐng][archaic; (also yǐng, to be small); rare]

111.6 矩 [chn.jǔ][eng.carpenter’s square; rule; regulation; (also jǔ, (surname))][(Skt. mātrā = measure; Skt. vidhi = rule)]

111.7 矪 [chn.zhōu][archaic; (also zhōu, to be an arrow); rare]

111.8 矫 [chn.jiǎo][eng.to correct; to bend; to feign; strong; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. śodhana = correction; Skt. kuṭila = bent)]

111.9 矬 [chn.cuó][eng.short; dwarf; (also cuó, (surname))][(Skt. hrasva = short; Skt. vāmana = dwarf)]

111.10 短 [chn.duǎn][eng.short; to lack; (also duǎn, (surname))][(Skt. hrasva = short; Skt. alpaka = small)]

111.11 矮 [chn.ǎi][eng.short (in stature); low; (also ǎi, (surname))][(Skt. hrasva = short; Skt. nīca = low)]

111.12 矯 [chn.jiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 矫 (to correct; to bend; to feign)][(Skt. śodhana = correction; Skt. kuṭila = bent)]

111.13 矰 [chn.zēng][eng.short arrow for shooting birds; (also zēng, (surname))][(Skt. śara = arrow)]

111.14 矱 [chn.yuē][eng.to measure; carpenter’s rule; (also yuē, (surname))][(Skt. mātrā = measure)]

111.15 矲 [chn.bǎ][archaic; (also bǎ, to be short); rare]

111.16 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 111

111.17 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

111.18 111.1 矢 (shǐ) [skt.śara; pratijñā] — CRITICAL — Used for "arrow" and metaphorically for "to vow" or "to swear." In Buddhist contexts, the arrow often symbolizes the penetrating wisdom of the Dharma or the swiftness of mindfulness. The vow aspect appears in compound 矢志 (pratijñā, to vow/resolve). Also appears in the Śara Sūtra (箭经) and in similes of the arrow of craving (tṛṣṇā-śara)

111.19 111.2 知 (zhī) [skt.jñāna; vidyā] — CRITICAL — Used for "to know" and "knowledge." Appears in Buddhist compound 知见 (jñāna-darśana, knowledge and vision), 所知 (jñeya, the knowable), and 智慧 (jñāna-prajñā, wisdom). One of the most important terms in Buddhist epistemology and philosophy

111.20 111.4 矧 (shěn) [skt.api] — Used for "moreover" and "besides"; appears as a classical Chinese particle

111.21 111.6 矩 (jǔ) [skt.mātrā; vidhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "carpenter’s square" and "rule." Appears in Buddhist compound 法矩 (dharma-vidhi, Dharma rule) and 规矩 (māna, standard/regulation), often used to describe the proper conduct of monastics and the structure of the path

111.22 111.8 矫 (jiǎo) [skt.śodhana; kuṭila] — Used for "to correct," "to bend," and "to feign." Appears in Buddhist compound 矫枉 (kuṭila, to bend/correct) and 矫饰 (māyā, pretense/feigning). Also appears in the context of correcting wrong views (mithyā-dṛṣṭi)

111.23 111.9 矬 (cuó) [skt.hrasva; vāmana] — Used for "short" and "dwarf"; appears in descriptions of physical characteristics

111.24 111.10 短 (duǎn) [skt.hrasva; alpaka] — Used for "short" and "to lack"; appears in Buddhist compound 短命 (hrasva-āyuṣ, short life), used in discussions of impermanence and the preciousness of human life

111.25 111.11 矮 (ǎi) [skt.hrasva; nīca] — Used for "short (in stature)" and "low"; appears in descriptions of physical characteristics

111.26 111.12 矯 (jiǎo) [skt.śodhana; kuṭila] — Traditional variant of 矫; used for "to correct" and "to feign"

111.27 111.13 矰 (zēng) [skt.śara] — Used for "short arrow for shooting birds"; appears in descriptions of hunting and warfare

111.28 111.14 矱 (yuē) [skt.mātrā] — Used for "to measure" and "carpenter’s rule"; appears in contexts of measurement and regulation

112 石

112.1 石 [chn.shí][eng.stone; rock; mineral; (also shí, (surname))][skt.śaila; (Skt. pāṣāṇa = stone)]

112.2 矴 [chn.dìng][archaic variant of 碇 (anchor)][(Skt. lamba = anchor)]

112.3 矵 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a stone); rare]

112.4 矶 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a stone); rare]

112.5 矷 [chn.zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be a stone); rare]

112.6 矸 [chn.gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.7 矹 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be a stone); rare]

112.8 矺 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be a stone); rare]

112.9 矻 [kū][archaic; (also kū, to be a stone); rare]

112.10 矼 [gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.11 矽 [xī][archaic variant of 硅 (silicon)]

112.12 矾 [fán][eng.alum; (also fán, (surname))][(Skt. sphaṭika = alum)]

112.13 矿 [kuàng][eng.mine; ore; (also kuàng, (surname))][(Skt. khanana = mining)]

112.14 砀 [dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be a stone); rare]

112.15 码 [mǎ][eng.number; code; (also mǎ, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkhyā = number)]

112.16 砂 [shā][eng.sand; (also shā, (surname))][(Skt. sikatā = sand)]

112.17 砃 [dān][archaic; (also dān, to be a stone); rare]

112.18 砄 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a stone); rare]

112.19 砅 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a stone); rare]

112.20 砆 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be a stone); rare]

112.21 砇 [mín][archaic; (also mín, to be a stone); rare]

112.22 砈 [è][archaic; (also è, to be a stone); rare]

112.23 砉 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be a stone); rare]

112.24 砊 [kāng][archaic; (also kāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.25 砋 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be a stone); rare]

112.26 砌 [qì][eng.to build by laying bricks; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. nirmāṇa = building)]

112.27 砍 [kǎn][eng.to chop; to cut; (also kǎn, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting)]

112.28 砎 [jiè][archaic; (also jiè, to be a stone); rare]

112.29 砏 [bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a stone); rare]

112.30 砐 [è][archaic; (also è, to be a stone); rare]

112.31 砑 [yà][archaic; (also yà, to be a stone); rare]

112.32 砒 [pī][eng.arsenic; (also pī, (surname))][(Skt. ārsenika = arsenic)]

112.33 砓 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be a stone); rare]

112.34 研 [yán][eng.to grind; to research; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. piṣ = to grind; Skt. vicāra = research)]

112.35 砕 [suì][eng.Japanese variant of 碎 (to break)][(Skt. bheda = breaking)]

112.36 砖 [zhuān][eng.brick; (also zhuān, (surname))][(Skt. iṣṭakā = brick)]

112.37 砗 [chē][archaic; (also chē, (surname)); rare]

112.38 砘 [dùn][archaic; (also dùn, to be a stone); rare]

112.39 砙 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be a stone); rare]

112.40 砚 [yàn][eng.inkstone; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. śilā = stone)]

112.41 砛 [jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be a stone); rare]

112.42 砜 [fēng][eng.sulfone; (also fēng, (surname))]

112.43 砝 [fǎ][archaic; (also fǎ, to be a stone); rare]

112.44 砞 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a stone); rare]

112.45 砟 [zhǎ][archaic; (also zhǎ, to be a stone); rare]

112.46 砠 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a stone); rare]

112.47 砡 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a stone); rare]

112.48 砢 [luǒ][archaic; (also luǒ, to be a stone); rare]

112.49 砣 [tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be a stone); rare]

112.50 砤 [tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be a stone); rare]

112.51 砥 [dǐ][eng.to polish; (also dǐ, (surname))][(Skt. piṣ = to polish)]

112.52 砦 [zhài][archaic; (also zhài, to be a stockade); rare]

112.53 砧 [zhēn][eng.anvil; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍa = anvil)]

112.54 砨 [è][archaic; (also è, to be a stone); rare]

112.55 砩 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a stone); rare]

112.56 砪 [mǔ][archaic; (also mǔ, to be a stone); rare]

112.57 砫 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a stone); rare]

112.58 砬 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a stone); rare]

112.59 砭 [biān][eng.to pierce; (also biān, (surname))][(Skt. tud = to pierce)]

112.60 砮 [nǔ][archaic; (also nǔ, to be a stone); rare]

112.61 砯 [pīng][archaic; (also pīng, to be a stone); rare]

112.62 砰 [pēng][eng.sound of explosion; (also pēng, (surname))][(Skt. śabda = sound)]

112.63 砱 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a stone); rare]

112.64 砲 [pào][archaic variant of 炮 (cannon)][(Skt. bāṇa = cannon)]

112.65 砳 [lè][archaic; (also lè, to be a stone); rare]

112.66 破 [pò][eng.to break; to destroy; (also pò, (surname))][(Skt. bheda = breaking; Skt. vināśa = destruction)]

112.67 砵 [bō][archaic; (also bō, to be a stone); rare]

112.68 砶 [pā][archaic; (also pā, to be a stone); rare]

112.69 砷 [shēn][eng.arsenic; (also shēn, (surname))][(Skt. ārsenika = arsenic)]

112.70 砸 [zá][eng.to smash; to pound; (also zá, (surname))][(Skt. pīḍana = pounding)]

112.71 砹 [ài][archaic; (also ài, to be a stone); rare]

112.72 砺 [lì][eng.whetstone; to sharpen; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. śāṇá = whetstone)]

112.73 砻 [lóng][eng.to grind; (also lóng, (surname))][(Skt. piṣ = to grind)]

112.74 砼 [tóng][eng.concrete; (also tóng, (surname))]

112.75 砽 [yòng][archaic; (also yòng, to be a stone); rare]

112.76 砾 [lì][eng.gravel; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. kaṭhara = gravel)]

112.77 砿 [kuàng][archaic variant of 矿 (mine)][(Skt. khanana = mining)]

112.78 础 [chǔ][eng.foundation; (also chǔ, (surname))][(Skt. mūla = foundation)]

112.79 硁 [kēng][eng.sound of stones hitting; (also kēng, (surname))]

112.80 硂 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a stone); rare]

112.81 硃 [zhū][archaic variant of 朱 (vermilion)][(Skt. kuṅkuma = vermilion)]

112.82 硄 [guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.83 硅 [guī][eng.silicon; (also guī, (surname))][(Skt. sikatā = silica)]

112.84 硆 [è][archaic; (also è, to be a stone); rare]

112.85 硇 [náo][archaic; (also náo, to be a stone); rare]

112.86 硈 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a stone); rare]

112.87 硉 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a stone); rare]

112.88 硊 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a stone); rare]

112.89 硋 [ài][archaic; (also ài, to be a stone); rare]

112.90 硌 [luò][archaic; (also luò, to be a stone); rare]

112.91 硍 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.92 硎 [xíng][eng.whetstone; (also xíng, (surname))][(Skt. śāṇá = whetstone)]

112.93 硏 [yán][archaic variant of 研 (to grind; to research)][(Skt. piṣ = to grind)]

112.94 硐 [dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be a stone); rare]

112.95 硑 [pēng][archaic; (also pēng, to be a stone); rare]

112.96 硒 [xī][eng.selenium; (also xī, (surname))]

112.97 硓 [lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be a stone); rare]

112.98 硔 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a stone); rare]

112.99 硕 [shuò][eng.great; large; (also shuò, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = great)]

112.100 硖 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, (surname)); rare]

112.101 硗 [qiāo][eng.rocky; (also qiāo, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = rocky)]

112.102 硘 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be a stone); rare]

112.103 硙 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be a stone); rare]

112.104 硚 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be a stone); rare]

112.105 硛 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a stone); rare]

112.106 硜 [kēng][archaic variant of 硁 (sound of stones)]

112.107 硝 [xiāo][eng.saltpeter; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. saindhava = saltpeter)]

112.108 硞 [què][archaic; (also què, to be a stone); rare]

112.109 硟 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be a stone); rare]

112.110 硠 [láng][archaic; (also láng, to be a stone); rare]

112.111 硡 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a stone); rare]

112.112 硢 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a stone); rare]

112.113 硣 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a stone); rare]

112.114 硤 [xiá][archaic variant of 硖 (archaic)]

112.115 硥 [mǎng][archaic; (also mǎng, to be a stone); rare]

112.116 硦 [luò][archaic; (also luò, to be a stone); rare]

112.117 硧 [yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be a stone); rare]

112.118 硨 [chē][archaic; (also chē, to be a stone); rare]

112.119 硩 [chè][archaic; (also chè, to be a stone); rare]

112.120 硪 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be a stone); rare]

112.121 硫 [liú][eng.sulfur; (also liú, (surname))][(Skt. gandhaka = sulfur)]

112.122 硬 [yìng][eng.hard; firm; (also yìng, (surname))][(Skt. kaṭhina = hard; Skt. dṛḍha = firm)]

112.123 硭 [máng][archaic; (also máng, to be a stone); rare]

112.124 确 [què][eng.certain; sure; (also què, (surname))][(Skt. niścaya = certainty)]

112.125 硯 [yàn][eng.traditional variant of 砚 (inkstone)][(Skt. śilā = stone)]

112.126 硰 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be a stone); rare]

112.127 硱 [kǔn][archaic; (also kǔn, to be a stone); rare]

112.128 硲 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a stone); rare]

112.129 硳 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a stone); rare]

112.130 硴 [huā][archaic; (also huā, to be a stone); rare]

112.131 硵 [lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be a stone); rare]

112.132 硶 [chěn][archaic; (also chěn, to be a stone); rare]

112.133 硷 [jiǎn][archaic variant of 碱 (alkali)]

112.134 硸 [nüè][archaic; (also nüè, to be a stone); rare]

112.135 硹 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, to be a stone); rare]

112.136 硺 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a stone); rare]

112.137 硻 [kēng][archaic; (also kēng, to be a stone); rare]

112.138 硼 [péng][eng.boron; (also péng, (surname))]

112.139 硽 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a stone); rare]

112.140 硾 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be a stone); rare]

112.141 硿 [kōng][archaic; (also kōng, to be a stone); rare]

112.142 碀 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a stone); rare]

112.143 碁 [qí][archaic variant of 棋 (chess)][(Skt. akṣa = chess)]

112.144 碂 [zòng][archaic; (also zòng, to be a stone); rare]

112.145 碃 [qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be a stone); rare]

112.146 碄 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be a stone); rare]

112.147 碅 [jūn][archaic; (also jūn, to be a stone); rare]

112.148 碆 [bō][archaic; (also bō, to be a stone); rare]

112.149 碇 [dìng][eng.anchor; (also dìng, (surname))][(Skt. lamba = anchor)]

112.150 碈 [hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be a stone); rare]

112.151 碉 [diāo][eng.blockhouse; (also diāo, (surname))][(Skt. stūpa = blockhouse)]

112.152 碊 [zhàn][archaic; (also zhàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.153 碋 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be a stone); rare]

112.154 碌 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a stone); rare]

112.155 碍 [ài][eng.to hinder; to obstruct; (also ài, (surname))][(Skt. āvaraṇa = obstruction)]

112.156 碎 [suì][eng.to break; to smash; (also suì, (surname))][(Skt. bheda = breaking; Skt. kṣaya = smashing)]

112.157 碏 [què][archaic; (also què, to be a stone); rare]

112.158 碐 [léng][archaic; (also léng, to be a stone); rare]

112.159 碑 [bēi][eng.stele; monument; (also bēi, (surname))][(Skt. śilā = stele)]

112.160 碒 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be a stone); rare]

112.161 碓 [duì][eng.pestle; (also duì, (surname))][(Skt. musala = pestle)]

112.162 碔 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be a stone); rare]

112.163 碕 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a stone); rare]

112.164 碖 [lún][archaic; (also lún, to be a stone); rare]

112.165 碗 [wǎn][eng.bowl; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = bowl)]

112.166 碘 [diǎn][eng.iodine; (also diǎn, (surname))]

112.167 碙 [gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.168 碚 [bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a stone); rare]

112.169 碛 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a stone); rare]

112.170 碜 [chěn][archaic; (also chěn, to be a stone); rare]

112.171 碝 [ruǎn][archaic; (also ruǎn, to be a stone); rare]

112.172 碞 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a stone); rare]

112.173 碟 [dié][eng.plate; dish; (also dié, (surname))][(Skt. pātra = plate)]

112.174 碠 [dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be a stone); rare]

112.175 碡 [dú][archaic; (also dú, to be a stone); rare]

112.176 碢 [tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be a stone); rare]

112.177 碣 [jié][eng.stele; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. śilā = stele)]

112.178 碤 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a stone); rare]

112.179 碥 [biǎn][archaic; (also biǎn, to be a stone); rare]

112.180 碦 [kè][archaic; (also kè, to be a stone); rare]

112.181 碧 [bì][eng.blue-green jade; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. maṇi = jade)]

112.182 碨 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be a stone); rare]

112.183 碩 [shuò][eng.traditional variant of 硕 (great; large)][(Skt. mahā = great)]

112.184 碪 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a stone); rare]

112.185 碫 [duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.186 碬 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a stone); rare]

112.187 碭 [dàng][archaic variant of 砀 (archaic)]

112.188 碮 [dī][archaic; (also dī, to be a stone); rare]

112.189 碯 [nǎo][archaic variant of 瑙 (agate)][(Skt. aśmagarbha = agate)]

112.190 碰 [pèng][eng.to collide; (also pèng, (surname))][(Skt. saṅghaṭṭa = collision)]

112.191 碱 [jiǎn][eng.alkali; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣāra = alkali)]

112.192 碲 [dì][eng.tellurium; (also dì, (surname))]

112.193 碳 [tàn][eng.carbon; (also tàn, (surname))][(Skt. kāla = carbon)]

112.194 碴 [chá][eng.shard; (also chá, (surname))][(Skt. khaṇḍa = shard)]

112.195 碵 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be a stone); rare]

112.196 碶 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a stone); rare]

112.197 碷 [dùn][archaic; (also dùn, to be a stone); rare]

112.198 碸 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be a stone); rare]

112.199 碹 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.200 確 [què][eng.traditional variant of 确 (certain; sure)][(Skt. niścaya = certainty)]

112.201 碻 [què][archaic variant of 确 (certain)][(Skt. niścaya = certainty)]

112.202 碼 [mǎ][eng.traditional variant of 码 (number; code)][(Skt. saṃkhyā = number)]

112.203 碽 [gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be a stone); rare]

112.204 碾 [niǎn][eng.to grind; (also niǎn, (surname))][(Skt. piṣ = to grind)]

112.205 碿 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a stone); rare]

112.206 磀 [é][archaic; (also é, to be a stone); rare]

112.207 磁 [cí][eng.magnet; (also cí, (surname))][(Skt. cumbaka = magnet)]

112.208 磂 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be a stone); rare]

112.209 磃 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a stone); rare]

112.210 磄 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be a stone); rare]

112.211 磅 [bàng][eng.pound; (also bàng, (surname))][(Skt. mātrā = pound)]

112.212 磆 [huá][archaic; (also huá, to be a stone); rare]

112.213 磇 [pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a stone); rare]

112.214 磈 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be a stone); rare]

112.215 磉 [sǎng][archaic; (also sǎng, to be a stone); rare]

112.216 磊 [lěi][eng.pile of stones; (also lěi, (surname))][(Skt. rāśi = pile)]

112.217 磋 [cuō][eng.to consult; (also cuō, (surname))][(Skt. mantrana = consultation)]

112.218 磌 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be a stone); rare]

112.219 磍 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a stone); rare]

112.220 磎 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a stone); rare]

112.221 磏 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be a stone); rare]

112.222 磐 [pán][eng.firm; (also pán, (surname))][(Skt. dṛḍha = firm)]

112.223 磑 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be a stone); rare]

112.224 磒 [yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to be a stone); rare]

112.225 磓 [duī][archaic; (also duī, to be a stone); rare]

112.226 磔 [zhé][eng.to tear; (also zhé, (surname))][(Skt. bheda = tearing)]

112.227 磕 [kē][eng.to knock; to collide; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = knock)]

112.228 磖 [lá][archaic; (also lá, to be a stone); rare]

112.229 磗 [zhuān][archaic variant of 砖 (brick)][(Skt. iṣṭakā = brick)]

112.230 磘 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be a stone); rare]

112.231 磙 [gǔn][archaic; (also gǔn, to be a stone); rare]

112.232 磚 [zhuān][eng.traditional variant of 砖 (brick)][(Skt. iṣṭakā = brick)]

112.233 磛 [chán][archaic; (also chán, to be a stone); rare]

112.234 磜 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a stone); rare]

112.235 磝 [áo][archaic; (also áo, to be a stone); rare]

112.236 磞 [pēng][archaic; (also pēng, to be a stone); rare]

112.237 磟 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a stone); rare]

112.238 磠 [lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be a stone); rare]

112.239 磡 [kàn][archaic; (also kàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.240 磢 [chuǎng][archaic; (also chuǎng, to be a stone); rare]

112.241 磣 [chěn][eng.traditional variant of 碜 (archaic)]

112.242 磤 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be a stone); rare]

112.243 磥 [lěi][archaic variant of 磊 (pile of stones)][(Skt. rāśi = pile)]

112.244 磦 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be a stone); rare]

112.245 磧 [qì][archaic variant of 碛 (archaic)]

112.246 磨 [mó][eng.to grind; to polish; (also mò, millstone)][(Skt. piṣ = to grind; Skt. mārdava = polishing)]

112.247 磩 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a stone); rare]

112.248 磪 [cuī][archaic; (also cuī, to be a stone); rare]

112.249 磫 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be a stone); rare]

112.250 磬 [qìng][eng.stone chime; (also qìng, (surname))][(Skt. ghaṇṭā = chime)]

112.251 磭 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be a stone); rare]

112.252 磮 [lún][archaic; (also lún, to be a stone); rare]

112.253 磯 [jī][archaic variant of 矶 (archaic)]

112.254 磰 [shàn][archaic; (also shàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.255 磱 [láo][archaic; (also láo, to be a stone); rare]

112.256 磲 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a stone); rare]

112.257 磳 [zēng][archaic; (also zēng, to be a stone); rare]

112.258 磴 [dèng][eng.stone steps; (also dèng, (surname))][(Skt. sopāna = steps)]

112.259 磵 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.260 磶 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a stone); rare]

112.261 磷 [lín][eng.phosphorus; (also lín, (surname))][(Skt. bhāsvara = phosphorus)]

112.262 磸 [dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be a stone); rare]

112.263 磹 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be a stone); rare]

112.264 磺 [huáng][eng.sulfur; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. gandhaka = sulfur)]

112.265 磻 [pán][archaic; (also pán, to be a stone); rare]

112.266 磼 [zá][archaic; (also zá, to be a stone); rare]

112.267 磽 [qiāo][eng.traditional variant of 硗 (rocky)][(Skt. śaila = rocky)]

112.268 磾 [dī][archaic; (also dī, to be a stone); rare]

112.269 磿 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a stone); rare]

112.270 礀 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.271 礁 [jiāo][eng.reef; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. śaila = reef)]

112.272 礂 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a stone); rare]

112.273 礃 [zhǎng][archaic; (also zhǎng, to be a stone); rare]

112.274 礄 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be a stone); rare]

112.275 礅 [dūn][archaic; (also dūn, to be a stone); rare]

112.276 礆 [jiǎn][archaic variant of 碱 (alkali)][(Skt. kṣāra = alkali)]

112.277 礇 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a stone); rare]

112.278 礈 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be a stone); rare]

112.279 礉 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be a stone); rare]

112.280 礊 [kè][archaic; (also kè, to be a stone); rare]

112.281 礋 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be a stone); rare]

112.282 礌 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a stone); rare]

112.283 礍 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a stone); rare]

112.284 礎 [chǔ][eng.traditional variant of 础 (foundation)][(Skt. mūla = foundation)]

112.285 礏 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be a stone); rare]

112.286 礐 [què][archaic; (also què, to be a stone); rare]

112.287 礑 [dāng][archaic; (also dāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.288 礒 [yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be a stone); rare]

112.289 礓 [jiāng][archaic; (also jiāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.290 礔 [pì][archaic; (also pì, to be a stone); rare]

112.291 礕 [pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a stone); rare]

112.292 礖 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a stone); rare]

112.293 礗 [bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a stone); rare]

112.294 礘 [è][archaic; (also è, to be a stone); rare]

112.295 礙 [ài][eng.traditional variant of 碍 (to hinder)][(Skt. āvaraṇa = obstruction)]

112.296 礚 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a stone); rare]

112.297 礛 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a stone); rare]

112.298 礜 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a stone); rare]

112.299 礝 [ruǎn][archaic; (also ruǎn, to be a stone); rare]

112.300 礞 [méng][archaic; (also méng, to be a stone); rare]

112.301 礟 [pào][archaic variant of 炮 (cannon)][(Skt. bāṇa = cannon)]

112.302 礠 [cí][archaic variant of 磁 (magnet)][(Skt. cumbaka = magnet)]

112.303 礡 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a stone); rare]

112.304 礢 [yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be a stone); rare]

112.305 礣 [miè][archaic; (also miè, to be a stone); rare]

112.306 礤 [cǎ][archaic; (also cǎ, to be a stone); rare]

112.307 礥 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be a stone); rare]

112.308 礦 [kuàng][eng.traditional variant of 矿 (mine)][(Skt. khanana = mining)]

112.309 礧 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a stone); rare]

112.310 礨 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be a stone); rare]

112.311 礩 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a stone); rare]

112.312 礪 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 砺 (whetstone)][(Skt. śāṇá = whetstone)]

112.313 礫 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 砾 (gravel)][(Skt. kaṭhara = gravel)]

112.314 礬 [fán][eng.traditional variant of 矾 (alum)][(Skt. sphaṭika = alum)]

112.315 礭 [què][archaic; (also què, to be a stone); rare]

112.316 礮 [pào][archaic variant of 炮 (cannon)][(Skt. bāṇa = cannon)]

112.317 礯 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a stone); rare]

112.318 礰 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a stone); rare]

112.319 礱 [lóng][eng.traditional variant of 砻 (to grind)][(Skt. piṣ = to grind)]

112.320 礲 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be a stone); rare]

112.321 礳 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a stone); rare]

112.322 礴 [bó][eng.to spread; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. vistīrṇa = spread)]

112.323 礵 [shuāng][archaic; (also shuāng, to be a stone); rare]

112.324 礶 [guàn][archaic; (also guàn, to be a stone); rare]

112.325 礷 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be a stone); rare]

112.326 礸 [cǎ][archaic; (also cǎ, to be a stone); rare]

112.327 礹 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a stone); rare]

112.328 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 112

112.329 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

112.330 112.1 石 (shí) [skt.śaila; pāṣāṇa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents stone and rock. Appears in Buddhist compound 宝石 (ratna, precious stone) and 石塔 (śaila-stūpa, stone stupa). Also appears in the simile of the "stone" in the Vajracchedikā (金刚经), where the diamond is used as a metaphor for the indestructible nature of the Dharma

112.331 112.26 砌 (qì) [skt.nirmāṇa] — Used for "to build by laying bricks"; appears in descriptions of construction

112.332 112.27 砍 (kǎn) [skt.cheda] — Used for "to chop" and "to cut"; appears in descriptions of labor

112.333 112.34 研 (yán) [skt.piṣ; vicāra] — CRITICAL — Used for "to grind" and "to research." Appears in Buddhist compound 研究 (vicāra, investigation/research), a key term in Buddhist scholarship and practice. The act of grinding is also used as a metaphor for the refinement of the mind

112.334 112.66 破 (pò) [skt.bheda; vināśa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to break" and "to destroy." Appears in Buddhist compound 破除 (bheda, breaking through) and 破戒 (śīla-bheda, breaking precepts). Also appears in 破邪 (pāpa, destroying evil), a common term in Buddhist polemics

112.335 112.72 砺 (lì) [skt.śāṇá] — Used for "whetstone" and "to sharpen"; appears in the metaphor of sharpening the mind through practice

112.336 112.78 础 (chǔ) [skt.mūla] — CRITICAL — Used for "foundation." Appears in Buddhist compound 基础 (mūla, foundation), used to describe the foundational practices of Buddhism

112.337 112.122 硬 (yìng) [skt.kaṭhina; dṛḍha] — Used for "hard" and "firm." Appears in Buddhist compound 坚硬 (kaṭhina, hard), used in descriptions of the diamond-like nature of the Dharma

112.338 112.124 确 (què) [skt.niścaya] — CRITICAL — Used for "certain" and "sure." Appears in Buddhist compound 确定 (niścaya, certainty) and 正确 (samyak, correct/right), as in the Noble Eightfold Path

112.339 112.149 碇 (dìng) [skt.lamba] — Used for "anchor"; appears in descriptions of ships and stability

112.340 112.156 碎 (suì) [skt.bheda; kṣaya] — Used for "to break" and "to smash." Appears in Buddhist compound 粉碎 (kṣaya, to shatter), used in descriptions of the destruction of defilements

112.341 112.159 碑 (bēi) [skt.śilā] — Used for "stele" and "monument." Appears in descriptions of stelae and inscriptions

112.342 112.177 碣 (jié) [skt.śilā] — Used for "stele"; appears in descriptions of monuments

112.343 112.181 碧 (bì) [skt.maṇi] — Used for "blue-green jade"; appears in descriptions of precious stones

112.344 112.200 確 (què) [skt.niścaya] — Traditional variant of 确; used for "certain" and "sure"

112.345 112.246 磨 (mó) [skt.piṣ; mārdava] — CRITICAL — Used for "to grind" and "to polish." Appears in Buddhist compound 磨炼 (tapana, refinement) and 琢磨 (utkīrṇa, to carve and polish), used as a metaphor for the refinement of the mind through practice

112.346 112.250 磬 (qìng) [skt.ghaṇṭā] — Used for "stone chime"; appears in descriptions of ritual instruments

112.347 112.261 磷 (lín) [skt.bhāsvara] — Used for "phosphorus"; appears in modern scientific contexts

112.348 112.271 礁 (jiāo) [skt.śaila] — Used for "reef"; appears in descriptions of the ocean

112.349 112.284 礎 (chǔ) [skt.mūla] — Traditional variant of 础; used for "foundation"

112.350 112.295 礙 (ài) [skt.āvaraṇa] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 碍; used for "to hinder" and "to obstruct." Appears in Buddhist compound 障碍 (āvaraṇa, hindrance/obstruction), a key term describing the obstacles to spiritual practice

112.351 112.312 礪 (lì) [skt.śāṇá] — Traditional variant of 砺; used for "whetstone"

112.352 112.313 礫 (lì) [skt.kaṭhara] — Traditional variant of 砾; used for "gravel"

112.353 112.314 礬 (fán) [skt.sphaṭika] — Traditional variant of 矾; used for "alum"

112.354 112.322 礴 (bó) [skt.vistīrṇa] — Used for "to spread"; appears in compound 磅礴 (vistīrṇa, vast/spreading)

113 示

113.1 示 [chn.shì][eng.to show; to manifest; to reveal; (also shì, (surname))][skt.darśana; (Skt. prakāśana = manifestation)]

113.2 礻 [chn.shì][eng.to show; to manifest; (used as left radical)][skt.darśana; (Skt. prakāśana = manifestation)]

113.3 礼 [chn.lǐ][eng.ritual; ceremony; propriety; (also lǐ, (surname))][(Skt. vidhi = ritual; Skt. śīla = propriety)]

113.4 礽 [chn.réng][archaic; (also réng, to be blessing); rare]

113.5 社 [chn.shè][eng.society; community; (also shè, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgha = community)]

113.6 礿 [chn.yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be sacrifice); rare]

113.7 祀 [chn.sì][eng.to offer sacrifice; (also sì, (surname))][(Skt. yajña = sacrifice)]

113.8 祁 [chn.qí][eng.great; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. mahā = great)]

113.9 祂 [chn.tā][eng.he; (also tā, (surname))][(Skt. sa = he)]

113.10 祃 [chn.mà][archaic; (also mà, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.11 祄 [chn.xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a blessing); rare]

113.12 祅 [chn.yāo][archaic; (also yāo, to be evil); rare]

113.13 祆 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be a spirit); rare]

113.14 祇 [chn.qí][eng.earth spirit; (also zhǐ, to be only)][(Skt. yakṣa = spirit; Skt. eva = only)]

113.15 祈 [chn.qí][eng.to pray; to entreat; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. prārthanā = prayer)]

113.16 祉 [chn.zhǐ][eng.blessing; happiness; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. śubha = blessing)]

113.17 祊 [chn.bēng][archaic; (also bēng, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.18 祋 [chn.duì][archaic; (also duì, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.19 祌 [chn.zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be a spirit); rare]

113.20 祍 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be a blessing); rare]

113.21 祎 [chn.yī][archaic; (also yī, to be beautiful); rare]

113.22 祏 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, to be a shrine); rare]

113.23 祐 [chn.yòu][eng.to bless; to protect; (also yòu, (surname))][(Skt. anugraha = blessing)]

113.24 祑 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.25 祒 [chn.tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be a blessing); rare]

113.26 祓 [chn.fú][eng.to purify; to exorcise; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. śodhana = purification)]

113.27 祔 [chn.fù][eng.to encoffin; (also fù, (surname))]

113.28 祕 [chn.mì][eng.secret; (also mì, (surname))][(Skt. rahasyam = secret)]

113.29 祖 [chn.zǔ][eng.ancestor; (also zǔ, (surname))][(Skt. pitṛ = ancestor)]

113.30 祗 [chn.zhī][eng.to respect; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

113.31 祘 [chn.suàn][archaic variant of 算 (to calculate)][(Skt. gaṇanā = calculation)]

113.32 祙 [chn.mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to be a spirit); rare]

113.33 祚 [chn.zuò][eng.blessing; (also zuò, (surname))][(Skt. śubha = blessing)]

113.34 祛 [chn.qū][eng.to dispel; (also qū, (surname))][(Skt. apaharaṇa = dispelling)]

113.35 祜 [chn.hù][eng.blessing; (also hù, (surname))][(Skt. anugraha = blessing)]

113.36 祝 [chn.zhù][eng.to wish; to pray; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. prārthanā = prayer)]

113.37 神 [chn.shén][eng.god; spirit; (also shén, (surname))][skt.deva; (Skt. ātman = spirit)]

113.38 祟 [chn.suì][eng.evil spirit; (also suì, (surname))][(Skt. yakṣa = spirit)]

113.39 祠 [chn.cí][eng.ancestral temple; (also cí, (surname))][(Skt. prāsāda = temple)]

113.40 祡 [chn.chái][archaic; (also chái, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.41 祢 [chn.mí][archaic variant of 禰 (ancestral temple)][(Skt. prāsāda = temple)]

113.42 祣 [chn.lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.43 祤 [chn.yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be a blessing); rare]

113.44 祥 [chn.xiáng][eng.auspicious; (also xiáng, (surname))][(Skt. maṅgala = auspicious)]

113.45 祦 [chn.wú][archaic; (also wú, to be a blessing); rare]

113.46 祧 [chn.tiāo][eng.ancestral temple; (also tiāo, (surname))][(Skt. prāsāda = temple)]

113.47 票 [chn.piào][eng.ticket; (also piào, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = ticket)]

113.48 祩 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a blessing); rare]

113.49 祪 [guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be a blessing); rare]

113.50 祫 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.51 祬 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be a blessing); rare]

113.52 祭 [jì][eng.to offer sacrifice; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. yajña = sacrifice)]

113.53 祮 [gào][archaic; (also gào, to be a blessing); rare]

113.54 祯 [zhēn][eng.auspicious; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. maṅgala = auspicious)]

113.55 祰 [gào][archaic; (also gào, to be a blessing); rare]

113.56 祱 [shuì][archaic; (also shuì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.57 祲 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be a spirit); rare]

113.58 祳 [shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be a blessing); rare]

113.59 祴 [gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be a blessing); rare]

113.60 祵 [kǔn][archaic; (also kǔn, to be a blessing); rare]

113.61 祶 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.62 祷 [dǎo][eng.to pray; (also dǎo, (surname))][(Skt. prārthanā = prayer)]

113.63 祸 [huò][eng.disaster; misfortune; (also huò, (surname))][(Skt. vipatti = misfortune)]

113.64 祹 [táo][archaic; (also táo, to be a blessing); rare]

113.65 祺 [qí][archaic; (also qí, (surname)); rare]

113.66 祻 [gù][archaic; (also gù, to be a blessing); rare]

113.67 祼 [guàn][eng.to pour a libation; (also guàn, (surname))][(Skt. upanayana = libation)]

113.68 祽 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.69 祾 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a blessing); rare]

113.70 祿 [lù][eng.traditional variant of 禄 (salary; fortune)][(Skt. vibhava = fortune)]

113.71 禀 [bǐng][eng.to receive; (also bǐng, (surname))][(Skt. pratigraha = receiving)]

113.72 禁 [jìn][eng.to prohibit; (also jìn, (surname))][(Skt. niṣedha = prohibition)]

113.73 禂 [dǎo][archaic variant of 祷 (to pray)][(Skt. prārthanā = prayer)]

113.74 禃 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be a blessing); rare]

113.75 禄 [lù][eng.salary; fortune; (also lù, (surname))][(Skt. vibhava = fortune)]

113.76 禅 [chán][eng.meditation; Zen; (also shàn, to abdicate)][skt.dhyāna; (Skt. jhāna = meditation)]

113.77 禆 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.78 禇 [zhě][archaic; (also zhě, to be a blessing); rare]

113.79 禈 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be a blessing); rare]

113.80 禉 [yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be a blessing); rare]

113.81 禊 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.82 禋 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.83 禌 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a blessing); rare]

113.84 禍 [huò][eng.traditional variant of 祸 (disaster)][(Skt. vipatti = misfortune)]

113.85 禎 [zhēn][eng.traditional variant of 祯 (auspicious)][(Skt. maṅgala = auspicious)]

113.86 福 [fú][eng.blessing; good fortune; (also fú, (surname))][skt.puṇya; (Skt. śubha = blessing)]

113.87 禐 [yuàn][archaic; (also yuàn, to be a blessing); rare]

113.88 禑 [xú][archaic; (also xú, to be a blessing); rare]

113.89 禒 [tuǒ][archaic; (also tuǒ, to be a blessing); rare]

113.90 禓 [shāng][archaic; (also shāng, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.91 禔 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be a blessing); rare]

113.92 禕 [yī][archaic variant of 祎 (beautiful)]

113.93 禖 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.94 禗 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be a blessing); rare]

113.95 禘 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.96 禙 [bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be a blessing); rare]

113.97 禚 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a blessing); rare]

113.98 禛 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be a blessing); rare]

113.99 禜 [yǒng][archaic; (also yǒng, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.100 禝 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.101 禞 [gào][archaic; (also gào, to be a blessing); rare]

113.102 禟 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be a blessing); rare]

113.103 禠 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be a blessing); rare]

113.104 禡 [mà][archaic; (also mà, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.105 禢 [tà][archaic; (also tà, to be a blessing); rare]

113.106 禣 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be a blessing); rare]

113.107 禤 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be a blessing); rare]

113.108 禥 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a blessing); rare]

113.109 禦 [yù][eng.traditional variant of 御 (to resist)][(Skt. pratigha = resistance)]

113.110 禧 [xǐ][eng.joy; (also xǐ, (surname))][(Skt. prīti = joy)]

113.111 禨 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a blessing); rare]

113.112 禩 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.113 禪 [chán][eng.traditional variant of 禅 (meditation; Zen)][skt.dhyāna; (Skt. jhāna = meditation)]

113.114 禫 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.115 禬 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.116 禭 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.117 禮 [lǐ][eng.traditional variant of 礼 (ritual; ceremony)][(Skt. vidhi = ritual)]

113.118 禯 [nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to be a blessing); rare]

113.119 禰 [mí][archaic; (also mí, (surname)); rare]

113.120 禱 [dǎo][eng.traditional variant of 祷 (to pray)][(Skt. prārthanā = prayer)]

113.121 禲 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a blessing); rare]

113.122 禳 [ráng][eng.to exorcise; (also ráng, (surname))][(Skt. śodhana = exorcism)]

113.123 禴 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.124 禵 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a blessing); rare]

113.125 禶 [zàn][archaic; (also zàn, to be a blessing); rare]

113.126 禷 [lèi][archaic; (also lèi, to be a sacrifice); rare]

113.127 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 113

113.128 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

113.129 113.1 示 (shì) [skt.darśana; prakāśana] — The radical itself; represents "to show" and "to manifest." Appears in Buddhist compound 示现 (nirmāṇa, manifestation) and 显示 (prakāśana, to reveal). The radical is central to characters related to ritual, worship, and divine matters

113.130 113.3 礼 (lǐ) [skt.vidhi; śīla] — CRITICAL — Used for "ritual" and "propriety." Appears in Buddhist compound 礼节 (vinaya, etiquette) and 礼拜 (vandana, worship). In Chinese Buddhism, lǐ is often associated with the proper conduct of monastic life

113.131 113.5 社 (shè) [skt.saṅgha] — Used for "society" and "community." Appears in Buddhist compound 社会 (saṅgha, society/community). In Buddhist contexts, the saṅgha is the monastic community, one of the Three Jewels

113.132 113.7 祀 (sì) [skt.yajña] — Used for "to offer sacrifice." Appears in descriptions of ritual offerings

113.133 113.15 祈 (qí) [skt.prārthanā] — Used for "to pray" and "to entreat." Appears in Buddhist compound 祈祷 (prārthanā, prayer) and in ritual contexts

113.134 113.14 祇 (qí) [skt.yakṣa; eva] — Used for "earth spirit" and "only." Appears in Buddhist contexts for spirits and in grammatical usage

113.135 113.23 祐 (yòu) [skt.anugraha] — Used for "to bless" and "to protect." Appears in Buddhist compound 佑护 (anugraha, blessing)

113.136 113.26 祓 (fú) [skt.śodhana] — Used for "to purify" and "to exorcise." Appears in ritual and purification contexts

113.137 113.29 祖 (zǔ) [skt.pitṛ] — CRITICAL — Used for "ancestor." Appears in Buddhist compound 祖师 (ācārya, patriarch/founder) and in descriptions of the lineage of teachers

113.138 113.37 神 (shén) [skt.deva; ātman] — CRITICAL — Used for "god" and "spirit." Appears in Buddhist compound 神通 (abhijñā, supernormal powers) and 神变 (vikurvaṇa, miraculous transformation). Also appears in the compound 神识 (vijñāna, consciousness)

113.139 113.44 祥 (xiáng) [skt.maṅgala] — Used for "auspicious." Appears in Buddhist compound 吉祥 (maṅgala, auspicious), often used in the opening of sūtras

113.140 113.47 票 (piào) [skt.paṭṭa] — Used for "ticket"; appears in modern contexts

113.141 113.52 祭 (jì) [skt.yajña] — Used for "to offer sacrifice." Appears in descriptions of ritual offerings

113.142 113.54 祯 (zhēn) [skt.maṅgala] — Used for "auspicious." Appears in compound 祯祥 (maṅgala, auspicious)

113.143 113.62 祷 (dǎo) [skt.prārthanā] — Used for "to pray." Appears in Buddhist compound 祈祷 (prārthanā, prayer)

113.144 113.63 祸 (huò) [skt.vipatti] — Used for "disaster" and "misfortune." Appears in Buddhist compound 祸患 (vipatti, calamity)

113.145 113.65 祺 (qí) — Used for "auspicious." Appears in compound 祺祥 (maṅgala, auspicious)

113.146 113.67 祼 (guàn) [skt.upanayana] — Used for "to pour a libation." Appears in ritual contexts

113.147 113.70 祿 (lù) [skt.vibhava] — Used for "salary" and "fortune." Appears in Buddhist compound 福禄 (puṇya, merit and fortune)

113.148 113.71 禀 (bǐng) [skt.pratigraha] — Used for "to receive." Appears in compound 禀承 (pratigraha, to receive)

113.149 113.72 禁 (jìn) [skt.niṣedha] — Used for "to prohibit." Appears in Buddhist compound 禁戒 (śīla, precepts/prohibitions)

113.150 113.76 禅 (chán) [skt.dhyāna; jhāna] — CRITICAL — Used for "meditation" and "Zen." Appears in Buddhist compound 禅定 (dhyāna-samādhi, meditative concentration) and 禅宗 (Chan/Zen school). Dhyāna is one of the six perfections (pāramitā) and is central to Buddhist practice

113.151 113.86 福 (fú) [skt.puṇya; śubha] — CRITICAL — Used for "blessing" and "good fortune." Appears in Buddhist compound 福德 (puṇya, merit), 福报 (puṇya-vipāka, karmic reward), and 福田 (puṇya-kṣetra, field of merit). One of the most important terms in Buddhist ethics

113.152 113.109 禦 (yù) [skt.pratigha] — Used for "to resist." Appears in compound 御敌 (pratigha, to resist the enemy)

113.153 113.110 禧 (xǐ) [skt.prīti] — Used for "joy." Appears in compound 禧庆 (prīti, joy and celebration)

113.154 113.117 禮 (lǐ) [skt.vidhi] — Traditional variant of 礼; used for "ritual" and "propriety"

113.155 113.113 禪 (chán) [skt.dhyāna] — Traditional variant of 禅; used for "meditation" and "Zen"

113.156 113.120 禱 (dǎo) [skt.prārthanā] — Traditional variant of 祷; used for "to pray"

113.157 113.122 禳 (ráng) [skt.śodhana] — Used for "to exorcise." Appears in ritual contexts of purification and exorcism

114 禸

114.1 禸 [chn.róu][eng.track; footprint; (also róu, to be a track)][skt.pada; (Skt. gati = movement)]

114.2 禹 [chn.yǔ][eng.Yu the Great; legendary emperor; (also yǔ, (surname))][skt.rājan; (Skt. dakṣa = skill)]

114.3 禺 [chn.yú][eng.ancient term for a monkey; region; (also yú, (surname))][skt.markaṭa; (Skt. deśa = region)]

114.4 离 [chn.lí][eng.to leave; to depart; to be separated from; the trigram Li (fire)][skt.viraha; (Skt. tyāga = abandonment; Skt. agni = fire)]

114.5 禼 [chn.xiè][archaic; a kind of insect; (also xiè, a name)]

114.6 禽 [chn.qín][eng.bird; to capture; (also qín, (surname))][skt.pakṣin; (Skt. grahaṇa = capture)]

114.7 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 114

114.8 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

114.9 114.1 禸 (róu) [skt.pada; gati] — The radical itself; represents a "track" or "footprint." Appears in characters related to movement, tracks, and animals. In Buddhist contexts, gati refers to the realms of rebirth (六道, ṣaḍ-gati)

114.10 114.2 禹 (yǔ) [skt.rājan; dakṣa] — A legendary emperor known for controlling the floods. Appears in classical Chinese texts and in compound 大禹 (Mahā-rājan, Great Yu). In Buddhist texts, it occasionally appears in historical and mythological references

114.11 114.3 禺 (yú) [skt.markaṭa; deśa] — Used for a kind of monkey in ancient texts. Also appears in the place name 番禺 (Panyu). The monkey is a symbol of the restless mind in Buddhist similes (心猿, citta-markaṭa)

114.12 114.4 离 (lí) [skt.viraha; tyāga; agni] — CRITICAL — Used for "to leave" and "to be separated from." Appears in Buddhist compound 离欲 (virāga, freedom from desire), 离苦 (duḥkha-viraha, liberation from suffering), and 离垢 (viraga, purity/without defilement). Also the trigram Li (fire) in the I Ching, representing brightness and clarity

114.13 114.6 禽 (qín) [skt.pakṣin; grahaṇa] — CRITICAL — Used for "bird" and "to capture." Appears in Buddhist compound 禽兽 (pakṣi-mṛga, birds and beasts), used in discussions of the animal realm (tiryagyoni)

115 禾

115.1 禾 [chn.hé][eng.grain; cereal; (also hé, (surname))][skt.dhānya; (Skt. śasyam = grain)]

115.2 禿 [chn.tū][archaic variant of 秃 (bald; bare)][(Skt. muṇḍa = bald)]

115.3 秀 [chn.xiù][eng.elegant; outstanding; (also xiù, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = elegant)]

115.4 私 [chn.sī][eng.private; personal; (also sī, (surname))][(Skt. ātma = self; Skt. nija = private)]

115.5 秂 [chn.rén][archaic; (also rén, to be a grain); rare]

115.6 秃 [chn.tū][eng.bald; bare; (also tū, (surname))][(Skt. muṇḍa = bald)]

115.7 秄 [chn.zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be a grain); rare]

115.8 秅 [chn.chá][archaic; (also chá, to be a grain); rare]

115.9 秆 [chn.gǎn][eng.stalk; (also gǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stalk)]

115.10 秇 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a grain); rare]

115.11 秈 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be a grain); rare]

115.12 秉 [chn.bǐng][eng.to hold; to grasp; (also bǐng, (surname))][(Skt. grah = to grasp)]

115.13 秊 [chn.nián][archaic variant of 年 (year)][(Skt. varṣa = year)]

115.14 秋 [chn.qiū][eng.autumn; (also qiū, (surname))][(Skt. śarad = autumn)]

115.15 秌 [chn.qiū][archaic variant of 秋 (autumn)][(Skt. śarad = autumn)]

115.16 种 [chn.zhǒng][eng.seed; (also zhòng, to plant; chóng, (surname))][skt.bīja; (Skt. vṛkṣa = plant)]

115.17 秎 [chn.fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to be a grain); rare]

115.18 秏 [chn.hào][archaic; (also hào, to be a grain); rare]

115.19 秐 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to be a grain); rare]

115.20 科 [chn.kē][eng.science; subject; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. vidyā = science; Skt. śāstra = subject)]

115.21 秒 [chn.miǎo][eng.second; (also miǎo, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaṇa = second)]

115.22 秓 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be a grain); rare]

115.23 秔 [jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be a grain); rare]

115.24 秕 [bǐ][eng.chaff; (also bǐ, (surname))][(Skt. tuṣa = chaff)]

115.25 秖 [zhī][archaic variant of 祇 (only; spirit)][(Skt. eva = only)]

115.26 秗 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a grain); rare]

115.27 秘 [mì][eng.secret; (also mì, (surname))][(Skt. rahasyam = secret)]

115.28 秙 [kù][archaic; (also kù, to be a grain); rare]

115.29 秚 [bàn][archaic; (also bàn, to be a grain); rare]

115.30 秛 [pèi][archaic; (also pèi, to be a grain); rare]

115.31 秜 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be a grain); rare]

115.32 秝 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a grain); rare]

115.33 秞 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, to be a grain); rare]

115.34 租 [zū][eng.to rent; (also zū, (surname))][(Skt. bhāga = rent)]

115.35 秠 [pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a grain); rare]

115.36 秡 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a grain); rare]

115.37 秢 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a grain); rare]

115.38 秣 [mò][eng.fodder; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. ghāsa = fodder)]

115.39 秤 [chèng][eng.scale; (also chèng, (surname))][(Skt. tulā = scale)]

115.40 秥 [nián][archaic; (also nián, to be a grain); rare]

115.41 秦 [qín][eng.Qin dynasty; (also qín, (surname))]

115.42 秧 [yāng][eng.seedling; (also yāng, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = seedling)]

115.43 秨 [zuó][archaic; (also zuó, to be a grain); rare]

115.44 秩 [zhì][eng.order; rank; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. krama = order)]

115.45 秪 [zhī][archaic variant of 秖 (only)][(Skt. eva = only)]

115.46 秫 [shú][eng.sorghum; (also shú, (surname))][(Skt. yava = sorghum)]

115.47 秬 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be a grain); rare]

115.48 秭 [zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be a grain); rare]

115.49 秮 [kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to be a grain); rare]

115.50 积 [jī][eng.to accumulate; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

115.51 称 [chēng][eng.to call; (also chèn, to be suitable)][(Skt. nāma = name; Skt. yukta = suitable)]

115.52 秱 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a grain); rare]

115.53 秲 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a grain); rare]

115.54 秳 [kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to be a grain); rare]

115.55 秴 [huō][archaic; (also huō, to be a grain); rare]

115.56 秵 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be a grain); rare]

115.57 秶 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a grain); rare]

115.58 秷 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a grain); rare]

115.59 秸 [jiē][eng.straw; (also jiē, (surname))][(Skt. palāla = straw)]

115.60 秹 [rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be a grain); rare]

115.61 秺 [dù][archaic; (also dù, to be a grain); rare]

115.62 移 [yí][eng.to move; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. calana = movement)]

115.63 秼 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, to be a grain); rare]

115.64 秽 [huì][eng.dirty; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. mala = impurity)]

115.65 秾 [nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to be a grain); rare]

115.66 秿 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be a grain); rare]

115.67 稀 [xī][eng.rare; sparse; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. virala = rare)]

115.68 稁 [gǎo][archaic; (also gǎo, to be a grain); rare]

115.69 稂 [láng][archaic; (also láng, to be a grain); rare]

115.70 稃 [fū][eng.chaff; (also fū, (surname))][(Skt. tuṣa = chaff)]

115.71 稄 [xùn][archaic; (also xùn, to be a grain); rare]

115.72 稅 [shuì][eng.traditional variant of 税 (tax)][(Skt. kar = tax)]

115.73 稆 [lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be a grain); rare]

115.74 稇 [kǔn][archaic; (also kǔn, to be a grain); rare]

115.75 稈 [gǎn][eng.traditional variant of 秆 (stalk)][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stalk)]

115.76 稉 [jīng][archaic variant of 粳 (rice)]

115.77 稊 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a grain); rare]

115.78 程 [chéng][eng.procedure; (also chéng, (surname))][(Skt. vidhi = procedure)]

115.79 稌 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be a grain); rare]

115.80 稍 [shāo][eng.slightly; (also shào, to be a little)][(Skt. alpa = slightly)]

115.81 税 [shuì][eng.tax; (also shuì, (surname))][(Skt. kar = tax)]

115.82 稏 [yà][archaic; (also yà, to be a grain); rare]

115.83 稐 [lǔn][archaic; (also lǔn, to be a grain); rare]

115.84 稑 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a grain); rare]

115.85 稒 [gù][archaic; (also gù, to be a grain); rare]

115.86 稓 [zuó][archaic; (also zuó, to be a grain); rare]

115.87 稔 [rěn][eng.to be familiar; (also rěn, (surname))][(Skt. jñāta = familiar)]

115.88 稕 [zhùn][archaic; (also zhùn, to be a grain); rare]

115.89 稖 [bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to be a grain); rare]

115.90 稗 [bài][eng.tare; (also bài, (surname))][(Skt. śyāmāka = tare)]

115.91 稘 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a grain); rare]

115.92 稙 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be a grain); rare]

115.93 稚 [zhì][eng.young; childish; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = young)]

115.94 稛 [kǔn][archaic; (also kǔn, to be a grain); rare]

115.95 稜 [léng][eng.edge; (also léng, (surname))][(Skt. koṇa = edge)]

115.96 稝 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a grain); rare]

115.97 稞 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be a grain); rare]

115.98 稟 [bǐng][eng.traditional variant of 禀 (to receive)][(Skt. pratigraha = receiving)]

115.99 稠 [chóu][eng.dense; (also chóu, (surname))][(Skt. ghana = dense)]

115.100 稡 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a grain); rare]

115.101 稢 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a grain); rare]

115.102 稣 [sū][eng.to revive; (also sū, (surname))][(Skt. punarjīvita = revival)]

115.103 稤 [lüè][archaic; (also lüè, to be a grain); rare]

115.104 稥 [xiāng][archaic variant of 香 (fragrance)][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

115.105 稦 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be a grain); rare]

115.106 稧 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a grain); rare]

115.107 稨 [biǎn][archaic; (also biǎn, to be a grain); rare]

115.108 稩 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a grain); rare]

115.109 稪 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a grain); rare]

115.110 稫 [pì][archaic; (also pì, to be a grain); rare]

115.111 稬 [nuò][archaic; (also nuò, to be a grain); rare]

115.112 稭 [jiē][archaic variant of 秸 (straw)][(Skt. palāla = straw)]

115.113 種 [zhǒng][eng.traditional variant of 种 (seed; to plant)][skt.bīja; (Skt. vṛkṣa = plant)]

115.114 稯 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be a grain); rare]

115.115 稰 [xǔ][archaic; (also xǔ, to be a grain); rare]

115.116 稱 [chēng][eng.traditional variant of 称 (to call)][(Skt. nāma = name)]

115.117 稲 [dào][eng.Japanese variant of 稻 (rice)][(Skt. vrīhi = rice)]

115.118 稳 [wěn][eng.stable; (also wěn, (surname))][(Skt. sthira = stable)]

115.119 稴 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be a grain); rare]

115.120 稵 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a grain); rare]

115.121 稶 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a grain); rare]

115.122 稷 [jì][eng.millet; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. añjana = millet)]

115.123 稸 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be a grain); rare]

115.124 稹 [zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be a grain); rare]

115.125 稺 [zhì][archaic variant of 稚 (young)][(Skt. bāla = young)]

115.126 稻 [dào][eng.rice; (also dào, (surname))][(Skt. vrīhi = rice)]

115.127 稼 [jià][eng.to plant; (also jià, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = planting)]

115.128 稽 [jī][eng.to examine; (also qǐ, to bow)][(Skt. parīkṣā = examination)]

115.129 稾 [gǎo][archaic variant of 稿 (draft)]

115.130 稿 [gǎo][eng.draft; (also gǎo, (surname))][(Skt. lekha = draft)]

115.131 穀 [gǔ][eng.traditional variant of 谷 (grain; valley)][(Skt. dhānya = grain)]

115.132 穁 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a grain); rare]

115.133 穂 [suì][eng.Japanese variant of 穗 (ear of grain)][(Skt. śīrṣa = ear of grain)]

115.134 穃 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a grain); rare]

115.135 穄 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a grain); rare]

115.136 穅 [kāng][archaic variant of 糠 (bran)][(Skt. tuṣa = bran)]

115.137 穆 [mù][eng.solemn; (also mù, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = solemn)]

115.138 穇 [cān][archaic; (also cān, to be a grain); rare]

115.139 穈 [mén][archaic; (also mén, to be a grain); rare]

115.140 穉 [zhì][archaic variant of 稚 (young)][(Skt. bāla = young)]

115.141 穊 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a grain); rare]

115.142 穋 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be a grain); rare]

115.143 穌 [sū][eng.traditional variant of 稣 (to revive)][(Skt. punarjīvita = revival)]

115.144 積 [jī][eng.traditional variant of 积 (to accumulate)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

115.145 穎 [yǐng][eng.traditional variant of 颖 (clever; point)][(Skt. buddhi = clever)]

115.146 穏 [wěn][eng.Japanese variant of 穩 (stable)][(Skt. sthira = stable)]

115.147 穐 [qiū][archaic variant of 秋 (autumn)][(Skt. śarad = autumn)]

115.148 穑 [sè][eng.to harvest; (also sè, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = harvesting)]

115.149 穒 [hè][archaic; (also hè, to be a grain); rare]

115.150 穓 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a grain); rare]

115.151 穔 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be a grain); rare]

115.152 穕 [qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be a grain); rare]

115.153 穖 [jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be a grain); rare]

115.154 穗 [suì][eng.ear of grain; (also suì, (surname))][(Skt. śīrṣa = ear of grain)]

115.155 穘 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a grain); rare]

115.156 穙 [pú][archaic; (also pú, to be a grain); rare]

115.157 穚 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be a grain); rare]

115.158 穛 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a grain); rare]

115.159 穜 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be a grain); rare]

115.160 穝 [zuō][archaic; (also zuō, to be a grain); rare]

115.161 穞 [lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be a grain); rare]

115.162 穟 [suì][archaic variant of 穗 (ear of grain)][(Skt. śīrṣa = ear of grain)]

115.163 穠 [nóng][archaic variant of 秾 (archaic)]

115.164 穡 [sè][eng.traditional variant of 穑 (to harvest)][(Skt. kṛṣi = harvesting)]

115.165 穢 [huì][eng.traditional variant of 秽 (dirty)][(Skt. mala = impurity)]

115.166 穣 [ráng][eng.Japanese variant of 穰 (abundant)][(Skt. bahu = abundant)]

115.167 穤 [nuò][archaic; (also nuò, to be a grain); rare]

115.168 穥 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a grain); rare]

115.169 穦 [bīn][archaic; (also bīn, to be a grain); rare]

115.170 穧 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a grain); rare]

115.171 穨 [tuí][archaic variant of 颓 (decayed)][(Skt. jīrṇa = decayed)]

115.172 穩 [wěn][eng.traditional variant of 稳 (stable)][(Skt. sthira = stable)]

115.173 穪 [chēng][archaic variant of 稱 (to call)][(Skt. nāma = name)]

115.174 穫 [huò][eng.traditional variant of 获 (to harvest)][(Skt. kṛṣi = harvesting)]

115.175 穬 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be a grain); rare]

115.176 穭 [lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be a grain); rare]

115.177 穮 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be a grain); rare]

115.178 穯 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be a grain); rare]

115.179 穰 [ráng][eng.abundant; (also ráng, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = abundant)]

115.180 穱 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a grain); rare]

115.181 穲 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a grain); rare]

115.182 穳 [cuán][archaic; (also cuán, to be a grain); rare]

115.183 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 115

115.184 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

115.185 115.1 禾 (hé) [skt.dhānya; śasyam] — The radical itself; represents grain and cereal. Appears in Buddhist compound 禾稼 (kṛṣi, crops) and in similes of the harvest of merit. The grain is a symbol of the fruits of spiritual practice

115.186 115.3 秀 (xiù) [skt.sundara] — Used for "elegant" and "outstanding." Appears in Buddhist compound 秀美 (sundara, beautiful/elegant)

115.187 115.4 私 (sī) [skt.ātma; nija] — CRITICAL — Used for "private" and "personal." Appears in Buddhist compound 私心 (ātma-citta, self-centered mind)

115.188 115.12 秉 (bǐng) [skt.grah] — Used for "to hold" and "to grasp." Appears in compound 秉承 (pratigraha, to receive)

115.189 115.14 秋 (qiū) [skt.śarad] — Used for "autumn." Appears in Buddhist compound 秋月 (śarad-candra, autumn moon), used in similes of clarity and purity

115.190 115.16 种 (zhǒng) [skt.bīja; vṛkṣa] — CRITICAL — Used for "seed." Appears in Buddhist compound 种子 (bīja, seed), a key Yogācāra concept referring to the latent impressions in consciousness that produce future experiences. Also appears in 种性 (gotra, lineage/family)

115.191 115.20 科 (kē) [skt.vidyā; śāstra] — Used for "science" and "subject." Appears in Buddhist compound 科学 (vidyā, science) and 科目 (śāstra, category)

115.192 115.21 秒 (miǎo) [skt.kṣaṇa] — Used for "second" (time). Appears in Buddhist compound 刹那 (kṣaṇa, instant/moment)

115.193 115.39 秤 (chèng) [skt.tulā] — Used for "scale." Appears in compound 秤量 (tulā, weighing)

115.194 115.44 秩 (zhì) [skt.krama] — Used for "order" and "rank." Appears in Buddhist compound 秩序 (krama, order)

115.195 115.50 积 (jī) [skt.saṃcaya] — CRITICAL — Used for "to accumulate." Appears in Buddhist compound 积累 (saṃcaya, accumulation) and 积德 (puṇya-saṃcaya, accumulation of merit)

115.196 115.51 称 (chēng) [skt.nāma; yukta] — CRITICAL — Used for "to call" and "to name." Appears in Buddhist compound 称名 (nāma-japa, reciting the name) and 称扬 (praśaṃsā, praise)

115.197 115.62 移 (yí) [skt.calana] — Used for "to move." Appears in Buddhist compound 移动 (calana, movement)

115.198 115.64 秽 (huì) [skt.mala] — Used for "dirty." Appears in Buddhist compound 秽土 (mala-kṣetra, impure land)

115.199 115.67 稀 (xī) [skt.virala] — Used for "rare" and "sparse." Appears in compound 稀有 (virala, rare/precious)

115.200 115.78 程 (chéng) [skt.vidhi] — Used for "procedure." Appears in Buddhist compound 程序 (krama, procedure)

115.201 115.80 稍 (shāo) [skt.alpa] — Used for "slightly." Appears in compound 稍微 (alpa, slightly)

115.202 115.81 税 (shuì) [skt.kar] — Used for "tax." Appears in compound 税务 (kar, taxation)

115.203 115.87 稔 (rěn) [skt.jñāta] — Used for "to be familiar." Appears in compound 稔熟 (jñāta, familiar)

115.204 115.90 稗 (bài) [skt.śyāmāka] — Used for "tare" (a weed). Appears in similes of the weeds of defilement

115.205 115.93 稚 (zhì) [skt.bāla] — Used for "young" and "childish." Appears in Buddhist compound 稚子 (bāla, child)

115.206 115.95 稜 (léng) [skt.koṇa] — Used for "edge." Appears in compound 棱角 (koṇa, edge/corner)

115.207 115.99 稠 (chóu) [skt.ghana] — Used for "dense." Appears in Buddhist compound 稠林 (vana, dense forest)

115.208 115.102 稣 (sū) [skt.punarjīvita] — Used for "to revive." Appears in compound 稣醒 (punarjīvita, revival)

115.209 115.118 稳 (wěn) [skt.sthira] — CRITICAL — Used for "stable." Appears in Buddhist compound 安稳 (kṣema, peaceful/stable)

115.210 115.122 稷 (jì) [skt.añjana] — Used for "millet." Appears in Buddhist compound 社稷 (deśa, state/country)

115.211 115.126 稻 (dào) [skt.vrīhi] — Used for "rice." Appears in Buddhist compound 稻谷 (vrīhi, rice grain), used in descriptions of offerings and alms

115.212 115.127 稼 (jià) [skt.kṛṣi] — Used for "to plant." Appears in Buddhist compound 稼穑 (kṛṣi, farming)

115.213 115.128 稽 (jī) [skt.parīkṣā] — Used for "to examine." Appears in Buddhist compound 稽首 (śiras, to bow/kowtow)

115.214 115.130 稿 (gǎo) [skt.lekha] — Used for "draft." Appears in compound 稿件 (lekha, manuscript)

115.215 115.137 穆 (mù) [skt.gambhīra] — Used for "solemn." Appears in compound 穆清 (gambhīra, solemn and pure)

115.216 115.154 穗 (suì) [skt.śīrṣa] — Used for "ear of grain." Appears in Buddhist similes of the harvest of merit

115.217 115.179 穰 (ráng) [skt.bahu] — Used for "abundant." Appears in Buddhist compound 丰穰 (bahu, abundant harvest)

115.218 115.113 種 (zhǒng) [skt.bīja] — Traditional variant of 种; used for "seed." Appears in Yogācāra compound 種子 (bīja, seed of consciousness)

115.219 115.116 稱 (chēng) [skt.nāma] — Traditional variant of 称; used for "to call"

115.220 115.131 穀 (gǔ) [skt.dhānya] — Traditional variant of 谷; used for "grain" and "valley"

115.221 115.144 積 (jī) [skt.saṃcaya] — Traditional variant of 积; used for "to accumulate"

115.222 115.145 穎 (yǐng) [skt.buddhi] — Used for "clever." Appears in compound 颖悟 (buddhi, clever/wise)

115.223 115.164 穡 (sè) [skt.kṛṣi] — Used for "to harvest." Appears in Buddhist similes of the harvest of practice

115.224 115.165 穢 (huì) [skt.mala] — Traditional variant of 秽; used for "dirty." Appears in Buddhist compound 秽土 (mala-kṣetra, impure land), the opposite of the Pure Land

115.225 115.179 穰 (ráng) [skt.bahu] — Used for "abundant." Appears in Buddhist similes of the abundant harvest of merit

116 穴

116.1 穴 [chn.xué][eng.cave; hole; (also xué, (surname))][skt.guhā; (Skt. chidra = hole)]

116.2 穵 [chn.wā][eng.to dig; (also wā, (surname))][(Skt. khan = to dig)]

116.3 究 [chn.jiū][eng.to investigate; (also jiū, (surname))][(Skt. vicāra = investigation)]

116.4 穷 [chn.qióng][eng.poor; exhausted; (also qióng, (surname))][(Skt. dīna = poor)]

116.5 穸 [chn.xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a cave); rare]

116.6 穹 [chn.qióng][eng.vault; dome; (also qióng, (surname))][(Skt. gaganatala = vault)]

116.7 空 [chn.kōng][eng.empty; sky; (also kòng, to leave empty)][skt.śūnya; (Skt. ākāśa = sky)]

116.8 穻 [chn.yū][archaic; (also yū, to be a cave); rare]

116.9 穼 [shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be a cave); rare]

116.10 穽 [jǐng][archaic variant of 阱 (pit; trap)][(Skt. garta = pit)]

116.11 穾 [yào][archaic; (also yào, to be a cave); rare]

116.12 穿 [chuān][eng.to wear; to pierce; (also chuān, (surname))][(Skt. praveśa = piercing)]

116.13 窀 [zhūn][archaic; (also zhūn, to be a tomb); rare]

116.14 突 [tū][eng.sudden; to protrude; (also tū, (surname))][(Skt. sahasā = suddenly)]

116.15 窂 [láo][archaic variant of 牢 (prison)][(Skt. bandhana = prison)]

116.16 窃 [qiè][eng.to steal; secretly; (also qiè, (surname))][(Skt. cora = theft)]

116.17 窄 [zhǎi][eng.narrow; (also zhǎi, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkucita = narrow)]

116.18 窅 [yǎo][eng.deep; (also yǎo, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

116.19 窆 [biǎn][archaic; (also biǎn, to be a tomb); rare]

116.20 窇 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a cave); rare]

116.21 窈 [yǎo][eng.deep; (also yǎo, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

116.22 窉 [bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be a cave); rare]

116.23 窊 [wā][eng.low; hollow; (also wā, (surname))][(Skt. avaṭa = hollow)]

116.24 窋 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be a cave); rare]

116.25 窌 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be a cellar); rare]

116.26 窍 [qiào][eng.opening; (also qiào, (surname))][(Skt. chidra = opening)]

116.27 窎 [diào][archaic; (also diào, to be a cave); rare]

116.28 窏 [wū][archaic; (also wū, to be a cave); rare]

116.29 窐 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be a cave); rare]

116.30 窑 [yáo][eng.kiln; (also yáo, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgāra = kiln)]

116.31 窒 [zhì][eng.to stop up; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. avarodha = obstruction)]

116.32 窓 [chuāng][eng.Japanese variant of 窗 (window)][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

116.33 窔 [yào][archaic; (also yào, to be a cave); rare]

116.34 窕 [tiǎo][eng.deep; (also tiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

116.35 窖 [jiào][eng.cellar; (also jiào, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = cellar)]

116.36 窗 [chuāng][eng.window; (also chuāng, (surname))][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

116.37 窘 [jiǒng][eng.to be embarrassed; (also jiǒng, (surname))][(Skt. lajjā = embarrassment)]

116.38 窙 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a cave); rare]

116.39 窚 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a cave); rare]

116.40 窛 [kòu][archaic variant of 寇 (bandit)][(Skt. cora = bandit)]

116.41 窜 [cuàn][eng.to flee; (also cuàn, (surname))][(Skt. palāyana = fleeing)]

116.42 窝 [wō][eng.nest; (also wō, (surname))][(Skt. niketa = nest)]

116.43 窞 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be a cave); rare]

116.44 窟 [kū][eng.cave; (also kū, (surname))][(Skt. guhā = cave)]

116.45 窠 [kē][eng.nest; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. niketa = nest)]

116.46 窡 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a cave); rare]

116.47 窢 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be a cave); rare]

116.48 窣 [sū][archaic; (also sū, to be a cave); rare]

116.49 窤 [guān][archaic; (also guān, to be a cave); rare]

116.50 窥 [kuī][eng.to peep; (also kuī, (surname))][(Skt. avalokana = peeping)]

116.51 窦 [dòu][eng.hole; (also dòu, (surname))][(Skt. chidra = hole)]

116.52 窧 [zhuō][archaic; (also zhuō, to be a cave); rare]

116.53 窨 [xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be a cave); rare]

116.54 窩 [wō][eng.traditional variant of 窝 (nest)][(Skt. niketa = nest)]

116.55 窪 [wā][eng.traditional variant of 洼 (low-lying)][(Skt. avaṭa = low)]

116.56 窫 [yà][archaic; (also yà, to be a cave); rare]

116.57 窬 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a cave); rare]

116.58 窭 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be poor); rare]

116.59 窮 [qióng][eng.traditional variant of 穷 (poor; exhausted)][(Skt. dīna = poor)]

116.60 窯 [yáo][eng.traditional variant of 窑 (kiln)][(Skt. aṅgāra = kiln)]

116.61 窰 [yáo][archaic variant of 窑 (kiln)][(Skt. aṅgāra = kiln)]

116.62 窱 [tiǎo][archaic; (also tiǎo, to be a cave); rare]

116.63 窲 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be a cave); rare]

116.64 窳 [yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be a cave); rare]

116.65 窴 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be a cave); rare]

116.66 窵 [diào][archaic; (also diào, to be a cave); rare]

116.67 窶 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be poor); rare]

116.68 窷 [liào][archaic; (also liào, to be a cave); rare]

116.69 窸 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a cave); rare]

116.70 窹 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be a cave); rare]

116.71 窺 [kuī][eng.traditional variant of 窥 (to peep)][(Skt. avalokana = peeping)]

116.72 窻 [chuāng][archaic variant of 窗 (window)][(Skt. vātāyana = window)]

116.73 窼 [chāo][archaic; (also chāo, to be a cave); rare]

116.74 窽 [kuǎn][archaic; (also kuǎn, to be a cave); rare]

116.75 窾 [kuǎn][archaic; (also kuǎn, to be a cave); rare]

116.76 窿 [lóng][eng.vault; (also lóng, (surname))][(Skt. gaganatala = vault)]

116.77 竀 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a cave); rare]

116.78 竁 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be a cave); rare]

116.79 竂 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be a cave); rare]

116.80 竃 [zào][archaic variant of 灶 (stove)][(Skt. aṅgāra = stove)]

116.81 竄 [cuàn][eng.traditional variant of 窜 (to flee)][(Skt. palāyana = fleeing)]

116.82 竅 [qiào][eng.traditional variant of 窍 (opening)][(Skt. chidra = opening)]

116.83 竆 [qióng][archaic variant of 窮 (poor)][(Skt. dīna = poor)]

116.84 竇 [dòu][eng.traditional variant of 窦 (hole)][(Skt. chidra = hole)]

116.85 竈 [zào][eng.traditional variant of 灶 (stove)][(Skt. aṅgāra = stove)]

116.86 竉 [lǒng][archaic; (also lǒng, to be a cave); rare]

116.87 竊 [qiè][eng.traditional variant of 窃 (to steal)][(Skt. cora = theft)]

116.88 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 116

116.89 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

116.90 116.1 穴 (xué) [skt.guhā; chidra] — The radical itself; represents a cave or hole. Appears in Buddhist compound 穴居 (guhā-vāsa, dwelling in caves) and 六穴 (ṣaḍ-chidra, six sense openings). Also appears in the name of the Kūṭāgāra (石窟, cave dwelling)

116.91 116.3 究 (jiū) [skt.vicāra] — Used for "to investigate." Appears in Buddhist compound 研究 (vicāra, investigation/research) and 究竟 (paryavasāna, ultimate/complete)

116.92 116.4 穷 (qióng) [skt.dīna] — Used for "poor" and "exhausted." Appears in Buddhist compound 无穷 (ananta, infinite/inexhaustible)

116.93 116.7 空 (kōng) [skt.śūnya; ākāśa] — CRITICAL — Used for "empty" and "sky." Appears in Buddhist compound 空性 (śūnyatā, emptiness), the core teaching of Madhyamaka Buddhism, and 空色 (rūpa-śūnyatā, form and emptiness)

116.94 116.10 穽 (jǐng) [skt.garta] — Used for "pit" or "trap." Appears in Buddhist similes of the pit of saṃsāra

116.95 116.12 穿 (chuān) [skt.praveśa] — Used for "to pierce" and "to wear." Appears in Buddhist compound 穿凿 (praveśa, to bore through)

116.96 116.14 突 (tū) [skt.sahasā] — Used for "sudden." Appears in Buddhist compound 突然 (sahasā, suddenly)

116.97 116.16 窃 (qiè) [skt.cora] — Used for "to steal." Appears in Buddhist compound 窃盗 (cora, stealing)

116.98 116.17 窄 (zhǎi) [skt.saṃkucita] — Used for "narrow." Appears in Buddhist compound 窄小 (saṃkucita, narrow)

116.99 116.21 窈 (yǎo) [skt.gambhīra] — Used for "deep." Appears in compound 窈窕 (gambhīra, deep and quiet)

116.100 116.23 窊 (wā) [skt.avaṭa] — Used for "low" and "hollow." Appears in compound 洼地 (avaṭa, low-lying land)

116.101 116.26 窍 (qiào) [skt.chidra] — Used for "opening." Appears in Buddhist compound 七窍 (sapta-chidra, seven openings of the head)

116.102 116.30 窑 (yáo) [skt.aṅgāra] — Used for "kiln." Appears in descriptions of pottery

116.103 116.31 窒 (zhì) [skt.avarodha] — Used for "to stop up." Appears in Buddhist compound 窒碍 (avarodha, obstruction)

116.104 116.36 窗 (chuāng) [skt.vātāyana] — Used for "window." Appears in descriptions of monastic buildings

116.105 116.35 窖 (jiào) [skt.kośa] — Used for "cellar." Appears in descriptions of storage

116.106 116.37 窘 (jiǒng) [skt.lajjā] — Used for "to be embarrassed." Appears in compound 窘迫 (lajjā, embarrassment)

116.107 116.41 窜 (cuàn) [skt.palāyana] — Used for "to flee." Appears in Buddhist compound 窜逃 (palāyana, fleeing)

116.108 116.42 窝 (wō) [skt.niketa] — Used for "nest." Appears in Buddhist similes of the nest of defilements

116.109 116.44 窟 (kū) [skt.guhā] — Used for "cave." Appears in Buddhist compound 石窟 (śaila-guhā, rock cave), often used as meditation sites

116.110 116.50 窥 (kuī) [skt.avalokana] — Used for "to peep." Appears in Buddhist compound 窥视 (avalokana, to look)

116.111 116.51 窦 (dòu) [skt.chidra] — Used for "hole." Appears in Buddhist compound 窦穴 (chidra, orifice)

116.112 116.76 窿 (lóng) [skt.gaganatala] — Used for "vault." Appears in compound 窟窿 (guhā, cave)

116.113 116.85 竈 (zào) [skt.aṅgāra] — Traditional variant of 灶; used for "stove." Appears in descriptions of kitchens

116.114 116.87 竊 (qiè) [skt.cora] — Traditional variant of 窃; used for "to steal." Appears in Buddhist compound 竊盗 (cora, stealing)

116.115 116.82 竅 (qiào) [skt.chidra] — Traditional variant of 窍; used for "opening"

117 立

117.1 立 [chn.lì][eng.to stand; to establish; to set up; (also lì, (surname))][skt.sthā; (Skt. pratiṣṭhā = establishment)]

117.2 竌 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be a stand); rare]

117.3 竍 [chn.shí][archaic; (also shí, to be a stand); rare]

117.4 竎 [chn.fù][archaic; (also fù, to be a stand); rare]

117.5 竏 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be a stand); rare]

117.6 竐 [chn.chù][archaic; (also chù, to be a stand); rare]

117.7 竑 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a stand); rare]

117.8 竒 [chn.qí][archaic variant of 奇 (strange; odd)][(Skt. āścarya = strange)]

117.9 竓 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be a stand); rare]

117.10 竔 [shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be a stand); rare]

117.11 竕 [fēn][archaic; (also fēn, to be a stand); rare]

117.12 竖 [shù][eng.to erect; vertical; (also shù, (surname))][(Skt. ucchrāya = erect)]

117.13 竗 [miào][archaic variant of 妙 (wonderful)][(Skt. sundara = wonderful)]

117.14 竘 [qǔ][archaic; (also qǔ, to be a stand); rare]

117.15 站 [zhàn][eng.station; to stand; (also zhàn, (surname))][(Skt. sthāna = station)]

117.16 竚 [zhù][archaic variant of 伫 (to stand for a long time)][(Skt. sthāna = standing)]

117.17 竛 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a stand); rare]

117.18 竜 [lóng][eng.Japanese variant of 龍 (dragon)][(Skt. nāga = dragon)]

117.19 竝 [bìng][archaic variant of 并 (to combine)][(Skt. saṃyoga = combination)]

117.20 竞 [jìng][eng.to compete; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. yuddha = competition)]

117.21 竟 [jìng][eng.to finish; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. samāpti = finish)]

117.22 章 [zhāng][eng.chapter; (also zhāng, (surname))][(Skt. pariccheda = chapter)]

117.23 竡 [bǎi][archaic; (also bǎi, to be a stand); rare]

117.24 竢 [sì][archaic variant of 俟 (to wait)][(Skt. pratīkṣā = waiting)]

117.25 竣 [jùn][eng.to finish; (also jùn, (surname))][(Skt. samāpti = finish)]

117.26 竤 [hóng][archaic variant of 弘 (great)][(Skt. mahā = great)]

117.27 童 [tóng][eng.child; (also tóng, (surname))][(Skt. bāla = child)]

117.28 竦 [sǒng][eng.to be awed; (also sǒng, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = awe)]

117.29 竧 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a stand); rare]

117.30 竨 [diào][archaic; (also diào, to be a stand); rare]

117.31 竩 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a stand); rare]

117.32 竪 [shù][archaic variant of 竖 (to erect)][(Skt. ucchrāya = erect)]

117.33 竫 [jìng][archaic; (also jìng, to be a stand); rare]

117.34 竬 [qǔ][archaic; (also qǔ, to be a stand); rare]

117.35 竭 [jié][eng.to exhaust; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaya = exhaustion)]

117.36 竮 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be a stand); rare]

117.37 端 [duān][eng.end; extreme; (also duān, (surname))][(Skt. anta = end)]

117.38 竰 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be a stand); rare]

117.39 竱 [zhuǎn][archaic; (also zhuǎn, to be a stand); rare]

117.40 竲 [céng][archaic; (also céng, to be a stand); rare]

117.41 竳 [dēng][archaic; (also dēng, to be a stand); rare]

117.42 竴 [cūn][archaic; (also cūn, to be a stand); rare]

117.43 竵 [wāi][archaic; (also wāi, to be a stand); rare]

117.44 競 [jìng][eng.traditional variant of 竞 (to compete)][(Skt. yuddha = competition)]

117.45 竷 [kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to be a stand); rare]

117.46 竸 [jìng][archaic variant of 競 (to compete)][(Skt. yuddha = competition)]

117.47 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 117

117.48 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

117.49 117.1 立 (lì) [skt.sthā; pratiṣṭhā] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "to stand" and "to establish." Appears in Buddhist compound 建立 (pratiṣṭhā, establishment/founding), 立愿 (praṇidhāna, to make a vow), and 安立 (pratiṣṭhā, establishment/setting up). Also appears in 立地 (sthāna, place/standing)

117.50 117.12 竖 (shù) [skt.ucchrāya] — Used for "to erect" and "vertical." Appears in Buddhist compound 竖立 (ucchrāya, to erect)

117.51 117.15 站 (zhàn) [skt.sthāna] — Used for "station" and "to stand." Appears in descriptions of places

117.52 117.19 竝 (bìng) [skt.saṃyoga] — Used for "to combine." Appears in Buddhist compound 竝行 (saṃyoga, to go together)

117.53 117.20 竞 (jìng) [skt.yuddha] — Used for "to compete." Appears in Buddhist compound 竞争 (yuddha, competition/striving)

117.54 117.21 竟 (jìng) [skt.samāpti] — CRITICAL — Used for "to finish." Appears in Buddhist compound 毕竟 (atyanta, ultimate/final), one of the most common terms in Buddhist texts meaning "ultimately" or "in the final analysis"

117.55 117.22 章 (zhāng) [skt.pariccheda] — CRITICAL — Used for "chapter." Appears in Buddhist compound 章句 (pariccheda, chapter and verse), used in textual studies

117.56 117.27 童 (tóng) [skt.bāla] — CRITICAL — Used for "child." Appears in Buddhist compound 童子 (kumāra, youth/prince), often used in the name of Kumārajīva (鸠摩罗什, "Youth of the Jīva clan"), the great translator, and in compound 童贞 (brahmacarya, celibacy/purity)

117.57 117.28 竦 (sǒng) [skt.gaurava] — Used for "to be awed." Appears in compound 竦然 (gaurava, awed)

117.58 117.35 竭 (jié) [skt.kṣaya] — CRITICAL — Used for "to exhaust." Appears in Buddhist compound 竭尽 (kṣaya, exhaustion), 竭力 (sarvabala, with all one’s strength), and 竭诚 (satya, with utmost sincerity). Also appears in 竭爱 (tṛṣṇā-kṣaya, exhaustion of craving)

117.59 117.37 端 (duān) [skt.anta] — CRITICAL — Used for "end" and "extreme." Appears in Buddhist compound 端严 (śubha, dignified/beautiful), 端正 (dakṣaṇa, proper/upright), and 端坐 (sthita-āsana, sitting upright). Also appears in 两端 (ubhaya-anta, two extremes), a key term in Madhyamaka philosophy

118 竹

118.1 竹 [chn.zhú][eng.bamboo; flute; (also zhú, (surname))][(Skt. vaṃśa = bamboo)]

118.2 竺 [chn.zhú][eng.India; (also zhú, (surname))][(Skt. Cīna = China; Skt. Indu = India)]

118.3 竻 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.4 竼 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.5 竽 [chn.yú][eng.a wind instrument; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. veṇu = flute)]

118.6 竾 [chn.chí][archaic; (also chí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.7 竿 [chn.gān][eng.pole; (also gān, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = pole)]

118.8 笀 [chn.máng][archaic; (also máng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.9 笁 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.10 笂 [wán][archaic; (also wán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.11 笃 [dǔ][eng.sincere; (also dǔ, (surname))][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

118.12 笄 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be bamboo); rare]

118.13 笅 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.14 笆 [bā][eng.bamboo fence; (also bā, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = fence)]

118.15 笇 [suàn][archaic variant of 算 (to calculate)][(Skt. gaṇanā = calculation)]

118.16 笈 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.17 笉 [qǐn][archaic; (also qǐn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.18 笊 [zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to be bamboo); rare]

118.19 笋 [sǔn][eng.bamboo shoot; (also sǔn, (surname))][(Skt. vaṃśa-aṅkura = bamboo shoot)]

118.20 笌 [yá][archaic; (also yá, to be bamboo); rare]

118.21 笍 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.22 笎 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.23 笏 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.24 笐 [háng][archaic; (also háng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.25 笑 [xiào][eng.to laugh; to smile; (also xiào, (surname))][(Skt. hāsa = laughter)]

118.26 笒 [cén][archaic; (also cén, to be bamboo); rare]

118.27 笓 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.28 笔 [bǐ][eng.pen; to write; (also bǐ, (surname))][(Skt. lekhanī = pen)]

118.29 笕 [jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.30 笖 [yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.31 笗 [dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.32 笘 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.33 笙 [shēng][eng.a reed pipe; (also shēng, (surname))][(Skt. veṇu = flute)]

118.34 笚 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be bamboo); rare]

118.35 笛 [dí][eng.flute; (also dí, (surname))][(Skt. veṇu = flute)]

118.36 笜 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.37 笝 [nà][archaic; (also nà, to be bamboo); rare]

118.38 笞 [chī][eng.to flog; (also chī, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = flogging)]

118.39 笟 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.40 笠 [lì][eng.bamboo hat; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. chattra = umbrella)]

118.41 笡 [qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.42 笢 [mín][archaic; (also mín, to be bamboo); rare]

118.43 笣 [bāo][archaic; (also bāo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.44 笤 [tiáo][eng.broom; (also tiáo, (surname))][(Skt. sammārjana = broom)]

118.45 笥 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.46 符 [fú][eng.symbol; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = symbol)]

118.47 笧 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.48 笨 [bèn][eng.stupid; (also bèn, (surname))][(Skt. mūḍha = stupid)]

118.49 笩 [fá][archaic; (also fá, to be bamboo); rare]

118.50 笪 [dá][archaic; (also dá, to be bamboo); rare]

118.51 笫 [zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.52 第 [dì][eng.ordinal number; (also dì, (surname))][(Skt. krama = ordinal)]

118.53 笭 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.54 笮 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be bamboo); rare]

118.55 笯 [nú][archaic; (also nú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.56 笰 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.57 笱 [gǒu][archaic; (also gǒu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.58 笲 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.59 笳 [jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be bamboo); rare]

118.60 笴 [gǎn][archaic; (also gǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.61 笵 [fàn][archaic; (also fàn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.62 笶 [shǐ][archaic; (also shǐ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.63 笷 [mǎo][archaic; (also mǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.64 笸 [pǒ][archaic; (also pǒ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.65 笹 [tì][archaic; (also tì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.66 笺 [jiān][eng.letter; note; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = letter)]

118.67 笻 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.68 笼 [lóng][eng.cage; (also lóng, (surname))][(Skt. pañjara = cage)]

118.69 笽 [mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.70 笾 [biān][archaic; (also biān, (surname)); rare]

118.71 笿 [luò][archaic; (also luò, to be bamboo); rare]

118.72 筀 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.73 筁 [qū][archaic; (also qū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.74 筂 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.75 筃 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.76 筄 [yào][archaic; (also yào, to be bamboo); rare]

118.77 筅 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.78 筆 [bǐ][eng.traditional variant of 笔 (pen; to write)][(Skt. lekhanī = pen)]

118.79 筇 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.80 筈 [kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to be bamboo); rare]

118.81 等 [děng][eng.class; rank; wait; (also děng, (surname))][(Skt. varga = class)]

118.82 筊 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.83 筋 [jīn][eng.tendon; muscle; (also jīn, (surname))][(Skt. snāyu = tendon)]

118.84 筌 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.85 筍 [sǔn][eng.traditional variant of 笋 (bamboo shoot)][(Skt. vaṃśa-aṅkura = bamboo shoot)]

118.86 筎 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.87 筏 [fá][eng.raft; (also fá, (surname))][(Skt. plava = raft)]

118.88 筐 [kuāng][eng.basket; (also kuāng, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.89 筑 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to build)][(Skt. nirmāṇa = building)]

118.90 筒 [tǒng][eng.tube; (also tǒng, (surname))][(Skt. nāḍī = tube)]

118.91 筓 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be bamboo); rare]

118.92 答 [dá][eng.to answer; (also dá, (surname))][(Skt. prati = answer)]

118.93 筕 [háng][archaic; (also háng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.94 策 [cè][eng.strategy; policy; (also cè, (surname))][(Skt. upāya = strategy)]

118.95 筗 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.96 筘 [kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.97 筙 [lái][archaic; (also lái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.98 筚 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.99 筛 [shāi][eng.to sieve; (also shāi, (surname))][(Skt. cālaṇa = sieving)]

118.100 筜 [dāng][archaic; (also dāng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.101 筝 [zhēng][eng.zither; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. vīṇā = zither)]

118.102 筞 [cè][archaic variant of 策 (strategy)][(Skt. upāya = strategy)]

118.103 筟 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.104 筠 [yún][eng.bamboo skin; (also yún, (surname))][(Skt. tvaca = skin)]

118.105 筡 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.106 筢 [pá][archaic; (also pá, to be bamboo); rare]

118.107 筣 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.108 筤 [láng][archaic; (also láng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.109 筥 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.110 筦 [guǎn][archaic; (also guǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.111 筧 [jiǎn][archaic variant of 笕 (archaic)]

118.112 筨 [hán][archaic; (also hán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.113 筩 [tǒng][archaic variant of 筒 (tube)][(Skt. nāḍī = tube)]

118.114 筪 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be bamboo); rare]

118.115 筫 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.116 筬 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.117 筭 [suàn][archaic variant of 算 (to calculate)][(Skt. gaṇanā = calculation)]

118.118 筮 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to divine); rare]

118.119 筯 [zhù][archaic variant of 箸 (chopsticks)][(Skt. śalākā = chopstick)]

118.120 筰 [zuó][archaic; (also zuó, to be bamboo); rare]

118.121 筱 [xiǎo][archaic; (also xiǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.122 筲 [shāo][archaic; (also shāo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.123 筳 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.124 筴 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.125 筵 [yán][eng.banquet; (also yán, (surname))][(Skt. bhojana = feast)]

118.126 筶 [gào][archaic; (also gào, to be bamboo); rare]

118.127 筷 [kuài][eng.chopsticks; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. śalākā = chopsticks)]

118.128 筸 [gān][archaic; (also gān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.129 筹 [chóu][eng.chip; to plan; (also chóu, (surname))][(Skt. śalākā = chip)]

118.130 筺 [kuāng][archaic variant of 筐 (basket)][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.131 筻 [gàng][archaic; (also gàng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.132 筼 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be bamboo); rare]

118.133 筽 [ōu][archaic; (also ōu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.134 签 [qiān][eng.to sign; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = signature)]

118.135 筿 [xiǎo][archaic; (also xiǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.136 简 [jiǎn][eng.simple; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkṣipta = simple)]

118.137 箁 [póu][archaic; (also póu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.138 箂 [lái][archaic; (also lái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.139 箃 [zōu][archaic; (also zōu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.140 箄 [pái][archaic; (also pái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.141 箅 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.142 箆 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.143 箇 [gè][eng.traditional variant of 个 (individual)][(Skt. eka = individual)]

118.144 箈 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.145 箉 [guǎi][archaic; (also guǎi, to be bamboo); rare]

118.146 箊 [yū][archaic; (also yū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.147 箋 [jiān][eng.traditional variant of 笺 (letter; note)][(Skt. pattra = letter)]

118.148 箌 [dào][archaic; (also dào, to be bamboo); rare]

118.149 箍 [gū][eng.hoop; (also gū, (surname))][(Skt. aṇḍa = hoop)]

118.150 箎 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.151 箏 [zhēng][eng.traditional variant of 筝 (zither)][(Skt. vīṇā = zither)]

118.152 箐 [qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.153 箑 [shà][archaic; (also shà, to be bamboo); rare]

118.154 箒 [zhǒu][archaic variant of 帚 (broom)][(Skt. sammārjana = broom)]

118.155 箓 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.156 箔 [bó][eng.foil; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = foil)]

118.157 箕 [jī][eng.dustpan; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. sikatā = dustpan)]

118.158 箖 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be bamboo); rare]

118.159 算 [suàn][eng.to calculate; (also suàn, (surname))][(Skt. gaṇanā = calculation)]

118.160 箘 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.161 箙 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.162 箚 [zhá][archaic variant of 剳 (note)][(Skt. pattra = note)]

118.163 箛 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.164 箜 [kōng][eng.ancient harp; (also kōng, (surname))][(Skt. vīṇā = harp)]

118.165 箝 [qián][eng.to clamp; (also qián, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = clamp)]

118.166 箞 [quān][archaic; (also quān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.167 箟 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.168 箠 [chuí][eng.to beat; (also chuí, (surname))][(Skt. prahāra = beating)]

118.169 管 [guǎn][eng.to manage; (also guǎn, (surname))][(Skt. niyamana = management)]

118.170 箢 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.171 箣 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.172 箤 [zú][archaic; (also zú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.173 箥 [pǒ][archaic; (also pǒ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.174 箦 [zé][archaic; (also zé, (surname)); rare]

118.175 箧 [qiè][archaic; (also qiè, (surname)); rare]

118.176 箨 [tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to be bamboo); rare]

118.177 箩 [luó][eng.basket; (also luó, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.178 箪 [dān][eng.bamboo container; (also dān, (surname))][(Skt. bhāṇḍa = container)]

118.179 箫 [xiāo][eng.flute; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. veṇu = flute)]

118.180 箬 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be bamboo); rare]

118.181 箭 [jiàn][eng.arrow; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. śara = arrow)]

118.182 箮 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.183 箯 [biān][archaic; (also biān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.184 箰 [sǔn][archaic variant of 笋 (bamboo shoot)][(Skt. vaṃśa-aṅkura = bamboo shoot)]

118.185 箱 [xiāng][eng.box; (also xiāng, (surname))][(Skt. saṃpuṭa = box)]

118.186 箲 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.187 箳 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.188 箴 [zhēn][eng.admonition; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. anuśāsana = admonition)]

118.189 箵 [xǐng][archaic; (also xǐng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.190 箶 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.191 箷 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.192 箸 [zhù][eng.chopsticks; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. śalākā = chopsticks)]

118.193 箹 [yuē][archaic; (also yuē, to be bamboo); rare]

118.194 箺 [chūn][archaic; (also chūn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.195 箻 [lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.196 箼 [wū][archaic; (also wū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.197 箽 [dǒng][archaic; (also dǒng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.198 箾 [shuò][archaic; (also shuò, to be bamboo); rare]

118.199 箿 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.200 節 [jié][eng.traditional variant of 节 (festival; section; joint)][(Skt. parva = section; Skt. sandhi = joint)]

118.201 篁 [huáng][eng.bamboo grove; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. vaṃśa-vana = bamboo grove)]

118.202 篂 [xīng][archaic; (also xīng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.203 篃 [mèi][archaic; (also mèi, to be bamboo); rare]

118.204 範 [fàn][eng.traditional variant of 范 (model; pattern)][(Skt. māna = model)]

118.205 篅 [chuán][archaic; (also chuán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.206 篆 [zhuàn][eng.seal script; (also zhuàn, (surname))][(Skt. lipi = script)]

118.207 篇 [piān][eng.chapter; (also piān, (surname))][(Skt. pariccheda = chapter)]

118.208 篈 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.209 築 [zhù][eng.traditional variant of 筑 (to build)][(Skt. nirmāṇa = building)]

118.210 篊 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.211 篋 [qiè][eng.traditional variant of 箧 (chest)][(Skt. bhāṇḍa = chest)]

118.212 篌 [hóu][archaic; (also hóu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.213 篍 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.214 篎 [miǎo][archaic; (also miǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.215 篏 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.216 篐 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be bamboo); rare]

118.217 篑 [kuì][archaic; (also kuì, (surname)); rare]

118.218 篒 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.219 篓 [lǒu][eng.basket; (also lǒu, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.220 篔 [yún][archaic variant of 筼 (archaic)]

118.221 篕 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be bamboo); rare]

118.222 篖 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.223 篗 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.224 篘 [chōu][archaic; (also chōu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.225 篙 [gāo][eng.pole; (also gāo, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = pole)]

118.226 篚 [fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be bamboo); rare]

118.227 篛 [ruò][archaic variant of 箬 (bamboo)]

118.228 篜 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.229 篝 [gōu][eng.bamboo frame; (also gōu, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = frame)]

118.230 篞 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.231 篟 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.232 篠 [xiǎo][archaic variant of 筱 (bamboo)]

118.233 篡 [cuàn][eng.to usurp; (also cuàn, (surname))][(Skt. apahāra = usurpation)]

118.234 篢 [lǒng][archaic; (also lǒng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.235 篣 [páng][archaic; (also páng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.236 篤 [dǔ][eng.traditional variant of 笃 (sincere)][(Skt. satya = sincere)]

118.237 篥 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.238 篦 [bì][eng.comb; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. kaṅkata = comb)]

118.239 篧 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be bamboo); rare]

118.240 篨 [chú][archaic; (also chú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.241 篩 [shāi][eng.traditional variant of 筛 (to sieve)][(Skt. cālaṇa = sieving)]

118.242 篪 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.243 篫 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.244 篬 [cāng][archaic; (also cāng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.245 篭 [lóng][eng.Japanese variant of 籠 (cage)][(Skt. pañjara = cage)]

118.246 篮 [lán][eng.basket; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.247 篯 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.248 篰 [bù][archaic; (also bù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.249 篱 [lí][eng.fence; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = fence)]

118.250 篲 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.251 篳 [bì][eng.traditional variant of 筚 (bamboo)]

118.252 篴 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.253 篵 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.254 篶 [yān][archaic; (also yān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.255 篷 [péng][eng.sail; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. paṭa = sail)]

118.256 篸 [cān][archaic; (also cān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.257 篹 [zhuàn][archaic variant of 撰 (to compile)][(Skt. racana = compilation)]

118.258 篺 [pái][archaic; (also pái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.259 篻 [piǎo][archaic; (also piǎo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.260 篼 [dōu][archaic; (also dōu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.261 篽 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.262 篾 [miè][eng.splint; (also miè, (surname))][(Skt. śalākā = splint)]

118.263 篿 [tuán][archaic; (also tuán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.264 簀 [zé][archaic variant of 箦 (archaic)]

118.265 簁 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be bamboo); rare]

118.266 簂 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be bamboo); rare]

118.267 簃 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.268 簄 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.269 簅 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.270 簆 [kòu][archaic; (also kòu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.271 簇 [cù][eng.cluster; (also cù, (surname))][(Skt. rāśi = cluster)]

118.272 簈 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.273 簉 [zào][archaic; (also zào, to be bamboo); rare]

118.274 簊 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be bamboo); rare]

118.275 簋 [guǐ][archaic; (also guǐ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.276 簌 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.277 簍 [lǒu][eng.traditional variant of 篓 (basket)][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.278 簎 [cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to be bamboo); rare]

118.279 簏 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.280 簐 [nián][archaic; (also nián, to be bamboo); rare]

118.281 簑 [suō][archaic variant of 蓑 (straw raincoat)]

118.282 簒 [cuàn][archaic variant of 篡 (to usurp)][(Skt. apahāra = usurpation)]

118.283 簓 [diāo][archaic; (also diāo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.284 簔 [suō][archaic variant of 蓑 (straw raincoat)]

118.285 簕 [lè][archaic; (also lè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.286 簖 [duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.287 簗 [liáng][archaic variant of 梁 (bridge)][(Skt. setu = bridge)]

118.288 簘 [xiāo][archaic variant of 箫 (flute)][(Skt. veṇu = flute)]

118.289 簙 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be bamboo); rare]

118.290 簚 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.291 簛 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be bamboo); rare]

118.292 簜 [dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.293 簝 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.294 簞 [dān][eng.traditional variant of 箪 (bamboo container)][(Skt. bhāṇḍa = container)]

118.295 簟 [diàn][eng.bamboo mat; (also diàn, (surname))][(Skt. mañca = mat)]

118.296 簠 [fǔ][archaic; (also fǔ, to be bamboo); rare]

118.297 簡 [jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 简 (simple)][(Skt. saṃkṣipta = simple)]

118.298 簢 [mǐn][archaic; (also mǐn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.299 簣 [kuì][eng.traditional variant of 篑 (archaic)]

118.300 簤 [dài][archaic; (also dài, to be bamboo); rare]

118.301 簥 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.302 簦 [dēng][archaic; (also dēng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.303 簧 [huáng][eng.reed; (also huáng, (surname))][(Skt. nāḍī = reed)]

118.304 簨 [sǔn][archaic; (also sǔn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.305 簩 [láo][archaic; (also láo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.306 簪 [zān][eng.hairpin; (also zān, (surname))][(Skt. keśa-pāśa = hairpin)]

118.307 簫 [xiāo][eng.traditional variant of 箫 (flute)][(Skt. veṇu = flute)]

118.308 簬 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.309 簭 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.310 簮 [zān][archaic variant of 簪 (hairpin)][(Skt. keśa-pāśa = hairpin)]

118.311 簯 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.312 簰 [pái][archaic; (also pái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.313 簱 [qí][archaic variant of 旗 (flag)][(Skt. dhvaja = flag)]

118.314 簲 [pái][archaic; (also pái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.315 簳 [gǎn][archaic; (also gǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.316 簴 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.317 簵 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.318 簶 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.319 簷 [yán][eng.traditional variant of 檐 (eaves)][(Skt. pranta = eaves)]

118.320 簸 [bǒ][eng.to winnow; (also bò, to sift)][(Skt. pācana = winnowing)]

118.321 簹 [dāng][archaic; (also dāng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.322 簺 [sài][archaic; (also sài, to be bamboo); rare]

118.323 簻 [zhuā][archaic; (also zhuā, to be bamboo); rare]

118.324 簼 [gōu][archaic; (also gōu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.325 簽 [qiān][eng.traditional variant of 签 (to sign)][(Skt. mudrā = signature)]

118.326 簾 [lián][eng.traditional variant of 帘 (curtain)][(Skt. yavanikā = curtain)]

118.327 簿 [bù][eng.record; (also bù, (surname))][(Skt. grantha = record)]

118.328 籀 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.329 籁 [lài][archaic; (also lài, to be bamboo); rare]

118.330 籂 [shì][archaic; (also shì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.331 籃 [lán][eng.traditional variant of 篮 (basket)][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.332 籄 [kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.333 籅 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.334 籆 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.335 籇 [háo][archaic; (also háo, to be bamboo); rare]

118.336 籈 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.337 籉 [tái][archaic; (also tái, to be bamboo); rare]

118.338 籊 [tì][archaic; (also tì, to be bamboo); rare]

118.339 籋 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.340 籌 [chóu][eng.traditional variant of 筹 (chip; to plan)][(Skt. śalākā = chip)]

118.341 籍 [jí][eng.book; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. grantha = book)]

118.342 籎 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be bamboo); rare]

118.343 籏 [qí][archaic variant of 旗 (flag)][(Skt. dhvaja = flag)]

118.344 籐 [téng][archaic; (also téng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.345 籑 [zhuàn][archaic variant of 撰 (to compile)][(Skt. racana = compilation)]

118.346 籒 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.347 籓 [fān][archaic; (also fān, to be bamboo); rare]

118.348 籔 [sǒu][archaic; (also sǒu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.349 籕 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be bamboo); rare]

118.350 籖 [qiān][archaic variant of 簽 (to sign)][(Skt. mudrā = signature)]

118.351 籗 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be bamboo); rare]

118.352 籘 [téng][archaic; (also téng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.353 籙 [lù][archaic variant of 箓 (bamboo)]

118.354 籚 [lú][archaic; (also lú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.355 籛 [jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.356 籜 [tuò][archaic variant of 箨 (bamboo)]

118.357 籝 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.358 籞 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be bamboo); rare]

118.359 籟 [lài][eng.traditional variant of 籁 (archaic)]

118.360 籠 [lóng][eng.traditional variant of 笼 (cage)][(Skt. pañjara = cage)]

118.361 籡 [qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.362 籢 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be bamboo); rare]

118.363 籣 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be bamboo); rare]

118.364 籤 [qiān][eng.traditional variant of 签 (to sign)][(Skt. mudrā = signature)]

118.365 籥 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.366 籦 [zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.367 籧 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be bamboo); rare]

118.368 籨 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be bamboo); rare]

118.369 籩 [biān][archaic variant of 笾 (bamboo)]

118.370 籪 [duàn][archaic variant of 簖 (archaic)]

118.371 籫 [zuǎn][archaic; (also zuǎn, to be bamboo); rare]

118.372 籬 [lí][eng.traditional variant of 篱 (fence)][(Skt. prākāra = fence)]

118.373 籭 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be bamboo); rare]

118.374 籮 [luó][eng.traditional variant of 箩 (basket)][(Skt. mañca = basket)]

118.375 籯 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be bamboo); rare]

118.376 籰 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be bamboo); rare]

118.377 籱 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be bamboo); rare]

118.378 籲 [yù][eng.to urge; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. prārthanā = urging)]

118.379 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 118

118.380 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

118.381 118.1 竹 (zhú) [skt.vaṃśa] — The radical itself; represents bamboo. Appears in Buddhist compound 竹林 (vaṃśa-vana, bamboo grove), often used as a meditation site, and in the name of the Veṇuvana (竹林精舍, Bamboo Grove Monastery), one of the Buddha’s earliest dwelling places

118.382 118.2 竺 (zhú) [skt.Cīna; Indu] — Used to refer to India in ancient Chinese texts. Appears in Buddhist compound 天竺 (Tianzhu, India), the classical Chinese name for India. Also appears in the names of many Indian monks who traveled to China

118.383 118.25 笑 (xiào) [skt.hāsa] — Used for "to laugh." Appears in Buddhist compound 笑颜 (hāsa-mukha, smiling face) and 喜笑 (prīti-hāsa, joyful laughter)

118.384 118.28 笔 (bǐ) [skt.lekhanī] — Used for "pen" and "to write." Appears in Buddhist compound 笔受 (lekha, to receive/write down) and 笔录 (lekha, written record). The act of writing down the Dharma is considered a meritorious act in Buddhism

118.385 118.35 笛 (dí) [skt.veṇu] — Used for "flute." Appears in Buddhist similes of the flute’s sound representing the Dharma’s beauty

118.386 118.46 符 (fú) [skt.mudrā] — Used for "symbol." Appears in Buddhist compound 符印 (mudrā, seal/symbol)

118.387 118.48 笨 (bèn) [skt.mūḍha] — Used for "stupid." Appears in Buddhist compound 笨蛋 (mūḍha, foolish)

118.388 118.52 第 (dì) [skt.krama] — CRITICAL — Used for ordinal numbers. Appears in Buddhist compound 第一 (prathama, first), often used to describe the Buddha’s teachings as supreme, and 第二 (dvitīya, second)

118.389 118.81 等 (děng) [skt.varga] — CRITICAL — Used for "class" and "rank." Appears in Buddhist compound 等持 (samādhi, concentration), 等觉 (sama-bodhi, equal enlightenment), and 平等 (samatā, equality), a key concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism

118.390 118.83 筋 (jīn) [skt.snāyu] — Used for "tendon" and "muscle." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of the body in meditation practice

118.391 118.87 筏 (fá) [skt.plava] — CRITICAL — Used for "raft." Appears in the famous simile of the raft in the Alagaddūpama Sutta (筏喻经): the Dharma is like a raft, to be abandoned once one has crossed the river of suffering. This is one of the most important similes in Buddhist literature

118.392 118.88 筐 (kuāng) [skt.mañca] — Used for "basket." Appears in descriptions of carrying offerings

118.393 118.94 策 (cè) [skt.upāya] — CRITICAL — Used for "strategy" and "policy." Appears in Buddhist compound 策励 (upāya, encouragement) and 策进 (prayoga, exertion)

118.394 118.118 筮 (shì) — Used for "divination." Appears in descriptions of ancient Chinese divination practices

118.395 118.125 筵 (yán) [skt.bhojana] — Used for "banquet." Appears in descriptions of feasts and offerings

118.396 118.127 筷 (kuài) [skt.śalākā] — Used for "chopsticks." Appears in descriptions of utensils

118.397 118.129 筹 (chóu) [skt.śalākā] — Used for "chip" and "to plan." Appears in Buddhist compound 筹量 (mātrā, measurement)

118.398 118.136 简 (jiǎn) [skt.saṃkṣipta] — CRITICAL — Used for "simple." Appears in Buddhist compound 简要 (saṃkṣipta, concise), 简择 (vicāra, selection), and 简净 (śuci, pure and simple)

118.399 118.169 管 (guǎn) [skt.niyamana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to manage." Appears in Buddhist compound 管理 (niyamana, management) and 管带 (dhāraṇa, to carry)

118.400 118.181 箭 (jiàn) [skt.śara] — Used for "arrow." Appears in Buddhist compound 箭喻 (śara-upamā, arrow simile), referring to the famous simile of the poisoned arrow in the Cūḷamālunkya Sutta (箭喻经), where the Buddha teaches not to speculate on metaphysical questions

118.401 118.188 箴 (zhēn) [skt.anuśāsana] — Used for "admonition." Appears in Buddhist compound 箴言 (anuśāsana, admonition)

118.402 118.192 箸 (zhù) [skt.śalākā] — Used for "chopsticks." Appears in descriptions of utensils

118.403 118.200 節 (jié) [skt.parva; sandhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "festival," "section," and "joint." Appears in Buddhist compound 时节 (kāla, time/season), 节目 (parva, section/item), and 节欲 (saṃyama, restraint)

118.404 118.204 範 (fàn) [skt.māna] — Used for "model" and "pattern." Appears in Buddhist compound 模范 (māna, model)

118.405 118.206 篆 (zhuàn) [skt.lipi] — Used for "seal script." Appears in descriptions of ancient Chinese script

118.406 118.207 篇 (piān) [skt.pariccheda] — Used for "chapter." Appears in Buddhist compound 篇章 (pariccheda, chapter)

118.407 118.209 築 (zhù) [skt.nirmāṇa] — Used for "to build." Appears in Buddhist compound 建筑 (nirmāṇa, construction)

118.408 118.236 篤 (dǔ) [skt.satya] — CRITICAL — Used for "sincere." Appears in Buddhist compound 笃信 (śraddhā, sincere faith), 笃行 (sādhana, sincere practice), and 笃志 (dhṛti, firm resolve). Sincere faith is considered essential for Buddhist practice

118.409 118.225 篙 (gāo) [skt.daṇḍa] — Used for "pole." Appears in descriptions of boating

118.410 118.233 篡 (cuàn) [skt.apahāra] — Used for "to usurp." Appears in descriptions of political intrigue

118.411 118.238 篦 (bì) [skt.kaṅkata] — Used for "comb." Appears in descriptions of personal grooming

118.412 118.246 篮 (lán) [skt.mañca] — Used for "basket." Appears in descriptions of carrying offerings

118.413 118.255 篷 (péng) [skt.paṭa] — Used for "sail." Appears in descriptions of boats

118.414 118.271 簇 (cù) [skt.rāśi] — Used for "cluster." Appears in Buddhist compound 簇新 (navīna, brand new)

118.415 118.295 簟 (diàn) [skt.mañca] — Used for "bamboo mat." Appears in descriptions of bedding

118.416 118.303 簧 (huáng) [skt.nāḍī] — Used for "reed." Appears in descriptions of musical instruments

118.417 118.306 簪 (zān) [skt.keśa-pāśa] — Used for "hairpin." Appears in descriptions of ornaments

118.418 118.327 簿 (bù) [skt.grantha] — Used for "record." Appears in Buddhist compound 簿记 (grantha, bookkeeping)

118.419 118.341 籍 (jí) [skt.grantha] — CRITICAL — Used for "book." Appears in Buddhist compound 经典 (sūtra, scripture) and 籍贯 (gotra, origin/lineage)

118.420 118.360 籠 (lóng) [skt.pañjara] — Used for "cage." Appears in Buddhist similes of the cage of defilements

118.421 118.378 籲 (yù) [skt.prārthanā] — Used for "to urge." Appears in compound 呼吁 (prārthanā, appeal)

119 米

119.1 米 [chn.mǐ][eng.rice; grain; (also mǐ, (surname))][skt.vrīhi; (Skt. taṇḍula = rice)]

119.2 籴 [chn.dí][eng.to buy grain; (also dí, (surname))][(Skt. kraya = buying)]

119.3 籵 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be rice); rare]

119.4 籶 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be rice); rare]

119.5 籷 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be rice); rare]

119.6 籸 [shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be rice); rare]

119.7 籹 [nǚ][archaic; (also nǚ, to be rice); rare]

119.8 籺 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be rice); rare]

119.9 类 [lèi][eng.kind; type; (also lèi, (surname))][(Skt. varga = class)]

119.10 籼 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be rice); rare]

119.11 籽 [zǐ][eng.seed; (also zǐ, (surname))][(Skt. bīja = seed)]

119.12 籾 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be rice); rare]

119.13 籿 [cùn][archaic; (also cùn, to be rice); rare]

119.14 粀 [zhàng][archaic; (also zhàng, to be rice); rare]

119.15 粁 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be rice); rare]

119.16 粂 [zhāi][archaic; (also zhāi, to be rice); rare]

119.17 粃 [bǐ][eng.chaff; (also bǐ, (surname))][(Skt. tuṣa = chaff)]

119.18 粄 [bǎn][eng.rice cake; (also bǎn, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = cake)]

119.19 粅 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be rice); rare]

119.20 粆 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be rice); rare]

119.21 粇 [kāng][archaic variant of 糠 (bran)][(Skt. tuṣa = bran)]

119.22 粈 [rǒu][archaic; (also rǒu, to be rice); rare]

119.23 粉 [fěn][eng.powder; (also fěn, (surname))][(Skt. cūrṇa = powder)]

119.24 粊 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be rice); rare]

119.25 粋 [cuì][eng.Japanese variant of 粋 (pure; essence)][(Skt. sāra = essence)]

119.26 粌 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be rice); rare]

119.27 粍 [zhé][archaic; (also zhé, to be rice); rare]

119.28 粎 [chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to be rice); rare]

119.29 粏 [tài][archaic; (also tài, to be rice); rare]

119.30 粐 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be rice); rare]

119.31 粑 [bā][eng.rice cake; (also bā, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = cake)]

119.32 粒 [lì][eng.grain; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. dhānya = grain)]

119.33 粓 [gān][archaic; (also gān, to be rice); rare]

119.34 粔 [jù][archaic; (also jù, to be rice); rare]

119.35 粕 [pò][eng.dregs; (also pò, (surname))][(Skt. ṣaṭ = dregs)]

119.36 粖 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be rice); rare]

119.37 粗 [cū][eng.coarse; rough; (also cū, (surname))][(Skt. sthūla = coarse)]

119.38 粘 [nián][eng.sticky; (also zhān, to glue)][(Skt. snigdha = sticky)]

119.39 粙 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be rice); rare]

119.40 粚 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be rice); rare]

119.41 粛 [sù][eng.Japanese variant of 肅 (solemn)][(Skt. gambhīra = solemn)]

119.42 粜 [tiào][eng.to sell grain; (also tiào, (surname))][(Skt. vikraya = selling)]

119.43 粝 [lì][eng.coarse rice; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. sthūla = coarse)]

119.44 粞 [xī][eng.coarse rice; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. sthūla = coarse)]

119.45 粟 [sù][eng.millet; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. añjana = millet)]

119.46 粠 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be rice); rare]

119.47 粡 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be rice); rare]

119.48 粢 [zī][eng.rice cake; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = cake)]

119.49 粣 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be rice); rare]

119.50 粤 [yuè][eng.Guangdong; (also yuè, (surname))]

119.51 粥 [zhōu][eng.porridge; (also yù, to sell)][(Skt. yavāgū = porridge)]

119.52 粦 [lín][archaic variant of 磷 (phosphorus)][(Skt. bhāsvara = phosphorus)]

119.53 粧 [zhuāng][eng.Japanese variant of 妝 (makeup)][(Skt. alaṅkāra = adornment)]

119.54 粨 [bǎi][archaic; (also bǎi, to be rice); rare]

119.55 粩 [lāo][archaic; (also lāo, to be rice); rare]

119.56 粪 [fèn][eng.excrement; (also fèn, (surname))][(Skt. viṣṭhā = excrement)]

119.57 粫 [ér][archaic; (also ér, to be rice); rare]

119.58 粬 [qū][archaic; (also qū, to be rice); rare]

119.59 粭 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be rice); rare]

119.60 粮 [liáng][eng.grain; (also liáng, (surname))][(Skt. dhānya = grain)]

119.61 粯 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be rice); rare]

119.62 粰 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be rice); rare]

119.63 粱 [liáng][eng.fine grain; (also liáng, (surname))][(Skt. dhānya = grain)]

119.64 粲 [càn][eng.brilliant; (also càn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

119.65 粳 [jīng][eng.rice; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. vrīhi = rice)]

119.66 粴 [lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to be rice); rare]

119.67 粵 [yuè][eng.traditional variant of 粤 (Guangdong)]

119.68 粶 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be rice); rare]

119.69 粷 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be rice); rare]

119.70 粸 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be rice); rare]

119.71 粹 [cuì][eng.pure; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. viśuddha = pure)]

119.72 粺 [bài][archaic; (also bài, to be rice); rare]

119.73 粻 [zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, to be rice); rare]

119.74 粼 [lín][eng.clear; (also lín, (surname))][(Skt. nirmala = clear)]

119.75 粽 [zòng][eng.rice dumpling; (also zòng, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = dumpling)]

119.76 精 [jīng][eng.essence; refined; (also jīng, (surname))][skt.sāra; (Skt. śukra = essence)]

119.77 粿 [guǒ][eng.rice cake; (also guǒ, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = cake)]

119.78 糀 [huā][archaic; (also huā, to be rice); rare]

119.79 糁 [sǎn][eng.rice soup; (also shēn, to be grain)][(Skt. yavāgū = soup)]

119.80 糂 [sǎn][archaic variant of 糁 (rice soup)][(Skt. yavāgū = soup)]

119.81 糃 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be rice); rare]

119.82 糄 [biān][archaic; (also biān, to be rice); rare]

119.83 糅 [róu][eng.to mix; (also róu, (surname))][(Skt. miśraṇa = mixing)]

119.84 糆 [miàn][eng.rice noodles; (also miàn, (surname))][(Skt. sujā = noodles)]

119.85 糇 [hóu][eng.dry food; (also hóu, (surname))][(Skt. khādyaka = food)]

119.86 糈 [xǔ][eng.rations; (also xǔ, (surname))][(Skt. āhāra = rations)]

119.87 糉 [zòng][archaic variant of 粽 (rice dumpling)][(Skt. piṇḍa = dumpling)]

119.88 糊 [hú][eng.paste; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. piṣṭa = paste)]

119.89 糋 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be rice); rare]

119.90 糌 [zān][archaic; (also zān, to be rice); rare]

119.91 糍 [cí][eng.rice cake; (also cí, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = cake)]

119.92 糎 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be rice); rare]

119.93 糏 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be rice); rare]

119.94 糐 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be rice); rare]

119.95 糑 [nuò][archaic; (also nuò, to be rice); rare]

119.96 糒 [bèi][eng.dry food; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. khādyaka = dry food)]

119.97 糓 [gǔ][archaic variant of 穀 (grain)][(Skt. dhānya = grain)]

119.98 糔 [xiǔ][archaic; (also xiǔ, to be rice); rare]

119.99 糕 [gāo][eng.cake; (also gāo, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = cake)]

119.100 糖 [táng][eng.sugar; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. śarkarā = sugar)]

119.101 糗 [qiǔ][eng.dry food; (also qiǔ, (surname))][(Skt. khādyaka = dry food)]

119.102 糘 [jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be rice); rare]

119.103 糙 [cāo][eng.coarse; (also cāo, (surname))][(Skt. sthūla = coarse)]

119.104 糚 [zhuāng][archaic variant of 妝 (makeup)][(Skt. alaṅkāra = adornment)]

119.105 糛 [táng][archaic variant of 糖 (sugar)][(Skt. śarkarā = sugar)]

119.106 糜 [mí][eng.congee; (also méi, to be broken)][(Skt. yavāgū = congee)]

119.107 糝 [sǎn][eng.traditional variant of 糁 (rice soup)][(Skt. yavāgū = soup)]

119.108 糞 [fèn][eng.traditional variant of 粪 (excrement)][(Skt. viṣṭhā = excrement)]

119.109 糟 [zāo][eng.dregs; (also zāo, (surname))][(Skt. ṣaṭ = dregs)]

119.110 糠 [kāng][eng.bran; (also kāng, (surname))][(Skt. tuṣa = bran)]

119.111 糡 [jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be rice); rare]

119.112 糢 [mó][archaic variant of 模 (model)][(Skt. anukāra = model)]

119.113 糣 [sǎn][archaic variant of 糁 (rice soup)][(Skt. yavāgū = soup)]

119.114 糤 [sǎn][archaic; (also sǎn, to be rice); rare]

119.115 糥 [nuò][archaic variant of 糯 (glutinous rice)][(Skt. vrīhi = glutinous rice)]

119.116 糦 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be rice); rare]

119.117 糧 [liáng][eng.traditional variant of 粮 (grain)][(Skt. dhānya = grain)]

119.118 糨 [jiàng][archaic; (also jiàng, to be rice); rare]

119.119 糩 [kuài][archaic; (also kuài, to be rice); rare]

119.120 糪 [bò][archaic; (also bò, to be rice); rare]

119.121 糫 [huán][archaic; (also huán, to be rice); rare]

119.122 糬 [shǔ][archaic; (also shǔ, to be rice); rare]

119.123 糭 [zòng][archaic variant of 粽 (rice dumpling)][(Skt. piṇḍa = dumpling)]

119.124 糮 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be rice); rare]

119.125 糯 [nuò][eng.glutinous rice; (also nuò, (surname))][(Skt. vrīhi = glutinous rice)]

119.126 糰 [tuán][eng.rice ball; (also tuán, (surname))][(Skt. piṇḍa = rice ball)]

119.127 糱 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be rice); rare]

119.128 糲 [lì][eng.coarse rice; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. sthūla = coarse)]

119.129 糳 [zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be rice); rare]

119.130 糴 [dí][eng.traditional variant of 籴 (to buy grain)][(Skt. kraya = buying)]

119.131 糵 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be rice); rare]

119.132 糶 [tiào][eng.traditional variant of 粜 (to sell grain)][(Skt. vikraya = selling)]

119.133 糷 [làn][archaic; (also làn, to be rice); rare]

119.134 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 119

119.135 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

119.136 119.1 米 (mǐ) [skt.vrīhi; taṇḍula] — The radical itself; represents rice and grain. Appears in Buddhist compound 米食 (anna, food) and in descriptions of alms and offerings. Rice is a staple offering in Buddhist practice

119.137 119.2 籴 (dí) [skt.kraya] — Used for "to buy grain." Appears in descriptions of trade and commerce

119.138 119.9 类 (lèi) [skt.varga] — CRITICAL — Used for "kind" and "type." Appears in Buddhist compound 类聚 (saṅgraha, collection) and 种类 (jāti, type/species)

119.139 119.11 籽 (zǐ) [skt.bīja] — Used for "seed." Appears in Buddhist compound 种子 (bīja, seed), a key Yogācāra concept

119.140 119.23 粉 (fěn) [skt.cūrṇa] — Used for "powder." Appears in descriptions of offerings and medicines

119.141 119.32 粒 (lì) [skt.dhānya] — Used for "grain." Appears in descriptions of food and offerings

119.142 119.37 粗 (cū) [skt.sthūla] — Used for "coarse." Appears in Buddhist compound 粗重 (sthūla, gross/heavy), often used in descriptions of defilements

119.143 119.38 粘 (nián) [skt.snigdha] — Used for "sticky." Appears in descriptions of rice and glue

119.144 119.42 粜 (tiào) [skt.vikraya] — Used for "to sell grain." Appears in descriptions of trade

119.145 119.45 粟 (sù) [skt.añjana] — Used for "millet." Appears in descriptions of food and offerings

119.146 119.51 粥 (zhōu) [skt.yavāgū] — Used for "porridge." Appears in descriptions of monastic meals and offerings

119.147 119.60 粮 (liáng) [skt.dhānya] — CRITICAL — Used for "grain." Appears in Buddhist compound 粮食 (āhāra, food/provisions)

119.148 119.63 粱 (liáng) [skt.dhānya] — Used for "fine grain." Appears in descriptions of high-quality grain

119.149 119.64 粲 (càn) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "brilliant." Appears in compound 粲然 (prabhā, brilliant)

119.150 119.71 粹 (cuì) [skt.viśuddha] — CRITICAL — Used for "pure." Appears in Buddhist compound 纯粹 (viśuddha, pure) and 粹美 (sundara, pure and beautiful)

119.151 119.74 粼 (lín) [skt.nirmala] — Used for "clear." Appears in compound 粼粼 (nirmala, clear)

119.152 119.75 粽 (zòng) [skt.piṇḍa] — Used for "rice dumpling." Appears in descriptions of food offerings

119.153 119.76 精 (jīng) [skt.sāra; śukra] — CRITICAL — Used for "essence" and "refined." Appears in Buddhist compound 精进 (vīrya, diligence/energy), one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā), and 精舍 (vihāra, monastery). Also appears in 精勤 (vīrya, energetic effort)

119.154 119.88 糊 (hú) [skt.piṣṭa] — Used for "paste." Appears in descriptions of adhesives

119.155 119.91 糍 (cí) [skt.piṇḍa] — Used for "rice cake." Appears in descriptions of food offerings

119.156 119.99 糕 (gāo) [skt.piṇḍa] — Used for "cake." Appears in descriptions of food offerings

119.157 119.100 糖 (táng) [skt.śarkarā] — Used for "sugar." Appears in descriptions of offerings and food

119.158 119.101 糗 (qiǔ) [skt.khādyaka] — Used for "dry food." Appears in descriptions of provisions for travel

119.159 119.103 糙 (cāo) [skt.sthūla] — Used for "coarse." Appears in descriptions of unrefined grain

119.160 119.106 糜 (mí) [skt.yavāgū] — Used for "congee." Appears in descriptions of food and medicine

119.161 119.109 糟 (zāo) [skt.ṣaṭ] — Used for "dregs." Appears in Buddhist compound 糟粕 (ṣaṭ, dregs/refuse), often used metaphorically for worthless things

119.162 119.110 糠 (kāng) [skt.tuṣa] — Used for "bran." Appears in descriptions of grain processing

119.163 119.125 糯 (nuò) [skt.vrīhi] — Used for "glutinous rice." Appears in descriptions of sticky rice offerings

119.164 119.126 糰 (tuán) [skt.piṇḍa] — Used for "rice ball." Appears in descriptions of food offerings

119.165 119.117 糧 (liáng) [skt.dhānya] — Traditional variant of 粮; used for "grain" and "provisions"

119.166 119.132 糶 (tiào) [skt.vikraya] — Traditional variant of 粜; used for "to sell grain"

120 糸

120.1 糸 [chn.mì][eng.silk; thread; (also sī, silk)][skt.sūtra; (Skt. tantu = thread)]

120.2 糹 [chn.mì][eng.silk; thread; (used as left radical)][skt.sūtra; (Skt. tantu = thread)]

120.3 糺 [chn.jiū][archaic variant of 糾 (to entangle)][(Skt. grantha = entangling)]

120.4 系 [chn.xì][eng.system; to connect; (also jì, to tie)][(Skt. bandha = connection)]

120.5 糼 [chn.gōng][archaic; (also gōng, to be a child); rare]

120.6 糽 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be a rope); rare]

120.7 糾 [jiū][eng.to entangle; (also jiū, (surname))][(Skt. grantha = entangling)]

120.8 糿 [yòu][archaic; (also yòu, to be young); rare]

120.9 紀 [jì][eng.traditional variant of 纪 (record; discipline)][(Skt. anuśāsana = discipline)]

120.10 紁 [chà][archaic; (also chà, to be a silk); rare]

120.11 紂 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, (surname)); rare]

120.12 紃 [xún][archaic; (also xún, to be a silk); rare]

120.13 約 [yuē][eng.traditional variant of 约 (to make an appointment; about)][(Skt. saṃvida = agreement)]

120.14 紅 [hóng][eng.traditional variant of 红 (red)][(Skt. rakta = red)]

120.15 紆 [yū][archaic; (also yū, to be a silk); rare]

120.16 紇 [gē][archaic; (also gē, to be a silk); rare]

120.17 紈 [wán][archaic; (also wán, to be a silk); rare]

120.18 紉 [rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be a silk); rare]

120.19 紊 [wěn][eng.confused; (also wěn, (surname))][(Skt. vyākula = confused)]

120.20 紋 [wén][eng.traditional variant of 纹 (lines; patterns)][(Skt. rekhā = line)]

120.21 紌 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a silk); rare]

120.22 納 [nà][eng.traditional variant of 纳 (to receive; to accept)][(Skt. pratigraha = receiving)]

120.23 紎 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a silk); rare]

120.24 紏 [tǒu][archaic; (also tǒu, to be a silk); rare]

120.25 紐 [niǔ][eng.traditional variant of 纽 (button; knot)][(Skt. grantha = knot)]

120.26 紑 [fóu][archaic; (also fóu, to be a silk); rare]

120.27 紒 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a silk); rare]

120.28 紓 [shū][archaic; (also shū, to be a silk); rare]

120.29 純 [chún][eng.traditional variant of 纯 (pure)][(Skt. viśuddha = pure)]

120.30 紕 [pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a silk); rare]

120.31 紖 [zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be a silk); rare]

120.32 紗 [shā][eng.traditional variant of 纱 (gauze)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine cloth)]

120.33 紘 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a silk); rare]

120.34 紙 [zhǐ][eng.traditional variant of 纸 (paper)][(Skt. pattra = paper)]

120.35 級 [jí][eng.traditional variant of 级 (level; rank)][(Skt. śreṇi = rank)]

120.36 紛 [fēn][eng.traditional variant of 纷 (disorder)][(Skt. vyākula = disorder)]

120.37 紜 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be a silk); rare]

120.38 紝 [rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be a silk); rare]

120.39 紞 [dǎn][archaic; (also dǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.40 紟 [jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be a silk); rare]

120.41 素 [sù][eng.plain; white; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. śukla = white)]

120.42 紡 [fǎng][eng.traditional variant of 纺 (to spin)][(Skt. sūtra = spinning)]

120.43 索 [suǒ][eng.rope; to seek; (also suǒ, (surname))][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.44 紣 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be a silk); rare]

120.45 紤 [jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be a silk); rare]

120.46 紥 [zhā][archaic variant of 扎 (to tie)][(Skt. bandh = tying)]

120.47 紦 [hā][archaic; (also hā, to be a silk); rare]

120.48 紧 [jǐn][eng.tight; (also jǐn, (surname))][(Skt. dṛḍha = tight)]

120.49 紨 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be a silk); rare]

120.50 紩 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be a silk); rare]

120.51 紪 [qī][archaic; (also qī, to be a silk); rare]

120.52 紫 [zǐ][eng.purple; (also zǐ, (surname))][(Skt. kāṣāya = purple)]

120.53 紬 [chōu][archaic; (also chōu, to be a silk); rare]

120.54 紭 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a silk); rare]

120.55 紮 [zā][eng.traditional variant of 扎 (to tie)][(Skt. bandh = tying)]

120.56 累 [lèi][eng.to accumulate; (also lěi, to pile up)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

120.57 細 [xì][eng.traditional variant of 细 (thin; fine)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.58 紱 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a silk); rare]

120.59 紲 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.60 紳 [shēn][eng.traditional variant of 绅 (gentleman)][(Skt. kṣatriya = gentleman)]

120.61 紴 [bō][archaic; (also bō, to be a silk); rare]

120.62 紵 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a silk); rare]

120.63 紶 [qū][archaic; (also qū, to be a silk); rare]

120.64 紷 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a silk); rare]

120.65 紸 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a silk); rare]

120.66 紹 [shào][eng.traditional variant of 绍 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.67 紺 [gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.68 紻 [yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be a silk); rare]

120.69 紼 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a silk); rare]

120.70 紽 [tuó][archaic; (also tuó, to be a silk); rare]

120.71 紾 [zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be a silk); rare]

120.72 紿 [dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a silk); rare]

120.73 絀 [chù][archaic; (also chù, to be a silk); rare]

120.74 絁 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be a silk); rare]

120.75 終 [zhōng][eng.traditional variant of 终 (to end; finally)][(Skt. anta = end; Skt. samāpti = finally)]

120.76 絃 [xián][archaic variant of 弦 (string)][(Skt. jyā = string)]

120.77 組 [zǔ][eng.traditional variant of 组 (to organize)][(Skt. saṅgha = organization)]

120.78 絅 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be a silk); rare]

120.79 絆 [bàn][eng.traditional variant of 绊 (to trip; to hinder)][(Skt. bandha = hindrance)]

120.80 絇 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be a silk); rare]

120.81 絈 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a silk); rare]

120.82 絉 [shù][archaic; (also shù, to be a silk); rare]

120.83 絊 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be a silk); rare]

120.84 絋 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.85 経 [jīng][eng.Japanese variant of 經 (to pass through)][(Skt. sūtra = scripture)]

120.86 絍 [rèn][archaic variant of 纴 (to weave)][(Skt. tantu = weaving)]

120.87 絎 [hàng][archaic; (also hàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.88 絏 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.89 結 [jié][eng.traditional variant of 结 (to tie; to conclude)][(Skt. bandha = tying; Skt. niṣṭhā = conclusion)]

120.90 絑 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, to be a silk); rare]

120.91 絒 [chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be a silk); rare]

120.92 絓 [guà][archaic; (also guà, to be a silk); rare]

120.93 絔 [bǎi][archaic; (also bǎi, to be a silk); rare]

120.94 絕 [jué][eng.traditional variant of 绝 (to cut off; to exhaust)][(Skt. cheda = cutting off)]

120.95 絖 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.96 絗 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be a silk); rare]

120.97 絘 [cì][archaic; (also cì, to be a silk); rare]

120.98 絙 [huán][archaic; (also huán, to be a silk); rare]

120.99 絚 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be a silk); rare]

120.100 絛 [tāo][archaic variant of 绦 (ribbon)][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.101 絜 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be a silk); rare]

120.102 絝 [kù][archaic variant of 绔 (trousers)][(Skt. nīvī = trousers)]

120.103 絞 [jiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 绞 (to twist)][(Skt. vartana = twisting)]

120.104 絟 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a silk); rare]

120.105 絠 [gǎi][archaic; (also gǎi, to be a silk); rare]

120.106 絡 [luò][eng.traditional variant of 络 (to connect; to enmesh)][(Skt. jāla = net)]

120.107 絢 [xuàn][eng.traditional variant of 绚 (brilliant)][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

120.108 絣 [bēng][archaic; (also bēng, to be a silk); rare]

120.109 絤 [xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.110 絥 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a silk); rare]

120.111 給 [gěi][eng.traditional variant of 给 (to give)][(Skt. dāna = giving)]

120.112 絧 [tōng][archaic; (also tōng, to be a silk); rare]

120.113 絨 [róng][eng.traditional variant of 绒 (velvet)][(Skt. tūlikā = velvet)]

120.114 絩 [tiào][archaic; (also tiào, to be a silk); rare]

120.115 絪 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be a silk); rare]

120.116 絫 [lěi][archaic variant of 累 (to accumulate)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

120.117 絬 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.118 絭 [juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.119 絮 [xù][eng.floc; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. tūla = cotton)]

120.120 絯 [gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be a silk); rare]

120.121 絰 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a silk); rare]

120.122 統 [tǒng][eng.traditional variant of 统 (to unite; to govern)][(Skt. ekībhāva = unification)]

120.123 絲 [sī][eng.traditional variant of 丝 (silk)][(Skt. sūtra = silk)]

120.124 絳 [jiàng][eng.traditional variant of 绛 (crimson)][(Skt. rakta = crimson)]

120.125 絴 [xiáng][archaic; (also xiáng, to be a silk); rare]

120.126 絵 [huì][eng.Japanese variant of 繪 (painting)][(Skt. citra = painting)]

120.127 絶 [jué][archaic variant of 絕 (to cut off)][(Skt. cheda = cutting off)]

120.128 絷 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be a silk); rare]

120.129 絸 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.130 絹 [juàn][eng.traditional variant of 绢 (silk fabric)][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.131 絺 [chī][archaic; (also chī, to be a silk); rare]

120.132 絻 [wèn][archaic; (also wèn, to be a silk); rare]

120.133 絼 [zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be a silk); rare]

120.134 絽 [lǚ][archaic; (also lǚ, to be a silk); rare]

120.135 絾 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be a silk); rare]

120.136 絿 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be a silk); rare]

120.137 綀 [shū][archaic; (also shū, to be a silk); rare]

120.138 綁 [bǎng][eng.traditional variant of 绑 (to bind)][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.139 綂 [tǒng][archaic variant of 統 (to unite)][(Skt. ekībhāva = unification)]

120.140 綃 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a silk); rare]

120.141 綄 [huán][archaic; (also huán, to be a silk); rare]

120.142 綅 [qīn][archaic; (also qīn, to be a silk); rare]

120.143 綆 [gěng][archaic variant of 绠 (rope)][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.144 綇 [xiǔ][archaic; (also xiǔ, to be a silk); rare]

120.145 綈 [tí][archaic variant of 绨 (coarse silk)]

120.146 綉 [xiù][archaic variant of 繡 (to embroider)][(Skt. sūcī = embroidery)]

120.147 綊 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be a silk); rare]

120.148 綋 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a silk); rare]

120.149 綌 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a silk); rare]

120.150 綍 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a silk); rare]

120.151 綎 [tīng][archaic; (also tīng, to be a silk); rare]

120.152 綏 [suī][eng.traditional variant of 绥 (to pacify)][(Skt. śam = to pacify)]

120.153 綐 [duì][archaic; (also duì, to be a silk); rare]

120.154 綑 [kǔn][archaic variant of 捆 (to bind)][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.155 綒 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be a silk); rare]

120.156 經 [jīng][eng.traditional variant of 经 (to pass through; scripture)][(Skt. sūtra = scripture; Skt. gata = to pass)]

120.157 綔 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be a silk); rare]

120.158 綕 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be a silk); rare]

120.159 綖 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be a silk); rare]

120.160 綗 [jiǒng][archaic; (also jiǒng, to be a silk); rare]

120.161 綘 [féng][archaic; (also féng, to be a silk); rare]

120.162 継 [jì][eng.Japanese variant of 繼 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.163 続 [xù][eng.Japanese variant of 續 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.164 綛 [rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be a silk); rare]

120.165 綜 [zōng][eng.traditional variant of 综 (to synthesize)][(Skt. samāsa = synthesis)]

120.166 綝 [chēn][archaic; (also chēn, to be a silk); rare]

120.167 綞 [duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to be a silk); rare]

120.168 綟 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be a silk); rare]

120.169 綠 [lǜ][eng.traditional variant of 绿 (green)][(Skt. harita = green)]

120.170 綡 [jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be a silk); rare]

120.171 綢 [chóu][eng.traditional variant of 绸 (silk fabric)][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.172 綣 [quǎn][eng.traditional variant of 绻 (to coil)][(Skt. kuñcita = coiling)]

120.173 綤 [shào][archaic; (also shào, to be a silk); rare]

120.174 綥 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a silk); rare]

120.175 綦 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a silk); rare]

120.176 綧 [zhǔn][archaic; (also zhǔn, to be a silk); rare]

120.177 綨 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a silk); rare]

120.178 綩 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.179 綪 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.180 綫 [xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 线 (thread; line)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.181 綬 [shòu][eng.traditional variant of 绶 (ribbon)][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.182 維 [wéi][eng.traditional variant of 维 (to maintain; dimension)][(Skt. dhāraṇa = maintenance)]

120.183 綮 [qìng][archaic; (also qìng, to be a silk); rare]

120.184 綯 [táo][archaic; (also táo, to be a silk); rare]

120.185 綰 [wǎn][eng.traditional variant of 绾 (to coil)][(Skt. kuñcita = coiling)]

120.186 綱 [gāng][eng.traditional variant of 纲 (guiding principle)][(Skt. sūtra = guiding principle)]

120.187 網 [wǎng][eng.traditional variant of 网 (net)][(Skt. jāla = net)]

120.188 綳 [bēng][archaic variant of 绷 (to stretch)][(Skt. āyāma = stretching)]

120.189 綴 [zhuì][eng.traditional variant of 缀 (to sew; to patch)][(Skt. sūcī = sewing)]

120.190 綵 [cǎi][eng.traditional variant of 彩 (colorful)][(Skt. varṇa = color)]

120.191 綶 [guǒ][archaic; (also guǒ, to be a silk); rare]

120.192 綷 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be a silk); rare]

120.193 綸 [lún][eng.traditional variant of 纶 (silk cord)][(Skt. sūtra = silk cord)]

120.194 綹 [liǔ][eng.traditional variant of 绺 (a lock of hair)][(Skt. keśa = lock of hair)]

120.195 綺 [qǐ][eng.traditional variant of 绮 (beautiful silk)][(Skt. paṭṭa = beautiful silk)]

120.196 綻 [zhàn][eng.traditional variant of 绽 (to split; to burst)][(Skt. sphoṭa = splitting)]

120.197 綼 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a silk); rare]

120.198 綽 [chuò][eng.traditional variant of 绰 (spacious; generous)][(Skt. vipula = spacious)]

120.199 綾 [líng][eng.traditional variant of 绫 (brocade)][(Skt. paṭṭa = brocade)]

120.200 綿 [mián][eng.traditional variant of 绵 (continuous; soft)][(Skt. tantu = continuous)]

120.201 緀 [qī][archaic; (also qī, to be a silk); rare]

120.202 緁 [qiè][archaic; (also qiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.203 緂 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be a silk); rare]

120.204 緃 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be a silk); rare]

120.205 緄 [gǔn][archaic variant of 绲 (ribbon)][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.206 緅 [zōu][archaic; (also zōu, to be a silk); rare]

120.207 緆 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a silk); rare]

120.208 緇 [zī][eng.traditional variant of 缁 (black silk)][(Skt. kṛṣṇa = black silk)]

120.209 緈 [xìng][archaic; (also xìng, to be a silk); rare]

120.210 緉 [liǎng][archaic; (also liǎng, to be a silk); rare]

120.211 緊 [jǐn][eng.traditional variant of 紧 (tight)][(Skt. dṛḍha = tight)]

120.212 緋 [fēi][eng.traditional variant of 绯 (scarlet)][(Skt. rakta = scarlet)]

120.213 緌 [ruí][archaic; (also ruí, to be a silk); rare]

120.214 緍 [mín][archaic; (also mín, to be a silk); rare]

120.215 緎 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a silk); rare]

120.216 総 [zǒng][eng.Japanese variant of 總 (all; general)][(Skt. sarva = all)]

120.217 緐 [fán][archaic variant of 繁 (numerous)][(Skt. bahu = numerous)]

120.218 緑 [lǜ][eng.Japanese variant of 綠 (green)][(Skt. harita = green)]

120.219 緒 [xù][eng.traditional variant of 绪 (thread; origin)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.220 緓 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a silk); rare]

120.221 緔 [shàng][archaic; (also shàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.222 緕 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be a silk); rare]

120.223 緖 [xù][archaic variant of 緒 (thread)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.224 緗 [xiāng][archaic variant of 缃 (light yellow silk)]

120.225 緘 [jiān][eng.traditional variant of 缄 (to seal; letter)][(Skt. mudrā = sealing)]

120.226 緙 [kè][eng.traditional variant of 缂 (to carve in silk)]

120.227 線 [xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 线 (thread; line)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.228 緛 [ruǎn][archaic; (also ruǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.229 緜 [mián][archaic variant of 綿 (continuous)][(Skt. tantu = continuous)]

120.230 緝 [qī][eng.traditional variant of 缉 (to seize)][(Skt. grahaṇa = seizing)]

120.231 緞 [duàn][eng.traditional variant of 缎 (satin)][(Skt. paṭṭa = satin)]

120.232 緟 [chóng][archaic; (also chóng, to be a silk); rare]

120.233 締 [dì][eng.traditional variant of 缔 (to establish; to form)][(Skt. saṃsthāna = establishment)]

120.234 緡 [mín][archaic variant of 缗 (string of coins)][(Skt. paṭṭa = string)]

120.235 緢 [miáo][archaic; (also miáo, to be a silk); rare]

120.236 緣 [yuán][eng.traditional variant of 缘 (cause; condition; edge)][skt.pratyaya; (Skt. hetu = cause)]

120.237 緤 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.238 緥 [bǎo][archaic; (also bǎo, to be a silk); rare]

120.239 緦 [sī][archaic variant of 缌 (fine hemp)]

120.240 緧 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be a silk); rare]

120.241 編 [biān][eng.traditional variant of 编 (to compile; to weave)][(Skt. racana = compilation)]

120.242 緩 [huǎn][eng.traditional variant of 缓 (slow; to delay)][(Skt. vilambita = slow)]

120.243 緪 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be a silk); rare]

120.244 緫 [zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be a silk); rare]

120.245 緬 [miǎn][eng.traditional variant of 缅 (distant; to recall)][(Skt. dūra = distant)]

120.246 緭 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be a silk); rare]

120.247 緮 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be a silk); rare]

120.248 緯 [wěi][eng.traditional variant of 纬 (woof; latitude)][(Skt. āyāma = latitude)]

120.249 緰 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be a silk); rare]

120.250 緱 [gōu][eng.traditional variant of 缑 (silk cord)][(Skt. sūtra = cord)]

120.251 緲 [miǎo][eng.traditional variant of 缈 (dim; indistinct)][(Skt. tamas = indistinct)]

120.252 緳 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be a silk); rare]

120.253 練 [liàn][eng.traditional variant of 练 (to practice; to refine)][(Skt. abhyāsa = practice)]

120.254 緵 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be a silk); rare]

120.255 緶 [biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.256 緷 [yùn][archaic; (also yùn, to be a silk); rare]

120.257 緸 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be a silk); rare]

120.258 緹 [tí][eng.traditional variant of 缇 (orange-red silk)][(Skt. rakta = orange-red)]

120.259 緺 [guā][archaic; (also guā, to be a silk); rare]

120.260 緻 [zhì][eng.traditional variant of 致 (to cause; to achieve)][(Skt. prāpti = achievement)]

120.261 緼 [yùn][archaic variant of 缊 (hemp; old silk)]

120.262 緽 [chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a silk); rare]

120.263 緾 [chán][archaic variant of 缠 (to wrap)][(Skt. veṣṭana = wrapping)]

120.264 緿 [dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a silk); rare]

120.265 縀 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a silk); rare]

120.266 縁 [yuán][eng.Japanese variant of 緣 (cause; condition)][skt.pratyaya; (Skt. hetu = cause)]

120.267 縂 [zǒng][archaic variant of 總 (all)][(Skt. sarva = all)]

120.268 縃 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be a silk); rare]

120.269 縄 [shéng][eng.Japanese variant of 繩 (rope)][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.270 縅 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be a silk); rare]

120.271 縆 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be a silk); rare]

120.272 縇 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be a silk); rare]

120.273 縈 [yíng][eng.traditional variant of 萦 (to coil)][(Skt. veṣṭana = coiling)]

120.274 縉 [jìn][eng.traditional variant of 缙 (red silk)][(Skt. rakta = red silk)]

120.275 縊 [yì][eng.traditional variant of 缢 (to hang; to strangle)][(Skt. bandhana = hanging)]

120.276 縋 [zhuì][eng.traditional variant of 缒 (to let down by rope)][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.277 縌 [nì][archaic; (also nì, to be a silk); rare]

120.278 縍 [bāng][archaic; (also bāng, to be a silk); rare]

120.279 縎 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be a silk); rare]

120.280 縏 [pán][archaic; (also pán, to be a silk); rare]

120.281 縐 [zhòu][eng.traditional variant of 绉 (crepe)][(Skt. paṭṭa = crepe)]

120.282 縑 [jiān][eng.traditional variant of 缣 (silk fabric)][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.283 縒 [cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to be a silk); rare]

120.284 縓 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be a silk); rare]

120.285 縔 [shuǎng][archaic; (also shuǎng, to be a silk); rare]

120.286 縕 [yūn][archaic variant of 缊 (hemp)]

120.287 縖 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a silk); rare]

120.288 縗 [cuī][archaic variant of 缞 (mourning garment)]

120.289 縘 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a silk); rare]

120.290 縙 [ròng][archaic; (also ròng, to be a silk); rare]

120.291 縚 [tāo][archaic variant of 绦 (ribbon)][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.292 縛 [fù][eng.traditional variant of 缚 (to bind)][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.293 縜 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be a silk); rare]

120.294 縝 [zhěn][eng.traditional variant of 缜 (fine; delicate)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.295 縞 [gǎo][eng.traditional variant of 缟 (white silk)][(Skt. śukla = white silk)]

120.296 縟 [rù][eng.traditional variant of 缛 (decorated)][(Skt. alaṅkāra = decoration)]

120.297 縠 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be a silk); rare]

120.298 縡 [zài][archaic; (also zài, to be a silk); rare]

120.299 縢 [téng][archaic; (also téng, to be a silk); rare]

120.300 縣 [xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 县 (county)][(Skt. maṇḍala = district)]

120.301 縤 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be a silk); rare]

120.302 縥 [zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be a silk); rare]

120.303 縦 [zòng][eng.Japanese variant of 縱 (vertical)][(Skt. ūrdhva = vertical)]

120.304 縧 [tāo][archaic variant of 绦 (ribbon)][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.305 縨 [huàng][archaic; (also huàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.306 縩 [cài][archaic; (also cài, to be a silk); rare]

120.307 縪 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a silk); rare]

120.308 縫 [féng][eng.traditional variant of 缝 (to sew; seam)][(Skt. sūcī = sewing)]

120.309 縬 [cù][archaic; (also cù, to be a silk); rare]

120.310 縭 [lí][eng.traditional variant of 缡 (bridal veil)][(Skt. śirastra = veil)]

120.311 縮 [suō][eng.traditional variant of 缩 (to shrink)][(Skt. saṃkoca = shrinking)]

120.312 縯 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.313 縰 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be a silk); rare]

120.314 縱 [zòng][eng.traditional variant of 纵 (vertical; to release)][(Skt. ūrdhva = vertical; Skt. muñc = release)]

120.315 縲 [léi][eng.traditional variant of 缧 (to bind)][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.316 縳 [zhuàn][archaic; (also zhuàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.317 縴 [qiān][eng.traditional variant of 纤 (fine; delicate)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.318 縵 [màn][eng.traditional variant of 缦 (plain silk)][(Skt. paṭṭa = plain silk)]

120.319 縶 [zhí][eng.traditional variant of 絷 (to tether)][(Skt. bandh = tethering)]

120.320 縷 [lǚ][eng.traditional variant of 缕 (thread)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.321 縸 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a silk); rare]

120.322 縹 [piǎo][eng.traditional variant of 缥 (light blue)][(Skt. nīla = light blue)]

120.323 縺 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be a silk); rare]

120.324 縻 [mí][eng.to bind; (also mí, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.325 縼 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.326 總 [zǒng][eng.traditional variant of 总 (all; general)][(Skt. sarva = all)]

120.327 績 [jì][eng.traditional variant of 绩 (achievement)][(Skt. guṇa = achievement)]

120.328 縿 [shān][archaic; (also shān, to be a silk); rare]

120.329 繀 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a silk); rare]

120.330 繁 [fán][eng.numerous; (also fán, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = numerous)]

120.331 繂 [lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be a silk); rare]

120.332 繃 [bēng][eng.traditional variant of 绷 (to stretch)][(Skt. āyāma = stretching)]

120.333 繄 [yī][archaic; (also yī, to be a silk); rare]

120.334 繅 [sāo][eng.traditional variant of 缫 (to reel silk)]

120.335 繆 [miù][eng.traditional variant of 缪 (mistake)][(Skt. bhrama = mistake)]

120.336 繇 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be a silk); rare]

120.337 繈 [qiǎng][archaic variant of 襁 (swaddling clothes)]

120.338 繉 [hún][archaic; (also hún, to be a silk); rare]

120.339 繊 [xiān][eng.Japanese variant of 纖 (fine)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.340 繋 [jì][eng.Japanese variant of 繫 (to connect)][(Skt. bandha = connection)]

120.341 繌 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be a silk); rare]

120.342 繍 [xiù][eng.Japanese variant of 繡 (to embroider)][(Skt. sūcī = embroidery)]

120.343 繎 [rán][archaic; (also rán, to be a silk); rare]

120.344 繏 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.345 繐 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a silk); rare]

120.346 繑 [qiāo][archaic; (also qiāo, to be a silk); rare]

120.347 繒 [zēng][eng.traditional variant of 缯 (silk fabric)][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.348 繓 [zuǒ][archaic; (also zuǒ, to be a silk); rare]

120.349 織 [zhī][eng.traditional variant of 织 (to weave)][(Skt. tantu = weaving)]

120.350 繕 [shàn][eng.traditional variant of 缮 (to repair)][(Skt. saṃskāra = repair)]

120.351 繖 [sǎn][eng.traditional variant of 伞 (umbrella)][(Skt. chattra = umbrella)]

120.352 繗 [lín][archaic; (also lín, to be a silk); rare]

120.353 繘 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be a silk); rare]

120.354 繙 [fān][eng.traditional variant of 翻 (to turn over)][(Skt. parivartana = turning)]

120.355 繚 [liáo][eng.traditional variant of 缭 (to wind around)][(Skt. veṣṭana = winding)]

120.356 繛 [chuò][archaic; (also chuò, to be a silk); rare]

120.357 繜 [zūn][archaic; (also zūn, to be a silk); rare]

120.358 繝 [jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.359 繞 [rào][eng.traditional variant of 绕 (to revolve around)][(Skt. parivartana = revolving)]

120.360 繟 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.361 繠 [ruǐ][archaic; (also ruǐ, to be a silk); rare]

120.362 繡 [xiù][eng.traditional variant of 绣 (to embroider)][(Skt. sūcī = embroidery)]

120.363 繢 [huì][eng.traditional variant of 缋 (to draw)][(Skt. citra = drawing)]

120.364 繣 [huà][archaic; (also huà, to be a silk); rare]

120.365 繤 [zuǎn][archaic; (also zuǎn, to be a silk); rare]

120.366 繥 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a silk); rare]

120.367 繦 [qiǎng][archaic variant of 襁 (swaddling clothes)]

120.368 繧 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be a silk); rare]

120.369 繨 [dá][archaic; (also dá, to be a silk); rare]

120.370 繩 [shéng][eng.traditional variant of 绳 (rope)][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.371 繪 [huì][eng.traditional variant of 绘 (to paint)][(Skt. citra = painting)]

120.372 繫 [xì][eng.traditional variant of 系 (to connect)][(Skt. bandha = connection)]

120.373 繬 [sè][archaic; (also sè, to be a silk); rare]

120.374 繭 [jiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 茧 (cocoon)][(Skt. kośa = cocoon)]

120.375 繮 [jiāng][eng.traditional variant of 缰 (reins)][(Skt. rajju = reins)]

120.376 繯 [huán][eng.traditional variant of 缳 (to bind)][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.377 繰 [sāo][eng.traditional variant of 缫 (to reel silk)]

120.378 繱 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be a silk); rare]

120.379 繲 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.380 繳 [jiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 缴 (to surrender; to pay)][(Skt. dāna = payment)]

120.381 繴 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a silk); rare]

120.382 繵 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.383 繶 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a silk); rare]

120.384 繷 [nǒng][archaic; (also nǒng, to be a silk); rare]

120.385 繸 [suì][archaic; (also suì, to be a silk); rare]

120.386 繹 [yì][eng.traditional variant of 绎 (to unravel)][(Skt. viśleṣa = unraveling)]

120.387 繺 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be a silk); rare]

120.388 繻 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be a silk); rare]

120.389 繼 [jì][eng.traditional variant of 继 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.390 繽 [bīn][eng.traditional variant of 缤 (confused)][(Skt. vyākula = confused)]

120.391 繾 [qiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 缱 (to bind)][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.392 繿 [lán][archaic variant of 襤 (tattered)]

120.393 纀 [pú][archaic; (also pú, to be a silk); rare]

120.394 纁 [xūn][eng.traditional variant of 缊 (light red)][(Skt. rakta = light red)]

120.395 纂 [zuǎn][eng.traditional variant of 纂 (to compile)][(Skt. racana = compilation)]

120.396 纃 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a silk); rare]

120.397 纄 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be a silk); rare]

120.398 纅 [yào][archaic; (also yào, to be a silk); rare]

120.399 纆 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a silk); rare]

120.400 纇 [lèi][eng.traditional variant of 纇 (flaw)][(Skt. doṣa = flaw)]

120.401 纈 [xié][eng.traditional variant of 缬 (to tie-dye)][(Skt. citra = tie-dye)]

120.402 纉 [zuǎn][archaic variant of 纘 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.403 纊 [kuàng][eng.traditional variant of 纩 (silk floss)][(Skt. tūla = silk floss)]

120.404 纋 [yōu][archaic; (also yōu, to be a silk); rare]

120.405 續 [xù][eng.traditional variant of 续 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.406 纍 [léi][eng.traditional variant of 累 (to accumulate)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

120.407 纎 [xiān][archaic variant of 纖 (fine)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.408 纏 [chán][eng.traditional variant of 缠 (to wrap)][(Skt. veṣṭana = wrapping)]

120.409 纐 [jiǎo][archaic; (also jiǎo, to be a silk); rare]

120.410 纑 [lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a silk); rare]

120.411 纒 [chán][archaic variant of 纏 (to wrap)][(Skt. veṣṭana = wrapping)]

120.412 纓 [yīng][eng.traditional variant of 缨 (tassel)][(Skt. muktāhāra = tassel)]

120.413 纔 [cái][eng.traditional variant of 才 (just now; talent)][(Skt. pratibhā = talent)]

120.414 纕 [rǎng][archaic; (also rǎng, to be a silk); rare]

120.415 纖 [xiān][eng.traditional variant of 纤 (fine; delicate)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.416 纗 [zuǐ][archaic; (also zuǐ, to be a silk); rare]

120.417 纘 [zuǎn][eng.traditional variant of 纉 (to continue)][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.418 纙 [luò][archaic; (also luò, to be a silk); rare]

120.419 纚 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be a silk); rare]

120.420 纛 [dào][eng.ancient banner; (also dào, (surname))][(Skt. dhvaja = banner)]

120.421 纜 [lǎn][eng.traditional variant of 缆 (cable)][(Skt. rajju = cable)]

120.422 纝 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a silk); rare]

120.423 纞 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.424 纟 [sī][eng.silk; thread; (simplified radical)][skt.sūtra; (Skt. tantu = thread)]

120.425 纠 [jiū][eng.to entangle; to correct; (also jiū, (surname))][(Skt. grantha = entangling)]

120.426 纡 [yū][archaic; (also yū, to be a silk); rare]

120.427 红 [hóng][eng.red; (also hóng, (surname))][(Skt. rakta = red)]

120.428 纣 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, (surname)); rare]

120.429 纤 [xiān][eng.fine; delicate; (also qiàn, a rope)][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.430 纥 [gē][archaic; (also gē, to be a silk); rare]

120.431 约 [yuē][eng.to make an appointment; about; (also yāo, to weigh)][(Skt. saṃvida = agreement)]

120.432 级 [jí][eng.level; rank; (also jí, (surname))][(Skt. śreṇi = rank)]

120.433 纨 [wán][archaic; (also wán, to be a silk); rare]

120.434 纩 [kuàng][archaic; (also kuàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.435 纪 [jì][eng.record; discipline; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. anuśāsana = discipline)]

120.436 纫 [rèn][eng.to sew; (also rèn, (surname))][(Skt. sūcī = sewing)]

120.437 纬 [wěi][eng.woof; latitude; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. āyāma = latitude)]

120.438 纭 [yún][eng.confused; (also yún, (surname))][(Skt. vyākula = confused)]

120.439 纮 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a silk); rare]

120.440 纯 [chún][eng.pure; (also chún, (surname))][(Skt. viśuddha = pure)]

120.441 纰 [pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a silk); rare]

120.442 纱 [shā][eng.gauze; (also shā, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine cloth)]

120.443 纲 [gāng][eng.guiding principle; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. sūtra = guiding principle)]

120.444 纳 [nà][eng.to receive; to accept; (also nà, (surname))][(Skt. pratigraha = receiving)]

120.445 纴 [rèn][eng.to weave; (also rèn, (surname))][(Skt. tantu = weaving)]

120.446 纵 [zòng][eng.vertical; to release; (also zòng, (surname))][(Skt. ūrdhva = vertical; Skt. muñc = release)]

120.447 纶 [lún][eng.silk cord; (also lún, (surname))][(Skt. sūtra = silk cord)]

120.448 纷 [fēn][eng.disorder; (also fēn, (surname))][(Skt. vyākula = disorder)]

120.449 纸 [zhǐ][eng.paper; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = paper)]

120.450 纹 [wén][eng.lines; patterns; (also wén, (surname))][(Skt. rekhā = line)]

120.451 纺 [fǎng][eng.to spin; (also fǎng, (surname))][(Skt. sūtra = spinning)]

120.452 纻 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a silk); rare]

120.453 纼 [zhèn][archaic; (also zhèn, to be a silk); rare]

120.454 纽 [niǔ][eng.button; knot; (also niǔ, (surname))][(Skt. grantha = knot)]

120.455 纾 [shū][eng.to relax; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. śithilīkaroti = relaxing)]

120.456 线 [xiàn][eng.thread; line; (also xiàn, (surname))][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.457 绀 [gàn][archaic; (also gàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.458 绁 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be a silk); rare]

120.459 绂 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a silk); rare]

120.460 练 [liàn][eng.to practice; to refine; (also liàn, (surname))][(Skt. abhyāsa = practice)]

120.461 组 [zǔ][eng.to organize; (also zǔ, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgha = organization)]

120.462 绅 [shēn][eng.gentleman; (also shēn, (surname))][(Skt. kṣatriya = gentleman)]

120.463 细 [xì][eng.thin; fine; (also xì, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.464 织 [zhī][eng.to weave; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. tantu = weaving)]

120.465 终 [zhōng][eng.to end; finally; (also zhōng, (surname))][(Skt. anta = end; Skt. samāpti = finally)]

120.466 绉 [zhòu][eng.crepe; (also zhòu, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = crepe)]

120.467 绊 [bàn][eng.to trip; to hinder; (also bàn, (surname))][(Skt. bandha = hindrance)]

120.468 绋 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a silk); rare]

120.469 绌 [chù][archaic; (also chù, to be a silk); rare]

120.470 绍 [shào][eng.to continue; (also shào, (surname))][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.471 绎 [yì][eng.to unravel; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. viśleṣa = unraveling)]

120.472 经 [jīng][eng.to pass through; scripture; (also jīng, (surname))][skt.sūtra; (Skt. gata = to pass)]

120.473 绐 [dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a silk); rare]

120.474 绑 [bǎng][eng.to bind; (also bǎng, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.475 绒 [róng][eng.velvet; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. tūlikā = velvet)]

120.476 结 [jié][eng.to tie; to conclude; (also jié, (surname))][(Skt. bandha = tying; Skt. niṣṭhā = conclusion)]

120.477 绔 [kù][archaic; (also kù, to be a silk); rare]

120.478 绕 [rào][eng.to revolve around; (also rào, (surname))][(Skt. parivartana = revolving)]

120.479 绖 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a silk); rare]

120.480 绗 [hàng][archaic; (also hàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.481 绘 [huì][eng.to paint; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. citra = painting)]

120.482 给 [gěi][eng.to give; (also jǐ, to supply)][(Skt. dāna = giving)]

120.483 绚 [xuàn][eng.brilliant; (also xuàn, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = brilliant)]

120.484 绛 [jiàng][eng.crimson; (also jiàng, (surname))][(Skt. rakta = crimson)]

120.485 络 [luò][eng.to connect; to enmesh; (also luò, (surname))][(Skt. jāla = net)]

120.486 绝 [jué][eng.to cut off; to exhaust; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. cheda = cutting off)]

120.487 绞 [jiǎo][eng.to twist; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. vartana = twisting)]

120.488 统 [tǒng][eng.to unite; to govern; (also tǒng, (surname))][(Skt. ekībhāva = unification)]

120.489 绠 [gěng][eng.rope; (also gěng, (surname))][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.490 绡 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be a silk); rare]

120.491 绢 [juàn][eng.silk fabric; (also juàn, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.492 绣 [xiù][eng.to embroider; (also xiù, (surname))][(Skt. sūcī = embroidery)]

120.493 绤 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be a silk); rare]

120.494 绥 [suī][eng.to pacify; (also suī, (surname))][(Skt. śam = to pacify)]

120.495 绦 [tāo][eng.ribbon; (also tāo, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.496 继 [jì][eng.to continue; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.497 绨 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a silk); rare]

120.498 绩 [jì][eng.achievement; (also jì, (surname))][(Skt. guṇa = achievement)]

120.499 绪 [xù][eng.thread; origin; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.500 绫 [líng][eng.brocade; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = brocade)]

120.501 续 [xù][eng.to continue; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.502 绮 [qǐ][eng.beautiful silk; (also qǐ, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = beautiful silk)]

120.503 绯 [fēi][eng.scarlet; (also fēi, (surname))][(Skt. rakta = scarlet)]

120.504 绰 [chuò][eng.spacious; generous; (also chuò, (surname))][(Skt. vipula = spacious)]

120.505 绱 [shàng][archaic; (also shàng, to be a silk); rare]

120.506 绲 [gǔn][eng.ribbon; (also gǔn, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.507 绳 [shéng][eng.rope; (also shéng, (surname))][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.508 维 [wéi][eng.to maintain; dimension; (also wéi, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = maintenance)]

120.509 绵 [mián][eng.continuous; soft; (also mián, (surname))][(Skt. tantu = continuous)]

120.510 绶 [shòu][eng.ribbon; (also shòu, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = ribbon)]

120.511 绷 [bēng][eng.to stretch; (also běng, to be tight)][(Skt. āyāma = stretching)]

120.512 绸 [chóu][eng.silk fabric; (also chóu, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.513 绹 [táo][archaic; (also táo, to be a silk); rare]

120.514 绺 [liǔ][eng.a lock of hair; (also liǔ, (surname))][(Skt. keśa = lock of hair)]

120.515 绻 [quǎn][eng.to coil; (also quǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kuñcita = coiling)]

120.516 综 [zōng][eng.to synthesize; (also zōng, (surname))][(Skt. samāsa = synthesis)]

120.517 绽 [zhàn][eng.to split; to burst; (also zhàn, (surname))][(Skt. sphoṭa = splitting)]

120.518 绾 [wǎn][eng.to coil; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kuñcita = coiling)]

120.519 绿 [lǜ][eng.green; (also lǜ, (surname))][(Skt. harita = green)]

120.520 缀 [zhuì][eng.to sew; to patch; (also zhuì, (surname))][(Skt. sūcī = sewing)]

120.521 缁 [zī][eng.black silk; (also zī, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣṇa = black silk)]

120.522 缂 [kè][archaic; (also kè, to be a silk); rare]

120.523 缃 [xiāng][eng.light yellow silk; (also xiāng, (surname))]

120.524 缄 [jiān][eng.to seal; letter; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. mudrā = sealing)]

120.525 缅 [miǎn][eng.distant; to recall; (also miǎn, (surname))][(Skt. dūra = distant)]

120.526 缆 [lǎn][eng.cable; (also lǎn, (surname))][(Skt. rajju = cable)]

120.527 缇 [tí][eng.orange-red silk; (also tí, (surname))][(Skt. rakta = orange-red)]

120.528 缈 [miǎo][eng.dim; indistinct; (also miǎo, (surname))][(Skt. tamas = indistinct)]

120.529 缉 [qī][eng.to seize; (also jī, to collect)][(Skt. grahaṇa = seizing)]

120.530 缊 [yùn][eng.hemp; old silk; (also yūn, to be confused)]

120.531 缋 [huì][eng.to draw; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. citra = drawing)]

120.532 缌 [sī][eng.fine hemp; (also sī, (surname))]

120.533 缍 [duǒ][archaic; (also duǒ, to be a silk); rare]

120.534 缎 [duàn][eng.satin; (also duàn, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = satin)]

120.535 缏 [biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be a silk); rare]

120.536 缐 [xiàn][archaic variant of 線 (thread)][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.537 缑 [gōu][archaic; (also gōu, to be a silk); rare]

120.538 缒 [zhuì][eng.to let down by rope; (also zhuì, (surname))][(Skt. rajju = rope)]

120.539 缓 [huǎn][eng.slow; to delay; (also huǎn, (surname))][(Skt. vilambita = slow)]

120.540 缔 [dì][eng.to establish; to form; (also dì, (surname))][(Skt. saṃsthāna = establishment)]

120.541 缕 [lǚ][eng.thread; (also lǚ, (surname))][(Skt. sūtra = thread)]

120.542 编 [biān][eng.to compile; to weave; (also biān, (surname))][(Skt. racana = compilation)]

120.543 缗 [mín][eng.string of coins; (also mín, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = string)]

120.544 缘 [yuán][eng.cause; condition; (also yuán, (surname))][skt.pratyaya; (Skt. hetu = cause)]

120.545 缙 [jìn][eng.red silk; (also jìn, (surname))][(Skt. rakta = red silk)]

120.546 缚 [fù][eng.to bind; (also fù, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.547 缛 [rù][eng.decorated; (also rù, (surname))][(Skt. alaṅkāra = decoration)]

120.548 缜 [zhěn][eng.fine; delicate; (also zhěn, (surname))][(Skt. sūkṣma = fine)]

120.549 缝 [féng][eng.to sew; (also fèng, a seam)][(Skt. sūcī = sewing)]

120.550 缞 [cuī][eng.mourning garment; (also cuī, (surname))]

120.551 缟 [gǎo][eng.white silk; (also gǎo, (surname))][(Skt. śukla = white silk)]

120.552 缠 [chán][eng.to wrap; (also chán, (surname))][(Skt. veṣṭana = wrapping)]

120.553 缡 [lí][eng.bridal veil; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. śirastra = veil)]

120.554 缢 [yì][eng.to hang; to strangle; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. bandhana = hanging)]

120.555 缣 [jiān][eng.silk fabric; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.556 缤 [bīn][eng.confused; (also bīn, (surname))][(Skt. vyākula = confused)]

120.557 缥 [piǎo][eng.light blue; (also piāo, to flutter)][(Skt. nīla = light blue)]

120.558 缦 [màn][eng.plain silk; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = plain silk)]

120.559 缧 [léi][eng.to bind; (also léi, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.560 缨 [yīng][eng.tassel; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. muktāhāra = tassel)]

120.561 缩 [suō][eng.to shrink; (also suō, (surname))][(Skt. saṃkoca = shrinking)]

120.562 缪 [miù][eng.mistake; (also móu, to be cunning)][(Skt. bhrama = mistake)]

120.563 缫 [sāo][eng.to reel silk; (also sāo, (surname))]

120.564 缬 [xié][eng.to tie-dye; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. citra = tie-dye)]

120.565 缭 [liáo][eng.to wind around; (also liáo, (surname))][(Skt. veṣṭana = winding)]

120.566 缮 [shàn][eng.to repair; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. saṃskāra = repair)]

120.567 缯 [zēng][eng.silk fabric; (also zēng, (surname))][(Skt. paṭṭa = silk fabric)]

120.568 缰 [jiāng][eng.reins; (also jiāng, (surname))][(Skt. rajju = reins)]

120.569 缱 [qiǎn][eng.to bind; (also qiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.570 缲 [sāo][archaic variant of 繰 (to reel silk)]

120.571 缳 [huán][eng.to bind; (also huán, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = binding)]

120.572 缴 [jiǎo][eng.to surrender; to pay; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. dāna = payment)]

120.573 缵 [zuǎn][eng.to continue; (also zuǎn, (surname))][(Skt. anvaya = continuation)]

120.574 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 120

120.575 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

120.576 120.1 糸 (mì) [skt.sūtra; tantu] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "silk" and "thread." This is the root of the word sūtra (修多罗), the Buddhist scripture, which literally means "thread" — the teachings are the thread that strings together the beads of the Dharma. Silk is also a metaphor for the continuity of the Buddha’s teachings

120.577 120.4 系 (xì) [skt.bandha] — Used for "system" and "to connect." Appears in Buddhist compound 系统 (bandha, system)

120.578 120.9 紀 (jì) [skt.anuśāsana] — Used for "record" and "discipline." Appears in Buddhist compound 纪律 (anuśāsana, discipline)

120.579 120.13 約 (yuē) [skt.saṃvida] — Used for "to make an appointment." Appears in Buddhist compound 约定 (saṃvida, agreement)

120.580 120.14 紅 (hóng) [skt.rakta] — Used for "red." Appears in descriptions of offerings and colors

120.581 120.41 素 (sù) [skt.śukla] — Used for "plain" and "white." Appears in Buddhist compound 素食 (śākāhāra, vegetarian food)

120.582 120.43 索 (suǒ) [skt.rajju] — Used for "rope" and "to seek." Appears in Buddhist compound 寻求 (anveṣaṇa, seeking)

120.583 120.56 累 (lèi) [skt.saṃcaya] — Used for "to accumulate." Appears in Buddhist compound 累世 (santāna, successive lives)

120.584 120.57 細 (xì) [skt.sūkṣma] — Used for "thin" and "fine." Appears in Buddhist compound 細心 (sūkṣma-citta, subtle mind)

120.585 120.89 結 (jié) [skt.bandha; niṣṭhā] — CRITICAL — Used for "to tie" and "to conclude." Appears in Buddhist compound 结集 (saṅgīti, council/recitation), 结缘 (saṃbandha, karmic connection), and 解脱 (mokṣa, liberation/freedom from ties)

120.586 120.94 絕 (jué) [skt.cheda] — CRITICAL — Used for "to cut off." Appears in Buddhist compound 绝断 (cheda, cutting off), 绝灭 (uccheda, extinction), and 绝欲 (virāga, freedom from desire). The opposite of bandha (binding)

120.587 120.111 給 (gěi) [skt.dāna] — Used for "to give." Appears in Buddhist compound 給施 (dāna, giving)

120.588 120.156 經 (jīng) [skt.sūtra; gata] — CRITICAL — Used for "to pass through" and "scripture." Appears in Buddhist compound 经典 (sūtra, scripture), 经藏 (sūtra-piṭaka, the Sūtra Basket), and 经过 (gata, to pass through). The sūtra is one of the Three Baskets (Tripiṭaka)

120.589 120.123 絲 (sī) [skt.sūtra] — CRITICAL — Used for "silk." Appears in Buddhist compound 丝线 (sūtra, thread), and is the literal meaning of the word sūtra

120.590 120.169 綠 (lǜ) [skt.harita] — Used for "green." Appears in descriptions of colors

120.591 120.182 維 (wéi) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Used for "to maintain." Appears in Buddhist compound 维系 (dhāraṇa, to maintain)

120.592 120.186 綱 (gāng) [skt.sūtra] — Used for "guiding principle." Appears in compound 纲领 (sūtra, outline)

120.593 120.187 網 (wǎng) [skt.jāla] — Used for "net." Appears in Buddhist compound 網目 (jāla, net), often used in similes of the net of existence

120.594 120.236 緣 (yuán) [skt.pratyaya; hetu] — CRITICAL — Used for "cause," "condition," and "edge." Appears in Buddhist compound 因缘 (hetu-pratyaya, cause and condition), 缘起 (pratītyasamutpāda, dependent origination), and 缘分 (saṃbandha, karmic connection). One of the most important terms in Buddhist philosophy

120.595 120.253 練 (liàn) [skt.abhyāsa] — Used for "to practice" and "to refine." Appears in Buddhist compound 修炼 (bhāvanā, cultivation/practice)

120.596 120.308 縫 (féng) [skt.sūcī] — Used for "to sew." Appears in Buddhist similes of sewing and mending

120.597 120.311 縮 (suō) [skt.saṃkoca] — Used for "to shrink." Appears in Buddhist compound 縮短 (saṃkoca, shortening)

120.598 120.326 總 (zǒng) [skt.sarva] — CRITICAL — Used for "all" and "general." Appears in Buddhist compound 總持 (dhāraṇī, to hold all), a term for a mnemonic device in Mahāyāna Buddhism

120.599 120.327 績 (jì) [skt.guṇa] — Used for "achievement." Appears in Buddhist compound 功德 (guṇa, merit)

120.600 120.330 繁 (fán) [skt.bahu] — Used for "numerous." Appears in Buddhist compound 繁盛 (samṛddhi, flourishing)

120.601 120.349 織 (zhī) [skt.tantu] — Used for "to weave." Appears in Buddhist similes of weaving the Dharma

120.602 120.350 繕 (shàn) [skt.saṃskāra] — Used for "to repair." Appears in Buddhist compound 修缮 (saṃskāra, repair)

120.603 120.355 繚 (liáo) [skt.veṣṭana] — Used for "to wind around." Appears in Buddhist similes of wrapping

120.604 120.359 繞 (rào) [skt.parivartana] — Used for "to revolve around." Appears in Buddhist ritual contexts (circumambulation)

120.605 120.362 繡 (xiù) [skt.sūcī] — Used for "to embroider." Appears in descriptions of offerings

120.606 120.370 繩 (shéng) [skt.rajju] — Used for "rope." Appears in Buddhist similes of the rope of craving

120.607 120.371 繪 (huì) [skt.citra] — Used for "to paint." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of images

120.608 120.372 繫 (xì) [skt.bandha] — Used for "to connect." Appears in Buddhist compound 繫念 (anusmṛti, mindfulness)

120.609 120.374 繭 (jiǎn) [skt.kośa] — Used for "cocoon." Appears in Buddhist similes of the cocoon of ignorance

120.610 120.389 繼 (jì) [skt.anvaya] — Used for "to continue." Appears in Buddhist compound 继承 (anvaya, succession)

120.611 120.390 繽 (bīn) [skt.vyākula] — Used for "confused." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of confusion

120.612 120.415 纖 (xiān) [skt.sūkṣma] — Used for "fine" and "delicate." Appears in Buddhist compound 纖毫 (sūkṣma, subtle)

120.613 120.408 纏 (chán) [skt.veṣṭana] — Used for "to wrap." Appears in Buddhist compound 纏缚 (bandhana, bondage), the opposite of liberation

120.614 120.412 纓 (yīng) [skt.muktāhāra] — Used for "tassel." Appears in descriptions of adornments

120.615 120.421 纜 (lǎn) [skt.rajju] — Used for "cable." Appears in descriptions of ships

120.616 120.417 纘 (zuǎn) [skt.anvaya] — Used for "to continue." Appears in Buddhist compound 纘承 (anvaya, to continue)

120.617 120.420 纛 (dào) [skt.dhvaja] — Used for "ancient banner." Appears in descriptions of banners and rituals

121 缶

121.1 缶 [chn.fǒu][eng.jar; earthenware vessel; pottery; (also fǒu, (surname))][skt.kumbha; (Skt. bhāṇḍa = vessel)]

121.2 缷 [chn.xiè][archaic variant of 卸 (to unload; to discharge)][(Skt. apaharaṇa = unloading)]

121.3 缸 [chn.gāng][eng.vat; jar; crock; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.4 缹 [chn.fǒu][archaic variant of 缶 (jar)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.5 缺 [chn.quē][eng.to lack; to be deficient; to be incomplete; (also quē, (surname))][(Skt. hīna = deficient; Skt. ūna = lacking)]

121.6 缻 [chn.fǒu][archaic variant of 缶 (jar)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.7 缼 [chn.quē][archaic variant of 缺 (to lack)][(Skt. hīna = deficient)]

121.8 缽 [chn.bō][archaic variant of 钵 (alms bowl)][skt.pātra; (Skt. bhikṣā-pātra = alms bowl)]

121.9 缾 [chn.píng][archaic variant of 瓶 (bottle; vase)][(Skt. kumbha = bottle)]

121.10 缿 [chn.xiàng][archaic; (also xiàng, to be a jar); rare]

121.11 罀 [chn.zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be a jar); rare]

121.12 罁 [chn.gāng][archaic variant of 缸 (vat; jar)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.13 罂 [chn.yīng][archaic variant of 罌 (jar; pot)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.14 罃 [chn.yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be a jar); rare]

121.15 罄 [chn.qìng][eng.to exhaust; to use up; empty; (also qìng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaya = exhaustion)]

121.16 罅 [chn.xià][eng.crack; fissure; to split; (also xià, (surname))][(Skt. chidra = crack)]

121.17 罆 [chn.guàn][archaic variant of 罐 (jar; pot)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.18 罇 [chn.zūn][archaic variant of 樽 (wine jar)][(Skt. kumbha = wine jar)]

121.19 罈 [chn.tán][archaic variant of 坛 (earthen jar; altar)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.20 罉 [chn.chēng][archaic; (also chēng, to be a jar); rare]

121.21 罊 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be a jar); rare]

121.22 罋 [chn.wèng][archaic variant of 瓮 (urn; earthen jar)][(Skt. kumbha = urn)]

121.23 罌 [chn.yīng][eng.vase; jar; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = vase)]

121.24 罍 [chn.léi][archaic; (also léi, to be a jar); rare]

121.25 罎 [chn.tán][archaic variant of 坛 (earthen jar)][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.26 罏 [chn.lú][archaic variant of 炉 (stove; furnace)][(Skt. aṅgāra = stove)]

121.27 罐 [chn.guàn][eng.jar; pot; can; (also guàn, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = jar)]

121.28 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 121

121.29 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

121.30 121.1 缶 (fǒu) [skt.kumbha; bhāṇḍa] — The radical itself; represents an earthenware jar or vessel. Appears in Buddhist contexts describing alms bowls and ritual vessels. Also appears in the name of the Kumbhāṇḍa (鸠盘荼, a class of spirits)

121.31 121.3 缸 (gāng) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "vat" and "jar." Appears in descriptions of storage vessels

121.32 121.5 缺 (quē) [skt.hīna; ūna] — CRITICAL — Used for "to lack" and "to be incomplete." Appears in Buddhist compound 缺减 (hīna, deficiency), 缺陷 (doṣa, flaw/imperfection), and in descriptions of the incompleteness of saṃsāra

121.33 121.8 缽 (bō) [skt.pātra; bhikṣā-pātra] — CRITICAL — Used for "alms bowl." Appears in Buddhist compound 钵盂 (pātra, alms bowl), one of the eight requisites of a Buddhist monastic. The alms bowl is a symbol of the Buddha’s teachings and the practice of non-attachment

121.34 121.9 缾 (píng) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "bottle" and "vase." Appears in descriptions of offerings and vessels

121.35 121.15 罄 (qìng) [skt.kṣaya] — Used for "to exhaust" and "empty." Appears in Buddhist compound 罄尽 (kṣaya, exhaustion)

121.36 121.16 罅 (xià) [skt.chidra] — Used for "crack" and "fissure." Appears in Buddhist similes of the cracked vessel, representing the impermanent and fragile nature of the body

121.37 121.23 罌 (yīng) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "vase" and "jar." Appears in descriptions of vessels and offerings

121.38 121.27 罐 (guàn) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "jar" and "pot." Appears in modern descriptions of containers

122 网

122.1 网 [chn.wǎng][eng.net; web; to catch with a net; (also wǎng, (surname))][skt.jāla; (Skt. pāśa = snare)]

122.2 罒 [chn.wǎng][eng.net; (used as top radical)][skt.jāla; (Skt. pāśa = snare)]

122.3 罓 [chn.wǎng][eng.net; (used as top radical)][skt.jāla; (Skt. pāśa = snare)]

122.4 罔 [chn.wǎng][eng.to deceive; to be deluded; (also wǎng, (surname))][skt.moha; (Skt. māyā = illusion)]

122.5 罕 [chn.hǎn][eng.rare; scarce; (also hǎn, (surname))][(Skt. virala = rare)]

122.6 罖 [chn.wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to be a net); rare]

122.7 罗 [chn.luó][eng.to collect; to gather; (also luó, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

122.8 罘 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a net); rare]

122.9 罙 [chn.shēn][archaic variant of 深 (deep)][(Skt. gambhīra = deep)]

122.10 罚 [chn.fá][eng.to punish; to penalize; (also fá, (surname))][(Skt. daṇḍa = punishment)]

122.11 罛 [chn.gū][archaic; (also gū, to be a net); rare]

122.12 罜 [chn.zhǔ][archaic; (also zhǔ, to be a net); rare]

122.13 罝 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a net); rare]

122.14 罞 [chn.máo][archaic; (also máo, to be a net); rare]

122.15 罟 [chn.gǔ][eng.net; (also gǔ, (surname))][(Skt. jāla = net)]

122.16 罠 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be a net); rare]

122.17 罡 [chn.gāng][eng.stars; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. nakṣatra = stars)]

122.18 罢 [chn.bà][eng.to stop; to cease; (also ba, particle)][(Skt. viśrāma = cessation)]

122.19 罣 [chn.guà][archaic; (also guà, to be a net); rare]

122.20 罤 [chn.tí][archaic; (also tí, to be a net); rare]

122.21 罥 [chn.juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a net); rare]

122.22 罦 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a net); rare]

122.23 罧 [chn.shēn][archaic; (also shēn, to be a net); rare]

122.24 罨 [chn.yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be a net); rare]

122.25 罩 [zhào][eng.cover; shade; (also zhào, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

122.26 罪 [zuì][eng.offense; crime; guilt; (also zuì, (surname))][(Skt. aparādha = offense)]

122.27 罫 [guà][archaic; (also guà, to be a net); rare]

122.28 罬 [zhuó][archaic; (also zhuó, to be a net); rare]

122.29 罭 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a net); rare]

122.30 置 [zhì][eng.to place; to set; to establish; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. sthāpana = establishment)]

122.31 罯 [ǎn][archaic; (also ǎn, to be a net); rare]

122.32 罰 [fá][eng.traditional variant of 罚 (to punish)][(Skt. daṇḍa = punishment)]

122.33 罱 [lǎn][archaic; (also lǎn, to be a net); rare]

122.34 署 [shǔ][eng.office; (also shǔ, (surname))][(Skt. sthāna = office)]

122.35 罳 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be a net); rare]

122.36 罴 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be a net); rare]

122.37 罵 [mà][eng.traditional variant of 骂 (to scold)][(Skt. nindā = scolding)]

122.38 罶 [liǔ][archaic; (also liǔ, to be a net); rare]

122.39 罷 [bà][eng.traditional variant of 罢 (to cease)][(Skt. viśrāma = cessation)]

122.40 罸 [fá][archaic variant of 罰 (to punish)][(Skt. daṇḍa = punishment)]

122.41 罹 [lí][eng.to suffer; to encounter; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. prāpti = encountering)]

122.42 罺 [chāo][archaic; (also chāo, to be a net); rare]

122.43 罻 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be a net); rare]

122.44 罼 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be a net); rare]

122.45 罽 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be a net); rare]

122.46 罾 [zēng][eng.fishing net; (also zēng, (surname))][(Skt. jāla = net)]

122.47 罿 [chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to be a net); rare]

122.48 羀 [liǔ][archaic; (also liǔ, to be a net); rare]

122.49 羁 [jī][eng.to restrain; to detain; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. bandh = restraint)]

122.50 羂 [juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be a net); rare]

122.51 羃 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be a net); rare]

122.52 羄 [zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to be a net); rare]

122.53 羅 [luó][eng.traditional variant of 罗 (to collect; to gather)][(Skt. saṅgraha = collection)]

122.54 羆 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be a net); rare]

122.55 羇 [jī][archaic variant of 羁 (to restrain)][(Skt. bandh = restraint)]

122.56 羈 [jī][eng.traditional variant of 羁 (to restrain; to detain)][(Skt. bandh = restraint)]

122.57 羉 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be a net); rare]

122.58 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 122

122.59 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

122.60 122.1 网 (wǎng) [skt.jāla; pāśa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents a net. Appears in Buddhist compound 网目 (jāla, net), often used in similes of the net of views (dṛṣṭi-jāla) and the net of craving (tṛṣṇā-jāla). Also appears in the title of the Brahmajāla Sūtra (梵网经, Brahmā’s Net Sūtra), one of the most important texts in East Asian Buddhism

122.61 122.4 罔 (wǎng) [skt.moha; māyā] — Used for "to deceive" and "to be deluded." Appears in Buddhist compound 罔象 (māyā, illusion)

122.62 122.5 罕 (hǎn) [skt.virala] — Used for "rare" and "scarce." Appears in Buddhist compound 罕见 (virala, rare)

122.63 122.7 罗 (luó) [skt.saṅgraha] — Used for "to collect" and "to gather." Appears in Buddhist compound 罗列 (saṅgraha, to arrange), and in the name of the Arhat (罗汉, arhat), which uses the character 罗 in its transliteration

122.64 122.15 罟 (gǔ) [skt.jāla] — Used for "net." Appears in Buddhist similes of the net of existence

122.65 122.10 罚 (fá) [skt.daṇḍa] — Used for "to punish." Appears in Buddhist compound 罚戒 (daṇḍa, penalty)

122.66 122.25 罩 (zhào) [skt.chādana] — Used for "cover" and "shade." Appears in Buddhist similes of covering and concealment

122.67 122.26 罪 (zuì) [skt.aparādha] — CRITICAL — Used for "offense" and "crime." Appears in Buddhist compound 罪业 (pāpa-karman, unwholesome action), 罪过 (aparādha, offense), and 忏悔 (kṣamā, confession of offenses). This is a key term in Buddhist ethics and practice of confession

122.68 122.30 置 (zhì) [skt.sthāpana] — Used for "to place" and "to establish." Appears in Buddhist compound 置心 (citta-sthāpana, fixing the mind)

122.69 122.46 罾 (zēng) [skt.jāla] — Used for "fishing net." Appears in descriptions of fishing and netting

122.70 122.49 羁 (jī) [skt.bandh] — Used for "to restrain" and "to detain." Appears in Buddhist similes of the bonds of defilement

122.71 122.41 罹 (lí) [skt.prāpti] — Used for "to suffer" and "to encounter." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of suffering

122.72 122.53 羅 (luó) [skt.saṅgraha] — Traditional variant of 罗; used for "to collect." Appears in the transliteration of Arhat (罗汉, arhat)

122.73 122.56 羈 (jī) [skt.bandh] — Traditional variant of 羁; used for "to restrain"

123 羊

123.1 羊 [chn.yáng][eng.sheep; goat; (also yáng, (surname))][skt.avi; (Skt. ajā = goat)]

123.2 羋 [chn.mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be a sheep); rare]

123.3 羌 [chn.qiāng][archaic; (also qiāng, (surname)); rare]

123.4 羍 [chn.dá][archaic; (also dá, to be a sheep); rare]

123.5 美 [chn.měi][eng.beautiful; pleasing; (also měi, (surname))][skt.śubha; (Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

123.6 羏 [chn.yáng][archaic variant of 羊 (sheep)][skt.avi; (Skt. ajā = goat)]

123.7 羐 [chn.yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be a sheep); rare]

123.8 羑 [chn.yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be a sheep); rare]

123.9 羒 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a sheep); rare]

123.10 羓 [chn.bā][archaic; (also bā, to be a sheep); rare]

123.11 羔 [chn.gāo][eng.lamb; kid; (also gāo, (surname))][(Skt. meṣa = lamb)]

123.12 羕 [chn.yàng][archaic variant of 漾 (to ripple)][(Skt. taraṅga = ripple)]

123.13 羖 [chn.gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be a sheep); rare]

123.14 羗 [chn.qiāng][archaic variant of 羌 (archaic)]

123.15 羘 [chn.zāng][archaic; (also zāng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.16 羙 [chn.měi][archaic variant of 美 (beautiful)][(Skt. śubha = beautiful)]

123.17 羚 [chn.líng][eng.antelope; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. mṛga = antelope)]

123.18 羛 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a sheep); rare]

123.19 羜 [chn.zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be a sheep); rare]

123.20 羝 [chn.dī][archaic; (also dī, to be a sheep); rare]

123.21 羞 [chn.xiū][eng.to be ashamed; shy; (also xiū, (surname))][skt.hrī; (Skt. lajjā = shame)]

123.22 羟 [chn.qiǎng][archaic; (also qiǎng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.23 羠 [chn.yí][archaic; (also yí, to be a sheep); rare]

123.24 羡 [chn.xiàn][eng.to envy; to admire; (also xiàn, (surname))][(Skt. īrṣyā = envy; Skt. spṛhā = admiration)]

123.25 羢 [chn.róng][archaic; (also róng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.26 羣 [chn.qún][archaic variant of 群 (group; herd)][(Skt. vṛnda = group)]

123.27 群 [chn.qún][eng.group; herd; (also qún, (surname))][(Skt. vṛnda = group)]

123.28 羥 [chn.qiǎng][archaic variant of 羟 (archaic)]

123.29 羦 [chn.huán][archaic; (also huán, to be a sheep); rare]

123.30 羧 [chn.suō][archaic; (also suō, to be a sheep); rare]

123.31 羨 [chn.xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 羡 (to envy; to admire)][(Skt. īrṣyā = envy; Skt. spṛhā = admiration)]

123.32 義 [chn.yì][eng.traditional variant of 义 (righteousness; meaning)][skt.artha; (Skt. dharma = righteousness)]

123.33 羪 [chn.yǎng][archaic; (also yǎng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.34 羫 [chn.kōng][archaic; (also kōng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.35 羬 [chn.xián][archaic; (also xián, to be a sheep); rare]

123.36 羭 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a sheep); rare]

123.37 羮 [chn.gēng][archaic variant of 羹 (soup; broth)][(Skt. rasa = soup)]

123.38 羯 [chn.jié][archaic; (also jié, (surname)); rare]

123.39 羰 [chn.tāng][archaic; (also tāng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.40 羱 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be a sheep); rare]

123.41 羲 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, (surname)); rare]

123.42 羳 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be a sheep); rare]

123.43 羴 [chn.shān][archaic; (also shān, to be a sheep); rare]

123.44 羵 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a sheep); rare]

123.45 羶 [chn.shān][archaic variant of 膻 (gamey smell)]

123.46 羷 [chn.lián][archaic; (also lián, to be a sheep); rare]

123.47 羸 [chn.léi][eng.weak; lean; (also léi, (surname))][(Skt. durbala = weak; Skt. kṛśa = lean)]

123.48 羹 [chn.gēng][eng.soup; broth; (also gēng, (surname))][(Skt. rasa = soup)]

123.49 羺 [chn.nóu][archaic; (also nóu, to be a sheep); rare]

123.50 羻 [chn.qiàng][archaic; (also qiàng, to be a sheep); rare]

123.51 羼 [chn.chàn][archaic; (also chàn, to be a sheep); rare]

123.52 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 123

123.53 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

123.54 123.1 羊 (yáng) [skt.avi; ajā] — The radical itself; represents sheep and goats. Appears in Buddhist compound 羊车 (ratha, sheep cart), used in similes of the three vehicles (tri-yāna) in the Lotus Sutra, and in descriptions of offerings

123.55 123.5 美 (měi) [skt.śubha; sundara] — CRITICAL — Used for "beautiful." Appears in Buddhist compound 美德 (guṇa, virtue/beauty), 美好 (śubha, beautiful/good), and in descriptions of the Buddha’s marks of beauty and perfection

123.56 123.11 羔 (gāo) [skt.meṣa] — Used for "lamb." Appears in Buddhist similes of the innocent lamb

123.57 123.17 羚 (líng) [skt.mṛga] — Used for "antelope." Appears in Buddhist similes of the antelope’s swiftness and grace

123.58 123.21 羞 (xiū) [skt.hrī; lajjā] — CRITICAL — Used for "to be ashamed." Appears in Buddhist compound 羞耻 (hrī, shame) and 惭愧 (hrī-ottappa, shame and moral dread), two of the important wholesome mental factors in Buddhism. Hrī is the sense of shame that prevents one from doing wrong

123.59 123.24 羡 (xiàn) [skt.īrṣyā; spṛhā] — Used for "to envy" and "to admire." Appears in Buddhist compound 羡慕 (spṛhā, admiration)

123.60 123.27 群 (qún) [skt.vṛnda] — Used for "group" and "herd." Appears in Buddhist compound 群众 (jana, crowd/masses)

123.61 123.32 義 (yì) [skt.artha; dharma] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 义; used for "righteousness" and "meaning." Appears in Buddhist compound 义理 (artha, meaning/principle) and 法义 (dharma-artha, meaning of the Dharma). This character is closely related to 善 (kuśala, good/wholesome) in Buddhist ethics

123.62 123.38 羯 (jié) — Used for "wether" (castrated ram). Appears in the name of the Kashmir (羯磨, karma) and in Buddhist compound 羯磨 (karman, ritual action), a term for monastic ceremonies

123.63 123.47 羸 (léi) [skt.durbala; kṛśa] — Used for "weak" and "lean." Appears in Buddhist compound 羸弱 (durbala, weakness), used in descriptions of the body’s fragility and the need for spiritual strength

123.64 123.48 羹 (gēng) [skt.rasa] — Used for "soup" and "broth." Appears in descriptions of food and offerings

124 羽

124.1 羽 [chn.yǔ][eng.feather; wing; (also yǔ, (surname))][skt.pakṣa; (Skt. pattra = feather)]

124.2 翊 [chn.yì][eng.to assist; to aid; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = assistance)]

124.3 翌 [chn.yì][eng.the next day; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. śva = tomorrow; Skt. para = next)]

124.4 翎 [chn.líng][eng.feather; plume; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = feather)]

124.5 翔 [chn.xiáng][eng.to soar; to fly; (also xiáng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = soaring)]

124.6 翀 [chn.chōng][eng.to fly up; (also chōng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = flying up)]

124.7 翁 [chn.wēng][eng.old man; father; (also wēng, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddha = old man)]

124.8 翂 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a feather); rare]

124.9 翃 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a feather); rare]

124.10 翄 [chn.chì][archaic variant of 翅 (wing; fin)][(Skt. pakṣa = wing)]

124.11 翅 [chn.chì][eng.wing; fin; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. pakṣa = wing)]

124.12 翆 [chn.cuì][eng.Japanese variant of 翠 (green; kingfisher)][(Skt. harita = green)]

124.13 翇 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a feather); rare]

124.14 翈 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a feather); rare]

124.15 翉 [chn.běn][archaic; (also běn, to be a feather); rare]

124.16 翋 [chn.là][archaic; (also là, to be a feather); rare]

124.17 翊 [chn.yì][eng.to assist; to aid; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. sahāya = assistance)]

124.18 翌 [chn.yì][eng.the next day; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. śva = tomorrow)]

124.19 翎 [chn.líng][eng.feather; plume; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. pattra = feather)]

124.20 翔 [chn.xiáng][eng.to soar; to fly; (also xiáng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = soaring)]

124.21 翀 [chn.chōng][eng.to fly up; (also chōng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = flying up)]

124.22 翁 [chn.wēng][eng.old man; father; (also wēng, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddha = old man)]

124.23 翂 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be a feather); rare]

124.24 翃 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be a feather); rare]

124.25 翄 [chn.chì][archaic variant of 翅 (wing; fin)][(Skt. pakṣa = wing)]

124.26 翅 [chn.chì][eng.wing; fin; (also chì, (surname))][(Skt. pakṣa = wing)]

124.27 翆 [chn.cuì][eng.Japanese variant of 翠 (green; kingfisher)][(Skt. harita = green)]

124.28 翇 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a feather); rare]

124.29 翈 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a feather); rare]

124.30 翉 [chn.běn][archaic; (also běn, to be a feather); rare]

124.31 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 124

124.32 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

124.33 124.1 羽 (yǔ) [skt.pakṣa; pattra] — The radical itself; represents feathers and wings. Appears in Buddhist compound 羽翼 (pakṣa, wings), used in similes of the wings of wisdom and compassion

124.34 124.2 翊 (yì) [skt.sahāya] — Used for "to assist" and "to aid." Appears in descriptions of support and assistance

124.35 124.3 翌 (yì) [skt.śva; para] — Used for "the next day." Appears in temporal contexts

124.36 124.4 翎 (líng) [skt.pattra] — Used for "feather" and "plume." Appears in descriptions of ornaments and offerings

124.37 124.5 翔 (xiáng) [skt.udgama] — Used for "to soar" and "to fly." Appears in Buddhist similes of the mind soaring in meditation

124.38 124.7 翁 (wēng) [skt.vṛddha] — Used for "old man." Appears in descriptions of elders and teachers

124.39 124.11 翅 (chì) [skt.pakṣa] — Used for "wing" and "fin." Appears in Buddhist similes of the wings of spiritual practice

125 老

125.1 老 [chn.lǎo][eng.old; aged; elderly; (also lǎo, (surname))][skt.vṛddha; (Skt. jarā = old age)]

125.2 耂 [chn.lǎo][eng.old; (used as top radical)][skt.vṛddha; (Skt. jarā = old age)]

125.3 考 [chn.kǎo][eng.to examine; to test; (also kǎo, (surname))][(Skt. parīkṣā = examination)]

125.4 耄 [chn.mào][eng.very old; octogenarian; (also mào, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddha = very old)]

125.5 者 [chn.zhě][eng.one who; that which; (particle)][(Skt. yaḥ = who)]

125.6 耆 [chn.qí][eng.aged; elderly; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddha = aged)]

125.7 耇 [chn.gǒu][archaic; (also gǒu, to be old); rare]

125.8 耈 [chn.gǒu][archaic; (also gǒu, to be old); rare]

125.9 耉 [chn.gǒu][archaic; (also gǒu, to be old); rare]

125.10 耊 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be old); rare]

125.11 耋 [chn.dié][eng.very old; aged; (also dié, (surname))][(Skt. vṛddha = aged)]

125.12 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 125

125.13 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

125.14 125.1 老 (lǎo) [skt.vṛddha; jarā] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "old" and "aged." Appears in Buddhist compound 老病 (jarā-vyādhi, old age and disease) and 老死 (jarā-maraṇa, old age and death), which is the twelfth link of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). Also appears in compound 老师 (ācārya, teacher/master), literally "old master"

125.15 125.3 考 (kǎo) [skt.parīkṣā] — Used for "to examine" and "to test." Appears in Buddhist compound 考量 (vicāra, consideration/examination) and 考证 (parīkṣā, textual criticism/verification)

125.16 125.4 耄 (mào) [skt.vṛddha] — Used for "very old" (80-90 years old). Appears in compound 耄耋 (vṛddha, very elderly), describing those of advanced age

125.17 125.5 者 (zhě) [skt.yaḥ] — Used as a nominalizing particle meaning "one who" or "that which." Appears in countless Buddhist compounds: 行者 (cārī, practitioner), 观者 (draṣṭṛ, seer/observer), and 如者 (tathā, thusness)

125.18 125.6 耆 (qí) [skt.vṛddha] — Used for "aged" and "elderly." Appears in Buddhist compound 耆宿 (vṛddha, elder/monk), referring to senior monks

125.19 125.11 耋 (dié) [skt.vṛddha] — Used for "very old" (70-80 years old). Appears in compound 耄耋 (vṛddha, very elderly)

126 而

126.1 而 [chn.ér][eng.beard; and; moreover; also; (also ěr, surname)][skt.ca; (Skt. api = moreover; Skt. śmaśru = beard)]

126.2 耍 [chn.shuǎ][eng.to play; to have fun; to tease; (also shuǎ, (surname))][(Skt. krīḍā = play)]

126.3 耎 [chn.ruǎn][eng.soft; weak; yielding; (also nuò, to be weak)][(Skt. mṛdu = soft)]

126.4 耏 [chn.ér][eng.beard; (also ér, surname); archaic][(Skt. śmaśru = beard)]

126.5 耐 [chn.nài][eng.to endure; to bear; to be patient; (also nài, (surname))][(Skt. kṣama = endurance; Skt. titikṣā = forbearance)]

126.6 耑 [chn.duān][eng.end; extremity; to be upright; (also duān, surname)][(Skt. anta = end; Skt. agra = tip)]

126.7 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 126

126.8 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

126.9 126.1 而 (ér) [skt.ca; api; śmaśru] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "beard" and is used as a conjunction meaning "and" or "moreover." Appears in Buddhist compound 然而 (api, however) and 而今 (idānīm, now). As a conjunction, it is used to connect clauses and sentences in Buddhist texts

126.10 126.2 耍 (shuǎ) [skt.krīḍā] — Used for "to play" and "to have fun." Appears in Buddhist compound 玩耍 (krīḍā, play/amusement)

126.11 126.3 耎 (ruǎn) [skt.mṛdu] — Used for "soft" and "weak." Appears in Buddhist compound 耎弱 (mṛdu, soft/weak), used in descriptions of the mind’s pliability

126.12 126.5 耐 (nài) [skt.kṣama; titikṣā] — CRITICAL — Used for "to endure" and "to bear." Appears in Buddhist compound 忍耐 (kṣānti, patience/forbearance), one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā). Kṣānti is the practice of patience and tolerance, essential for the Bodhisattva path

126.13 126.6 耑 (duān) [skt.anta; agra] — Used for "end" and "extremity." Appears in compound 耑绪 (anta, beginning/end), and is a variant of 端 (anta, end/extreme)

127 耒

127.1 耒 [chn.lěi][eng.plow; plow handle; (also lěi, (surname))][(Skt. lāṅgala = plow)]

127.2 耓 [chn.tīng][archaic; (also tīng, to be a plow); rare]

127.3 耔 [chn.zǐ][eng.to hoe; to weed; (also zǐ, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = cultivation)]

127.4 耕 [chn.gēng][eng.to plow; to till; (also gēng, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = plowing)]

127.5 耖 [chn.chào][archaic; (also chào, to be a plow); rare]

127.6 耗 [chn.hào][eng.to consume; to waste; (also hào, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaya = consumption)]

127.7 耘 [chn.yún][eng.to weed; to remove weeds; (also yún, (surname))][(Skt. nirdāha = weeding)]

127.8 耙 [chn.bà][eng.harrow; (also pá, to rake)][(Skt. kṛṣi = harrow)]

127.9 耚 [chn.pī][archaic; (also pī, to be a plow); rare]

127.10 耛 [chn.chí][archaic; (also chí, to be a plow); rare]

127.11 耜 [chn.sì][eng.plowshare; (also sì, (surname))][(Skt. lāṅgala = plowshare)]

127.12 耝 [chn.qù][archaic; (also qù, to be a plow); rare]

127.13 耞 [chn.jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be a plow); rare]

127.14 耟 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, to be a plow); rare]

127.15 耠 [chn.huō][archaic; (also huō, to be a plow); rare]

127.16 耡 [chn.chú][archaic; (also chú, to be a plow); rare]

127.17 耢 [chn.lào][archaic; (also lào, to be a plow); rare]

127.18 耣 [chn.lún][archaic; (also lún, to be a plow); rare]

127.19 耤 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be a plow); rare]

127.20 耥 [chn.tāng][archaic; (also tāng, to be a plow); rare]

127.21 耦 [chn.ǒu][eng.a pair; a couple; to plow side by side; (also ǒu, (surname))][(Skt. yugala = pair)]

127.22 耧 [chn.lóu][eng.drill plow; (also lóu, (surname))][(Skt. lāṅgala = plow)]

127.23 耨 [chn.nòu][eng.to weed; to hoe; (also nòu, (surname))][(Skt. nirdāha = weeding)]

127.24 耩 [chn.jiǎng][archaic; (also jiǎng, to be a plow); rare]

127.25 耪 [chn.pǎng][archaic; (also pǎng, to be a plow); rare]

127.26 耫 [chn.zá][archaic; (also zá, to be a plow); rare]

127.27 耬 [chn.lóu][eng.traditional variant of 耧 (drill plow)][(Skt. lāṅgala = plow)]

127.28 耭 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be a plow); rare]

127.29 耮 [chn.lào][archaic; (also lào, to be a plow); rare]

127.30 耯 [chn.huò][archaic; (also huò, to be a plow); rare]

127.31 耰 [chn.yōu][eng.to hoe; to weed; (also yōu, (surname))][(Skt. nirdāha = weeding)]

127.32 耱 [chn.mò][archaic; (also mò, to be a plow); rare]

127.33 耲 [chn.huái][archaic; (also huái, to be a plow); rare]

127.34 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 127

127.35 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

127.36 127.1 耒 (lěi) [skt.lāṅgala] — The radical itself; represents a plow. Appears in Buddhist similes of cultivation — the plowing of the field of the mind to remove weeds of defilement and plant the seeds of virtue. The image of the farmer is frequently used in Buddhist texts

127.37 127.4 耕 (gēng) [skt.kṛṣi] — Used for "to plow" and "to till." Appears in Buddhist compound 耕种 (kṛṣi, cultivation), used metaphorically for cultivating the Dharma

127.38 127.6 耗 (hào) [skt.kṣaya] — Used for "to consume" and "to waste." Appears in Buddhist compound 消耗 (kṣaya, depletion/exhaustion)

127.39 127.7 耘 (yún) [skt.nirdāha] — Used for "to weed." Appears in Buddhist similes of weeding out defilements

127.40 127.8 耙 (bà) [skt.kṛṣi] — Used for "harrow." Appears in descriptions of agricultural implements

127.41 127.11 耜 (sì) [skt.lāṅgala] — Used for "plowshare." Appears in descriptions of plowing tools

127.42 127.21 耦 (ǒu) [skt.yugala] — Used for "a pair" and "to plow side by side." Appears in Buddhist compound 配偶 (yugala, spouse/partner) and in descriptions of harmony

127.43 127.23 耨 (nòu) [skt.nirdāha] — Used for "to weed" and "to hoe." Appears in Buddhist similes of removing mental defilements through meditation

127.44 127.31 耰 (yōu) [skt.nirdāha] — Used for "to hoe" and "to weed." Appears in descriptions of cultivation and in similes of uprooting defilements

128 耳

128.1 耳 [chn.ěr][eng.ear; (also ěr, (surname))][skt.karṇa; (Skt. śrotra = organ of hearing)]

128.2 耴 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be an ear); rare]

128.3 耵 [chn.dǐng][eng.earwax; (also dǐng, (surname))][(Skt. karṇa-mala = earwax)]

128.4 耶 [chn.yē][eng.particle; (also yé, (surname))][(Skt. iti = particle)]

128.5 耷 [chn.dā][eng.large ear; to droop; (also dā, (surname))]

128.6 耸 [chn.sǒng][eng.to excite; to stir; (also sǒng, (surname))][(Skt. udvigna = excited)]

128.7 耹 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, to be an ear); rare]

128.8 耺 [chn.yún][archaic; (also yún, to be an ear); rare]

128.9 耻 [chn.chǐ][eng.shame; disgrace; (also chǐ, (surname))][skt.hrī; (Skt. lajjā = shame)]

128.10 耼 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, to be an ear); rare]

128.11 耽 [chn.dān][eng.to indulge in; to delay; (also dān, (surname))][(Skt. ramaṇa = indulgence)]

128.12 耾 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be an ear); rare]

128.13 耿 [chn.gěng][archaic; (also gěng, (surname)); rare]

128.14 聀 [chn.zhí][archaic variant of 职 (duty; office)][(Skt. karman = duty)]

128.15 聁 [chn.pàn][archaic; (also pàn, to be an ear); rare]

128.16 聂 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to whisper); rare]

128.17 聃 [chn.dān][archaic; (also dān, (surname)); rare]

128.18 聄 [chn.zhěn][archaic; (also zhěn, to be an ear); rare]

128.19 聅 [chn.chè][archaic; (also chè, to be an ear); rare]

128.20 聆 [chn.líng][eng.to listen; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. śravaṇa = listening)]

128.21 聇 [chn.zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be an ear); rare]

128.22 聈 [chn.yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be an ear); rare]

128.23 聉 [chn.wà][archaic; (also wà, to be an ear); rare]

128.24 聊 [chn.liáo][eng.to chat; (also liáo, (surname))][(Skt. kathā = conversation)]

128.25 聋 [chn.lóng][eng.deaf; (also lóng, (surname))][(Skt. badhira = deaf)]

128.26 职 [chn.zhí][eng.duty; office; (also zhí, (surname))][(Skt. karman = duty)]

128.27 聍 [chn.níng][eng.earwax; (also níng, (surname))][(Skt. karṇa-mala = earwax)]

128.28 聎 [chn.tiāo][archaic; (also tiāo, to be an ear); rare]

128.29 聏 [chn.ér][archaic; (also ér, to be an ear); rare]

128.30 聐 [chn.yà][archaic; (also yà, to be an ear); rare]

128.31 聑 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be an ear); rare]

128.32 聒 [chn.guō][eng.noisy; (also guō, (surname))][(Skt. kolāhala = noise)]

128.33 聓 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be an ear); rare]

128.34 联 [chn.lián][eng.to unite; (also lián, (surname))][(Skt. saṃyoga = union)]

128.35 聕 [chn.háo][archaic; (also háo, to be an ear); rare]

128.36 聖 [chn.shèng][eng.traditional variant of 圣 (sage; holy)][skt.ārya; (Skt. buddha = sage)]

128.37 聗 [chn.liè][archaic; (also liè, to be an ear); rare]

128.38 聘 [chn.pìn][eng.to engage; to hire; (also pìn, (surname))][(Skt. niyukta = engagement)]

128.39 聙 [chn.jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be an ear); rare]

128.40 聚 [chn.jù][eng.to gather; to assemble; (also jù, (surname))][(Skt. samāgama = gathering)]

128.41 聛 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be an ear); rare]

128.42 聜 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be an ear); rare]

128.43 聝 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be an ear); rare]

128.44 聞 [wén][eng.traditional variant of 闻 (to hear; to smell)][skt.śravaṇa; (Skt. gandha = smell)]

128.45 聟 [xù][archaic variant of 婿 (son-in-law)][(Skt. jāmātā = son-in-law)]

128.46 聠 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be an ear); rare]

128.47 聡 [cōng][eng.Japanese variant of 聰 (clever; sharp)][(Skt. pratibhā = clever)]

128.48 聢 [dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be an ear); rare]

128.49 聣 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be an ear); rare]

128.50 聤 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, to be an ear); rare]

128.51 聥 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, to be an ear); rare]

128.52 聦 [cōng][archaic variant of 聰 (clever)][(Skt. pratibhā = clever)]

128.53 聧 [kuī][archaic; (also kuī, to be an ear); rare]

128.54 聨 [lián][archaic variant of 联 (to unite)][(Skt. saṃyoga = union)]

128.55 聩 [kuì][eng.deaf; (also kuì, (surname))][(Skt. badhira = deaf)]

128.56 聪 [cōng][eng.clever; sharp; (also cōng, (surname))][(Skt. pratibhā = clever)]

128.57 聬 [wěng][archaic; (also wěng, to be an ear); rare]

128.58 聭 [kuì][archaic variant of 愧 (ashamed)][(Skt. hrī = shame)]

128.59 聮 [lián][archaic variant of 联 (to unite)][(Skt. saṃyoga = union)]

128.60 聯 [lián][eng.traditional variant of 联 (to unite)][(Skt. saṃyoga = union)]

128.61 聰 [cōng][eng.traditional variant of 聪 (clever)][(Skt. pratibhā = clever)]

128.62 聱 [áo][archaic; (also áo, to be an ear); rare]

128.63 聲 [shēng][eng.traditional variant of 声 (sound; voice)][skt.śabda; (Skt. svara = sound)]

128.64 聳 [sǒng][eng.traditional variant of 耸 (to excite; to stir)][(Skt. udvigna = excited)]

128.65 聴 [tīng][eng.Japanese variant of 聽 (to hear)][(Skt. śravaṇa = hearing)]

128.66 聵 [kuì][archaic variant of 聩 (deaf)][(Skt. badhira = deaf)]

128.67 聶 [niè][eng.to whisper; (also niè, (surname))][(Skt. upaśruti = whispering)]

128.68 職 [zhí][eng.traditional variant of 职 (duty; office)][(Skt. karman = duty)]

128.69 聸 [dān][archaic; (also dān, to be an ear); rare]

128.70 聹 [níng][archaic variant of 聍 (earwax)][(Skt. karṇa-mala = earwax)]

128.71 聺 [qié][archaic; (also qié, to be an ear); rare]

128.72 聻 [nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be an ear); rare]

128.73 聼 [tīng][archaic variant of 聽 (to hear)][(Skt. śravaṇa = hearing)]

128.74 聽 [tīng][eng.traditional variant of 听 (to hear; to listen)][skt.śravaṇa; (Skt. śrotu = to hear)]

128.75 聾 [lóng][eng.traditional variant of 聋 (deaf)][(Skt. badhira = deaf)]

128.76 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 128

128.77 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

128.78 128.1 耳 (ěr) [skt.karṇa; śrotra] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents the ear. Appears in Buddhist compound 耳根 (śrotra-indriya, the ear faculty), one of the six sense bases (āyatana). In Buddhist psychology, the ear is the physical basis for auditory consciousness (śrotra-vijñāna)

128.79 128.4 耶 (yē) [skt.iti] — Used as a particle. Appears in Buddhist texts as a question marker and in the name of the famous translator 耶舍 (Yaśas)

128.80 128.6 耸 (sǒng) [skt.udvigna] — Used for "to excite" and "to stir." Appears in compound 耸立 (ucchrāya, to stand tall)

128.81 128.9 耻 (chǐ) [skt.hrī; lajjā] — Used for "shame" and "disgrace." Appears in Buddhist compound 耻辱 (hrī, shame), and is closely related to 惭愧 (hrī-ottappa, shame and moral dread)

128.82 128.11 耽 (dān) [skt.ramaṇa] — Used for "to indulge in" and "to delay." Appears in Buddhist compound 耽溺 (ramaṇa, indulgence), often in the context of attachment to sense pleasures

128.83 128.20 聆 (líng) [skt.śravaṇa] — Used for "to listen." Appears in Buddhist compound 聆听 (śravaṇa, attentive listening), an important practice in Dharma study

128.84 128.24 聊 (liáo) [skt.kathā] — Used for "to chat." Appears in Buddhist compound 聊天 (kathā, to chat/talk)

128.85 128.25 聋 (lóng) [skt.badhira] — Used for "deaf." Appears in Buddhist compound 聋哑 (badhira, deaf and mute), used in descriptions of spiritual deafness to the Dharma

128.86 128.26 职 (zhí) [skt.karman] — Used for "duty" and "office." Appears in Buddhist compound 职责 (karman, duty/responsibility)

128.87 128.32 聒 (guō) [skt.kolāhala] — Used for "noisy." Appears in Buddhist compound 聒噪 (kolāhala, noisy disturbance)

128.88 128.34 联 (lián) [skt.saṃyoga] — Used for "to unite." Appears in Buddhist compound 联合 (saṃyoga, union/combination)

128.89 128.36 聖 (shèng) [skt.ārya; buddha] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 圣; used for "sage" and "holy." Appears in Buddhist compound 圣谛 (ārya-satya, noble truth), as in the Four Noble Truths (catvāry āryasatyāni)

128.90 128.38 聘 (pìn) [skt.niyukta] — Used for "to engage" and "to hire." Appears in descriptions of invitation and employment

128.91 128.40 聚 (jù) [skt.samāgama] — CRITICAL — Used for "to gather" and "to assemble." Appears in Buddhist compound 聚会 (samāgama, gathering/assembly) and 聚落 (grāma, village/settlement)

128.92 128.44 聞 (wén) [skt.śravaṇa; gandha] — CRITICAL — Used for "to hear" and "to smell." Appears in Buddhist compound 闻法 (dharma-śravaṇa, hearing the Dharma) and 闻思修 (śravaṇa-cintā-bhāvanā, hearing, reflecting, and cultivating)

128.93 128.55 聩 (kuì) [skt.badhira] — Used for "deaf." Appears in Buddhist compound 昏聩 (moha, confused)

128.94 128.56 聪 (cōng) [skt.pratibhā] — Used for "clever" and "sharp." Appears in Buddhist compound 聪明 (pratibhā, intelligence)

128.95 128.60 聯 (lián) [skt.saṃyoga] — Traditional variant of 联; used for "to unite"

128.96 128.61 聰 (cōng) [skt.pratibhā] — Traditional variant of 聪; used for "clever"

128.97 128.63 聲 (shēng) [skt.śabda; svara] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 声; used for "sound" and "voice." Appears in Buddhist compound 声闻 (śrāvaka, hearer), one of the early Buddhist disciples, and 声尘 (śabda, sound object), one of the six sense objects

128.98 128.64 聳 (sǒng) [skt.udvigna] — Traditional variant of 耸; used for "to excite"

128.99 128.67 聶 (niè) [skt.upaśruti] — Used for "to whisper." Appears in compound 聶聶 (upaśruti, whispering)

128.100 128.68 職 (zhí) [skt.karman] — Traditional variant of 职; used for "duty" and "office." Appears in Buddhist compound 職事 (karman, duty/service)

128.101 128.74 聽 (tīng) [skt.śravaṇa; śrotu] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 听; used for "to hear" and "to listen." Appears in Buddhist compound 聽法 (dharma-śravaṇa, listening to the Dharma) and 聽聞 (śravaṇa, hearing), the first stage of the threefold training of hearing, reflecting, and meditating

128.102 128.75 聾 (lóng) [skt.badhira] — Traditional variant of 聋; used for "deaf"

129 聿

129.1 聿 [chn.yù][eng.brush; writing brush; to follow; (also yù, (surname))][skt.lekhanī; (Skt. kalama = writing instrument)]

129.2 肀 [chn.yù][archaic variant of 聿 (brush)][skt.lekhanī]

129.3 肁 [chn.zhào][archaic; (also zhào, to begin); rare]

129.4 肂 [chn.sì][archaic; (also sì, to be a brush); rare]

129.5 肃 [chn.sù][eng.respectful; solemn; to eliminate; (also sù, (surname))][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

129.6 肄 [chn.yì][eng.to study; to learn; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. śikṣā = study)]

129.7 肅 [chn.sù][eng.traditional variant of 肃 (respectful; solemn)][(Skt. gaurava = respect)]

129.8 肆 [chn.sì][eng.to indulge; to be unrestrained; four (in banking); (also sì, (surname))][(Skt. svairā = unrestrained; Skt. catvāri = four)]

129.9 肇 [chn.zhào][eng.to begin; to start; (also zhào, (surname))][(Skt. ādi = beginning; Skt. prathama = first)]

129.10 肈 [chn.zhào][archaic variant of 肇 (to begin)][(Skt. ādi = beginning)]

129.11 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 129

129.12 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

129.13 129.1 聿 (yù) [skt.lekhanī; kalama] — The radical itself; represents a writing brush. Appears in Buddhist contexts of writing and copying scriptures, a highly meritorious act. The brush is a symbol of the transmission of the Dharma through written texts

129.14 129.5 肃 (sù) [skt.gaurava] — Used for "respectful" and "solemn." Appears in Buddhist compound 肃静 (śānta, solemn/quiet) and in descriptions of respectful conduct

129.15 129.6 肄 (yì) [skt.śikṣā] — Used for "to study" and "to learn." Appears in Buddhist compound 肄业 (śikṣā, to study)

129.16 129.7 肅 (sù) [skt.gaurava] — Traditional variant of 肃; used for "respectful" and "solemn." Appears in Buddhist contexts of reverence and solemnity

129.17 129.8 肆 (sì) [skt.svairā; catvāri] — Used for "to indulge" and "unrestrained." Appears in Buddhist compound 肆意 (svairā, unrestrained) and 放肆 (pramāda, heedlessness). Also used as the formal character for "four" (肆) in banking contexts

129.18 129.9 肇 (zhào) [skt.ādi; prathama] — CRITICAL — Used for "to begin" and "to start." Appears in Buddhist compound 肇始 (ādi, beginning), often used to describe the beginning of the Dharma or the beginning of a text

130 肉

130.1 肉 [chn.ròu][eng.flesh; meat; (also ròu, (surname))][skt.māṃsa; (Skt. śarīra = body)]

130.2 肊 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be flesh); rare]

130.3 肋 [chn.lèi][eng.rib; (also lèi, (surname))][(Skt. pārśvāsthi = rib)]

130.4 肌 [chn.jī][eng.muscle; flesh; (also jī, (surname))][(Skt. māṃsa = muscle)]

130.5 肍 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be flesh); rare]

130.6 肎 [chn.kěn][archaic variant of 肯 (to be willing)][(Skt. icchā = willing)]

130.7 肏 [chn.cào][eng.vulgar; (also cào, to have sex); rare]

130.8 肐 [chn.gē][archaic; (also gē, to be flesh); rare]

130.9 肑 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be flesh); rare]

130.10 肒 [chn.huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be flesh); rare]

130.11 肓 [chn.huāng][eng.the region between heart and diaphragm; (also huāng, (surname))][(Skt. hṛdaya = heart)]

130.12 肔 [chn.chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to be flesh); rare]

130.13 肕 [chn.rèn][archaic; (also rèn, to be flesh); rare]

130.14 肖 [chn.xiào][eng.to resemble; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. sadṛśa = resemblance)]

130.15 肗 [chn.rǔ][archaic; (also rǔ, to be flesh); rare]

130.16 肘 [chn.zhǒu][eng.elbow; (also zhǒu, (surname))][(Skt. kūrpara = elbow)]

130.17 肙 [chn.yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be flesh); rare]

130.18 肚 [chn.dù][eng.belly; abdomen; (also dǔ, tripe)][(Skt. udara = belly)]

130.19 肛 [chn.gāng][eng.anus; (also gāng, (surname))][(Skt. guda = anus)]

130.20 肜 [chn.rong][archaic; (also rong, to be flesh); rare]

130.21 肝 [chn.gān][eng.liver; (also gān, (surname))][(Skt. yakṛt = liver)]

130.22 肞 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to be flesh); rare]

130.23 肟 [chn.wò][archaic; (also wò, to be flesh); rare]

130.24 肠 [chn.cháng][eng.intestines; (also cháng, (surname))][(Skt. antra = intestine)]

130.25 股 [chn.gǔ][eng.thigh; (also gǔ, (surname))][(Skt. ūru = thigh)]

130.26 肢 [chn.zhī][eng.limb; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. aṅga = limb)]

130.27 肣 [chn.hán][archaic; (also hán, to be flesh); rare]

130.28 肤 [chn.fū][eng.skin; (also fū, (surname))][(Skt. tvac = skin)]

130.29 肥 [chn.féi][eng.fat; fertile; (also féi, (surname))][(Skt. medas = fat)]

130.30 肦 [chn.fén][archaic; (also fén, to be flesh); rare]

130.31 肧 [chn.pēi][archaic variant of 胚 (embryo)][(Skt. garbha = embryo)]

130.32 肨 [chn.pàng][archaic; (also pàng, to be flesh); rare]

130.33 肩 [chn.jiān][eng.shoulder; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. skandha = shoulder)]

130.34 肪 [chn.fáng][eng.fat; (also fáng, (surname))][(Skt. medas = fat)]

130.35 肫 [chn.zhūn][eng.gizzard; (also chún, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = gizzard)]

130.36 肬 [chn.yóu][archaic variant of 疣 (wart)][(Skt. piṭaka = wart)]

130.37 肭 [chn.nà][archaic; (also nà, to be flesh); rare]

130.38 肮 [chn.āng][eng.dirty; (also kēng, throat)][(Skt. mala = dirty)]

130.39 肯 [chn.kěn][eng.to be willing; (also kěn, (surname))][(Skt. icchā = willingness)]

130.40 肰 [chn.rán][archaic; (also rán, to be flesh); rare]

130.41 肱 [chn.gōng][eng.upper arm; (also gōng, (surname))][(Skt. bāhu = arm)]

130.42 育 [chn.yù][eng.to give birth; to educate; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. janana = birth; Skt. śikṣā = education)]

130.43 肳 [chn.wěn][archaic; (also wěn, to be flesh); rare]

130.44 肴 [chn.yáo][eng.dishes; food; (also yáo, (surname))][(Skt. bhojana = food)]

130.45 肵 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be flesh); rare]

130.46 肶 [chn.pí][archaic variant of 膍 (gizzard)][(Skt. kośa = gizzard)]

130.47 肷 [chn.qiǎn][archaic; (also qiǎn, to be flesh); rare]

130.48 肸 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be flesh); rare]

130.49 肹 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be flesh); rare]

130.50 肺 [chn.fèi][eng.lung; (also fèi, (surname))][(Skt. phupphusa = lung)]

130.51 肻 [chn.kěn][archaic variant of 肯 (to be willing)][(Skt. icchā = willingness)]

130.52 肼 [chn.jǐng][archaic; (also jǐng, to be flesh); rare]

130.53 肽 [chn.tài][eng.peptide; (also tài, (surname))]

130.54 肾 [chn.shèn][eng.kidney; (also shèn, (surname))][(Skt. vṛkka = kidney)]

130.55 肿 [zhǒng][eng.swelling; tumor; (also zhǒng, (surname))][(Skt. śotha = swelling)]

130.56 胀 [zhàng][eng.to swell; to bloat; (also zhàng, (surname))][(Skt. śotha = swelling)]

130.57 胁 [xié][eng.side (of body); to coerce; (also xié, (surname))][(Skt. pārśva = side)]

130.58 胂 [shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be flesh); rare]

130.59 胃 [wèi][eng.stomach; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. āmāśaya = stomach)]

130.60 胄 [zhòu][eng.helmet; descendant; (also zhòu, (surname))][(Skt. śiras = helmet; Skt. putra = descendant)]

130.61 胅 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be flesh); rare]

130.62 胆 [dǎn][eng.gall bladder; (also dǎn, (surname))][(Skt. pitta = gall)]

130.63 胇 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be flesh); rare]

130.64 胈 [bá][archaic; (also bá, to be flesh); rare]

130.65 胉 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be flesh); rare]

130.66 胊 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be flesh); rare]

130.67 胋 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be flesh); rare]

130.68 背 [bèi][eng.back; to carry on the back; to betray; (also bēi, to carry)][(Skt. pṛṣṭha = back; Skt. vah = to carry)]

130.69 胍 [guā][archaic; (also guā, to be flesh); rare]

130.70 胎 [tāi][eng.fetus; embryo; (also tāi, (surname))][(Skt. garbha = fetus)]

130.71 胏 [zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be flesh); rare]

130.72 胐 [fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be flesh); rare]

130.73 胑 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be flesh); rare]

130.74 胒 [nì][archaic; (also nì, to be flesh); rare]

130.75 胓 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be flesh); rare]

130.76 胔 [zì][archaic; (also zì, to be flesh); rare]

130.77 胕 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be flesh); rare]

130.78 胖 [pàng][eng.fat; plump; (also pán, to be at ease)][(Skt. medas = fat; Skt. sthūla = plump)]

130.79 胗 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be flesh); rare]

130.80 胘 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be flesh); rare]

130.81 胙 [zuò][eng.offering; (also zuò, (surname))][(Skt. havis = offering)]

130.82 胚 [pēi][eng.embryo; (also pēi, (surname))][(Skt. garbha = embryo)]

130.83 胛 [jiǎ][eng.shoulder blade; (also jiǎ, (surname))][(Skt. aṃsa = shoulder blade)]

130.84 胜 [shèng][eng.to win; (also shèng, (surname))][(Skt. jaya = victory)]

130.85 胝 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be flesh); rare]

130.86 胞 [bāo][eng.uterus; placenta; (also bāo, (surname))][(Skt. garbhāśaya = uterus)]

130.87 胟 [mǔ][archaic variant of 拇 (thumb)][(Skt. aṅguṣṭha = thumb)]

130.88 胠 [qū][archaic; (also qū, to be flesh); rare]

130.89 胡 [hú][eng.beard; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśru = beard)]

130.90 胢 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be flesh); rare]

130.91 胣 [chǐ][archaic; (also chǐ, to be flesh); rare]

130.92 胤 [yìn][eng.descendant; (also yìn, (surname))][(Skt. putra = descendant)]

130.93 胥 [xū][eng.official; (also xū, (surname))][(Skt. adhikārin = official)]

130.94 胦 [yāng][archaic; (also yāng, to be flesh); rare]

130.95 胧 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, (surname)); rare]

130.96 胨 [dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be flesh); rare]

130.97 胩 [kǎ][archaic; (also kǎ, to be flesh); rare]

130.98 胪 [lú][archaic; (also lú, (surname)); rare]

130.99 胫 [jìng][eng.shin; (also jìng, (surname))][(Skt. jaṅghā = shin)]

130.100 胬 [nǔ][archaic; (also nǔ, to be flesh); rare]

130.101 胭 [yān][eng.rouge; (also yān, (surname))][(Skt. kuṅkuma = rouge)]

130.102 胮 [pāng][archaic; (also pāng, to be flesh); rare]

130.103 胯 [kuà][eng.hip; crotch; (also kuà, (surname))][(Skt. ūru = hip)]

130.104 胰 [yí][eng.pancreas; (also yí, (surname))][(Skt. agnimaṇḍala = pancreas)]

130.105 胱 [guāng][eng.bladder; (also guāng, (surname))][(Skt. basti = bladder)]

130.106 胲 [gǎi][archaic; (also gǎi, to be flesh); rare]

130.107 胳 [gē][eng.armpit; (also gé, (surname))][(Skt. kakṣa = armpit)]

130.108 胴 [dòng][eng.torso; (also dòng, (surname))][(Skt. kāya = torso)]

130.109 胵 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be flesh); rare]

130.110 胶 [jiāo][eng.glue; (also jiǎo, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = glue)]

130.111 胷 [xiōng][archaic variant of 胸 (chest)][(Skt. vakṣas = chest)]

130.112 胸 [xiōng][eng.chest; breast; (also xiōng, (surname))][(Skt. vakṣas = chest)]

130.113 胹 [ér][archaic; (also ér, to be flesh); rare]

130.114 胺 [àn][eng.amine; (also àn, (surname))]

130.115 胻 [héng][archaic; (also héng, to be flesh); rare]

130.116 胼 [pián][eng.callus; (also pián, (surname))][(Skt. kaṭhina = callus)]

130.117 能 [néng][eng.to be able; ability; (also néng, (surname))][skt.śakti; (Skt. sāmarthya = ability)]

130.118 胾 [zì][archaic; (also zì, to be flesh); rare]

130.119 胿 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be flesh); rare]

130.120 脀 [zhēng][archaic; (also zhēng, to be flesh); rare]

130.121 脁 [tiǎo][archaic; (also tiǎo, to be flesh); rare]

130.122 脂 [zhī][eng.fat; grease; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. medas = fat)]

130.123 脃 [cuì][archaic variant of 脆 (brittle; fragile)][(Skt. bhedya = fragile)]

130.124 脄 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be flesh); rare]

130.125 脅 [xié][eng.traditional variant of 胁 (side; to coerce)][(Skt. pārśva = side)]

130.126 脆 [cuì][eng.brittle; fragile; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. bhedya = fragile)]

130.127 脇 [xié][archaic variant of 胁 (side)][(Skt. pārśva = side)]

130.128 脈 [mài][eng.traditional variant of 脉 (vein; pulse)][(Skt. nāḍī = vein)]

130.129 脉 [mài][eng.vein; pulse; (also mò, to glance)][(Skt. nāḍī = vein)]

130.130 脊 [jǐ][eng.spine; ridge; (also jǐ, (surname))][(Skt. pṛṣṭha = spine)]

130.131 脋 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be flesh); rare]

130.132 脌 [nín][archaic; (also nín, to be flesh); rare]

130.133 脍 [kuài][eng.finely minced meat; (also kuài, (surname))][(Skt. māṃsa = minced meat)]

130.134 脎 [sà][archaic; (also sà, to be flesh); rare]

130.135 脏 [zàng][eng.internal organs; (also zāng, dirty)][(Skt. antra = viscera)]

130.136 脐 [qí][eng.navel; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. nābhi = navel)]

130.137 脑 [nǎo][eng.brain; (also nǎo, (surname))][(Skt. mastaka = brain)]

130.138 脒 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be flesh); rare]

130.139 脓 [nóng][eng.pus; (also nóng, (surname))][(Skt. pūya = pus)]

130.140 脔 [luán][eng.meat; (also luán, (surname))][(Skt. māṃsa = meat)]

130.141 脕 [wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be flesh); rare]

130.142 脖 [bó][eng.neck; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. grīvā = neck)]

130.143 脗 [wěn][archaic variant of 吻 (to kiss)][(Skt. cumbana = kiss)]

130.144 脘 [wǎn][eng.stomach cavity; (also wǎn, (surname))][(Skt. āmāśaya = stomach)]

130.145 脙 [xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to be flesh); rare]

130.146 脚 [jiǎo][eng.foot; (also jué, role)][(Skt. pāda = foot)]

130.147 脛 [jìng][eng.traditional variant of 胫 (shin)][(Skt. jaṅghā = shin)]

130.148 脜 [róu][archaic; (also róu, to be flesh); rare]

130.149 脝 [hēng][archaic; (also hēng, to be flesh); rare]

130.150 脞 [cuǒ][archaic; (also cuǒ, to be flesh); rare]

130.151 脟 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be flesh); rare]

130.152 脠 [chān][archaic; (also chān, to be flesh); rare]

130.153 脡 [tǐng][archaic; (also tǐng, to be flesh); rare]

130.154 脢 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be flesh); rare]

130.155 脣 [chún][eng.traditional variant of 唇 (lip)][(Skt. oṣṭha = lip)]

130.156 脤 [shèn][archaic; (also shèn, to be flesh); rare]

130.157 脥 [jiá][archaic variant of 颊 (cheek)][(Skt. kapola = cheek)]

130.158 脦 [tè][archaic; (also tè, to be flesh); rare]

130.159 脧 [juān][archaic; (also juān, to be flesh); rare]

130.160 脨 [cù][archaic; (also cù, to be flesh); rare]

130.161 脩 [xiū][eng.to cultivate; (also xiū, (surname))][(Skt. bhāvanā = cultivation)]

130.162 脪 [xìn][archaic; (also xìn, to be flesh); rare]

130.163 脫 [tuō][eng.traditional variant of 脱 (to take off; to escape)][(Skt. apaharaṇa = removal; Skt. mokṣa = escape)]

130.164 脬 [pāo][eng.bladder; (also pāo, (surname))][(Skt. basti = bladder)]

130.165 脭 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be flesh); rare]

130.166 脮 [něi][archaic; (also něi, to be flesh); rare]

130.167 脯 [fǔ][eng.dried meat; (also pú, to be dried)][(Skt. śuṣka-māṃsa = dried meat)]

130.168 脰 [dòu][archaic; (also dòu, to be flesh); rare]

130.169 脱 [tuō][eng.to take off; to escape; (also tuō, (surname))][(Skt. apaharaṇa = removal)]

130.170 脲 [niào][eng.urea; (also niào, (surname))]

130.171 脳 [nǎo][eng.Japanese variant of 腦 (brain)][(Skt. mastaka = brain)]

130.172 脴 [pǐ][archaic; (also pǐ, to be flesh); rare]

130.173 脵 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be flesh); rare]

130.174 脶 [luó][archaic; (also luó, to be flesh); rare]

130.175 脷 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be flesh); rare]

130.176 脸 [liǎn][eng.face; (also liǎn, (surname))][(Skt. mukha = face)]

130.177 脹 [zhàng][eng.traditional variant of 胀 (to swell)][(Skt. śotha = swelling)]

130.178 脺 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.179 脻 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be flesh); rare]

130.180 脼 [liǎng][archaic; (also liǎng, to be flesh); rare]

130.181 脽 [shuí][archaic; (also shuí, to be flesh); rare]

130.182 脾 [pí][eng.spleen; (also pí, (surname))][(Skt. plīha = spleen)]

130.183 脿 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be flesh); rare]

130.184 腀 [lún][archaic; (also lún, to be flesh); rare]

130.185 腁 [pián][archaic variant of 胼 (callus)][(Skt. kaṭhina = callus)]

130.186 腂 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be flesh); rare]

130.187 腃 [kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.188 腄 [chuí][archaic; (also chuí, to be flesh); rare]

130.189 腅 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be flesh); rare]

130.190 腆 [tiǎn][archaic; (also tiǎn, to be flesh); rare]

130.191 腇 [něi][archaic; (also něi, to be flesh); rare]

130.192 腈 [jīng][eng.acrylic; (also jīng, (surname))]

130.193 腉 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be flesh); rare]

130.194 腊 [là][eng.dried meat; (also xī, to be dried)][(Skt. śuṣka-māṃsa = dried meat)]

130.195 腋 [yè][eng.armpit; (also yè, (surname))][(Skt. kakṣa = armpit)]

130.196 腌 [yān][eng.to pickle; (also ā, to be dirty)][(Skt. kṣāra = pickling)]

130.197 腍 [rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be flesh); rare]

130.198 腎 [shèn][eng.traditional variant of 肾 (kidney)][(Skt. vṛkka = kidney)]

130.199 腏 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.200 腐 [fǔ][eng.to rot; to decay; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. pūti = rotten)]

130.201 腑 [fǔ][eng.internal organs; (also fǔ, (surname))][(Skt. antra = viscera)]

130.202 腒 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be flesh); rare]

130.203 腓 [féi][eng.calf (of leg); (also féi, (surname))][(Skt. jaṅghā = calf)]

130.204 腔 [qiāng][eng.cavity; (also qiāng, (surname))][(Skt. vivara = cavity)]

130.205 腕 [wàn][eng.wrist; (also wàn, (surname))][(Skt. maṇibandha = wrist)]

130.206 腖 [dòng][archaic; (also dòng, to be flesh); rare]

130.207 腗 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be flesh); rare]

130.208 腘 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be flesh); rare]

130.209 腙 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be flesh); rare]

130.210 腚 [dìng][eng.buttocks; (also dìng, (surname))][(Skt. sphik = buttocks)]

130.211 腛 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be flesh); rare]

130.212 腜 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be flesh); rare]

130.213 腝 [nào][archaic; (also nào, to be flesh); rare]

130.214 腞 [zhuàn][archaic; (also zhuàn, to be flesh); rare]

130.215 腟 [chì][archaic; (also chì, to be flesh); rare]

130.216 腠 [còu][archaic; (also còu, to be flesh); rare]

130.217 腡 [luó][archaic; (also luó, to be flesh); rare]

130.218 腢 [ǒu][archaic; (also ǒu, to be flesh); rare]

130.219 腣 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be flesh); rare]

130.220 腤 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be flesh); rare]

130.221 腥 [xīng][eng.fishy smell; (also xīng, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = smell)]

130.222 腦 [nǎo][eng.traditional variant of 脑 (brain)][(Skt. mastaka = brain)]

130.223 腧 [shù][archaic; (also shù, to be flesh); rare]

130.224 腨 [shuàn][archaic; (also shuàn, to be flesh); rare]

130.225 腩 [nǎn][eng.belly; (also nǎn, (surname))][(Skt. udara = belly)]

130.226 腪 [yùn][archaic; (also yùn, to be flesh); rare]

130.227 腫 [zhǒng][eng.traditional variant of 肿 (swelling)][(Skt. śotha = swelling)]

130.228 腬 [róu][archaic; (also róu, to be flesh); rare]

130.229 腭 [è][eng.palate; (also è, (surname))][(Skt. tālu = palate)]

130.230 腮 [sāi][eng.cheek; (also sāi, (surname))][(Skt. kapola = cheek)]

130.231 腯 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be flesh); rare]

130.232 腰 [yāo][eng.waist; (also yāo, (surname))][(Skt. kati = waist)]

130.233 腱 [jiàn][eng.tendon; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. snāyu = tendon)]

130.234 腲 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be flesh); rare]

130.235 腳 [jiǎo][eng.traditional variant of 脚 (foot)][(Skt. pāda = foot)]

130.236 腴 [yú][eng.fat; fertile; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. medas = fat)]

130.237 腵 [jiā][archaic; (also jiā, to be flesh); rare]

130.238 腶 [duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be flesh); rare]

130.239 腷 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be flesh); rare]

130.240 腸 [cháng][eng.traditional variant of 肠 (intestines)][(Skt. antra = intestine)]

130.241 腹 [fù][eng.abdomen; (also fù, (surname))][(Skt. udara = abdomen)]

130.242 腺 [xiàn][eng.gland; (also xiàn, (surname))][(Skt. granthi = gland)]

130.243 腻 [nì][eng.greasy; (also nì, (surname))][(Skt. snigdha = greasy)]

130.244 腼 [miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, (surname)); rare]

130.245 腽 [wà][archaic; (also wà, to be flesh); rare]

130.246 腾 [téng][eng.to leap; to rise; (also téng, (surname))][(Skt. udgama = leaping)]

130.247 腿 [tuǐ][eng.leg; (also tuǐ, (surname))][(Skt. jaṅghā = leg)]

130.248 膀 [bǎng][eng.shoulder; (also páng, bladder)][(Skt. skandha = shoulder; Skt. basti = bladder)]

130.249 膁 [qiǎn][archaic; (also qiǎn, to be flesh); rare]

130.250 膂 [lǚ][eng.backbone; (also lǚ, (surname))][(Skt. pṛṣṭha = backbone)]

130.251 膃 [wà][archaic variant of 腽 (archaic)]

130.252 膄 [shòu][archaic; (also shòu, to be flesh); rare]

130.253 膅 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be flesh); rare]

130.254 膆 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be flesh); rare]

130.255 膇 [zhuì][archaic; (also zhuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.256 膈 [gé][eng.diaphragm; (also gé, (surname))][(Skt. jihvā = diaphragm)]

130.257 膉 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be flesh); rare]

130.258 膊 [bó][eng.arm; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. bāhu = arm)]

130.259 膋 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be flesh); rare]

130.260 膌 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be flesh); rare]

130.261 膍 [pí][archaic; (also pí, to be flesh); rare]

130.262 膎 [xié][archaic; (also xié, to be flesh); rare]

130.263 膏 [gāo][eng.fat; ointment; (also gào, to moisten)][(Skt. medas = fat; Skt. anulepana = ointment)]

130.264 膐 [lǚ][archaic variant of 膂 (backbone)][(Skt. pṛṣṭha = backbone)]

130.265 膑 [bìn][eng.kneecap; (also bìn, (surname))][(Skt. jānu = kneecap)]

130.266 膒 [ōu][archaic; (also ōu, to be flesh); rare]

130.267 膓 [cháng][archaic variant of 腸 (intestines)][(Skt. antra = intestine)]

130.268 膔 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be flesh); rare]

130.269 膕 [guó][archaic variant of 腘 (archaic)]

130.270 膖 [pāng][archaic; (also pāng, to be flesh); rare]

130.271 膗 [chuái][archaic; (also chuái, to be flesh); rare]

130.272 膘 [biāo][eng.fat; (also biāo, (surname))][(Skt. medas = fat)]

130.273 膙 [jiǎng][archaic; (also jiǎng, to be flesh); rare]

130.274 膚 [fū][eng.traditional variant of 肤 (skin)][(Skt. tvac = skin)]

130.275 膛 [táng][eng.chest; (also táng, (surname))][(Skt. vakṣas = chest)]

130.276 膜 [mó][eng.membrane; (also mó, (surname))][(Skt. paṭala = membrane)]

130.277 膝 [xī][eng.knee; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. jānu = knee)]

130.278 膞 [zhuān][archaic; (also zhuān, to be flesh); rare]

130.279 膟 [lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be flesh); rare]

130.280 膠 [jiāo][eng.traditional variant of 胶 (glue)][(Skt. gandha = glue)]

130.281 膡 [yìng][archaic; (also yìng, to be flesh); rare]

130.282 膢 [lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be flesh); rare]

130.283 膣 [zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be flesh); rare]

130.284 膤 [xuě][archaic; (also xuě, to be flesh); rare]

130.285 膥 [cūn][archaic; (also cūn, to be flesh); rare]

130.286 膦 [lìn][archaic; (also lìn, to be flesh); rare]

130.287 膧 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be flesh); rare]

130.288 膨 [péng][eng.to expand; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. vistara = expansion)]

130.289 膩 [nì][eng.traditional variant of 腻 (greasy)][(Skt. snigdha = greasy)]

130.290 膪 [zhuaì][archaic; (also zhuaì, to be flesh); rare]

130.291 膫 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be flesh); rare]

130.292 膬 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.293 膭 [kuì][archaic; (also kuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.294 膮 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be flesh); rare]

130.295 膯 [tēng][archaic; (also tēng, to be flesh); rare]

130.296 膰 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be flesh); rare]

130.297 膱 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be flesh); rare]

130.298 膲 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be flesh); rare]

130.299 膳 [shàn][eng.to prepare food; (also shàn, (surname))][(Skt. bhojana = food preparation)]

130.300 膴 [wǔ][archaic; (also wǔ, to be flesh); rare]

130.301 膵 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.302 膶 [rùn][archaic; (also rùn, to be flesh); rare]

130.303 膷 [xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be flesh); rare]

130.304 膸 [suǐ][archaic; (also suǐ, to be flesh); rare]

130.305 膹 [fèn][archaic; (also fèn, to be flesh); rare]

130.306 膺 [yīng][eng.chest; to bear; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. vakṣas = chest; Skt. dhāraṇa = bearing)]

130.307 膻 [shān][eng.gamey smell; (also shān, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = smell)]

130.308 膼 [zhuā][archaic; (also zhuā, to be flesh); rare]

130.309 膽 [dǎn][eng.traditional variant of 胆 (gall bladder)][(Skt. pitta = gall)]

130.310 膾 [kuài][eng.traditional variant of 脍 (minced meat)][(Skt. māṃsa = minced meat)]

130.311 膿 [nóng][eng.traditional variant of 脓 (pus)][(Skt. pūya = pus)]

130.312 臀 [tún][eng.buttocks; (also tún, (surname))][(Skt. sphik = buttocks)]

130.313 臁 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be flesh); rare]

130.314 臂 [bì][eng.arm; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. bāhu = arm)]

130.315 臃 [yōng][eng.swollen; (also yōng, (surname))][(Skt. śotha = swollen)]

130.316 臄 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be flesh); rare]

130.317 臅 [chù][archaic; (also chù, to be flesh); rare]

130.318 臆 [yì][eng.chest; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. vakṣas = chest)]

130.319 臇 [juǎn][archaic; (also juǎn, to be flesh); rare]

130.320 臈 [là][archaic variant of 臘 (winter sacrifice)]

130.321 臉 [liǎn][eng.traditional variant of 脸 (face)][(Skt. mukha = face)]

130.322 臊 [sāo][eng.fishy smell; (also sào, to be ashamed)][(Skt. gandha = smell)]

130.323 臋 [tún][archaic variant of 臀 (buttocks)][(Skt. sphik = buttocks)]

130.324 臌 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be flesh); rare]

130.325 臍 [qí][eng.traditional variant of 脐 (navel)][(Skt. nābhi = navel)]

130.326 臎 [cuì][archaic; (also cuì, to be flesh); rare]

130.327 臏 [bìn][eng.traditional variant of 膑 (kneecap)][(Skt. jānu = kneecap)]

130.328 臐 [xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be flesh); rare]

130.329 臑 [nào][archaic; (also nào, to be flesh); rare]

130.330 臒 [wò][archaic; (also wò, to be flesh); rare]

130.331 臓 [zàng][eng.Japanese variant of 臟 (viscera)][(Skt. antra = viscera)]

130.332 臔 [xiǎn][archaic; (also xiǎn, to be flesh); rare]

130.333 臕 [biāo][archaic variant of 膘 (fat)][(Skt. medas = fat)]

130.334 臖 [xìng][archaic; (also xìng, to be flesh); rare]

130.335 臗 [kuān][archaic variant of 髋 (hipbone)][(Skt. ūru = hip)]

130.336 臘 [là][eng.traditional variant of 腊 (dried meat; winter sacrifice)][(Skt. śuṣka-māṃsa = dried meat)]

130.337 臙 [yān][archaic variant of 胭 (rouge)][(Skt. kuṅkuma = rouge)]

130.338 臚 [lú][eng.traditional variant of 胪 (archaic)]

130.339 臛 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be flesh); rare]

130.340 臜 [zā][archaic; (also zā, to be flesh); rare]

130.341 臝 [luǒ][archaic variant of 裸 (naked)][(Skt. nagna = naked)]

130.342 臞 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be flesh); rare]

130.343 臟 [zàng][eng.traditional variant of 脏 (internal organs)][(Skt. antra = viscera)]

130.344 臠 [luán][eng.traditional variant of 脔 (meat)][(Skt. māṃsa = meat)]

130.345 臡 [ní][archaic; (also ní, to be flesh); rare]

130.346 臢 [zā][archaic variant of 臜 (dirty)][(Skt. mala = dirty)]

130.347 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 130

130.348 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

130.349 130.1 肉 (ròu) [skt.māṃsa; śarīra] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents flesh and meat. Appears in Buddhist compound 肉食 (māṃsa-bhakṣaṇa, meat-eating) and 肉身 (māṃsa-kāya, physical body). In Buddhist meditation, the body is often contemplated as a collection of impure parts (aśubha-bhāvanā), and this radical contains many of the terms used in those meditations. The aśubha contemplation includes the 32 parts of the body, many of which are represented by characters in this radical

130.350 130.4 肌 (jī) [skt.māṃsa] — Used for "muscle" and "flesh." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of the body’s physical nature

130.351 130.21 肝 (gān) [skt.yakṛt] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.352 130.24 肠 (cháng) [skt.antra] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.353 130.28 肤 (fū) [skt.tvac] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.354 130.29 肥 (féi) [skt.medas] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.355 130.59 胃 (wèi) [skt.āmāśaya] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.356 130.68 背 (bèi) [skt.pṛṣṭha; vah] — Used for "back" and "to carry." Appears in Buddhist compound 背弃 (viraha, to abandon)

130.357 130.70 胎 (tāi) [skt.garbha] — Used for "fetus" and "embryo." Appears in Buddhist compound 胎生 (jarāyuja, womb-born), one of the four modes of birth

130.358 130.78 胖 (pàng) [skt.medas; sthūla] — Used for "fat" and "plump." Appears in descriptions of physical form

130.359 130.117 能 (néng) [skt.śakti; sāmarthya] — CRITICAL — Used for "to be able" and "ability." Appears in Buddhist compound 能所 (grāhaka-grāhya, subject-object), a key epistemological distinction in Buddhist philosophy

130.360 130.122 脂 (zhī) [skt.medas] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.361 130.129 脉 (mài) [skt.nāḍī] — Appears in Buddhist compound 脉络 (nāḍī, network), used in descriptions of the body’s channels

130.362 130.130 脊 (jǐ) [skt.pṛṣṭha] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.363 130.137 脑 (nǎo) [skt.mastaka] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.364 130.161 脩 (xiū) [skt.bhāvanā] — Used for "to cultivate." Appears in Buddhist compound 修习 (bhāvanā, cultivation/practice), one of the core terms of Buddhist meditation

130.365 130.169 脱 (tuō) [skt.apaharaṇa; mokṣa] — Used for "to take off" and "to escape." Appears in Buddhist compound 解脱 (mokṣa, liberation/emancipation), one of the highest goals of Buddhist practice

130.366 130.54 肾 (shèn) [skt.vṛkka] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.367 130.182 脾 (pí) [skt.plīha] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.368 130.201 腑 (fǔ) [skt.antra] — Used for "internal organs." Appears in Buddhist compound 脏腑 (antra, viscera), used in descriptions of the body’s interior

130.369 130.263 膏 (gāo) [skt.medas; anulepana] — Used for "fat" and "ointment." Appears in Buddhist similes of applying ointment to wounds

130.370 130.200 腐 (fǔ) [skt.pūti] — Used for "to rot" and "to decay." Appears in Buddhist similes of the rotting body and impermanence

130.371 130.241 腹 (fù) [skt.udara] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.372 130.248 膀 (bǎng) [skt.skandha; basti] — Used for "shoulder" and "bladder." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of the body

130.373 130.277 膝 (xī) [skt.jānu] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.374 130.299 膳 (shàn) [skt.bhojana] — Used for "to prepare food." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of food offerings

130.375 130.306 膺 (yīng) [skt.vakṣas; dhāraṇa] — Used for "chest" and "to bear." Appears in Buddhist compound 膺受 (pratigraha, to receive)

130.376 130.314 臂 (bì) [skt.bāhu] — One of the 32 parts of the body in aśubha meditation

130.377 130.321 臉 (liǎn) [skt.mukha] — Used for "face." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of the face and its expressions

130.378 130.309 膽 (dǎn) [skt.pitta] — Traditional variant of 胆; one of the 32 parts of the body

130.379 130.240 腸 (cháng) [skt.antra] — Traditional variant of 肠; one of the 32 parts of the body

130.380 130.274 膚 (fū) [skt.tvac] — Traditional variant of 肤; one of the 32 parts of the body

130.381 130.280 膠 (jiāo) [skt.gandha] — Traditional variant of 胶; used for "glue"

130.382 130.325 臍 (qí) [skt.nābhi] — Traditional variant of 脐; one of the 32 parts of the body

130.383 130.343 臟 (zàng) [skt.antra] — Traditional variant of 脏; used for "internal organs"

130.384 130.336 臘 (là) [skt.śuṣka-māṃsa] — Traditional variant of 腊; used for "dried meat" and "winter sacrifice"

130.385 130.344 臠 (luán) [skt.māṃsa] — Traditional variant of 脔; used for "meat"

131 臣

131.1 臣 [chn.chén][eng.minister; official; subject; (also chén, (surname))][skt.amātya; (Skt. rājabhṛtya = royal servant)]

131.2 臤 [chn.qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be hard); rare]

131.3 臥 [chn.wò][eng.to lie down; to recline; (also wò, (surname))][(Skt. śayana = lying down)]

131.4 臦 [chn.guàng][archaic; (also guàng, to be contrary); rare]

131.5 臧 [chn.zāng][eng.good; virtuous; (also zāng, surname)][(Skt. kuśala = good)]

131.6 臨 [chn.lín][eng.traditional variant of 临 (to face; to approach)][skt.upa; (Skt. samīpa = near)]

131.7 臩 [chn.guǎng][archaic; (also guǎng, to turn the back); rare]

131.8 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 131

131.9 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

131.10 131.1 臣 (chén) [skt.amātya; rājabhṛtya] — The radical itself; represents a minister or official. Appears in Buddhist texts in the context of royal courts and kingship, often in similes of the king and his ministers. Also appears in compound 臣服 (amātya, to submit/surrender), used in descriptions of devotion to the Dharma

131.11 131.3 臥 (wò) [skt.śayana] — Used for "to lie down" and "to recline." Appears in Buddhist compound 臥具 (śayana, bedding), one of the four requisites of a monastic. Also appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s final reclining posture (Mahāparinirvāṇa)

131.12 131.5 臧 (zāng) [skt.kuśala] — Used for "good" and "virtuous." Appears in compound 臧否 (kuśala, good and bad), and in the name of the famous translator 玄奘 (Xuanzang), whose name includes the character 奘 but is related in meaning

131.13 131.6 臨 (lín) [skt.upa; samīpa] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 临; used for "to face" and "to approach." Appears in Buddhist compound 臨終 (maraṇakāla, the time of death), a crucial moment in Buddhist practice, and 臨济 (Linji, the Zen master and school). Also appears in the compound 臨時 (samaya, at the time)

132 自

132.1 自 [chn.zì][eng.self; oneself; from; since; (also zì, (surname))][skt.ātman; (Skt. svayam = oneself)]

132.2 臫 [chn.jǐ][archaic; (also jǐ, to be self); rare]

132.3 臬 [chn.niè][eng.target; standard; law; (also niè, (surname))][(Skt. lakṣya = target; Skt. vidhi = law)]

132.4 臭 [chn.chòu][eng.stink; smell; (also xiù, to smell)][(Skt. durgandha = stench; Skt. gandha = smell)]

132.5 臮 [chn.jí][archaic; (also jí, to be many); rare]

132.6 臯 [chn.gāo][archaic variant of 皋 (archaic)]

132.7 臰 [chn.chòu][archaic variant of 臭 (stink)][(Skt. durgandha = stench)]

132.8 臱 [chn.mián][archaic; (also mián, to be a frontier); rare]

132.9 臲 [chn.niè][archaic; (also niè, to be unstable); rare]

132.10 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 132

132.11 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

132.12 132.1 自 (zì) [skt.ātman; svayam] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "self." Appears in Buddhist compound 自我 (ātman, self), 自性 (svabhāva, self-nature), and 自觉 (svayambuddha, self-awakening). The concept of anātman (无我, no-self) is one of the three marks of existence, and this character is central to that teaching. Also appears in 自他 (ātma-para, self and other), a key distinction in Buddhist ethics and compassion practice

132.13 132.3 臬 (niè) [skt.lakṣya; vidhi] — Used for "target" and "standard." Appears in descriptions of measurement and standards

132.14 132.4 臭 (chòu) [skt.durgandha; gandha] — Used for "stink" and "smell." Appears in Buddhist similes of the stench of defilements (kleśa) and the fragrance of virtue. Also read xiù meaning "to smell"

133 至

133.1 至 [chn.zhì][eng.to arrive; to reach; to come to; (also zhì, (surname))][skt.prāpti; (Skt. āgacchati = to come)]

133.2 致 [chn.zhì][eng.to cause; to send; to devote; fine; delicate; (also zhì, (surname))][(Skt. kāraṇa = causing; Skt. prāpaka = sending)]

133.3 臵 [chn.gé][archaic; (also gé, to be a pause); rare]

133.4 臶 [chn.jiàn][archaic; (also jiàn, to be repeated); rare]

133.5 臷 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be an old man); rare]

133.6 臸 [jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to arrive); rare]

133.7 臹 [xiū][archaic; (also xiū, to be a path); rare]

133.8 臺 [tái][eng.traditional variant of 台 (platform; tower)][(Skt. prāsāda = platform)]

133.9 臻 [zhēn][eng.to arrive; to reach; to attain; (also zhēn, (surname))][(Skt. prāpti = reaching; Skt. samāpatti = attainment)]

133.10 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 133

133.11 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

133.12 133.1 至 (zhì) [skt.prāpti; āgacchati] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "to arrive" and "to reach." Appears in Buddhist compound 至心 (ekacitta, sincere mind/literally "reaching the heart"), 至善 (parama-śubha, supreme good), and 至道 (paramārtha, the supreme path). Also appears in the title of the Pratyutpanna Sūtra (般舟三昧经, "The Samādhi of the Present Buddha"), which uses 至 in the sense of "arriving" at the presence of the Buddhas

133.13 133.2 致 (zhì) [skt.kāraṇa; prāpaka] — CRITICAL — Used for "to cause" and "to send." Appears in Buddhist compound 致福 (puṇya, to bring merit), 致意 (abhiprāya, to convey intention), and 精致 (sūkṣma, fine/delicate). Also appears in 致病 (rogakāraṇa, to cause illness)

133.14 133.8 臺 (tái) [skt.prāsāda] — Traditional variant of 台; used for "platform" and "tower." Appears in Buddhist compound 臺阁 (prāsāda, pavilion), often used in descriptions of celestial palaces in Pure Land texts, and 臺座 (āsana, seat/platform), used for the Buddha’s throne

133.15 133.9 臻 (zhēn) [skt.prāpti; samāpatti] — CRITICAL — Used for "to arrive" and "to attain." Appears in Buddhist compound 臻至 (prāpti, to reach/perfection) and 臻于 (samāpatti, to attain to). Often used in the context of attaining the highest stages of the path or reaching the ultimate goal of Buddhahood

134 臼

134.1 臼 [chn.jiù][eng.mortar; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. ulūkhala = mortar)]

134.2 臽 [chn.xiàn][archaic variant of 陷 (to fall into; trap)][(Skt. pātāla = trap)]

134.3 臾 [chn.yú][eng.moment; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. kṣaṇa = moment)]

134.4 臿 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to be a spade); rare]

134.5 舀 [chn.yǎo][eng.to scoop; to ladle; (also yǎo, (surname))][(Skt. uddharaṇa = scooping)]

134.6 舁 [chn.yú][eng.to carry; to lift; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. vah = to carry)]

134.7 舂 [chn.chōng][eng.to pound; to pestle; (also chōng, (surname))][(Skt. piṣ = to pound)]

134.8 舃 [chn.xì][archaic variant of 舄 (shoe)][(Skt. pādukā = shoe)]

134.9 舄 [chn.xì][eng.shoe; (also xì, (surname))][(Skt. pādukā = shoe)]

134.10 舅 [chn.jiù][eng.mother’s brother; uncle; (also jiù, (surname))][(Skt. mātṛṣvasā = maternal uncle)]

134.11 舆 [chn.yú][eng.carriage; to carry; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. ratha = carriage)]

134.12 與 [chn.yǔ][eng.traditional variant of 与 (and; with; to give)][skt.ca; (Skt. dāna = giving; Skt. saha = with)]

134.13 興 [chn.xīng][eng.traditional variant of 兴 (to rise; to prosper)][(Skt. udaya = rising; Skt. samṛddhi = prosperity)]

134.14 舉 [chn.jǔ][eng.traditional variant of 举 (to lift; to raise; to recommend)][(Skt. utkṣepa = lifting; Skt. sarva = all)]

134.15 舊 [chn.jiù][eng.traditional variant of 旧 (old; former)][(Skt. purāṇa = old; Skt. pūrva = former)]

134.16 舋 [chn.xìn][archaic variant of 衅 (rift; quarrel; to smear blood)][(Skt. vidroha = quarrel)]

134.17 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 134

134.18 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

134.19 134.1 臼 (jiù) [skt.ulūkhala] — The radical itself; represents a mortar. Appears in Buddhist similes of pounding and refining, often used to describe the purification of the mind through practice. The mortar and pestle image appears in texts describing the grinding away of defilements

134.20 134.3 臾 (yú) [skt.kṣaṇa] — Used for "moment." Appears in Buddhist compound 须臾 (kṣaṇa, a moment), often used in descriptions of the brevity of life and the importance of seizing the present moment for practice

134.21 134.5 舀 (yǎo) [skt.uddharaṇa] — Used for "to scoop" and "to ladle." Appears in descriptions of offering and serving

134.22 134.7 舂 (chōng) [skt.piṣ] — Used for "to pound" and "to pestle." Appears in Buddhist similes of pounding the mind to remove impurities, similar to the refinement of rice through pounding

134.23 134.11 舆 (yú) [skt.ratha] — Used for "carriage" and "to carry." Appears in Buddhist compound 舆论 (jana-vāda, public opinion), and in descriptions of royal processions

134.24 134.12 與 (yǔ) [skt.ca; dāna; saha] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 与; used for "and," "with," and "to give." Appears in Buddhist compound 给予 (dāna, to give), 参与 (saṃyoga, to participate), and 布施 (dāna, giving/generosity), one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā). The character is essential in discussions of generosity and the cultivation of the Bodhisattva’s giving nature

134.25 134.13 興 (xīng) [skt.udaya; samṛddhi] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 兴; used for "to rise" and "to prosper." Appears in Buddhist compound 兴盛 (samṛddhi, flourishing) and 兴起 (udbhava, arising). Often used to describe the flourishing of the Dharma and the arising of faith

134.26 134.14 舉 (jǔ) [skt.utkṣepa; sarva] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 举; used for "to lift," "to raise," and "to recommend." Appears in Buddhist compound 举行 (karman, to conduct/perform) and 举荐 (abhyarthanā, to recommend). Also appears in the name of the Udāna (舉經), the "Utterances" collection in the Pali Canon, which uses the character in the sense of "lifting up" the Dharma

134.27 134.15 舊 (jiù) [skt.purāṇa; pūrva] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 旧; used for "old" and "former." Appears in Buddhist compound 舊友 (purāṇa-mitra, old friend), 舊俗 (purāṇa-rīti, old customs), and in discussions of the old ways versus the new path. Often used in the context of abandoning old habits and defilements for the new life of the Dharma

135 舌

135.1 舌 [chn.shé][eng.tongue; (also shé, (surname))][skt.jihvā; (Skt. rasajñā = organ of taste)]

135.2 舍 [chn.shè][eng.to give up; to abandon; to dwell; (also shě, to give up)][(Skt. tyāga = abandonment; Skt. vihāra = dwelling)]

135.3 舎 [chn.shè][archaic variant of 舍 (to give up; to dwell)][(Skt. tyāga = abandonment)]

135.4 舏 [chn.jiǔ][archaic; (also jiǔ, to be a tongue); rare]

135.5 舐 [chn.shì][eng.to lick; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. leḍhi = to lick)]

135.6 舑 [chn.tān][archaic; (also tān, to be a tongue); rare]

135.7 舒 [chn.shū][eng.to stretch; to unfold; leisurely; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. prasāraṇa = stretching; Skt. śithila = leisurely)]

135.8 舓 [chn.shì][archaic variant of 舐 (to lick)][(Skt. leḍhi = to lick)]

135.9 舔 [chn.tiǎn][eng.to lick; (also tiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. leḍhi = to lick)]

135.10 舕 [chn.tàn][archaic; (also tàn, to be a tongue); rare]

135.11 舖 [chn.pù][archaic variant of 鋪 (to spread; shop)][(Skt. vistara = spreading)]

135.12 舗 [chn.pù][archaic variant of 鋪 (to spread; shop)][(Skt. vistara = spreading)]

135.13 舘 [chn.guǎn][archaic variant of 館 (hall; pavilion)][(Skt. sabhā = hall)]

135.14 舙 [chn.huà][archaic; (also huà, to be a tongue); rare]

135.15 舚 [chn.tiàn][archaic; (also tiàn, to be a tongue); rare]

135.16 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 135

135.17 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

135.18 135.1 舌 (shé) [skt.jihvā; rasajñā] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents the tongue. Appears in Buddhist compound 舌根 (jihvā-indriya, the tongue faculty), one of the six sense bases (āyatana). In Buddhist psychology, the tongue is the physical basis for gustatory consciousness (jihvā-vijñāna). Also appears in compound 舌端 (jihvā-agra, tip of the tongue) and in similes of the tongue as a source of wholesome and unwholesome speech

135.19 135.2 舍 (shè) [skt.tyāga; vihāra] — CRITICAL — Used for "to give up" and "to dwell." Appears in Buddhist compound 布施 (dāna, giving), 舍利 (śarīra, relic), and 舍宅 (gṛha, dwelling). The character is central to the concept of upekṣā (舍, equanimity), one of the Four Immeasurables (brahmavihāra). Also appears in the name of the famous Buddhist monastery 竹林精舍 (Veṇuvana-vihāra, Bamboo Grove Monastery)

135.20 135.5 舐 (shì) [skt.leḍhi] — Used for "to lick." Appears in Buddhist similes of licking, often in the context of craving and attachment

135.21 135.7 舒 (shū) [skt.prasāraṇa; śithila] — Used for "to stretch" and "leisurely." Appears in Buddhist compound 舒展 (prasāraṇa, to stretch out) and 舒适 (sukha, comfortable/pleasant)

135.22 135.9 舔 (tiǎn) [skt.leḍhi] — Used for "to lick." Appears in Buddhist similes of craving and attachment, often in the context of the tongue’s desire for taste

135.23 135.11/12 舖/鋪 (pù) [skt.vistara] — Used for "to spread" and "shop." Appears in descriptions of spreading and commerce

135.24 135.13 舘/館 (guǎn) [skt.sabhā] — Used for "hall" and "pavilion." Appears in descriptions of buildings and meeting places

136 舛

136.1 舛 [chn.chuǎn][eng.opposite; to oppose; to be contrary; erroneous][skt.viparyaya; (Skt. viruddha = contrary)]

136.2 舜 [chn.shùn][eng.legendary emperor Shun; (also shùn, (surname))][(Skt. rājan = king; Skt. dakṣa = skillful)]

136.3 舝 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a linchpin); rare]

136.4 舞 [chn.wǔ][eng.to dance; to wave; to flourish; (also wǔ, (surname))][skt.nṛtya; (Skt. nartana = dancing)]

136.5 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 136

136.6 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

136.7 136.1 舛 (chuǎn) [skt.viparyaya; viruddha] — The radical itself; represents "opposite" and "erroneous." Appears in Buddhist compound 舛错 (viparyaya, error/mistake) and 舛异 (bheda, difference). In Buddhist philosophy, viparyaya is often used to describe wrong views (mithyā-dṛṣṭi) and the inversion of truth that leads to suffering. The character appears in discussions of the Four Inversions (viparyāsa, 四倒) — mistaking the impermanent for permanent, the impure for pure, suffering for happiness, and the non-self for self

136.8 136.2 舜 (shùn) [skt.rājan; dakṣa] — A legendary emperor in Chinese mythology. Appears in Buddhist texts in historical and metaphorical contexts, often as an example of virtuous rulership and filial piety. The name is sometimes used in similes of wise governance and the skillful means (upāya-kauśalya) of a king

136.9 136.4 舞 (wǔ) [skt.nṛtya; nartana] — CRITICAL — Used for "to dance" and "to wave." Appears in Buddhist compound 舞蹈 (nṛtya, dance), often used in descriptions of divine beings and celestial dancers. In Buddhist ritual, dance can be a form of offering (pūjā) and a means of expressing devotion. Also appears in Vajrayāna contexts where ritual dance (cham) is used as a meditative practice and a means of enacting the Dharma

137 舟

137.1 舟 [chn.zhōu][eng.boat; (also zhōu, (surname))][skt.nāvā; (Skt. plava = boat)]

137.2 舠 [chn.dāo][eng.small boat; (also dāo, (surname))][(Skt. nau = boat)]

137.3 舡 [chn.gāng][archaic; (also gāng, to be a boat); rare]

137.4 舢 [chn.shān][eng.sampan; (also shān, (surname))]

137.5 舣 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to moor); rare]

137.6 舤 [chn.fán][archaic variant of 帆 (sail)][(Skt. paṭa = sail)]

137.7 舥 [chn.pā][archaic; (also pā, to be a boat); rare]

137.8 舦 [chn.tài][archaic; (also tài, to be a boat); rare]

137.9 舧 [chn.fán][archaic; (also fán, to be a boat); rare]

137.10 舨 [chn.bǎn][archaic; (also bǎn, to be a boat); rare]

137.11 舩 [chn.chuán][archaic variant of 船 (boat)][(Skt. nau = boat)]

137.12 航 [chn.háng][eng.to navigate; to sail; (also háng, (surname))][(Skt. yāna = navigation)]

137.13 舫 [chn.fǎng][archaic; (also fǎng, to be a boat); rare]

137.14 般 [chn.bān][eng.sort; kind; (also bō, to move)][(Skt. prakāra = kind)]

137.15 舭 [chn.bǐ][archaic; (also bǐ, to be a boat); rare]

137.16 舮 [chn.lú][archaic; (also lú, to be a boat); rare]

137.17 舯 [chn.zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be a boat); rare]

137.18 舰 [chn.jiàn][eng.warship; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. nāvā = warship)]

137.19 舱 [chn.cāng][eng.cabin; (also cāng, (surname))][(Skt. kuṭī = cabin)]

137.20 舲 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, to be a boat); rare]

137.21 舳 [chn.zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be a boat); rare]

137.22 舴 [chn.zé][archaic; (also zé, to be a boat); rare]

137.23 舵 [chn.duò][eng.rudder; (also duò, (surname))][(Skt. kūpāra = rudder)]

137.24 舶 [chn.bó][eng.ship; (also bó, (surname))][(Skt. vāha = ship)]

137.25 舷 [chn.xián][eng.side of a ship; (also xián, (surname))][(Skt. pārśva = side)]

137.26 舸 [chn.gě][archaic; (also gě, to be a boat); rare]

137.27 船 [chn.chuán][eng.boat; ship; (also chuán, (surname))][skt.nau; (Skt. yāna = vessel)]

137.28 舺 [chn.xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be a boat); rare]

137.29 舻 [chn.lú][eng.bow of a boat; (also lú, (surname))][(Skt. agrabhāga = bow)]

137.30 舼 [chn.qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be a boat); rare]

137.31 舽 [chn.páng][archaic; (also páng, to be a boat); rare]

137.32 舾 [chn.xī][archaic; (also xī, to be a boat); rare]

137.33 舿 [chn.kuāng][archaic; (also kuāng, to be a boat); rare]

137.34 艀 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be a boat); rare]

137.35 艁 [chn.zào][archaic; (also zào, to be a boat); rare]

137.36 艂 [chn.píng][archaic; (also píng, to be a boat); rare]

137.37 艃 [chn.lǐ][archaic; (also lǐ, to be a boat); rare]

137.38 艄 [chn.shāo][eng.stern of a boat; (also shāo, (surname))][(Skt. pṛṣṭhabhāga = stern)]

137.39 艅 [chn.yú][archaic; (also yú, to be a boat); rare]

137.40 艆 [chn.láng][archaic; (also láng, to be a boat); rare]

137.41 艇 [chn.tǐng][eng.small boat; (also tǐng, (surname))][(Skt. nau = boat)]

137.42 艈 [chn.yù][archaic; (also yù, to be a boat); rare]

137.43 艉 [chn.wěi][eng.stern; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. pṛṣṭhabhāga = stern)]

137.44 艊 [chn.bó][archaic; (also bó, to be a boat); rare]

137.45 艋 [chn.měng][archaic; (also měng, to be a boat); rare]

137.46 艌 [chn.niàn][archaic; (also niàn, to be a boat); rare]

137.47 艍 [chn.jū][archaic; (also jū, to be a boat); rare]

137.48 艎 [chn.huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be a boat); rare]

137.49 艏 [chn.shǒu][eng.bow of a boat; (also shǒu, (surname))][(Skt. agrabhāga = bow)]

137.50 艐 [chn.kè][archaic; (also kè, to be a boat); rare]

137.51 艑 [chn.biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be a boat); rare]

137.52 艒 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, to be a boat); rare]

137.53 艓 [chn.dié][archaic; (also dié, to be a boat); rare]

137.54 艔 [chn.dào][archaic; (also dào, to be a boat); rare]

137.55 艕 [chn.bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to be a boat); rare]

137.56 艖 [chn.chā][archaic; (also chā, to be a boat); rare]

137.57 艗 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be a boat); rare]

137.58 艘 [chn.sōu][eng.measure word for ships; (also sōu, (surname))][(Skt. gaṇanā = measure)]

137.59 艙 [chn.cāng][eng.traditional variant of 舱 (cabin)][(Skt. kuṭī = cabin)]

137.60 艚 [chn.cáo][archaic; (also cáo, to be a boat); rare]

137.61 艛 [chn.lóu][archaic; (also lóu, to be a boat); rare]

137.62 艜 [chn.dài][archaic; (also dài, to be a boat); rare]

137.63 艝 [chn.xuě][archaic; (also xuě, to be a boat); rare]

137.64 艞 [chn.yào][archaic; (also yào, to be a boat); rare]

137.65 艟 [chn.chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to be a boat); rare]

137.66 艠 [chn.dēng][archaic; (also dēng, to be a boat); rare]

137.67 艡 [chn.dāng][archaic; (also dāng, to be a boat); rare]

137.68 艢 [chn.qiáng][archaic variant of 樯 (mast)][(Skt. kūpa = mast)]

137.69 艣 [chn.lǔ][archaic variant of 橹 (oar; scull)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

137.70 艤 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, to moor); rare]

137.71 艥 [chn.jí][archaic variant of 楫 (oar)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

137.72 艦 [chn.jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 舰 (warship)][(Skt. nāvā = warship)]

137.73 艧 [chn.huò][archaic; (also huò, to be a boat); rare]

137.74 艨 [chn.méng][archaic; (also méng, to be a boat); rare]

137.75 艩 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, to be a boat); rare]

137.76 艪 [chn.lǔ][archaic variant of 艣 (oar)][(Skt. kṣepana = oar)]

137.77 艫 [chn.lú][archaic variant of 舻 (bow of a boat)][(Skt. agrabhāga = bow)]

137.78 艬 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be a boat); rare]

137.79 艭 [chn.shuāng][archaic; (also shuāng, to be a boat); rare]

137.80 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 137

137.81 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

137.82 137.1 舟 (zhōu) [skt.nāvā; plava] — The radical itself; represents a boat. Appears in Buddhist compound 舟航 (nāvā, boat/ship), used in the famous simile of the raft (kullūpama) in the Alagaddūpama Sutta (筏喻经): the Dharma is like a raft, to be abandoned once one has crossed the river of suffering. This is one of the most important similes in Buddhist literature

137.83 137.12 航 (háng) [skt.yāna] — Used for "to navigate" and "to sail." Appears in Buddhist compound 航海 (samudra-yāna, ocean voyage), often used in similes of the journey across the ocean of suffering (saṃsāra)

137.84 137.14 般 (bān) [skt.prakāra] — Used for "sort" and "kind." Appears in Buddhist compound 般若 (prajñā, wisdom), one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā). This is one of the most important terms in Mahāyāna Buddhism, and the character 般 is used in its transliteration

137.85 137.18 舰 (jiàn) [skt.nāvā] — Used for "warship." Appears in descriptions of naval forces

137.86 137.19 舱 (cāng) [skt.kuṭī] — Used for "cabin." Appears in descriptions of ships

137.87 137.23 舵 (duò) [skt.kūpāra] — Used for "rudder." Appears in Buddhist similes of the rudder of mindfulness that guides the ship of the path

137.88 137.24 舶 (bó) [skt.vāha] — Used for "ship." Appears in descriptions of large vessels

137.89 137.27 船 (chuán) [skt.nau; yāna] — CRITICAL — Used for "boat" and "ship." Appears in Buddhist compound 船师 (nāvika, boatman), used in similes of the Buddha as the boatman who ferries beings across the ocean of suffering. Also appears in 法船 (dharma-yāna, Dharma vessel), a common metaphor for the teachings that carry beings to liberation

137.90 137.41 艇 (tǐng) [skt.nau] — Used for "small boat." Appears in descriptions of small vessels

137.91 137.58 艘 (sōu) [skt.gaṇanā] — Used as a measure word for ships. Appears in descriptions of fleets

137.92 137.59 艙 (cāng) [skt.kuṭī] — Traditional variant of 舱; used for "cabin"

137.93 137.72 艦 (jiàn) [skt.nāvā] — Traditional variant of 舰; used for "warship"

138 艮

138.1 艮 [chn.gèn][eng.to stop; to be firm; to be hard; the trigram Gen (mountain/stopping); (also gěn, (surname))][skt.nirodha; (Skt. sthiti = stopping)]

138.2 良 [chn.liáng][eng.good; virtuous; fine; (also liáng, (surname))][skt.guṇa; (Skt. sādhu = good)]

138.3 艰 [chn.jiān][eng.difficult; hard; arduous; (also jiān, (surname))][skt.duṣkara; (Skt. kṛcchra = hardship)]

138.4 艱 [chn.jiān][eng.traditional variant of 艰 (difficult; hard)][skt.duṣkara; (Skt. kṛcchra = hardship)]

138.5 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 138

138.6 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

138.7 138.1 艮 (gèn) [skt.nirodha; sthiti] — The radical itself; represents "stopping" and "firmness." In the I Ching (Book of Changes), 艮 is one of the eight trigrams, representing the mountain and the principle of stopping or stillness. In Buddhist contexts, this concept of stopping is related to śamatha (止, calm abiding) and the cessation of mental activity. The character also appears in compound 艮止 (nirodha, cessation/stoppage), related to the principle of stopping the flow of defilements

138.8 138.2 良 (liáng) [skt.guṇa; sādhu] — CRITICAL — Used for "good" and "virtuous." Appears in Buddhist compound 良心 (kuśala-citta, good/conscientious mind), 良善 (kuśala, good/wholesome), and 良缘 (kuśala-hetu, auspicious condition). Also appears in the name of the famous translator 良价 (Liáng Jiè), a Zen master of the Caodong school. The character is closely related to the concept of kuśala (wholesome/good) in Buddhist ethics

138.9 138.3 艰 (jiān) [skt.duṣkara; kṛcchra] — Used for "difficult" and "arduous." Appears in Buddhist compound 艰难 (duṣkara, difficulty) and 艰辛 (kṛcchra, hardship). The concept of difficulty appears frequently in Buddhist texts, particularly in the context of the difficulty of attaining enlightenment (duṣkara-buddha) and the arduous nature of the Bodhisattva path (duṣkara-caryā). Also appears in discussions of the difficulty of meeting the Dharma and the preciousness of human birth

138.10 138.4 艱 (jiān) [skt.duṣkara; kṛcchra] — Traditional variant of 艰; used for "difficult" and "arduous." Appears in Buddhist compound 艱難 (duṣkara, difficulty) and 艱苦 (kṛcchra, hardship), often in descriptions of the difficulties of spiritual practice

139 色

139.1 色 [chn.sè][eng.color; form; beauty; (also shǎi, color)][skt.rūpa; (Skt. varṇa = color)]

139.2 艳 [chn.yàn][eng.beautiful; gorgeous; (also yàn, (surname))][(Skt. sundara = beautiful; Skt. śubha = gorgeous)]

139.3 艴 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be angry); rare]

139.4 艵 [chn.pīng][archaic; (also pīng, to be beautiful); rare]

139.5 艶 [chn.yàn][eng.Japanese variant of 艷 (beautiful; gorgeous)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

139.6 艷 [chn.yàn][eng.traditional variant of 艳 (beautiful; gorgeous)][(Skt. sundara = beautiful)]

139.7 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 139

139.8 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

139.9 139.1 色 (sè) [skt.rūpa; varṇa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents "color" and "form." Appears in Buddhist compound 色界 (rūpa-dhātu, the realm of form), 色蕴 (rūpa-skandha, the aggregate of form), and 色身 (rūpa-kāya, the physical body). In Buddhist philosophy, rūpa is the first of the Five Aggregates (pañca-skandha) and encompasses all physical matter, form, and color. Also appears in the Heart Sūtra in the famous phrase rūpaṃ śūnyatā (色即是空, form is emptiness). The character also appears in compound 色欲 (kāma, sensual desire), where color/beauty is associated with the objects of attachment

139.10 139.2 艳 (yàn) [skt.sundara; śubha] — Used for "beautiful" and "gorgeous." Appears in descriptions of beauty and attractiveness. In Buddhist contexts, excessive attachment to beauty (rūpa-rāga) is considered one of the defilements to be overcome

139.11 139.3 艴 (fú) — Rare; used for "angry" and "to be angry." Appears in classical Chinese texts describing anger

139.12 139.6 艷 (yàn) [skt.sundara] — Traditional variant of 艳; used for "beautiful" and "gorgeous." Appears in descriptions of beauty and attractiveness, often in literary contexts. In Buddhist ethics, the contemplation of the body’s impermanence (aśubha-bhāvanā) is often taught as an antidote to attachment to physical beauty

140 艸

140.1 艸 [chn.cǎo][eng.grass; herb; (also cǎo, (surname))][skt.tṛṇa; (Skt. ghāsa = grass)]

140.2 艹 [chn.cǎo][eng.grass; (used as top radical)][skt.tṛṇa; (Skt. ghāsa = grass)]

140.3 艺 [chn.yì][eng.art; skill; (also yì, (surname))][skt.kalā; (Skt. śilpa = skill)]

140.4 艻 [chn.lè][archaic; (also lè, to be grass); rare]

140.5 艼 [chn.dīng][archaic; (also dīng, to be grass); rare]

140.6 艽 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be grass); rare]

140.7 艾 [chn.ài][eng.mugwort; to end; (also yì, to cut)][(Skt. ambara = mugwort)]

140.8 艿 [chn.nǎi][archaic; (also nǎi, to be grass); rare]

140.9 芀 [chn.tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.10 芁 [chn.qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be grass); rare]

140.11 节 [chn.jié][eng.festival; joint; section; (also jié, (surname))][skt.parva; (Skt. sandhi = joint)]

140.12 芃 [chn.péng][archaic; (also péng, to be grass); rare]

140.13 芄 [chn.wán][archaic; (also wán, to be grass); rare]

140.14 芅 [chn.yì][archaic; (also yì, to be grass); rare]

140.15 芆 [chn.chāi][archaic; (also chāi, to be grass); rare]

140.16 芇 [chn.mián][archaic; (also mián, to be grass); rare]

140.17 芈 [chn.mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.18 芉 [chn.gān][archaic; (also gān, to be grass); rare]

140.19 芊 [chn.qiān][eng.lush; (also qiān, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = lush)]

140.20 芋 [chn.yù][eng.taro; (also yù, (surname))][(Skt. aluka = taro)]

140.21 芌 [chn.yù][archaic variant of 芋 (taro)][(Skt. aluka = taro)]

140.22 芍 [chn.sháo][eng.peony; (also sháo, (surname))][(Skt. pāṭalā = peony)]

140.23 芎 [chn.xiōng][archaic; (also xiōng, (surname)); rare]

140.24 芏 [chn.dù][archaic; (also dù, to be grass); rare]

140.25 芐 [chn.hù][archaic; (also hù, to be grass); rare]

140.26 芑 [chn.qǐ][archaic; (also qǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.27 芒 [chn.máng][eng.awn; (also máng, (surname))][(Skt. śūka = awn)]

140.28 芓 [chn.zì][archaic; (also zì, to be grass); rare]

140.29 芔 [chn.huì][archaic; (also huì, to be grass); rare]

140.30 芕 [chn.suī][archaic; (also suī, to be grass); rare]

140.31 芖 [chn.zhì][archaic; (also zhì, to be grass); rare]

140.32 芗 [chn.xiāng][eng.fragrance; (also xiāng, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

140.33 芘 [chn.pí][archaic; (also pí, to be grass); rare]

140.34 芙 [chn.fú][eng.lotus; (also fú, (surname))][(Skt. padma = lotus)]

140.35 芚 [chn.tún][archaic; (also tún, to be grass); rare]

140.36 芛 [chn.wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be grass); rare]

140.37 芜 [chn.wú][eng.overgrown; (also wú, (surname))][(Skt. vṛkṣa = overgrown)]

140.38 芝 [chn.zhī][eng.lingzhi; (also zhī, (surname))][(Skt. aśvattha = medicinal herb)]

140.39 芞 [chn.qì][archaic; (also qì, to be grass); rare]

140.40 芟 [chn.shān][eng.to mow; to cut; (also shān, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣi = mowing)]

140.41 芠 [chn.wén][archaic; (also wén, to be grass); rare]

140.42 芡 [chn.qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, (surname)); rare]

140.43 芢 [chn.rén][archaic; (also rén, to be grass); rare]

140.44 芣 [chn.fú][archaic; (also fú, to be grass); rare]

140.45 芤 [chn.kōu][archaic; (also kōu, to be grass); rare]

140.46 芥 [chn.jiè][eng.mustard; (also jiè, (surname))][(Skt. sarsapa = mustard)]

140.47 芦 [chn.lú][eng.reed; (also lú, (surname))][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.48 芧 [chn.xù][archaic; (also xù, to be grass); rare]

140.49 芨 [chn.jī][archaic; (also jī, to be grass); rare]

140.50 芩 [chn.qín][archaic; (also qín, (surname)); rare]

140.51 芪 [chn.qí][archaic; (also qí, (surname)); rare]

140.52 芫 [chn.yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be grass); rare]

140.53 芬 [chn.fēn][eng.fragrant; (also fēn, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

140.54 芭 [chn.bā][eng.banana; (also bā, (surname))][(Skt. kadalī = banana)]

140.55 芮 [chn.ruì][archaic; (also ruì, (surname)); rare]

140.56 芯 [chn.xīn][eng.core; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. mūla = core)]

140.57 芰 [chn.jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.58 花 [chn.huā][eng.flower; (also huā, (surname))][skt.puṣpa; (Skt. kusuma = flower)]

140.59 芲 [chn.huā][archaic variant of 花 (flower)][skt.puṣpa; (Skt. kusuma = flower)]

140.60 芳 [chn.fāng][eng.fragrant; (also fāng, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

140.61 芴 [chn.wù][archaic; (also wù, to be grass); rare]

140.62 芵 [chn.jué][archaic; (also jué, to be grass); rare]

140.63 芶 [chn.gǒu][archaic variant of 苟 (careless; if)]

140.64 芷 [chn.zhǐ][eng.angelica; (also zhǐ, (surname))][(Skt. aṅgāraka = herb)]

140.65 芸 [chn.yún][eng.rue; (also yún, (surname))][(Skt. ruta = rue)]

140.66 芹 [chn.qín][eng.celery; (also qín, (surname))][(Skt. ajamodā = celery)]

140.67 芺 [chn.ǎo][archaic; (also ǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.68 芻 [chn.chú][archaic variant of 刍 (hay; fodder)][(Skt. tṛṇa = hay)]

140.69 芼 [chn.mào][archaic; (also mào, to be grass); rare]

140.70 芽 [chn.yá][eng.sprout; (also yá, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = sprout)]

140.71 芾 [chn.fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be grass); rare]

140.72 芿 [chn.rèng][archaic; (also rèng, to be grass); rare]

140.73 苀 [chn.háng][archaic; (also háng, to be grass); rare]

140.74 苁 [chn.cōng][archaic; (also cōng, (surname)); rare]

140.75 苂 [chn.chán][archaic; (also chán, to be grass); rare]

140.76 苃 [chn.yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, to be grass); rare]

140.77 苄 [chn.biàn][archaic; (also biàn, to be grass); rare]

140.78 苅 [chn.yì][archaic variant of 刈 (to mow)][(Skt. kṛṣi = mowing)]

140.79 苆 [chn.qiē][archaic; (also qiē, to be grass); rare]

140.80 苇 [chn.wěi][eng.reed; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.81 苈 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, (surname)); rare]

140.82 苉 [chn.pǐ][archaic; (also pǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.83 苊 [chn.è][archaic; (also è, to be grass); rare]

140.84 苋 [chn.xiàn][archaic; (also xiàn, (surname)); rare]

140.85 苌 [chn.cháng][archaic; (also cháng, (surname)); rare]

140.86 苍 [chn.cāng][eng.dark blue; (also cāng, (surname))][(Skt. nīla = dark blue)]

140.87 苎 [chn.zhù][eng.ramie; (also zhù, (surname))][(Skt. rāma = ramie)]

140.88 苏 [chn.sū][eng.to revive; (also sū, (surname))][(Skt. punarjīvita = revival)]

140.89 苐 [chn.dì][archaic; (also dì, to be grass); rare]

140.90 苑 [chn.yuàn][eng.garden; (also yuàn, (surname))][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

140.91 苒 [chn.rǎn][archaic; (also rǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.92 苓 [chn.líng][archaic; (also líng, (surname)); rare]

140.93 苔 [chn.tái][eng.moss; (also tái, (surname))][(Skt. śaivala = moss)]

140.94 苕 [chn.tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, (surname)); rare]

140.95 苖 [chn.dí][archaic; (also dí, to be grass); rare]

140.96 苗 [chn.miáo][eng.sprout; (also miáo, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = sprout)]

140.97 苘 [chn.qǐng][archaic; (also qǐng, (surname)); rare]

140.98 苙 [chn.lì][archaic; (also lì, to be grass); rare]

140.99 苚 [chn.yòng][archaic; (also yòng, to be grass); rare]

140.100 苛 [chn.kē][eng.strict; severe; (also kē, (surname))][(Skt. ugra = strict)]

140.101 苜 [chn.mù][archaic; (also mù, (surname)); rare]

140.102 苝 [chn.bèi][archaic; (also bèi, to be grass); rare]

140.103 苞 [chn.bāo][eng.bud; (also bāo, (surname))][(Skt. kora = bud)]

140.104 苟 [chn.gǒu][eng.careless; if; (also gǒu, (surname))][(Skt. yadi = if)]

140.105 苠 [chn.mín][archaic; (also mín, to be grass); rare]

140.106 苡 [chn.yǐ][archaic; (also yǐ, (surname)); rare]

140.107 苢 [chn.yǐ][archaic variant of 苡 (archaic)]

140.108 苣 [chn.jù][archaic; (also jù, (surname)); rare]

140.109 苤 [chn.piě][archaic; (also piě, to be grass); rare]

140.110 若 [chn.ruò][eng.if; as; like; (also ruò, (surname))][skt.iva; (Skt. yathā = like)]

140.111 苦 [chn.kǔ][eng.bitter; (also kǔ, (surname))][skt.duḥkha; (Skt. kaṭuka = bitter)]

140.112 苧 [chn.zhù][archaic variant of 苎 (ramie)][(Skt. rāma = ramie)]

140.113 苨 [chn.nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.114 苩 [chn.pā][archaic; (also pā, to be grass); rare]

140.115 苪 [chn.bǐng][archaic; (also bǐng, to be grass); rare]

140.116 苫 [chn.shān][eng.straw mat; (also shàn, to cover)][(Skt. tṛṇāstaraṇa = straw mat)]

140.117 苬 [chn.xiú][archaic; (also xiú, to be grass); rare]

140.118 苭 [chn.yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.119 苮 [chn.xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be grass); rare]

140.120 苯 [chn.běn][eng.benzene; (also běn, (surname))]

140.121 苰 [chn.hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be grass); rare]

140.122 英 [chn.yīng][eng.hero; flower; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. vīra = hero; Skt. puṣpa = flower)]

140.123 苲 [zhǎ][archaic; (also zhǎ, to be grass); rare]

140.124 苳 [dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be grass); rare]

140.125 苴 [jū][archaic; (also jū, to be grass); rare]

140.126 苵 [dié][archaic; (also dié, to be grass); rare]

140.127 苶 [nié][archaic; (also nié, to be grass); rare]

140.128 苷 [gān][eng.glycoside; (also gān, (surname))]

140.129 苸 [hū][archaic; (also hū, to be grass); rare]

140.130 苹 [píng][eng.duckweed; (also píng, (surname))][(Skt. śaivala = duckweed)]

140.131 苺 [méi][archaic variant of 莓 (berry)]

140.132 苻 [fú][archaic; (also fú, (surname)); rare]

140.133 苼 [shēng][archaic; (also shēng, to be grass); rare]

140.134 苽 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be grass); rare]

140.135 苾 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be grass); rare]

140.136 苿 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be grass); rare]

140.137 茀 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be grass); rare]

140.138 茁 [zhuó][eng.to sprout; (also zhuó, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = sprouting)]

140.139 茂 [mào][eng.luxuriant; (also mào, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = luxuriant)]

140.140 范 [fàn][eng.model; (also fàn, (surname))][(Skt. māna = model)]

140.141 茄 [qié][eng.eggplant; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. vṛntāka = eggplant)]

140.142 茅 [máo][eng.cogon grass; (also máo, (surname))][(Skt. kuśa = grass)]

140.143 茆 [máo][archaic; (also máo, to be grass); rare]

140.144 茇 [bá][archaic; (also bá, to be grass); rare]

140.145 茈 [zǐ][archaic; (also zǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.146 茉 [mò][eng.jasmine; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. mālatī = jasmine)]

140.147 茊 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be grass); rare]

140.148 茋 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.149 茌 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be grass); rare]

140.150 茍 [jì][archaic variant of 苟 (careless; if)]

140.151 茎 [jīng][eng.stem; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stem)]

140.152 茏 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, (surname)); rare]

140.153 茐 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be grass); rare]

140.154 茑 [niǎo][eng.dodder; (also niǎo, (surname))][(Skt. akṣa = dodder)]

140.155 茒 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be grass); rare]

140.156 茓 [xué][archaic; (also xué, to be grass); rare]

140.157 茔 [yíng][eng.grave; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = grave)]

140.158 茕 [qióng][eng.alone; (also qióng, (surname))][(Skt. eka = alone)]

140.159 茖 [gé][archaic; (also gé, to be grass); rare]

140.160 茗 [míng][eng.tea; (also míng, (surname))][(Skt. cā = tea)]

140.161 茘 [lì][archaic variant of 荔 (lychee)]

140.162 茙 [róng][archaic; (also róng, to be grass); rare]

140.163 茚 [yìn][archaic; (also yìn, (surname)); rare]

140.164 茛 [gèn][archaic; (also gèn, to be grass); rare]

140.165 茜 [qiàn][eng.madder; (also xī, (surname))][(Skt. mañjiṣṭhā = madder)]

140.166 茝 [chǎi][archaic; (also chǎi, to be grass); rare]

140.167 茞 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be grass); rare]

140.168 茟 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be grass); rare]

140.169 茠 [hāo][archaic; (also hāo, to be grass); rare]

140.170 茡 [zì][archaic; (also zì, to be grass); rare]

140.171 茢 [liè][archaic; (also liè, to be grass); rare]

140.172 茣 [wú][archaic; (also wú, to be grass); rare]

140.173 茤 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.174 茥 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be grass); rare]

140.175 茦 [cì][archaic; (also cì, to be grass); rare]

140.176 茧 [jiǎn][eng.cocoon; (also jiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = cocoon)]

140.177 茨 [cí][eng.thatch; (also cí, (surname))][(Skt. tṛṇa = thatch)]

140.178 茩 [hòu][archaic; (also hòu, to be grass); rare]

140.179 茪 [guāng][archaic; (also guāng, to be grass); rare]

140.180 茫 [máng][eng.vast; (also máng, (surname))][(Skt. vipula = vast)]

140.181 茬 [chá][eng.stubble; (also chá, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stubble)]

140.182 茭 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be grass); rare]

140.183 茮 [jiāo][archaic; (also jiāo, to be grass); rare]

140.184 茯 [fú][archaic; (also fú, (surname)); rare]

140.185 茰 [yú][archaic variant of 萸 (cornel)]

140.186 茱 [zhū][eng.cornel; (also zhū, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣṇā = cornel)]

140.187 茲 [zī][eng.traditional variant of 兹 (now; this)][(Skt. idam = this)]

140.188 茳 [jiāng][archaic; (also jiāng, to be grass); rare]

140.189 茴 [huí][eng.fennel; (also huí, (surname))][(Skt. śatapuṣpā = fennel)]

140.190 茵 [yīn][eng.mat; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. āsana = mat)]

140.191 茶 [chá][eng.tea; (also chá, (surname))][(Skt. cā = tea)]

140.192 茷 [fá][archaic; (also fá, to be grass); rare]

140.193 茸 [róng][eng.bamboo shoots; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = shoot)]

140.194 茹 [rú][eng.to eat; (also rú, (surname))][(Skt. bhakṣaṇa = eating)]

140.195 茺 [chōng][archaic; (also chōng, to be grass); rare]

140.196 茻 [mǎng][archaic; (also mǎng, to be grass); rare]

140.197 茼 [tóng][archaic; (also tóng, to be grass); rare]

140.198 茽 [zhòng][archaic; (also zhòng, to be grass); rare]

140.199 茾 [qiān][archaic; (also qiān, to be grass); rare]

140.200 茿 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be grass); rare]

140.201 荀 [xún][archaic; (also xún, (surname)); rare]

140.202 荁 [huán][archaic; (also huán, to be grass); rare]

140.203 荂 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be grass); rare]

140.204 荃 [quán][archaic; (also quán, (surname)); rare]

140.205 荄 [gāi][archaic; (also gāi, to be grass); rare]

140.206 荅 [dá][archaic variant of 答 (to answer)][(Skt. prati = answer)]

140.207 荆 [jīng][eng.thorns; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. kaṇṭaka = thorns)]

140.208 荇 [xìng][archaic; (also xìng, (surname)); rare]

140.209 荈 [chuǎn][archaic; (also chuǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.210 草 [cǎo][eng.grass; (also cǎo, (surname))][skt.tṛṇa; (Skt. ghāsa = grass)]

140.211 荊 [jīng][eng.traditional variant of 荆 (thorns)][(Skt. kaṇṭaka = thorns)]

140.212 荋 [ér][archaic; (also ér, to be grass); rare]

140.213 荌 [àn][archaic; (also àn, to be grass); rare]

140.214 荍 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.215 荎 [chí][archaic; (also chí, to be grass); rare]

140.216 荏 [rěn][archaic; (also rěn, (surname)); rare]

140.217 荐 [jiàn][eng.to recommend; (also jiàn, (surname))][(Skt. abhyarthanā = recommendation)]

140.218 荑 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be grass); rare]

140.219 荒 [huāng][eng.wasteland; (also huāng, (surname))][(Skt. araṇya = wasteland)]

140.220 荓 [píng][archaic; (also píng, to be grass); rare]

140.221 荔 [lì][eng.lychee; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. līcikā = lychee)]

140.222 荕 [jīn][archaic; (also jīn, to be grass); rare]

140.223 荖 [lǎo][archaic; (also lǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.224 荗 [shù][archaic; (also shù, to be grass); rare]

140.225 荘 [zhuāng][eng.Japanese variant of 莊 (village)]

140.226 荙 [dá][archaic; (also dá, to be grass); rare]

140.227 荚 [jiá][eng.pod; (also jiá, (surname))][(Skt. kośa = pod)]

140.228 荛 [ráo][archaic; (also ráo, (surname)); rare]

140.229 荜 [bì][archaic; (also bì, (surname)); rare]

140.230 荝 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be grass); rare]

140.231 荞 [qiáo][eng.buckwheat; (also qiáo, (surname))][(Skt. kuṭaja = buckwheat)]

140.232 荟 [huì][eng.to gather; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

140.233 荠 [jì][eng.shepherd’s purse; (also qí, (surname))][(Skt. śākā = vegetable)]

140.234 荡 [dàng][eng.to swing; (also dàng, (surname))][(Skt. calana = swinging)]

140.235 荢 [yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.236 荣 [róng][eng.glory; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. yaśas = glory)]

140.237 荤 [hūn][eng.meat dish; (also hūn, (surname))][(Skt. māṃsa = meat dish)]

140.238 荥 [xíng][archaic; (also xíng, (surname)); rare]

140.239 荦 [luò][archaic; (also luò, (surname)); rare]

140.240 荧 [yíng][eng.glow; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = glow)]

140.241 荨 [qián][eng.nettle; (also xún, (surname))][(Skt. kuśa = nettle)]

140.242 荩 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, (surname)); rare]

140.243 荪 [sūn][archaic; (also sūn, (surname)); rare]

140.244 荫 [yìn][eng.shade; (also yīn, (surname))][(Skt. chāyā = shade)]

140.245 荬 [mǎi][archaic; (also mǎi, (surname)); rare]

140.246 荭 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, (surname)); rare]

140.247 荮 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, (surname)); rare]

140.248 药 [yào][eng.medicine; (also yào, (surname))][skt.bhaiṣajya; (Skt. auṣadha = medicine)]

140.249 荰 [dù][archaic; (also dù, to be grass); rare]

140.250 荱 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be grass); rare]

140.251 荲 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be grass); rare]

140.252 荳 [dòu][archaic variant of 豆 (bean)][(Skt. māṣa = bean)]

140.253 荴 [fū][archaic; (also fū, to be grass); rare]

140.254 荵 [rěn][archaic; (also rěn, to be grass); rare]

140.255 荶 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be grass); rare]

140.256 荷 [hé][eng.lotus; (also hè, to carry)][skt.padma; (Skt. kamala = lotus)]

140.257 荸 [bí][eng.water chestnut; (also bí, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water chestnut)]

140.258 荹 [bù][archaic; (also bù, to be grass); rare]

140.259 荺 [yǔn][archaic; (also yǔn, to be grass); rare]

140.260 荻 [dí][eng.reed; (also dí, (surname))][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.261 荼 [tú][eng.bitter herb; (also tú, (surname))][(Skt. kaṭuka = bitter)]

140.262 荽 [suī][eng.coriander; (also suī, (surname))][(Skt. dhanyāka = coriander)]

140.263 荾 [suī][archaic; (also suī, to be grass); rare]

140.264 荿 [chéng][archaic; (also chéng, to be grass); rare]

140.265 莀 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be grass); rare]

140.266 莁 [wú][archaic; (also wú, to be grass); rare]

140.267 莂 [bié][archaic; (also bié, to be grass); rare]

140.268 莃 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be grass); rare]

140.269 莄 [gěng][archaic; (also gěng, to be grass); rare]

140.270 莅 [lì][eng.to attend; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. upasthāna = attending)]

140.271 莆 [pú][archaic; (also pú, (surname)); rare]

140.272 莇 [zhù][archaic; (also zhù, to be grass); rare]

140.273 莈 [mò][archaic; (also mò, to be grass); rare]

140.274 莉 [lì][eng.jasmine; (also lì, (surname))][(Skt. mālatī = jasmine)]

140.275 莊 [zhuāng][eng.traditional variant of 庄 (village)][(Skt. grāma = village)]

140.276 莋 [zuó][archaic; (also zuó, to be grass); rare]

140.277 莌 [tuō][archaic; (also tuō, to be grass); rare]

140.278 莍 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be grass); rare]

140.279 莎 [suō][eng.sedge; (also shā, (surname))][(Skt. kuśa = sedge)]

140.280 莏 [suō][archaic variant of 莎 (sedge)][(Skt. kuśa = sedge)]

140.281 莐 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be grass); rare]

140.282 莑 [péng][archaic; (also péng, to be grass); rare]

140.283 莒 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, (surname)); rare]

140.284 莓 [méi][eng.berry; (also méi, (surname))][(Skt. phala = berry)]

140.285 莔 [méng][archaic; (also méng, to be grass); rare]

140.286 莕 [xìng][archaic variant of 荇 (archaic)]

140.287 莖 [jīng][eng.traditional variant of 茎 (stem)][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stem)]

140.288 莗 [chē][archaic; (also chē, to be grass); rare]

140.289 莘 [shēn][archaic; (also xīn, (surname)); rare]

140.290 莙 [jūn][archaic; (also jūn, to be grass); rare]

140.291 莚 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be grass); rare]

140.292 莛 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, (surname)); rare]

140.293 莜 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, (surname)); rare]

140.294 莝 [cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to be grass); rare]

140.295 莞 [guǎn][archaic; (also guān, (surname)); rare]

140.296 莟 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be grass); rare]

140.297 莠 [yǒu][archaic; (also yǒu, (surname)); rare]

140.298 莡 [cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to be grass); rare]

140.299 莢 [jiá][eng.traditional variant of 荚 (pod)][(Skt. kośa = pod)]

140.300 莣 [wáng][archaic; (also wáng, to be grass); rare]

140.301 莤 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be grass); rare]

140.302 莥 [niǔ][archaic; (also niǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.303 莦 [shāo][archaic; (also shāo, to be grass); rare]

140.304 莧 [xiàn][eng.traditional variant of 苋 (archaic)]

140.305 莨 [làng][archaic; (also làng, (surname)); rare]

140.306 莩 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be grass); rare]

140.307 莪 [é][archaic; (also é, (surname)); rare]

140.308 莫 [mò][eng.do not; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. mā = do not)]

140.309 莬 [wèn][archaic; (also wèn, to be grass); rare]

140.310 莭 [jié][archaic variant of 节 (festival)][(Skt. parva = festival)]

140.311 莮 [nán][archaic; (also nán, to be grass); rare]

140.312 莯 [mù][archaic; (also mù, to be grass); rare]

140.313 莰 [kǎn][archaic; (also kǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.314 莱 [lái][archaic; (also lái, (surname)); rare]

140.315 莲 [lián][eng.lotus; (also lián, (surname))][skt.padma; (Skt. kamala = lotus)]

140.316 莳 [shí][eng.to plant; (also shì, (surname))][(Skt. ropaṇa = planting)]

140.317 莴 [wō][eng.lettuce; (also wō, (surname))][(Skt. kākola = lettuce)]

140.318 莵 [tù][archaic; (also tù, to be grass); rare]

140.319 莶 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, (surname)); rare]

140.320 获 [huò][eng.to obtain; (also huò, (surname))][(Skt. prāpti = obtaining)]

140.321 莸 [yóu][archaic; (also yóu, (surname)); rare]

140.322 莹 [yíng][eng.lustrous; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. prabhā = lustrous)]

140.323 莺 [yīng][eng.oriole; (also yīng, (surname))][(Skt. kokila = oriole)]

140.324 莻 [nǔ][archaic; (also nǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.325 莼 [chún][eng.water shield; (also chún, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water shield)]

140.326 莽 [mǎng][eng.grassland; (also mǎng, (surname))][(Skt. vṛkṣa = grassland)]

140.327 莾 [mǎng][archaic variant of 莽 (grassland)][(Skt. vṛkṣa = grassland)]

140.328 莿 [cì][archaic variant of 刺 (thorn)][(Skt. kaṇṭaka = thorn)]

140.329 菀 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, (surname)); rare]

140.330 菁 [jīng][eng.lush; (also jīng, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = lush)]

140.331 菂 [dì][archaic; (also dì, to be grass); rare]

140.332 菃 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be grass); rare]

140.333 菄 [dōng][archaic; (also dōng, to be grass); rare]

140.334 菅 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, (surname)); rare]

140.335 菆 [zōu][archaic; (also zōu, to be grass); rare]

140.336 菇 [gū][eng.mushroom; (also gū, (surname))][(Skt. chatra = mushroom)]

140.337 菈 [lā][archaic; (also lā, to be grass); rare]

140.338 菉 [lù][archaic; (also lù, (surname)); rare]

140.339 菊 [jú][eng.chrysanthemum; (also jú, (surname))][(Skt. kusuma = chrysanthemum)]

140.340 菋 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be grass); rare]

140.341 菌 [jūn][eng.fungus; (also jùn, (surname))][(Skt. chatra = fungus)]

140.342 菍 [niè][archaic; (also niè, to be grass); rare]

140.343 菎 [kūn][archaic; (also kūn, to be grass); rare]

140.344 菏 [hé][archaic; (also hé, (surname)); rare]

140.345 菐 [pú][archaic; (also pú, to be grass); rare]

140.346 菑 [zāi][archaic; (also zāi, to be grass); rare]

140.347 菒 [gǎo][archaic; (also gǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.348 菓 [guǒ][archaic variant of 果 (fruit)][(Skt. phala = fruit)]

140.349 菔 [fú][archaic; (also fú, (surname)); rare]

140.350 菕 [lún][archaic; (also lún, to be grass); rare]

140.351 菖 [chāng][archaic; (also chāng, (surname)); rare]

140.352 菗 [chóu][archaic; (also chóu, to be grass); rare]

140.353 菘 [sōng][archaic; (also sōng, (surname)); rare]

140.354 菙 [chuí][archaic; (also chuí, to be grass); rare]

140.355 菚 [zhàn][archaic; (also zhàn, to be grass); rare]

140.356 菛 [mén][archaic; (also mén, to be grass); rare]

140.357 菜 [cài][eng.vegetable; (also cài, (surname))][(Skt. śākā = vegetable)]

140.358 菝 [bá][archaic; (also bá, to be grass); rare]

140.359 菞 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be grass); rare]

140.360 菟 [tù][archaic; (also tù, (surname)); rare]

140.361 菠 [bō][archaic; (also bō, (surname)); rare]

140.362 菡 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be grass); rare]

140.363 菢 [bào][archaic; (also bào, to be grass); rare]

140.364 菣 [qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to be grass); rare]

140.365 菤 [juǎn][archaic; (also juǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.366 菥 [xī][archaic; (also xī, (surname)); rare]

140.367 菦 [jìn][archaic; (also jìn, to be grass); rare]

140.368 菧 [dǐ][archaic; (also dǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.369 菨 [jiē][archaic; (also jiē, to be grass); rare]

140.370 菩 [pú][eng.bodhi; (also pú, (surname))][skt.bodhi; (Skt. buddha = enlightenment)]

140.371 菪 [dàng][archaic; (also dàng, to be grass); rare]

140.372 菫 [jǐn][archaic variant of 堇 (violet)]

140.373 菬 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.374 菭 [tái][archaic variant of 苔 (moss)][(Skt. śaivala = moss)]

140.375 菮 [gēng][archaic; (also gēng, to be grass); rare]

140.376 華 [huá][eng.traditional variant of 华 (splendid; China)][(Skt. prabhā = splendor; Skt. cīna = China)]

140.377 菰 [gū][archaic; (also gū, to be grass); rare]

140.378 菱 [líng][eng.water chestnut; (also líng, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water chestnut)]

140.379 菲 [fēi][eng.aromatic; (also fěi, poor)][(Skt. gandha = fragrant)]

140.380 菳 [qín][archaic; (also qín, to be grass); rare]

140.381 菴 [ān][archaic variant of 庵 (hermitage)][(Skt. ārāma = hermitage)]

140.382 菵 [wǎng][archaic; (also wǎng, to be grass); rare]

140.383 菶 [běng][archaic; (also běng, to be grass); rare]

140.384 菷 [zhǒu][archaic; (also zhǒu, to be grass); rare]

140.385 菸 [yū][archaic; (also yū, to be grass); rare]

140.386 菹 [zū][archaic; (also zū, to be grass); rare]

140.387 菺 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be grass); rare]

140.388 菻 [lǐn][archaic; (also lǐn, to be grass); rare]

140.389 菼 [tǎn][archaic; (also tǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.390 菽 [shū][eng.beans; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. māṣa = beans)]

140.391 菾 [tián][archaic; (also tián, to be grass); rare]

140.392 菿 [dào][archaic; (also dào, to be grass); rare]

140.393 萀 [hǔ][archaic; (also hǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.394 萁 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be grass); rare]

140.395 萂 [hé][archaic; (also hé, to be grass); rare]

140.396 萃 [cuì][eng.to gather; (also cuì, (surname))][(Skt. samāgama = gathering)]

140.397 萄 [táo][eng.grape; (also táo, (surname))][(Skt. drākṣā = grape)]

140.398 萅 [chūn][archaic variant of 春 (spring)][(Skt. vasanta = spring)]

140.399 萆 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be grass); rare]

140.400 萇 [cháng][archaic; (also cháng, (surname)); rare]

140.401 萈 [huán][archaic; (also huán, to be grass); rare]

140.402 萉 [fèi][archaic; (also fèi, to be grass); rare]

140.403 萊 [lái][eng.traditional variant of 莱 (archaic)]

140.404 萋 [qī][eng.luxuriant; (also qī, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = luxuriant)]

140.405 萌 [méng][eng.to sprout; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = sprouting)]

140.406 萍 [píng][eng.duckweed; (also píng, (surname))][(Skt. śaivala = duckweed)]

140.407 萎 [wěi][eng.to wither; (also wěi, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = withering)]

140.408 萏 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be grass); rare]

140.409 萐 [shà][archaic; (also shà, to be grass); rare]

140.410 萑 [huán][archaic; (also huán, to be grass); rare]

140.411 萒 [yǎn][archaic; (also yǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.412 萓 [yí][archaic; (also yí, to be grass); rare]

140.413 萔 [tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.414 萕 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be grass); rare]

140.415 萖 [wǎn][archaic; (also wǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.416 萗 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be grass); rare]

140.417 萘 [nài][eng.naphthalene; (also nài, (surname))]

140.418 萙 [kǔn][archaic; (also kǔn, to be grass); rare]

140.419 萚 [tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to be grass); rare]

140.420 萛 [jiū][archaic; (also jiū, to be grass); rare]

140.421 萜 [tiē][archaic; (also tiē, (surname)); rare]

140.422 萝 [luó][eng.turnip; (also luó, (surname))][(Skt. mūlaka = turnip)]

140.423 萞 [bì][archaic; (also bì, to be grass); rare]

140.424 萟 [yì][archaic variant of 艺 (art)][(Skt. kalā = art)]

140.425 萠 [mén][archaic variant of 萌 (to sprout)][(Skt. aṅkura = sprouting)]

140.426 萡 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be grass); rare]

140.427 萢 [pāo][archaic; (also pāo, to be grass); rare]

140.428 萣 [dìng][archaic; (also dìng, to be grass); rare]

140.429 萤 [yíng][eng.firefly; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. khadyota = firefly)]

140.430 营 [yíng][eng.to manage; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. nirmāṇa = management)]

140.431 萦 [yíng][eng.to wind around; (also yíng, (surname))][(Skt. veṣṭana = winding)]

140.432 萧 [xiāo][eng.dreary; (also xiāo, (surname))][(Skt. śīta = dreary)]

140.433 萨 [sà][eng.Sakya; (also sà, (surname))][(Skt. sākya = Sakya)]

140.434 萩 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, (surname)); rare]

140.435 萪 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be grass); rare]

140.436 萫 [xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be grass); rare]

140.437 萬 [wàn][eng.traditional variant of 万 (ten thousand)][(Skt. sahasra = ten thousand)]

140.438 萭 [yǔ][archaic; (also yǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.439 萮 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be grass); rare]

140.440 萯 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be grass); rare]

140.441 萰 [liàn][archaic; (also liàn, to be grass); rare]

140.442 萱 [xuān][eng.daylily; (also xuān, (surname))][(Skt. nīlotpala = daylily)]

140.443 萲 [xuān][archaic variant of 萱 (daylily)][(Skt. nīlotpala = daylily)]

140.444 萳 [nǎn][archaic; (also nǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.445 萴 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be grass); rare]

140.446 萵 [wō][archaic variant of 莴 (lettuce)][(Skt. kākola = lettuce)]

140.447 萶 [chǔn][archaic; (also chǔn, to be grass); rare]

140.448 萷 [shāo][archaic; (also shāo, to be grass); rare]

140.449 萸 [yú][eng.cornel; (also yú, (surname))][(Skt. kṛṣṇā = cornel)]

140.450 萹 [biān][archaic; (also biān, to be grass); rare]

140.451 萺 [mào][archaic; (also mào, to be grass); rare]

140.452 萻 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be grass); rare]

140.453 萼 [è][eng.calyx; (also è, (surname))][(Skt. puṣpa = calyx)]

140.454 落 [luò][eng.to fall; (also là, to leave behind)][(Skt. patana = falling)]

140.455 萾 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be grass); rare]

140.456 萿 [kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to be grass); rare]

140.457 葀 [kuò][archaic; (also kuò, to be grass); rare]

140.458 葁 [jiāng][archaic variant of 薑 (ginger)][(Skt. ārdraka = ginger)]

140.459 葂 [miǎn][archaic; (also miǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.460 葃 [zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be grass); rare]

140.461 葄 [zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be grass); rare]

140.462 葅 [zū][archaic; (also zū, to be grass); rare]

140.463 葆 [bǎo][eng.to preserve; (also bǎo, (surname))][(Skt. dhāraṇa = preservation)]

140.464 葇 [róu][archaic; (also róu, to be grass); rare]

140.465 葈 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.466 葉 [yè][eng.traditional variant of 叶 (leaf; page)][(Skt. parṇa = leaf)]

140.467 葊 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be grass); rare]

140.468 葋 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be grass); rare]

140.469 葌 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be grass); rare]

140.470 葍 [fú][archaic; (also fú, to be grass); rare]

140.471 葎 [lǜ][archaic; (also lǜ, to be grass); rare]

140.472 葏 [jīng][archaic; (also jīng, to be grass); rare]

140.473 葐 [pén][archaic; (also pén, to be grass); rare]

140.474 葑 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, (surname)); rare]

140.475 葒 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, (surname)); rare]

140.476 葓 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be grass); rare]

140.477 葔 [hóu][archaic; (also hóu, to be grass); rare]

140.478 葕 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be grass); rare]

140.479 葖 [tū][archaic; (also tū, to be grass); rare]

140.480 著 [zhù][eng.to write; (also zhuó, to wear)][(Skt. likh = to write)]

140.481 葘 [zī][archaic; (also zī, to be grass); rare]

140.482 葙 [xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, (surname)); rare]

140.483 葚 [shèn][eng.mulberry; (also shèn, (surname))][(Skt. kāyā = mulberry)]

140.484 葛 [gé][eng.kudzu; (also gé, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = kudzu)]

140.485 葜 [qiā][archaic; (also qiā, to be grass); rare]

140.486 葝 [qíng][archaic; (also qíng, to be grass); rare]

140.487 葞 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.488 葟 [huáng][archaic; (also huáng, to be grass); rare]

140.489 葠 [shēn][archaic variant of 参 (ginseng)][(Skt. ginseng = ginseng)]

140.490 葡 [pú][eng.grape; (also pú, (surname))][(Skt. drākṣā = grape)]

140.491 葢 [gài][archaic variant of 盖 (cover)][(Skt. chādana = cover)]

140.492 董 [dǒng][eng.to supervise; (also dǒng, (surname))][(Skt. adhyakṣa = supervision)]

140.493 葤 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be grass); rare]

140.494 葥 [qián][archaic; (also qián, to be grass); rare]

140.495 葦 [wěi][eng.traditional variant of 苇 (reed)][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.496 葧 [bó][archaic; (also bó, to be grass); rare]

140.497 葨 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, to be grass); rare]

140.498 葩 [pā][eng.petal; (also pā, (surname))][(Skt. dalaka = petal)]

140.499 葪 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.500 葫 [hú][eng.gourd; (also hú, (surname))][(Skt. alābu = gourd)]

140.501 葬 [zàng][eng.to bury; (also zàng, (surname))][(Skt. śmaśāna = burial)]

140.502 葭 [jiā][eng.reed; (also jiā, (surname))][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.503 葮 [duàn][archaic; (also duàn, to be grass); rare]

140.504 葯 [yào][archaic variant of 药 (medicine)][(Skt. bhaiṣajya = medicine)]

140.505 葰 [jùn][archaic; (also jùn, to be grass); rare]

140.506 葱 [cōng][eng.onion; (also cōng, (surname))][(Skt. palāṇḍu = onion)]

140.507 葲 [quán][archaic; (also quán, to be grass); rare]

140.508 葳 [wēi][archaic; (also wēi, (surname)); rare]

140.509 葴 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be grass); rare]

140.510 葵 [kuí][eng.sunflower; (also kuí, (surname))][(Skt. sūryāvarta = sunflower)]

140.511 葶 [tíng][archaic; (also tíng, (surname)); rare]

140.512 葷 [hūn][eng.traditional variant of 荤 (meat dish)][(Skt. māṃsa = meat dish)]

140.513 葸 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.514 葹 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be grass); rare]

140.515 葺 [qì][eng.to repair; (also qì, (surname))][(Skt. saṃskāra = repair)]

140.516 葻 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be grass); rare]

140.517 葼 [zōng][archaic; (also zōng, to be grass); rare]

140.518 葽 [yāo][archaic; (also yāo, to be grass); rare]

140.519 葾 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be grass); rare]

140.520 葿 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be grass); rare]

140.521 蒀 [yūn][archaic; (also yūn, to be grass); rare]

140.522 蒁 [shù][archaic; (also shù, to be grass); rare]

140.523 蒂 [dì][eng.stem; (also dì, (surname))][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stem)]

140.524 蒃 [zhuàn][archaic; (also zhuàn, to be grass); rare]

140.525 蒄 [guān][archaic; (also guān, to be grass); rare]

140.526 蒅 [rǎn][archaic; (also rǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.527 蒆 [xuē][archaic; (also xuē, to be grass); rare]

140.528 蒇 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, (surname)); rare]

140.529 蒈 [kǎi][archaic; (also kǎi, to be grass); rare]

140.530 蒉 [kuì][archaic; (also kuì, (surname)); rare]

140.531 蒊 [huā][archaic; (also huā, to be grass); rare]

140.532 蒋 [jiǎng][eng.surname; (also jiǎng, (surname))]

140.533 蒌 [lóu][archaic; (also lóu, (surname)); rare]

140.534 蒍 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, (surname)); rare]

140.535 蒎 [pài][archaic; (also pài, to be grass); rare]

140.536 蒏 [yòng][archaic; (also yòng, to be grass); rare]

140.537 蒐 [sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be grass); rare]

140.538 蒑 [yīn][archaic; (also yīn, to be grass); rare]

140.539 蒒 [shī][archaic; (also shī, to be grass); rare]

140.540 蒓 [chún][archaic variant of 莼 (water shield)][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water shield)]

140.541 蒔 [shí][eng.traditional variant of 莳 (to plant)][(Skt. ropaṇa = planting)]

140.542 蒕 [yūn][archaic; (also yūn, to be grass); rare]

140.543 蒖 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be grass); rare]

140.544 蒗 [làng][archaic; (also làng, to be grass); rare]

140.545 蒘 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be grass); rare]

140.546 蒙 [méng][eng.to cover; (also méng, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

140.547 蒚 [lì][archaic; (also lì, to be grass); rare]

140.548 蒛 [quē][archaic; (also quē, to be grass); rare]

140.549 蒜 [suàn][eng.garlic; (also suàn, (surname))][(Skt. laśuna = garlic)]

140.550 蒝 [yuán][archaic; (also yuán, to be grass); rare]

140.551 蒞 [lì][eng.traditional variant of 莅 (to attend)][(Skt. upasthāna = attending)]

140.552 蒟 [jǔ][archaic; (also jǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.553 蒠 [xī][archaic; (also xī, to be grass); rare]

140.554 蒡 [bàng][archaic; (also bàng, to be grass); rare]

140.555 蒢 [chú][archaic; (also chú, to be grass); rare]

140.556 蒣 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be grass); rare]

140.557 蒤 [tú][archaic; (also tú, to be grass); rare]

140.558 蒥 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be grass); rare]

140.559 蒦 [huò][archaic; (also huò, to be grass); rare]

140.560 蒧 [diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.561 蒨 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, (surname)); rare]

140.562 蒩 [zū][archaic; (also zū, to be grass); rare]

140.563 蒪 [pò][archaic; (also pò, to be grass); rare]

140.564 蒫 [cuó][archaic; (also cuó, to be grass); rare]

140.565 蒬 [yuān][archaic; (also yuān, to be grass); rare]

140.566 蒭 [chú][archaic variant of 刍 (hay)][(Skt. tṛṇa = hay)]

140.567 蒮 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be grass); rare]

140.568 蒯 [kuǎi][archaic; (also kuǎi, (surname)); rare]

140.569 蒰 [pán][archaic; (also pán, to be grass); rare]

140.570 蒱 [pú][archaic; (also pú, to be grass); rare]

140.571 蒲 [pú][eng.cattail; (also pú, (surname))][(Skt. kumbha = cattail)]

140.572 蒳 [nà][archaic; (also nà, to be grass); rare]

140.573 蒴 [shuò][archaic; (also shuò, to be grass); rare]

140.574 蒵 [xí][archaic; (also xí, to be grass); rare]

140.575 蒶 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be grass); rare]

140.576 蒷 [yún][archaic; (also yún, to be grass); rare]

140.577 蒸 [zhēng][eng.to steam; (also zhēng, (surname))][(Skt. parivāpa = steaming)]

140.578 蒹 [jiān][eng.reed; (also jiān, (surname))][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.579 蒺 [jí][archaic; (also jí, (surname)); rare]

140.580 蒻 [ruò][archaic; (also ruò, to be grass); rare]

140.581 蒼 [cāng][eng.traditional variant of 苍 (dark blue)][(Skt. nīla = dark blue)]

140.582 蒽 [ēn][eng.anthracene; (also ēn, (surname))]

140.583 蒾 [mí][archaic; (also mí, to be grass); rare]

140.584 蒿 [hāo][eng.artemisia; (also hāo, (surname))][(Skt. ambara = artemisia)]

140.585 蓀 [sūn][archaic variant of 荪 (archaic)]

140.586 蓁 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, (surname)); rare]

140.587 蓂 [míng][archaic; (also míng, (surname)); rare]

140.588 蓃 [sōu][archaic; (also sōu, to be grass); rare]

140.589 蓄 [xù][eng.to store; (also xù, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcaya = storage)]

140.590 蓅 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be grass); rare]

140.591 蓆 [xí][archaic variant of 席 (mat)][(Skt. āsana = mat)]

140.592 蓇 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.593 蓈 [láng][archaic; (also láng, to be grass); rare]

140.594 蓉 [róng][eng.lotus; (also róng, (surname))][(Skt. padma = lotus)]

140.595 蓊 [wěng][eng.lush; (also wěng, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = lush)]

140.596 蓋 [gài][eng.traditional variant of 盖 (cover)][(Skt. chādana = cover)]

140.597 蓌 [cuò][archaic; (also cuò, to be grass); rare]

140.598 蓍 [shī][archaic; (also shī, (surname)); rare]

140.599 蓎 [táng][archaic; (also táng, to be grass); rare]

140.600 蓏 [luǒ][archaic; (also luǒ, to be grass); rare]

140.601 蓐 [rù][archaic; (also rù, to be grass); rare]

140.602 蓑 [suō][eng.straw raincoat; (also suō, (surname))][(Skt. tṛṇacchad = straw raincoat)]

140.603 蓒 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be grass); rare]

140.604 蓓 [bèi][eng.bud; (also bèi, (surname))][(Skt. kora = bud)]

140.605 蓔 [yǎo][archaic; (also yǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.606 蓕 [guì][archaic; (also guì, to be grass); rare]

140.607 蓖 [bì][eng.castor; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. castor = castor)]

140.608 蓗 [zǒng][archaic; (also zǒng, to be grass); rare]

140.609 蓘 [gǔn][archaic; (also gǔn, to be grass); rare]

140.610 蓙 [zuò][archaic; (also zuò, to be grass); rare]

140.611 蓚 [tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.612 蓛 [cè][archaic; (also cè, to be grass); rare]

140.613 蓜 [pèi][archaic; (also pèi, to be grass); rare]

140.614 蓝 [lán][eng.blue; (also lán, (surname))][(Skt. nīla = blue)]

140.615 蓞 [dàn][archaic; (also dàn, to be grass); rare]

140.616 蓟 [jì][archaic; (also jì, (surname)); rare]

140.617 蓠 [lí][archaic; (also lí, (surname)); rare]

140.618 蓡 [shēn][archaic variant of 参 (ginseng)][(Skt. ginseng = ginseng)]

140.619 蓢 [lǎng][archaic; (also lǎng, to be grass); rare]

140.620 蓣 [yù][archaic; (also yù, (surname)); rare]

140.621 蓤 [líng][archaic variant of 菱 (water chestnut)][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water chestnut)]

140.622 蓥 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, (surname)); rare]

140.623 蓦 [mò][eng.suddenly; (also mò, (surname))][(Skt. sahasā = suddenly)]

140.624 蓧 [tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.625 蓨 [tiáo][archaic; (also tiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.626 蓩 [mǎo][archaic; (also mǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.627 蓪 [tōng][archaic; (also tōng, to be grass); rare]

140.628 蓫 [zhú][archaic; (also zhú, to be grass); rare]

140.629 蓬 [péng][eng.dandelion; (also péng, (surname))][(Skt. kṣīra = dandelion)]

140.630 蓭 [ān][archaic; (also ān, to be grass); rare]

140.631 蓮 [lián][eng.traditional variant of 莲 (lotus)][skt.padma; (Skt. kamala = lotus)]

140.632 蓯 [cōng][archaic; (also cōng, to be grass); rare]

140.633 蓰 [xǐ][archaic; (also xǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.634 蓱 [píng][archaic variant of 萍 (duckweed)][(Skt. śaivala = duckweed)]

140.635 蓲 [qiū][archaic; (also qiū, to be grass); rare]

140.636 蓳 [jǐn][archaic; (also jǐn, to be grass); rare]

140.637 蓴 [chún][archaic variant of 莼 (water shield)][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water shield)]

140.638 蓵 [jié][archaic; (also jié, to be grass); rare]

140.639 蓶 [wéi][archaic; (also wéi, to be grass); rare]

140.640 蓷 [tuī][archaic; (also tuī, to be grass); rare]

140.641 蓸 [cáo][archaic; (also cáo, to be grass); rare]

140.642 蓹 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be grass); rare]

140.643 蓺 [yì][archaic variant of 艺 (art)][(Skt. kalā = art)]

140.644 蓻 [zhí][archaic; (also zhí, to be grass); rare]

140.645 蓼 [liǎo][eng.knotweed; (also liǎo, (surname))][(Skt. śṛṅgī = knotweed)]

140.646 蓽 [bì][archaic variant of 荜 (archaic)]

140.647 蓾 [lǔ][archaic; (also lǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.648 蓿 [sù][archaic; (also sù, (surname)); rare]

140.649 蔀 [bù][archaic; (also bù, to be grass); rare]

140.650 蔁 [zhāng][archaic; (also zhāng, to be grass); rare]

140.651 蔂 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be grass); rare]

140.652 蔃 [qiáng][archaic; (also qiáng, to be grass); rare]

140.653 蔄 [màn][archaic; (also màn, to be grass); rare]

140.654 蔅 [yán][archaic; (also yán, to be grass); rare]

140.655 蔆 [líng][archaic variant of 菱 (water chestnut)][(Skt. śṛṅgāṭaka = water chestnut)]

140.656 蔇 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.657 蔈 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be grass); rare]

140.658 蔉 [gǔn][archaic; (also gǔn, to be grass); rare]

140.659 蔊 [hàn][archaic; (also hàn, to be grass); rare]

140.660 蔋 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to be grass); rare]

140.661 蔌 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be grass); rare]

140.662 蔍 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be grass); rare]

140.663 蔎 [shè][archaic; (also shè, to be grass); rare]

140.664 蔏 [shāng][archaic; (also shāng, to be grass); rare]

140.665 蔐 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to be grass); rare]

140.666 蔑 [miè][eng.to despise; (also miè, (surname))][(Skt. avajñā = contempt)]

140.667 蔒 [hūn][archaic; (also hūn, to be grass); rare]

140.668 蔓 [màn][eng.vine; (also màn, (surname))][(Skt. latā = vine)]

140.669 蔔 [bó][archaic variant of 卜 (divination)]

140.670 蔕 [dì][archaic variant of 蒂 (stem)][(Skt. kāṇḍa = stem)]

140.671 蔖 [cuó][archaic; (also cuó, to be grass); rare]

140.672 蔗 [zhè][eng.sugarcane; (also zhè, (surname))][(Skt. ikṣu = sugarcane)]

140.673 蔘 [shēn][archaic variant of 参 (ginseng)][(Skt. ginseng = ginseng)]

140.674 蔙 [xuàn][archaic; (also xuàn, to be grass); rare]

140.675 蔚 [wèi][eng.lush; (also wèi, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = lush)]

140.676 蔛 [hú][archaic; (also hú, to be grass); rare]

140.677 蔜 [áo][archaic; (also áo, to be grass); rare]

140.678 蔝 [mǐ][archaic; (also mǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.679 蔞 [lóu][archaic variant of 蒌 (archaic)]

140.680 蔟 [cù][archaic; (also cù, to be grass); rare]

140.681 蔠 [zhōng][archaic; (also zhōng, to be grass); rare]

140.682 蔡 [cài][eng.surname; (also cài, (surname))]

140.683 蔢 [pó][archaic; (also pó, to be grass); rare]

140.684 蔣 [jiǎng][eng.traditional variant of 蒋 (surname)]

140.685 蔤 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be grass); rare]

140.686 蔥 [cōng][eng.traditional variant of 葱 (onion)][(Skt. palāṇḍu = onion)]

140.687 蔦 [niǎo][eng.traditional variant of 茑 (dodder)][(Skt. akṣa = dodder)]

140.688 蔧 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be grass); rare]

140.689 蔨 [juàn][archaic; (also juàn, to be grass); rare]

140.690 蔩 [yín][archaic; (also yín, to be grass); rare]

140.691 蔪 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be grass); rare]

140.692 蔫 [niān][eng.wilted; (also niān, (surname))][(Skt. śuṣka = wilted)]

140.693 蔬 [shū][eng.vegetables; (also shū, (surname))][(Skt. śākā = vegetables)]

140.694 蔭 [yìn][eng.traditional variant of 荫 (shade)][(Skt. chāyā = shade)]

140.695 蔮 [guó][archaic; (also guó, to be grass); rare]

140.696 蔯 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be grass); rare]

140.697 蔰 [hù][archaic; (also hù, to be grass); rare]

140.698 蔱 [shā][archaic; (also shā, to be grass); rare]

140.699 蔲 [kòu][archaic variant of 蔻 (cardamom)]

140.700 蔳 [qiàn][archaic; (also qiàn, to be grass); rare]

140.701 蔴 [má][archaic variant of 麻 (hemp)][(Skt. śaṇa = hemp)]

140.702 蔵 [zàng][eng.Japanese variant of 藏 (to hide)][(Skt. gūhana = hiding)]

140.703 蔶 [zé][archaic; (also zé, to be grass); rare]

140.704 蔷 [qiáng][eng.rose; (also qiáng, (surname))][(Skt. pāṭalā = rose)]

140.705 蔸 [dōu][archaic; (also dōu, to be grass); rare]

140.706 蔹 [liǎn][archaic; (also liǎn, (surname)); rare]

140.707 蔺 [lìn][archaic; (also lìn, (surname)); rare]

140.708 蔻 [kòu][eng.cardamom; (also kòu, (surname))][(Skt. elā = cardamom)]

140.709 蔼 [ǎi][eng.friendly; (also ǎi, (surname))][(Skt. maṅgala = friendly)]

140.710 蔽 [bì][eng.to cover; (also bì, (surname))][(Skt. chādana = covering)]

140.711 蔾 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be grass); rare]

140.712 蔿 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be grass); rare]

140.713 蕀 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be grass); rare]

140.714 蕁 [qián][archaic variant of 荨 (nettle)][(Skt. kuśa = nettle)]

140.715 蕂 [shèng][archaic; (also shèng, to be grass); rare]

140.716 蕃 [fán][eng.luxuriant; (also fán, (surname))][(Skt. bahu = luxuriant)]

140.717 蕄 [méng][archaic; (also méng, to be grass); rare]

140.718 蕅 [ǒu][archaic variant of 藕 (lotus root)][(Skt. padma = lotus root)]

140.719 蕆 [chǎn][archaic; (also chǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.720 蕇 [diǎn][archaic; (also diǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.721 蕈 [xùn][eng.mushroom; (also xùn, (surname))][(Skt. chatra = mushroom)]

140.722 蕉 [jiāo][eng.banana; (also jiāo, (surname))][(Skt. kadalī = banana)]

140.723 蕊 [ruǐ][eng.stamen; (also ruǐ, (surname))][(Skt. kesara = stamen)]

140.724 蕋 [ruǐ][archaic variant of 蕊 (stamen)][(Skt. kesara = stamen)]

140.725 蕌 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be grass); rare]

140.726 蕍 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be grass); rare]

140.727 蕎 [qiáo][eng.traditional variant of 荞 (buckwheat)][(Skt. kuṭaja = buckwheat)]

140.728 蕏 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, to be grass); rare]

140.729 蕐 [huá][archaic variant of 華 (splendid)][(Skt. prabhā = splendor)]

140.730 蕑 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be grass); rare]

140.731 蕒 [mǎi][archaic; (also mǎi, to be grass); rare]

140.732 蕓 [yún][archaic variant of 芸 (rue)][(Skt. ruta = rue)]

140.733 蕔 [bāo][archaic; (also bāo, to be grass); rare]

140.734 蕕 [yóu][archaic variant of 莸 (archaic)]

140.735 蕖 [qú][archaic; (also qú, to be grass); rare]

140.736 蕗 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be grass); rare]

140.737 蕘 [ráo][eng.traditional variant of 荛 (archaic)]

140.738 蕙 [huì][eng.orchid; (also huì, (surname))][(Skt. orchis = orchid)]

140.739 蕚 [è][archaic variant of 萼 (calyx)][(Skt. puṣpa = calyx)]

140.740 蕛 [tí][archaic; (also tí, to be grass); rare]

140.741 蕜 [fěi][archaic; (also fěi, to be grass); rare]

140.742 蕝 [jué][archaic; (also jué, to be grass); rare]

140.743 蕞 [zuì][archaic; (also zuì, to be grass); rare]

140.744 蕟 [fà][archaic; (also fà, to be grass); rare]

140.745 蕠 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be grass); rare]

140.746 蕡 [fén][archaic; (also fén, to be grass); rare]

140.747 蕢 [kuì][archaic variant of 蒉 (archaic)]

140.748 蕣 [shùn][archaic; (also shùn, to be grass); rare]

140.749 蕤 [ruí][archaic; (also ruí, to be grass); rare]

140.750 蕥 [yǎ][archaic; (also yǎ, to be grass); rare]

140.751 蕦 [xū][archaic; (also xū, to be grass); rare]

140.752 蕧 [fù][archaic; (also fù, to be grass); rare]

140.753 蕨 [jué][eng.fern; (also jué, (surname))][(Skt. parṇa = fern)]

140.754 蕩 [dàng][eng.traditional variant of 荡 (to swing)][(Skt. calana = swinging)]

140.755 蕪 [wú][eng.traditional variant of 芜 (overgrown)][(Skt. vṛkṣa = overgrown)]

140.756 蕫 [dǒng][archaic variant of 董 (to supervise)][(Skt. adhyakṣa = supervision)]

140.757 蕬 [sī][archaic; (also sī, to be grass); rare]

140.758 蕭 [xiāo][eng.traditional variant of 萧 (dreary)][(Skt. śīta = dreary)]

140.759 蕮 [xì][archaic; (also xì, to be grass); rare]

140.760 蕯 [sà][archaic variant of 萨 (Sakya)][(Skt. sākya = Sakya)]

140.761 蕰 [wēn][archaic; (also wēn, to be grass); rare]

140.762 蕱 [shāo][archaic; (also shāo, to be grass); rare]

140.763 蕲 [qí][archaic; (also qí, (surname)); rare]

140.764 蕳 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be grass); rare]

140.765 蕴 [yùn][eng.to accumulate; (also yùn, (surname))][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

140.766 蕵 [sūn][archaic; (also sūn, to be grass); rare]

140.767 蕶 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be grass); rare]

140.768 蕷 [yù][archaic variant of 蓣 (archaic)]

140.769 蕸 [xiá][archaic; (also xiá, to be grass); rare]

140.770 蕹 [wèng][archaic; (also wèng, to be grass); rare]

140.771 蕺 [jí][archaic; (also jí, to be grass); rare]

140.772 蕻 [hóng][archaic; (also hóng, to be grass); rare]

140.773 蕼 [sì][archaic; (also sì, to be grass); rare]

140.774 蕽 [nóng][archaic; (also nóng, to be grass); rare]

140.775 蕾 [lěi][eng.bud; (also lěi, (surname))][(Skt. kora = bud)]

140.776 蕿 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be grass); rare]

140.777 薀 [yùn][eng.traditional variant of 蕴 (to accumulate)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

140.778 薁 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be grass); rare]

140.779 薂 [xí][archaic; (also xí, to be grass); rare]

140.780 薃 [hào][archaic; (also hào, to be grass); rare]

140.781 薄 [bó][eng.thin; (also báo, to be thin)][(Skt. tanu = thin)]

140.782 薅 [hāo][eng.to weed; (also hāo, (surname))][(Skt. nirdāha = weeding)]

140.783 薆 [ài][archaic; (also ài, to be grass); rare]

140.784 薇 [wēi][eng.fern; (also wēi, (surname))][(Skt. parṇa = fern)]

140.785 薈 [huì][eng.traditional variant of 荟 (to gather)][(Skt. saṅgraha = gathering)]

140.786 薉 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be grass); rare]

140.787 薊 [jì][eng.traditional variant of 蓟 (archaic)]

140.788 薋 [cí][archaic; (also cí, to be grass); rare]

140.789 薌 [xiāng][archaic; (also xiāng, to be grass); rare]

140.790 薍 [wàn][archaic; (also wàn, to be grass); rare]

140.791 薎 [miè][archaic; (also miè, to be grass); rare]

140.792 薏 [yì][eng.coix; (also yì, (surname))][(Skt. coix = coix)]

140.793 薐 [léng][archaic; (also léng, to be grass); rare]

140.794 薑 [jiāng][eng.traditional variant of 姜 (ginger)][(Skt. ārdraka = ginger)]

140.795 薒 [càn][archaic; (also càn, to be grass); rare]

140.796 薓 [shēn][archaic variant of 参 (ginseng)][(Skt. ginseng = ginseng)]

140.797 薔 [qiáng][eng.traditional variant of 蔷 (rose)][(Skt. pāṭalā = rose)]

140.798 薕 [lián][archaic; (also lián, to be grass); rare]

140.799 薖 [kē][archaic; (also kē, to be grass); rare]

140.800 薗 [yuán][archaic variant of 园 (garden)][(Skt. udyāna = garden)]

140.801 薘 [dá][archaic; (also dá, to be grass); rare]

140.802 薙 [tì][archaic; (also tì, to be grass); rare]

140.803 薚 [tāng][archaic; (also tāng, to be grass); rare]

140.804 薛 [xuē][eng.surname; (also xuē, (surname))]

140.805 薜 [bì][archaic; (also bì, (surname)); rare]

140.806 薝 [zhān][archaic; (also zhān, to be grass); rare]

140.807 薞 [sūn][archaic; (also sūn, to be grass); rare]

140.808 薟 [xiān][archaic; (also xiān, to be grass); rare]

140.809 薠 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be grass); rare]

140.810 薡 [dǐng][archaic; (also dǐng, to be grass); rare]

140.811 薢 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, to be grass); rare]

140.812 薣 [gǔ][archaic; (also gǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.813 薤 [xiè][archaic; (also xiè, (surname)); rare]

140.814 薥 [shǔ][archaic; (also shǔ, to be grass); rare]

140.815 薦 [jiàn][eng.traditional variant of 荐 (to recommend)][(Skt. abhyarthanā = recommendation)]

140.816 薧 [kǎo][archaic; (also kǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.817 薨 [hōng][eng.to die (of royalty); (also hōng, (surname))][(Skt. mṛta = death of royalty)]

140.818 薩 [sà][eng.traditional variant of 萨 (Sakya)][(Skt. sākya = Sakya)]

140.819 薪 [xīn][eng.firewood; (also xīn, (surname))][(Skt. indhana = firewood)]

140.820 薫 [xūn][eng.Japanese variant of 薰 (fragrant)][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

140.821 薬 [yào][eng.Japanese variant of 藥 (medicine)][(Skt. bhaiṣajya = medicine)]

140.822 薭 [bài][archaic; (also bài, to be grass); rare]

140.823 薮 [sǒu][archaic; (also sǒu, (surname)); rare]

140.824 薯 [shǔ][eng.potato; (also shǔ, (surname))][(Skt. ālu = potato)]

140.825 薰 [xūn][eng.fragrant; (also xūn, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = fragrance)]

140.826 薱 [duì][archaic; (also duì, to be grass); rare]

140.827 薲 [pín][archaic; (also pín, to be grass); rare]

140.828 薳 [wěi][archaic; (also wěi, to be grass); rare]

140.829 薴 [níng][archaic; (also níng, to be grass); rare]

140.830 薵 [zhòu][archaic; (also zhòu, to be grass); rare]

140.831 薶 [mái][archaic; (also mái, to be grass); rare]

140.832 薷 [rú][archaic; (also rú, to be grass); rare]

140.833 薸 [piáo][archaic; (also piáo, to be grass); rare]

140.834 薹 [tái][archaic; (also tái, (surname)); rare]

140.835 薺 [jì][eng.traditional variant of 荠 (shepherd’s purse)][(Skt. śākā = vegetable)]

140.836 薻 [zǎo][archaic; (also zǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.837 薼 [chén][archaic; (also chén, to be grass); rare]

140.838 薽 [zhēn][archaic; (also zhēn, to be grass); rare]

140.839 薾 [ěr][archaic; (also ěr, to be grass); rare]

140.840 薿 [nǐ][archaic; (also nǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.841 藀 [yíng][archaic; (also yíng, to be grass); rare]

140.842 藁 [gǎo][archaic variant of 稿 (draft)][(Skt. lekha = draft)]

140.843 藂 [cóng][archaic variant of 丛 (cluster)][(Skt. samūha = cluster)]

140.844 藃 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be grass); rare]

140.845 藄 [qí][archaic; (also qí, to be grass); rare]

140.846 藅 [fá][archaic; (also fá, to be grass); rare]

140.847 藆 [jiǎn][archaic; (also jiǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.848 藇 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be grass); rare]

140.849 藈 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be grass); rare]

140.850 藉 [jí][eng.to borrow; (also jí, to trample)][(Skt. ādāna = borrowing)]

140.851 藊 [biǎn][archaic; (also biǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.852 藋 [diào][archaic; (also diào, to be grass); rare]

140.853 藌 [mì][archaic; (also mì, to be grass); rare]

140.854 藍 [lán][eng.traditional variant of 蓝 (blue)][(Skt. nīla = blue)]

140.855 藎 [jìn][archaic variant of 荩 (archaic)]

140.856 藏 [cáng][eng.to hide; (also zàng, to store)][skt.gūhana; (Skt. kośa = store)]

140.857 藐 [miǎo][archaic; (also miǎo, (surname)); rare]

140.858 藑 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be grass); rare]

140.859 藒 [qì][archaic; (also qì, to be grass); rare]

140.860 藓 [xiǎn][eng.moss; (also xiǎn, (surname))][(Skt. śaivala = moss)]

140.861 藔 [liáo][archaic; (also liáo, to be grass); rare]

140.862 藕 [ǒu][eng.lotus root; (also ǒu, (surname))][(Skt. padma = lotus root)]

140.863 藖 [xián][archaic; (also xián, to be grass); rare]

140.864 藗 [sù][archaic; (also sù, to be grass); rare]

140.865 藘 [lǘ][archaic; (also lǘ, to be grass); rare]

140.866 藙 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be grass); rare]

140.867 藚 [xù][archaic; (also xù, to be grass); rare]

140.868 藛 [xiě][archaic; (also xiě, to be grass); rare]

140.869 藜 [lí][eng.goosefoot; (also lí, (surname))][(Skt. śāka = goosefoot)]

140.870 藝 [yì][eng.traditional variant of 艺 (art)][skt.kalā; (Skt. śilpa = skill)]

140.871 藞 [lǎ][archaic; (also lǎ, to be grass); rare]

140.872 藟 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be grass); rare]

140.873 藠 [jiào][archaic; (also jiào, to be grass); rare]

140.874 藡 [dí][archaic; (also dí, to be grass); rare]

140.875 藢 [zhǐ][archaic; (also zhǐ, to be grass); rare]

140.876 藣 [bēi][archaic; (also bēi, to be grass); rare]

140.877 藤 [téng][eng.vine; (also téng, (surname))][(Skt. latā = vine)]

140.878 藥 [yào][eng.traditional variant of 药 (medicine)][skt.bhaiṣajya; (Skt. auṣadha = medicine)]

140.879 藦 [mó][archaic; (also mó, to be grass); rare]

140.880 藧 [huàn][archaic; (also huàn, to be grass); rare]

140.881 藨 [biāo][archaic; (also biāo, to be grass); rare]

140.882 藩 [fān][eng.fence; (also fān, (surname))][(Skt. prākāra = fence)]

140.883 藪 [sǒu][eng.traditional variant of 薮 (archaic)]

140.884 藫 [tán][archaic; (also tán, to be grass); rare]

140.885 藬 [tuī][archaic; (also tuī, to be grass); rare]

140.886 藭 [qióng][archaic; (also qióng, to be grass); rare]

140.887 藮 [qiáo][archaic; (also qiáo, to be grass); rare]

140.888 藯 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be grass); rare]

140.889 藰 [liú][archaic; (also liú, to be grass); rare]

140.890 藱 [huì][archaic; (also huì, to be grass); rare]

140.891 藲 [ōu][archaic; (also ōu, to be grass); rare]

140.892 藳 [gǎo][archaic variant of 藁 (draft)][(Skt. lekha = draft)]

140.893 藴 [yùn][archaic variant of 蘊 (to accumulate)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

140.894 藵 [bǎo][archaic; (also bǎo, to be grass); rare]

140.895 藶 [lì][archaic; (also lì, (surname)); rare]

140.896 藷 [shǔ][archaic variant of 薯 (potato)][(Skt. ālu = potato)]

140.897 藸 [zhū][archaic; (also zhū, to be grass); rare]

140.898 藹 [ǎi][eng.traditional variant of 蔼 (friendly)][(Skt. maṅgala = friendly)]

140.899 藺 [lìn][eng.traditional variant of 蔺 (archaic)]

140.900 藻 [zǎo][eng.algae; (also zǎo, (surname))][(Skt. śaivala = algae)]

140.901 藼 [xuān][archaic; (also xuān, to be grass); rare]

140.902 藽 [qìn][archaic; (also qìn, to be grass); rare]

140.903 藾 [lài][archaic; (also lài, to be grass); rare]

140.904 藿 [huò][eng.agastache; (also huò, (surname))][(Skt. gandha = agastache)]

140.905 蘀 [tuò][archaic; (also tuò, to be grass); rare]

140.906 蘁 [wù][archaic; (also wù, to be grass); rare]

140.907 蘂 [ruǐ][archaic variant of 蕊 (stamen)][(Skt. kesara = stamen)]

140.908 蘃 [ruǐ][archaic variant of 蕊 (stamen)][(Skt. kesara = stamen)]

140.909 蘄 [qí][archaic variant of 蕲 (archaic)]

140.910 蘅 [héng][archaic; (also héng, (surname)); rare]

140.911 蘆 [lú][eng.traditional variant of 芦 (reed)][(Skt. naḷa = reed)]

140.912 蘇 [sū][eng.traditional variant of 苏 (to revive)][(Skt. punarjīvita = revival)]

140.913 蘈 [tuí][archaic; (also tuí, to be grass); rare]

140.914 蘉 [máng][archaic; (also máng, to be grass); rare]

140.915 蘊 [yùn][eng.traditional variant of 蕴 (to accumulate)][(Skt. saṃcaya = accumulation)]

140.916 蘋 [pín][archaic; (also pín, (surname)); rare]

140.917 蘌 [yù][archaic; (also yù, to be grass); rare]

140.918 蘍 [xūn][archaic; (also xūn, to be grass); rare]

140.919 蘎 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.920 蘏 [jiōng][archaic; (also jiōng, to be grass); rare]

140.921 蘐 [xuān][archaic variant of 萱 (daylily)][(Skt. nīlotpala = daylily)]

140.922 蘑 [mó][eng.mushroom; (also mó, (surname))][(Skt. chatra = mushroom)]

140.923 蘒 [qiú][archaic; (also qiú, to be grass); rare]

140.924 蘓 [sū][archaic variant of 蘇 (to revive)][(Skt. punarjīvita = revival)]

140.925 蘔 [jiōng][archaic; (also jiōng, to be grass); rare]

140.926 蘕 [féng][archaic; (also féng, to be grass); rare]

140.927 蘖 [niè][eng.sprout; (also niè, (surname))][(Skt. aṅkura = sprout)]

140.928 蘗 [bò][archaic; (also bò, (surname)); rare]

140.929 蘘 [ráng][archaic; (also ráng, to be grass); rare]

140.930 蘙 [yì][archaic; (also yì, to be grass); rare]

140.931 蘚 [xiǎn][eng.traditional variant of 藓 (moss)][(Skt. śaivala = moss)]

140.932 蘛 [yú][archaic; (also yú, to be grass); rare]

140.933 蘜 [jú][archaic; (also jú, to be grass); rare]

140.934 蘝 [liǎn][archaic; (also liǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.935 蘞 [liǎn][archaic variant of 蘝 (archaic)]

140.936 蘟 [yǐn][archaic; (also yǐn, to be grass); rare]

140.937 蘠 [qiáng][archaic; (also qiáng, to be grass); rare]

140.938 蘡 [yīng][archaic; (also yīng, to be grass); rare]

140.939 蘢 [lóng][archaic; (also lóng, to be grass); rare]

140.940 蘣 [tǒu][archaic; (also tǒu, to be grass); rare]

140.941 蘤 [huā][archaic variant of 花 (flower)][skt.puṣpa; (Skt. kusuma = flower)]

140.942 蘥 [yuè][archaic; (also yuè, to be grass); rare]

140.943 蘦 [líng][archaic; (also líng, to be grass); rare]

140.944 蘧 [qú][archaic; (also qú, (surname)); rare]

140.945 蘨 [yáo][archaic; (also yáo, to be grass); rare]

140.946 蘩 [fán][archaic; (also fán, to be grass); rare]

140.947 蘪 [méi][archaic; (also méi, to be grass); rare]

140.948 蘫 [lán][archaic; (also lán, to be grass); rare]

140.949 蘬 [guī][archaic; (also guī, to be grass); rare]

140.950 蘭 [lán][eng.traditional variant of 兰 (orchid)][(Skt. orchis = orchid)]

140.951 蘮 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.952 蘯 [dàng][archaic variant of 荡 (to swing)][(Skt. calana = swinging)]

140.953 蘰 [màn][archaic; (also màn, to be grass); rare]

140.954 蘱 [lèi][archaic; (also lèi, to be grass); rare]

140.955 蘲 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be grass); rare]

140.956 蘳 [huī][archaic; (also huī, to be grass); rare]

140.957 蘴 [fēng][archaic; (also fēng, to be grass); rare]

140.958 蘵 [zhī][archaic; (also zhī, to be grass); rare]

140.959 蘶 [wèi][archaic; (also wèi, to be grass); rare]

140.960 蘷 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be grass); rare]

140.961 蘸 [zhàn][eng.to dip; (also zhàn, (surname))][(Skt. nimajjana = dipping)]

140.962 蘹 [huái][archaic; (also huái, to be grass); rare]

140.963 蘺 [lí][archaic; (also lí, to be grass); rare]

140.964 蘻 [jì][archaic; (also jì, to be grass); rare]

140.965 蘼 [mí][archaic; (also mí, to be grass); rare]

140.966 蘽 [lěi][archaic; (also lěi, to be grass); rare]

140.967 蘾 [huài][archaic; (also huài, to be grass); rare]

140.968 蘿 [luó][eng.traditional variant of 萝 (turnip)][(Skt. mūlaka = turnip)]

140.969 虀 [jī][archaic; (also jī, to be grass); rare]

140.970 虁 [kuí][archaic; (also kuí, to be grass); rare]

140.971 虂 [lù][archaic; (also lù, to be grass); rare]

140.972 虃 [jiān][archaic; (also jiān, to be grass); rare]

140.973 虄 [sà][archaic; (also sà, to be grass); rare]

140.974 虅 [téng][archaic variant of 藤 (vine)][(Skt. latā = vine)]

140.975 虆 [léi][archaic; (also léi, to be grass); rare]

140.976 虇 [quǎn][archaic; (also quǎn, to be grass); rare]

140.977 虈 [xiāo][archaic; (also xiāo, to be grass); rare]

140.978 虉 [nì][archaic; (also nì, to be grass); rare]

140.979 虊 [luán][archaic; (also luán, to be grass); rare]

140.980 虋 [mén][archaic; (also mén, to be grass); rare]

140.981 虌 [biē][archaic; (also biē, to be grass); rare]

140.982 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 140

140.983 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

140.984 140.1 艸 (cǎo) [skt.tṛṇa; ghāsa] — CRITICAL — The radical itself; represents grass. This is the largest radical in the Kangxi system, encompassing thousands of characters related to plants, herbs, vegetation, and growth. In Buddhist texts, grass often appears in similes of impermanence and the fleeting nature of life

140.985 140.3 艺 (yì) [skt.kalā; śilpa] — Used for "art" and "skill." Appears in Buddhist contexts of the arts and skills used in service of the Dharma

140.986 140.7 艾 (ài) [skt.ambara] — Used for "mugwort." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants and in the practice of moxibustion (moxa)

140.987 140.11 节 (jié) [skt.parva; sandhi] — CRITICAL — Used for "festival," "joint," and "section." Appears in Buddhist compound 节欲 (saṃyama, restraint), 节食 (mitāhāra, moderate eating), and 时节 (kāla, time/season). Also appears in the compound 节目 (parva, section/item)

140.988 140.19 芊 (qiān) [skt.bahu] — Used for "lush." Appears in descriptions of flourishing vegetation

140.989 140.20 芋 (yù) [skt.aluka] — Used for "taro." Appears in descriptions of food

140.990 140.22 芍 (sháo) [skt.pāṭalā] — Used for "peony." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.991 140.27 芒 (máng) [skt.śūka] — Used for "awn" (the bristle of grass). Appears in descriptions of plants

140.992 140.32 芗 (xiāng) [skt.gandha] — Used for "fragrance." Appears in Buddhist contexts of offerings and the fragrance of virtue

140.993 140.34 芙 (fú) [skt.padma] — Used for "lotus." Appears in Buddhist compound 芙蓉 (padma, lotus), a symbol of purity and enlightenment. The lotus is one of the most important symbols in Buddhism

140.994 140.37 芜 (wú) [skt.vṛkṣa] — Used for "overgrown." Appears in descriptions of overgrown land

140.995 140.38 芝 (zhī) [skt.aśvattha] — Used for "lingzhi" (a medicinal mushroom). Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.996 140.40 芟 (shān) [skt.kṛṣi] — Used for "to mow." Appears in descriptions of cutting grass

140.997 140.46 芥 (jiè) [skt.sarsapa] — Used for "mustard." Appears in the famous mustard seed simile in Buddhist texts, where a mother is told to find a house that has never known death to cure her grief

140.998 140.47 芦 (lú) [skt.naḷa] — Used for "reed." Appears in Buddhist similes of the reed and the hollow nature of phenomena

140.999 140.53 芬 (fēn) [skt.gandha] — Used for "fragrant." Appears in Buddhist contexts of the fragrance of virtue (śīla-gandha)

140.1000 140.54 芭 (bā) [skt.kadalī] — Used for "banana." Appears in Buddhist similes of the banana tree, which is hollow and without core, representing the empty nature of phenomena

140.1001 140.56 芯 (xīn) [skt.mūla] — Used for "core." Appears in Buddhist compound 芯子 (mūla, core/center)

140.1002 140.58 花 (huā) [skt.puṣpa; kusuma] — CRITICAL — Used for "flower." Appears in Buddhist compound 花蔓 (puṣpa-mālā, flower garland), 花供 (puṣpa-pūjā, flower offering), and in similes of the fleeting nature of flowers. Flowers are one of the traditional offerings in Buddhist practice

140.1003 140.60 芳 (fāng) [skt.gandha] — Used for "fragrant." Appears in Buddhist contexts of the fragrance of the Dharma

140.1004 140.64 芷 (zhǐ) [skt.aṅgāraka] — Used for "angelica" (a medicinal herb). Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1005 140.65 芸 (yún) [skt.ruta] — Used for "rue." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1006 140.66 芹 (qín) [skt.ajamodā] — Used for "celery." Appears in descriptions of vegetables

140.1007 140.70 芽 (yá) [skt.aṅkura] — Used for "sprout." Appears in Buddhist similes of growth and the arising of wisdom

140.1008 140.80 苇 (wěi) [skt.naḷa] — Used for "reed." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1009 140.86 苍 (cāng) [skt.nīla] — Used for "dark blue." Appears in descriptions of colors

140.1010 140.88 苏 (sū) [skt.punarjīvita] — Used for "to revive." Appears in Buddhist contexts of spiritual revival and the arising of the mind

140.1011 140.90 苑 (yuàn) [skt.udyāna] — Used for "garden." Appears in Buddhist contexts of gardens and parks, including the famous Veṇuvana (竹林精舍, Bamboo Grove Monastery)

140.1012 140.93 苔 (tái) [skt.śaivala] — Used for "moss." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1013 140.96 苗 (miáo) [skt.aṅkura] — Used for "sprout." Appears in Buddhist similes of the sprout of awakening

140.1014 140.100 苛 (kē) [skt.ugra] — Used for "strict" and "severe." Appears in Buddhist compound 苛刻 (ugra, harsh/strict)

140.1015 140.103 苞 (bāo) [skt.kora] — Used for "bud." Appears in Buddhist similes of the unfolding of wisdom

140.1016 140.104 苟 (gǒu) [skt.yadi] — Used for "careless" and "if." Appears in Buddhist compound 苟且 (yadi, if/for the time being)

140.1017 140.110 若 (ruò) [skt.iva; yathā] — CRITICAL — Used for "if," "as," and "like." Appears in Buddhist compound 若 (yathā, like/as), often used in similes, and 般若 (prajñā, wisdom), one of the Six Perfections (pāramitā). The character appears in the famous line of the Heart Sūtra: rūpaṃ śūnyatā (色即是空, form is emptiness), where 若 appears in the translation of the original Sanskrit

140.1018 140.111 苦 (kǔ) [skt.duḥkha; kaṭuka] — CRITICAL — Used for "bitter." Appears in Buddhist compound 苦谛 (duḥkha-satya, the truth of suffering), the first of the Four Noble Truths, and 苦行 (tapas, ascetic practice). This is one of the most important characters in Buddhism, representing the fundamental truth of suffering

140.1019 140.116 苫 (shān) [skt.tṛṇāstaraṇa] — Used for "straw mat." Appears in descriptions of bedding and monastic requisites

140.1020 140.122 英 (yīng) [skt.vīra; puṣpa] — Used for "hero" and "flower." Appears in Buddhist compound 英雄 (vīra, hero) and in descriptions of flowers

140.1021 140.130 苹 (píng) [skt.śaivala] — Used for "duckweed." Appears in Buddhist similes of the fleeting nature of life

140.1022 140.138 茁 (zhuó) [skt.aṅkura] — Used for "to sprout." Appears in Buddhist similes of the arising of virtue

140.1023 140.139 茂 (mào) [skt.bahu] — Used for "luxuriant." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of flourishing virtue

140.1024 140.141 茄 (qié) [skt.vṛntāka] — Used for "eggplant." Appears in descriptions of vegetables

140.1025 140.142 茅 (máo) [skt.kuśa] — Used for "cogon grass." Appears in descriptions of thatching and bedding

140.1026 140.146 茉 (mò) [skt.mālatī] — Used for "jasmine." Appears in descriptions of flowers and fragrances

140.1027 140.151 茎 (jīng) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Used for "stem." Appears in Buddhist similes of the stem of the lotus

140.1028 140.154 茑 (niǎo) [skt.akṣa] — Used for "dodder." Appears in descriptions of parasitic plants

140.1029 140.158 茕 (qióng) [skt.eka] — Used for "alone." Appears in Buddhist compound 茕独 (eka, solitary)

140.1030 140.160 茗 (míng) [skt.cā] — Used for "tea." Appears in descriptions of tea and its use in monastic practice

140.1031 140.165 茜 (qiàn) [skt.mañjiṣṭhā] — Used for "madder." Appears in descriptions of dyes and coloring

140.1032 140.176 茧 (jiǎn) [skt.kośa] — Used for "cocoon." Appears in Buddhist similes of the cocoon of ignorance

140.1033 140.177 茨 (cí) [skt.tṛṇa] — Used for "thatch." Appears in descriptions of roofing and bedding

140.1034 140.180 茫 (máng) [skt.vipula] — Used for "vast." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of the vastness of the Dharma

140.1035 140.181 茬 (chá) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Used for "stubble." Appears in descriptions of fields

140.1036 140.186 茱 (zhū) [skt.kṛṣṇā] — Used for "cornel." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1037 140.187 茲 (zī) [skt.idam] — Used for "now" and "this." Appears in Buddhist compound 兹 (idam, this)

140.1038 140.189 茴 (huí) [skt.śatapuṣpā] — Used for "fennel." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1039 140.190 茵 (yīn) [skt.āsana] — Used for "mat." Appears in descriptions of bedding and monastic requisites

140.1040 140.191 茶 (chá) [skt.cā] — Used for "tea." Appears in descriptions of tea and its use in monastic practice

140.1041 140.193 茸 (róng) [skt.aṅkura] — Used for "bamboo shoots." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1042 140.194 茹 (rú) [skt.bhakṣaṇa] — Used for "to eat." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of eating and food

140.1043 140.201 荀 (xún) — Used as a surname. Appears in Buddhist texts in historical contexts

140.1044 140.207 荆 (jīng) [skt.kaṇṭaka] — Used for "thorns." Appears in Buddhist similes of the thorns of defilement

140.1045 140.210 草 (cǎo) [skt.tṛṇa; ghāsa] — CRITICAL — Used for "grass." Appears in Buddhist compound 草率 (tṛṇa, careless), and in similes of the fleeting nature of life. Grass is often used as a symbol of impermanence and the humble nature of the Dharma

140.1046 140.217 荐 (jiàn) [skt.abhyarthanā] — Used for "to recommend." Appears in Buddhist compound 推荐 (abhyarthanā, recommendation)

140.1047 140.219 荒 (huāng) [skt.araṇya] — Used for "wasteland." Appears in Buddhist compound 荒凉 (araṇya, desolate)

140.1048 140.221 荔 (lì) [skt.līcikā] — Used for "lychee." Appears in descriptions of fruits

140.1049 140.227 荚 (jiá) [skt.kośa] — Used for "pod." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1050 140.231 荞 (qiáo) [skt.kuṭaja] — Used for "buckwheat." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1051 140.232 荟 (huì) [skt.saṅgraha] — Used for "to gather." Appears in Buddhist compound 荟萃 (saṅgraha, collection)

140.1052 140.233 荠 (jì) [skt.śākā] — Used for "shepherd’s purse." Appears in descriptions of vegetables

140.1053 140.234 荡 (dàng) [skt.calana] — Used for "to swing." Appears in Buddhist compound 荡涤 (kṣālana, washing away)

140.1054 140.236 荣 (róng) [skt.yaśas] — Used for "glory." Appears in Buddhist compound 荣耀 (yaśas, honor/glory)

140.1055 140.237 荤 (hūn) [skt.māṃsa] — Used for "meat dish." Appears in Buddhist discussions of vegetarianism and the precept against killing

140.1056 140.240 荧 (yíng) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "glow." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of light and radiance

140.1057 140.241 荨 (qián) [skt.kuśa] — Used for "nettle." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1058 140.244 荫 (yìn) [skt.chāyā] — Used for "shade." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of the shade of the Bodhi tree

140.1059 140.248 药 (yào) [skt.bhaiṣajya; auṣadha] — CRITICAL — Used for "medicine." Appears in Buddhist compound 药王 (Bhaiṣajya-rāja, Medicine King), 药师 (Bhaiṣajya-guru, Medicine Master), and 药叉 (yakṣa, a class of spirits). The Buddha is often described as the great physician who prescribes the medicine of the Dharma

140.1060 140.256 荷 (hé) [skt.padma; kamala] — CRITICAL — Used for "lotus." Appears in Buddhist compound 荷花 (padma, lotus), a symbol of purity and enlightenment. The lotus is one of the most important symbols in Buddhism, representing the arising of enlightenment from the mud of defilement

140.1061 140.257 荸 (bí) [skt.śṛṅgāṭaka] — Used for "water chestnut." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1062 140.260 荻 (dí) [skt.naḷa] — Used for "reed." Appears in Buddhist similes of the reed and the hollow nature of phenomena

140.1063 140.261 荼 (tú) [skt.kaṭuka] — Used for "bitter herb." Appears in descriptions of bitter plants

140.1064 140.262 荽 (suī) [skt.dhanyāka] — Used for "coriander." Appears in descriptions of herbs and spices

140.1065 140.270 莅 (lì) [skt.upasthāna] — Used for "to attend." Appears in Buddhist compound 莅临 (upasthāna, to attend)

140.1066 140.274 莉 (lì) [skt.mālatī] — Used for "jasmine." Appears in descriptions of flowers and fragrances

140.1067 140.275 莊 (zhuāng) [skt.grāma] — Traditional variant of 庄; used for "village"

140.1068 140.279 莎 (suō) [skt.kuśa] — Used for "sedge." Appears in descriptions of grass and thatching

140.1069 140.284 莓 (méi) [skt.phala] — Used for "berry." Appears in descriptions of fruits

140.1070 140.287 莖 (jīng) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Traditional variant of 茎; used for "stem"

140.1071 140.315 莲 (lián) [skt.padma; kamala] — CRITICAL — Used for "lotus." Appears in Buddhist compound 莲花 (padma, lotus), a symbol of purity and enlightenment. The lotus is one of the most important symbols in Buddhism, representing the arising of enlightenment from the mud of defilement. The Padma is also the name of one of the eight auspicious symbols

140.1072 140.316 莳 (shí) [skt.ropaṇa] — Used for "to plant." Appears in Buddhist similes of planting seeds of virtue

140.1073 140.320 获 (huò) [skt.prāpti] — Used for "to obtain." Appears in Buddhist compound 获得 (prāpti, to obtain/attain)

140.1074 140.322 莹 (yíng) [skt.prabhā] — Used for "lustrous." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of radiance and purity

140.1075 140.323 莺 (yīng) [skt.kokila] — Used for "oriole." Appears in descriptions of birds

140.1076 140.326 莽 (mǎng) [skt.vṛkṣa] — Used for "grassland." Appears in descriptions of wild areas

140.1077 140.330 菁 (jīng) [skt.bahu] — Used for "lush." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of flourishing virtue

140.1078 140.336 菇 (gū) [skt.chatra] — Used for "mushroom." Appears in descriptions of food and medicinal plants

140.1079 140.339 菊 (jú) [skt.kusuma] — Used for "chrysanthemum." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.1080 140.341 菌 (jūn) [skt.chatra] — Used for "fungus." Appears in descriptions of fungi and medicinal plants

140.1081 140.357 菜 (cài) [skt.śākā] — Used for "vegetable." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of food and monastic alms

140.1082 140.370 菩 (pú) [skt.bodhi; buddha] — CRITICAL — Used for "bodhi" and "enlightenment." Appears in Buddhist compound 菩萨 (bodhisattva, awakening being), 菩提 (bodhi, enlightenment), and 菩提心 (bodhicitta, mind of awakening). This is one of the most important characters in Mahāyāna Buddhism

140.1083 140.376 華 (huá) [skt.prabhā; cīna] — CRITICAL — Traditional variant of 华; used for "splendid" and "China." Appears in Buddhist compound 華严 (Avataṃsaka, Flower Garland), the title of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, and 中華 (cīna, China)

140.1084 140.378 菱 (líng) [skt.śṛṅgāṭaka] — Used for "water chestnut." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1085 140.379 菲 (fēi) [skt.gandha] — Used for "aromatic" and "poor." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of fragrance and poverty

140.1086 140.381 菴 (ān) [skt.ārāma] — Used for "hermitage." Appears in Buddhist compound 菴堂 (ārāma, hermitage)

140.1087 140.390 菽 (shū) [skt.māṣa] — Used for "beans." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1088 140.396 萃 (cuì) [skt.samāgama] — Used for "to gather." Appears in Buddhist compound 萃集 (samāgama, gathering)

140.1089 140.397 萄 (táo) [skt.drākṣā] — Used for "grape." Appears in descriptions of fruits

140.1090 140.404 萋 (qī) [skt.bahu] — Used for "luxuriant." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of flourishing virtue

140.1091 140.405 萌 (méng) [skt.aṅkura] — Used for "to sprout." Appears in Buddhist similes of the sprout of awakening

140.1092 140.406 萍 (píng) [skt.śaivala] — Used for "duckweed." Appears in Buddhist similes of the fleeting nature of life

140.1093 140.407 萎 (wěi) [skt.śuṣka] — Used for "to wither." Appears in Buddhist similes of impermanence

140.1094 140.422 萝 (luó) [skt.mūlaka] — Used for "turnip." Appears in descriptions of vegetables

140.1095 140.429 萤 (yíng) [skt.khadyota] — Used for "firefly." Appears in Buddhist similes of the light of wisdom

140.1096 140.430 营 (yíng) [skt.nirmāṇa] — Used for "to manage." Appears in Buddhist compound 经营 (nirmāṇa, management)

140.1097 140.431 萦 (yíng) [skt.veṣṭana] — Used for "to wind around." Appears in Buddhist similes of the winding of defilements

140.1098 140.432 萧 (xiāo) [skt.śīta] — Used for "dreary." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of desolation

140.1099 140.433 萨 (sà) [skt.sākya] — Used in the transliteration of bodhisattva (菩萨, awakening being)

140.1100 140.437 萬 (wàn) [skt.sahasra] — Traditional variant of 万; used for "ten thousand"

140.1101 140.442 萱 (xuān) [skt.nīlotpala] — Used for "daylily." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1102 140.453 萼 (è) [skt.puṣpa] — Used for "calyx." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.1103 140.454 落 (luò) [skt.patana] — Used for "to fall." Appears in Buddhist compound 堕落 (patana, falling/decay) and 落发 (keśa-cheda, shaving the head)

140.1104 140.463 葆 (bǎo) [skt.dhāraṇa] — Used for "to preserve." Appears in Buddhist compound 葆藏 (dhāraṇa, preservation)

140.1105 140.466 葉 (yè) [skt.parṇa] — Traditional variant of 叶; used for "leaf." Appears in Buddhist similes of the falling leaf as a symbol of impermanence

140.1106 140.480 著 (zhù) [skt.likh] — Used for "to write." Appears in Buddhist compound 著作 (lekha, writing/composition) and 著书 (grantha, book)

140.1107 140.483 葚 (shèn) [skt.kāyā] — Used for "mulberry." Appears in descriptions of trees and fruits

140.1108 140.484 葛 (gé) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Used for "kudzu." Appears in descriptions of plants and textiles

140.1109 140.490 葡 (pú) [skt.drākṣā] — Used for "grape." Appears in descriptions of fruits

140.1110 140.492 董 (dǒng) [skt.adhyakṣa] — Used for "to supervise." Appears in Buddhist compound 董事 (adhyakṣa, supervisor)

140.1111 140.495 葦 (wěi) [skt.naḷa] — Traditional variant of 苇; used for "reed"

140.1112 140.498 葩 (pā) [skt.dalaka] — Used for "petal." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of flowers

140.1113 140.500 葫 (hú) [skt.alābu] — Used for "gourd." Appears in descriptions of plants and vessels

140.1114 140.501 葬 (zàng) [skt.śmaśāna] — Used for "to bury." Appears in Buddhist compound 葬礼 (śmaśāna-kriyā, funeral rites)

140.1115 140.502 葭 (jiā) [skt.naḷa] — Used for "reed." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1116 140.504 葯 (yào) [skt.bhaiṣajya] — Archaic variant of 药; used for "medicine"

140.1117 140.506 葱 (cōng) [skt.palāṇḍu] — Used for "onion." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1118 140.510 葵 (kuí) [skt.sūryāvarta] — Used for "sunflower." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.1119 140.512 葷 (hūn) [skt.māṃsa] — Traditional variant of 荤; used for "meat dish." Appears in Buddhist discussions of vegetarianism

140.1120 140.515 葺 (qì) [skt.saṃskāra] — Used for "to repair." Appears in Buddhist compound 修葺 (saṃskāra, repair)

140.1121 140.523 蒂 (dì) [skt.kāṇḍa] — Used for "stem." Appears in Buddhist similes of the stem of the lotus

140.1122 140.546 蒙 (méng) [skt.chādana] — Used for "to cover." Appears in Buddhist compound 蒙昧 (moha, ignorance/covering)

140.1123 140.549 蒜 (suàn) [skt.laśuna] — Used for "garlic." Appears in descriptions of food and in discussions of pungent foods that are sometimes avoided by monastics

140.1124 140.551 蒞 (lì) [skt.upasthāna] — Traditional variant of 莅; used for "to attend"

140.1125 140.571 蒲 (pú) [skt.kumbha] — Used for "cattail." Appears in descriptions of plants and thatching

140.1126 140.577 蒸 (zhēng) [skt.parivāpa] — Used for "to steam." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of cooking and alms

140.1127 140.578 蒹 (jiān) [skt.naḷa] — Used for "reed." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1128 140.581 蒼 (cāng) [skt.nīla] — Traditional variant of 苍; used for "dark blue"

140.1129 140.584 蒿 (hāo) [skt.ambara] — Used for "artemisia." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1130 140.589 蓄 (xù) [skt.saṃcaya] — Used for "to store." Appears in Buddhist compound 积蓄 (saṃcaya, accumulation)

140.1131 140.591 蓆 (xí) [skt.āsana] — Used for "mat." Appears in descriptions of bedding

140.1132 140.594 蓉 (róng) [skt.padma] — Used for "lotus." Appears in Buddhist compound 芙蓉 (padma, lotus)

140.1133 140.595 蓊 (wěng) [skt.bahu] — Used for "lush." Appears in descriptions of flourishing vegetation

140.1134 140.596 蓋 (gài) [skt.chādana] — Traditional variant of 盖; used for "cover." Appears in Buddhist compound 盖缠 (nīvaraṇa, hindrances)

140.1135 140.602 蓑 (suō) [skt.tṛṇacchad] — Used for "straw raincoat." Appears in descriptions of monastic robes

140.1136 140.604 蓓 (bèi) [skt.kora] — Used for "bud." Appears in Buddhist similes of the unfolding of wisdom

140.1137 140.607 蓖 (bì) — Used for "castor." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1138 140.614 蓝 (lán) [skt.nīla] — Used for "blue." Appears in Buddhist compound 蓝宝石 (nīla-maṇi, sapphire)

140.1139 140.623 蓦 (mò) [skt.sahasā] — Used for "suddenly." Appears in Buddhist compound 蓦地 (sahasā, suddenly)

140.1140 140.629 蓬 (péng) [skt.kṣīra] — Used for "dandelion." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1141 140.631 蓮 (lián) [skt.padma; kamala] — Traditional variant of 莲; used for "lotus." Appears in Buddhist compound 蓮花 (padma, lotus)

140.1142 140.645 蓼 (liǎo) [skt.śṛṅgī] — Used for "knotweed." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1143 140.666 蔑 (miè) [skt.avajñā] — Used for "to despise." Appears in Buddhist compound 蔑视 (avajñā, contempt)

140.1144 140.668 蔓 (màn) [skt.latā] — Used for "vine." Appears in Buddhist similes of the vine of craving

140.1145 140.672 蔗 (zhè) [skt.ikṣu] — Used for "sugarcane." Appears in descriptions of food and offerings

140.1146 140.675 蔚 (wèi) [skt.bahu] — Used for "lush." Appears in descriptions of flourishing vegetation

140.1147 140.686 蔥 (cōng) [skt.palāṇḍu] — Traditional variant of 葱; used for "onion"

140.1148 140.687 蔦 (niǎo) [skt.akṣa] — Traditional variant of 茑; used for "dodder"

140.1149 140.692 蔫 (niān) [skt.śuṣka] — Used for "wilted." Appears in Buddhist similes of impermanence

140.1150 140.693 蔬 (shū) [skt.śākā] — Used for "vegetables." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of food and offerings

140.1151 140.694 蔭 (yìn) [skt.chāyā] — Traditional variant of 荫; used for "shade"

140.1152 140.701 蔴 (má) [skt.śaṇa] — Used for "hemp." Appears in descriptions of plants and textiles

140.1153 140.702 蔵 (zàng) [skt.gūhana] — Japanese variant of 藏; used for "to hide"

140.1154 140.704 蔷 (qiáng) [skt.pāṭalā] — Used for "rose." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.1155 140.708 蔻 (kòu) [skt.elā] — Used for "cardamom." Appears in descriptions of spices

140.1156 140.709 蔼 (ǎi) [skt.maṅgala] — Used for "friendly." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of loving-kindness

140.1157 140.710 蔽 (bì) [skt.chādana] — Used for "to cover." Appears in Buddhist compound 遮蔽 (chādana, covering/obscuring)

140.1158 140.716 蕃 (fán) [skt.bahu] — Used for "luxuriant." Appears in Buddhist descriptions of flourishing virtue

140.1159 140.721 蕈 (xùn) [skt.chatra] — Used for "mushroom." Appears in descriptions of fungi

140.1160 140.722 蕉 (jiāo) [skt.kadalī] — Used for "banana." Appears in Buddhist similes of the banana tree’s hollow nature

140.1161 140.723 蕊 (ruǐ) [skt.kesara] — Used for "stamen." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.1162 140.738 蕙 (huì) [skt.orchis] — Used for "orchid." Appears in descriptions of flowers

140.1163 140.753 蕨 (jué) [skt.parṇa] — Used for "fern." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1164 140.754 蕩 (dàng) [skt.calana] — Traditional variant of 荡; used for "to swing"

140.1165 140.755 蕪 (wú) [skt.vṛkṣa] — Traditional variant of 芜; used for "overgrown"

140.1166 140.758 蕭 (xiāo) [skt.śīta] — Traditional variant of 萧; used for "dreary"

140.1167 140.765 蕴 (yùn) [skt.saṃcaya] — Used for "to accumulate." Appears in Buddhist compound 五蕴 (pañca-skandha, the five aggregates)

140.1168 140.775 蕾 (lěi) [skt.kora] — Used for "bud." Appears in Buddhist similes of the unfolding of wisdom

140.1169 140.777 薀 (yùn) [skt.saṃcaya] — Traditional variant of 蕴; used for "to accumulate"

140.1170 140.781 薄 (bó) [skt.tanu] — Used for "thin." Appears in Buddhist compound 薄伽梵 (Bhagavān, the Blessed One)

140.1171 140.782 薅 (hāo) [skt.nirdāha] — Used for "to weed." Appears in Buddhist similes of removing defilements

140.1172 140.784 薇 (wēi) [skt.parṇa] — Used for "fern." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1173 140.785 薈 (huì) [skt.saṅgraha] — Traditional variant of 荟; used for "to gather"

140.1174 140.792 薏 (yì) [skt.coix] — Used for "coix" (Job’s tears). Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1175 140.794 薑 (jiāng) [skt.ārdraka] — Traditional variant of 姜; used for "ginger"

140.1176 140.797 薔 (qiáng) [skt.pāṭalā] — Traditional variant of 蔷; used for "rose"

140.1177 140.802 薙 (tì) — Used for "to weed." Appears in descriptions of weeding

140.1178 140.804 薛 (xuē) — Used as a surname. Appears in Buddhist texts in historical contexts

140.1179 140.815 薦 (jiàn) [skt.abhyarthanā] — Traditional variant of 荐; used for "to recommend"

140.1180 140.817 薨 (hōng) [skt.mṛta] — Used for "to die (of royalty)." Appears in descriptions of royal death

140.1181 140.818 薩 (sà) [skt.sākya] — Traditional variant of 萨; used in the transliteration of bodhisattva (菩萨, awakening being)

140.1182 140.819 薪 (xīn) [skt.indhana] — Used for "firewood." Appears in Buddhist similes of the firewood of defilements

140.1183 140.824 薯 (shǔ) [skt.ālu] — Used for "potato." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1184 140.825 薰 (xūn) [skt.gandha] — Used for "fragrant." Appears in Buddhist compound 薰习 (vāsanā, habitual tendency/fragrance of past actions)

140.1185 140.835 薺 (jì) [skt.śākā] — Traditional variant of 荠; used for "shepherd’s purse"

140.1186 140.842 藁 (gǎo) [skt.lekha] — Used for "draft." Appears in descriptions of writing

140.1187 140.843 藂 (cóng) [skt.samūha] — Used for "cluster." Appears in Buddhist compound 藂林 (vana, forest)

140.1188 140.850 藉 (jí) [skt.ādāna] — Used for "to borrow." Appears in Buddhist compound 藉口 (kāraṇa, pretext)

140.1189 140.854 藍 (lán) [skt.nīla] — Traditional variant of 蓝; used for "blue"

140.1190 140.856 藏 (cáng) [skt.gūhana; kośa] — CRITICAL — Used for "to hide" and "to store." Appears in Buddhist compound 藏经 (tripiṭaka, the Buddhist canon) and 西藏 (tibet, Tibet)

140.1191 140.860 藓 (xiǎn) [skt.śaivala] — Used for "moss." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1192 140.862 藕 (ǒu) [skt.padma] — Used for "lotus root." Appears in descriptions of food

140.1193 140.869 藜 (lí) [skt.śāka] — Used for "goosefoot." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1194 140.870 藝 (yì) [skt.kalā; śilpa] — Traditional variant of 艺; used for "art" and "skill"

140.1195 140.877 藤 (téng) [skt.latā] — Used for "vine." Appears in Buddhist similes of the vine of craving

140.1196 140.878 藥 (yào) [skt.bhaiṣajya; auṣadha] — Traditional variant of 药; used for "medicine." Appears in Buddhist compound 藥師 (Bhaiṣajya-guru, Medicine Master)

140.1197 140.882 藩 (fān) [skt.prākāra] — Used for "fence." Appears in descriptions of boundaries

140.1198 140.892 藳 (gǎo) [skt.lekha] — Used for "draft." Appears in descriptions of writing

140.1199 140.893 藴 (yùn) [skt.saṃcaya] — Archaic variant of 蘊; used for "to accumulate"

140.1200 140.898 藹 (ǎi) [skt.maṅgala] — Traditional variant of 蔼; used for "friendly"

140.1201 140.900 藻 (zǎo) [skt.śaivala] — Used for "algae." Appears in descriptions of aquatic plants

140.1202 140.904 藿 (huò) [skt.gandha] — Used for "agastache." Appears in descriptions of medicinal plants

140.1203 140.911 蘆 (lú) [skt.naḷa] — Traditional variant of 芦; used for "reed"

140.1204 140.912 蘇 (sū) [skt.punarjīvita] — Traditional variant of 苏; used for "to revive"

140.1205 140.915 蘊 (yùn) [skt.saṃcaya] — Traditional variant of 蕴; used for "to accumulate." Appears in Buddhist compound 五蘊 (pañca-skandha, the five aggregates)

140.1206 140.921 蘐 (xuān) [skt.nīlotpala] — Archaic variant of 萱; used for "daylily"

140.1207 140.922 蘑 (mó) [skt.chatra] — Used for "mushroom." Appears in descriptions of food and medicinal plants

140.1208 140.927 蘖 (niè) [skt.aṅkura] — Used for "sprout." Appears in Buddhist similes of the sprout of awakening

140.1209 140.931 蘚 (xiǎn) [skt.śaivala] — Traditional variant of 藓; used for "moss"

140.1210 140.941 蘤 (huā) [skt.puṣpa; kusuma] — Archaic variant of 花; used for "flower"

140.1211 140.950 蘭 (lán) [skt.orchis] — Traditional variant of 兰; used for "orchid." Appears in Buddhist compound 蘭若 (araṇya, forest hermitage)

140.1212 140.961 蘸 (zhàn) [skt.nimajjana] — Used for "to dip." Appears in descriptions of offerings

140.1213 140.965 蘼 (mí) — Used for "a plant." Appears in descriptions of plants

140.1214 140.968 蘿 (luó) [skt.mūlaka] — Traditional variant of 萝; used for "turnip"

140.1215 140.974 虅 (téng) [skt.latā] — Archaic variant of 藤; used for "vine"

141 虍

141.1 虍 [chn.hū][eng.tiger stripes; (also hū, archaic particle)][skt.(vyāghra-lakṣaṇa; unattested alone)]

141.2 虎 [chn.hǔ][eng.tiger; (also hǔ, fierce; brave)][skt.(vyāghra)]

141.3 虏 [chn.lǔ][eng.to capture; to take prisoner; (also lǔ, prisoner; barbarian)][skt.(bandha; para)]

141.4 虐 [chn.nüè][eng.cruel; tyrannical; oppressive; (also nüè, disaster)][skt.(hiṃsā; pīḍana)]

141.5 虑 [chn.lǜ][eng.to consider; to ponder; anxiety; (also lǜ, scheme)][skt.(cintā; vicāra)]

141.6 虒 [chn.sī][eng.a kind of aquatic animal; (also sī, an ancient place name)][skt.(unattested; classical only)]

141.7 虓 [chn.xiāo][eng.to roar; (also xiāo, fierce; valiant)][skt.(garjana; nāda)]

141.8 虔 [chn.qián][eng.pious; sincere; reverent; (also qián, to cut)][skt.(bhakti; śraddhā)]

141.9 處 [chn.chù / chǔ][eng.a place; a location (chù); to dwell; to manage; to punish (chǔ)][skt.(sthāna; āyatana; pratipatti)]

141.10 虖 [chn.hū][archaic interjection; (also hū, to exhale); rare][skt.(unattested; phonetic loan for 乎)]

141.11 虗 [chn.xū][eng.empty; void; false; (also xū, deficient)][skt.(śūnya; tuccha)]

141.12 虘 [chn.cuó][eng.an ancient place name; (also cuó, a kind of tiger)][skt.(unattested; classical place name)]

141.13 虙 [chn.fú][eng.a surname; an ancient state; (also fú, tranquil)][skt.(unattested; surname/transliteration)]

141.14 虚 [chn.xū][eng.empty; void; false; humble; (also xū, weakness)][skt.(śūnya; ākāśa; mithyā)]

141.15 虛 [chn.xū][eng.empty; void; false; humble; (also xū, weakness)][skt.(śūnya; ākāśa; mithyā)]

141.16 虜 [chn.lǔ][eng.to capture; to take prisoner; barbarian; (also lǔ, slave)][skt.(bandha; para; dāsa)]

141.17 虝 [chn.hǔ][archaic variant of 虎 (tiger); (also hǔ, fierce)][skt.(vyāghra; identical to 虎)]

141.18 虞 [chn.yú][eng.to anticipate; to worry; to deceive; (also yú, an ancient surname/state)][skt.(cintā; apekṣā; māyā)]

141.19 號 [chn.hào / háo][eng.a name; a title; a signal (hào); to roar; to cry out (háo)][skt.(nāman; garjana; śabda)]

141.20 虠 [chn.jiāo][eng.roar of a tiger; (also jiāo, fierce)][skt.(garjana; raudra)]

141.21 虡 [chn.jù][eng.ancient wooden stand for bells or chimes; (also jù, a kind of weapon)][skt.(unattested; classical ritual object)]

141.22 虢 [chn.guó][eng.an ancient feudal state; (also guó, a surname)][skt.(unattested; classical place name/transliteration)]

141.23 虣 [chn.bào][eng.ancient variant of 暴 (violent; cruel; sudden)][skt.(hiṃsā; raudra; caṇḍa)]

141.24 虤 [chn.yán][eng.tiger’s anger; two tigers together; (also yán, fierce)][skt.(raudra; vyāghra-krodha)]

141.25 虥 [chn.zhàn][eng.a light-coloured tiger; a tiger with spots; (also zhàn)][skt.(vyāghra-śabala; unattested)]

141.26 虦 [chn.zhàn][eng.a light-coloured tiger; (also zhàn); variant of 虥][skt.(vyāghra-śabala; variant)]

141.27 虧 [chn.kuī][eng.to lose; to lack; to decrease; to damage; (also kuī, deficit)][skt.(kṣaya; hāni; nyūna)]

141.28 虨 [chn.bīn][eng.tiger stripes; patterns; elegance; (also bīn, to hide)][skt.(vyāghra-lakṣaṇa; citra)]

141.29 虩 [chn.xì][eng.fear; terror; (also xì, startled)][skt.(bhaya; trāsa; saṃvega)]

141.30 虪 [chn.shū][eng.a black tiger; (also shū, fierce)][skt.(kṛṣṇa-vyāghra; unattested)]

141.31 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 141

141.32 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

141.33 141.1 虍 (hū) [skt.(vyāghra-lakṣaṇa)] — Rarely used as an independent lexeme in Buddhist literature. It appears almost exclusively as a radical component. However, its phonetic value hu is occasionally deployed in early transliterations of foreign names where a guttural aspirate is required. For back-translation, it serves primarily as a structural indicator that the character belongs to the tiger/stripe semantic field.

141.34 141.2 虎 (hǔ) [skt.(vyāghra)] — The standard character for "tiger." Frequently appears in Jātaka tales (e.g., the Vyāghrī Jātaka, where the tigress offers herself to feed her cubs, or the Śibi Jātaka involving a tiger). Translates vyāghra in both narrative and similes (e.g., "like a tiger in the mountains," signifying solitude or ferocity). In Buddhist iconography, the tiger is also one of the four animals in the traditional East Asian zodiac.

141.35 141.3/141.16 虏/虜 (lǔ) [skt.(bandha; para; dāsa)] — Maps to bandha (bondage, capture) and para (enemy, foreigner) in disciplinary and historical contexts. In Vinaya texts, it appears in compound 虏掠 (bandha-grahaṇa, plundering) as a prohibited act for monastics. The traditional form 虜 is orthographically distinct from the simplified 虏 but semantically identical; both are encountered in Taishō editions depending on recension.

141.36 141.4 虐 (nüè) [skt.(hiṃsā; pīḍana)] — Regularly translates hiṃsā (violence, injury) and pīḍana (oppression, torment). As hiṃsā, it is one of the ten unwholesome courses of action (akuśala-karmapatha) when manifest as physical cruelty. In Mādhyamika treatises, it is often paired with 暴 (violence) to describe the afflicted mental states of sentient beings in saṃsāra.

141.37 141.5 虑 (lǜ) [skt.(cintā; vicāra)] — Translates cintā (thought, reflection) and vicāra (discursive examination, one of the factors of meditative absorption, dhyāna). The compound 思慮 (cintā) is frequently used in epistemological contexts to denote the conceptual activity that obscures direct perception (pratyakṣa). Critical note: Do not confuse with 憂 (śoka, grief) — 虑 implies cognitive processing and worry, while 憂 implies affective sorrow.

141.38 141.6 虒 (sī) — An archaic zoological term (a river-dwelling creature) and a place name. No direct Sanskrit correlate in the Buddhist canon. When encountered, it is likely a phonetic loan for a foreign toponym or a personal name in the sinicized translations of non-canonical texts. Back-translation should treat it as a proper noun unless the context clearly dictates a metaphorical reading.

141.39 141.7/141.20 虓/虠 (xiāo/jiāo) [skt.(garjana; nāda)] — Both map to garjana (roaring, especially of a tiger) and nāda (sound, resonance). In Mahāyāna sūtras, these characters occasionally appear in similes for the "lion’s roar" (siṃhanāda) of the Buddha, though 獅子吼 (siṃhanāda) is the standard compound. They are more common in classical Chinese poetry than in core Buddhist scholastic texts.

141.40 141.8 虔 (qián) [skt.(bhakti; śraddhā)] — Translates bhakti (devotion) and śraddhā (faith, trust). It carries a stronger connotation of reverential sincerity and earnestness than the more neutral 信 (śraddhā). Appears in compound 虔誠 (bhakti, devotion), often describing the laity’s attitude toward the Three Jewels (ratnatraya) or the bodhisattva’s earnest aspiration (praṇidhāna).

141.41 141.9 處 (chù / chǔ) [skt.(sthāna; āyatana; pratipatti)] — This character presents the most critical disambiguation challenge for back-translation. As a noun (chù), it maps to (1) sthāna (place, abode, state of existence — e.g., 十處, daśa-sthāna), and (2) āyatana (sphere, sense-field) — crucially in 六處 (ṣaḍ-āyatana), the six internal sense bases (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind). Misidentification of āyatana as mere physical place is a common error in reconstruction. As a verb (chǔ), it maps to pratipatti (conduct, practice) or vyavasthā (to establish/arrange), as in 處世 (to dwell/deal in the world). Always verify the compound.

141.42 141.10 虖 (hū) — Archaic particle and exclamation, primarily a phonetic loan for 乎 (hū) in pre-Qin texts. It has virtually no doctrinal usage in Buddhist literature. Back-translation scholars may safely ignore this character unless it appears in early Daoist-inflected Chinese Buddhist apocrypha.

141.43 141.11/141.14/141.15 虗/虚/虛 (xū) [skt.(śūnya; ākāśa; mithyā; tuccha)] — This cluster is foundational for Buddhist metaphysics. The primary correlate is śūnya (empty, void), the cornerstone of Mādhyamika emptiness (śūnyatā). However, context is paramount: (1) In 虚空 (xūkōng), it correlates with ākāśa (space, the physical element), not śūnya. (2) In 虛妄 (xūwàng), it correlates with mithyā (false, unreal) or vitatha (untrue). (3) In 虛僞 (xūwěi), it correlates with māyā (deceit, illusion) or tuccha (hollow). Text-critical note: 虚 (simplified) and 虛 (traditional) are entirely orthographic variants; both appear across editions and are interchangeable. Back-translation must rely on the surrounding compound, not the stroke count.

141.44 141.12 虘 (cuó) — An ancient place name (Cuó) and a classical term for a type of tiger. No Buddhist Sanskrit correlate. If encountered, treat as a toponym or a rare zoological descriptor. It may occasionally be used phonetically to transcribe ca or cā in early, non-standard transliterations, but this is speculative.

141.45 141.13 虙 (fú) — A surname and name of an ancient state (Fú). Also appears in the compound 虙羲 (Fúxī), an alternate transcription for the mythic sage 伏羲. No Sanskrit correlate. When found in Buddhist colophons or donor lists, it is a sinitic proper name.

141.46 141.17 虝 (hǔ) [skt.(vyāghra; identical to 虎)] — An archaic variant of 虎. For back-translation purposes, it is 100% interchangeable with 虎. Scholars should flag this in their critical apparatus to avoid redundant reconstruction attempts. It occurs rarely in Dunhuang manuscripts as a scribal alternative.

141.47 141.18 虞 (yú) [skt.(cintā; apekṣā; māyā)] — A complex semantic field. Primary correlates: (1) cintā (worry, anxiety) — e.g., 憂虞 (śoka-cintā, grief and worry). (2) apekṣā (expectation, regard) — in the sense of anticipating or reckoning with something. (3) māyā (deception) — in the verbal sense of "to deceive" or "to scheme." In Vinaya, it often appears in the context of "concern for" rules or decorum. Do not confuse with 慮, which leans toward cognitive reflection; 虞 leans toward apprehension and prospective fear.

141.48 141.19 號 (hào / háo) [skt.(nāman; garjana; śabda)] — The reading hào (noun) maps to nāman (name, title) and saṃjñā (designation, convention). The reading háo (verb) maps to garjana (to roar) or śabda (to make a sound/cry out). In Buddhist logic (pramāṇa), 名稱 (nāma) is a conventional designation, while 號 as a roar appears in similes of the Buddha’s teaching (dharma-garjana). The simplified form 号 is encountered in modern texts, but canonical Taishō almost exclusively uses 號.

141.49 141.21 虡 (jù) — The wooden stand or frame for hanging bells and chimes in classical ritual. No Buddhist Sanskrit correlate. Appears primarily in vinaya descriptions of temple decor or in Chinese commentarial digressions on royal ritual, which are occasionally cited in monastic rulebooks regarding permissible furnishings.

141.50 141.22 虢 (guó) — The name of a feudal state in the Zhou dynasty. No direct Sanskrit correlate. It appears in Chinese historical citations within Buddhist commentaries (e.g., when illustrating arguments using Chinese history). Should be treated strictly as a sinitic proper noun.

141.51 141.23 虣 (bào) [skt.(hiṃsā; raudra; caṇḍa)] — An ancient variant of 暴 (bào), meaning violent, cruel, or sudden. Maps to hiṃsā (violence) and caṇḍa (fierce, hot-tempered). In Buddhist contexts, it describes unwholesome mental states and cruel actions. Often paired with 虐 (nüè) as 暴虐 (caṇḍa-hiṃsā, tyrannical cruelty). For back-translation, treat it semantically as a full synonym of 暴, but note its extreme rarity in core sūtras.

141.52 141.24 虤 (yán) [skt.(raudra; vyāghra-krodha)] — Two tigers together, indicating tiger’s anger or ferocity. Translates raudra (fierceness, wrathfulness) in the context of fierce protective deities or the terrifying aspects of wrathful manifestations (krodha-vighnantaka). Its use is almost exclusively literary; in philosophical texts, the single 虎 is preferred.

141.53 141.25/141.26 虥/虦 (zhàn) — Archaic terms for a light-coloured or spotted tiger. No Sanskrit correlate. These are purely descriptive zoological terms from the Erya (classical dictionary). They appear in Buddhist texts only if the text is quoting classical Chinese sources directly. Back-translation: they function as adjectives describing a tiger’s appearance; reconstruct the underlying Sanskrit as vyāghra plus an adjective if the context demands, but more often they are simply rendered as "tiger" without a distinct Skt. root.

141.54 141.27 虧 (kuī) [skt.(kṣaya; hāni; nyūna)] — Translates kṣaya (destruction, loss, decline) — e.g., 損虧 (hāni-kṣaya, depletion). Also nyūna (deficient, lacking), contrasted with pūrṇa (full, complete). In Abhidharma, kṣaya is the characteristic of impermanence (anitya) as cessation. The character appears in cosmological contexts describing the decreasing of the human lifespan during the declining kalpa (saṃvartakalpa). The simplified form 亏 is encountered in modern editions, but 虧 is standard in canonical texts.

141.55 141.28 虨 (bīn) [skt.(vyāghra-lakṣaṇa; citra)] — Tiger stripes, patterns, or elegant adornment. Maps loosely to citra (variegated, colorful) and lakṣaṇa (mark, characteristic) in aesthetic or descriptive passages. Rare in Buddhist texts; when it does appear, it is usually in verse sections describing the beautiful ornamentation of bodhisattvas or the majestic appearance of the Buddha, referring metaphorically to the "stripes" of virtue.

141.56 141.29 虩 (xì) [skt.(bhaya; trāsa; saṃvega)] — Fear, terror, or being startled. Translates bhaya (fear, danger) and trāsa (terror). More specifically, it overlaps with saṃvega (a sense of urgency or spiritual agitation) when describing the monk’s anxiety over the dangers of saṃsāra. The compound 虩虩 (xì xì) describes a state of trembling fear. Back-translation should differentiate between mundane fear (bhaya) and spiritual urgency (saṃvega) based on context—a distinction that profoundly affects the reconstructed passage’s doctrinal tone.

141.57 141.30 虪 (shū) — A black tiger. Purely a classical zoological term with no Buddhist Sanskrit correlate. It appears in encyclopedic passages and early Chinese mytho-historical texts quoted in monastic writings. For back-translation, treat as a descriptive adjective + vyāghra if a Sanskrit reconstruction is forced, but in practice, it serves as a rare lexical curiosity rather than a translation vehicle for a specific Skt. root.

142 虫

142.1 虫 [chn.chóng][eng.insect; worm; animal; (also huǐ, a venomous snake)][skt.kīṭa; jīva; prāṇin]

142.2 虬 [chn.qiú][eng.young dragon with coiled horns; (also qiú, coiled; curved)][skt.nāga-śiśu]

142.3 虭 [chn.diāo][eng.a kind of insect; (also diāo, a cicada-like insect)]

142.4 虮 [chn.jǐ][eng.nits; eggs of lice; (also jǐ, a small louse)][skt.līkṣā]

142.5 虯 [chn.qiú][eng.young dragon with horns; variant of 虬][skt.nāga]

142.6 虰 [chn.dīng][eng.a kind of insect; (also chéng, a dragonfly)]

142.7 虱 [chn.shī][eng.louse; (also shī, parasite)][skt.yūkā; līkṣā]

142.8 虲 [chn.xiā][eng.ancient variant of 蝦 (shrimp)]

142.9 虳 [chn.jué][eng.a kind of insect; (also jué, a small worm)]

142.10 虴 [chn.zhé][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhé, cicada nymph)]

142.11 虵 [chn.shé][eng.ancient variant of 蛇 (snake); (also shé, serpent)][skt.sarpa; nāga]

142.12 虶 [chn.yú][eng.an ancient term for a worm; (also yú)]

142.13 虷 [chn.hán][eng.a kind of worm; (also gān, an insect that damages crops)]

142.14 虸 [chn.zǐ][eng.a kind of insect larva; (also zǐ)]

142.15 虹 [chn.hóng][eng.rainbow; (also hóng, an arch)][skt.indradhanus]

142.16 虺 [chn.huǐ][eng.a venomous snake; (also huǐ, a mythological reptile)][skt.sarpa-viṣa; nāga]

142.17 虻 [chn.méng][eng.horsefly; gadfly; (also méng, a stinging insect)][skt.maśaka]

142.18 虼 [chn.gè][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 虼蚤, gèzao, flea)]

142.19 虽 [chn.suī][eng.although; even though; (also suī, a kind of reptile)]

142.20 虾 [chn.xiā][eng.shrimp; (also há, a kind of toad/frog)]

142.21 虿 [chn.chài][eng.a scorpion; a venomous insect; (also chài, a stinging insect)][skt.vṛścika]

142.22 蚀 [chn.shí][eng.to corrode; to eat away; to eclipse; (also shí, loss)][skt.paribhukta]

142.23 蚁 [chn.yǐ][eng.ant; (also yǐ, small)][skt.pipīlikā; vamra]

142.24 蚂 [chn.mǎ][eng.ant; (used in 蚂蚁, mǎyǐ, ant); (also mā, dragonfly)][skt.pipīlikā]

142.25 蚃 [chn.xiǎng][eng.a kind of insect; (also xiǎng, a mythical worm)]

142.26 蚄 [chn.fāng][eng.a kind of insect; (also fāng, a flea)]

142.27 蚅 [chn.è][eng.a kind of weevil or beetle; (also è)]

142.28 蚆 [chn.bā][eng.a kind of shellfish; (also bā, a leech)]

142.29 蚇 [chn.chǐ][eng.an inchworm; (also chǐ, a measuring worm)]

142.30 蚈 [chn.qiān][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiān, a centipede)]

142.31 蚉 [chn.wén][eng.ancient variant of 蚊 (mosquito)][skt.maśaka]

142.32 蚊 [chn.wén][eng.mosquito; (also wén, a gnat)][skt.maśaka]

142.33 蚋 [chn.ruì][eng.gnat; midge; (also ruì, a mosquito)][skt.maśaka]

142.34 蚌 [chn.bàng][eng.mussel; freshwater clam; (also bèng, a kind of shellfish)][skt.śuktikā; śaṅkha]

142.35 蚍 [chn.pí][eng.a large ant; (used in 蚍蜉, pífú, a large ant)][skt.pipīlikā]

142.36 蚎 [chn.yuè][eng.a kind of insect; (also yuè)]

142.37 蚏 [chn.yuè][eng.a kind of insect; (also yuè)]

142.38 蚐 [chn.jūn][eng.a kind of worm; (also jūn)]

142.39 蚑 [zhī / qí][eng.to crawl; (also qí, a kind of insect)][skt.sarīsṛpa]

142.40 蚒 [chn.tóng][eng.ancient term for a kind of snake; (also tóng)]

142.41 蚓 [chn.yǐn][eng.earthworm; (also yǐn, a worm)][skt.kṛmi; gandhupada]

142.42 蚔 [chn.qí][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhǐ, a scorpion)][skt.vṛścika]

142.43 蚕 [chn.cán][eng.silkworm; (also cán, a worm that eats mulberry leaves)][skt.kośakāra]

142.44 蚖 [chn.yuán][eng.a kind of lizard or newt; (also wán, a venomous snake)]

142.45 蚗 [chn.jué][eng.a kind of butterfly; (also jué)]

142.46 蚘 [chn.huí][eng.a tapeworm; an intestinal worm; (also huí, roundworm)][skt.kṛmi]

142.47 蚙 [chn.qín][eng.a kind of insect; (also qín)]

142.48 蚚 [chn.qí][eng.a kind of beetle; (also qí)]

142.49 蚛 [chn.zhòng][eng.a worm that eats books/clothes; (also zhòng)][skt.kṛmi]

142.50 蚜 [chn.yá][eng.aphid; plant louse; (also yá)]

142.51 蚝 [chn.háo][eng.oyster; (also háo, a kind of shellfish)]

142.52 蚞 [chn.mù][eng.a kind of insect; (also mù)]

142.53 蚟 [chn.wáng][eng.a kind of insect; (also wáng)]

142.54 蚠 [chn.fén][eng.ancient variant of 鼢 (a mole); (also fén)]

142.55 蚡 [chn.fén][eng.a mole; (also fén, an insect that damages roots)]

142.56 蚢 [chn.háng][eng.a kind of silkworm; (also háng)][skt.kośakāra]

142.57 蚣 [chn.gōng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蚣蝑, zhōngxū, a katydid)]

142.58 蚤 [chn.zǎo][eng.flea; (also zǎo, early)][skt.piplikā]

142.59 蚥 [chn.fǔ][eng.a kind of toad; (also fù)]

142.60 蚦 [chn.rán][eng.a kind of snake; (also rán, a python)][skt.sarpa; ajagara]

142.61 蚧 [chn.jiè][eng.a kind of lizard; (used in 蛤蚧, géjiè, gecko)]

142.62 蚨 [chn.fú][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 青蚨, qīngfú, a mythological insect used as money)]

142.63 蚩 [chn.chī][eng.ignorant; stupid; (also chī, a worm)][skt.moha; mūḍha]

142.64 蚪 [chn.dǒu][eng.tadpole; (also dǒu, a kind of insect)]

142.65 蚫 [chn.bào][eng.ancient term for abalone; (also bào)]

142.66 蚬 [chn.xiǎn][eng.a kind of small clam; (also xiàn, a freshwater mussel)][skt.śuktikā]

142.67 蚭 [chn.ní][eng.a kind of worm; (also ní)]

142.68 蚮 [chn.dài][eng.a kind of insect; (also dài)]

142.69 蚯 [chn.qiū][eng.earthworm; (used in 蚯蚓, qiūyǐn, earthworm)][skt.kṛmi; gandhupada]

142.70 蚰 [chn.yóu][eng.a centipede-like insect; (used in 蚰蜒, yóuyán, a centipede)]

142.71 蚱 [chn.zhà][eng.a kind of grasshopper; (used in 蚱蜢, zhàměng, grasshopper)]

142.72 蚲 [chn.píng][eng.a kind of insect; (also píng)]

142.73 蚳 [chn.chí][eng.ant eggs; (also chí, a kind of insect)][skt.pipīlikā-aṇḍa]

142.74 蚴 [chn.yòu][eng.a kind of insect larva; (also yōu, a parasitic worm)]

142.75 蚵 [chn.hé][eng.a kind of oyster; (used in 蚵仔, hézǐ, oyster)][skt.śuktikā]

142.76 蚶 [chn.hān][eng.blood clam; ark shell; (also hān, a kind of shellfish)][skt.śuktikā]

142.77 蚷 [chn.jù][eng.a kind of insect; (also jù)]

142.78 蚸 [chn.lì][eng.a kind of insect; (also lì)]

142.79 蚹 [chn.fù][eng.a kind of insect; (also fù, a tree frog)]

142.80 蚺 [chn.rán][eng.a python; a boa; (also rán, a large snake)][skt.ajagara; sarpa]

142.81 蚻 [chn.zhá][eng.a kind of insect that damages crops; (also zhá)]

142.82 蚼 [chn.gǒu][eng.a kind of insect; (also qú, a centipede)]

142.83 蚽 [chn.pí][eng.a kind of insect; (also pí)]

142.84 蚾 [chn.pí][eng.a kind of insect; (also bǒ, a toad)]

142.85 蚿 [chn.xián][eng.a millipede; (also xián, a many-legged insect)]

142.86 蛀 [chn.zhù][eng.a wood-boring insect; to be worm-eaten; (also zhù)][skt.kṛmi]

142.87 蛁 [chn.diāo][eng.a kind of cicada; (also diāo)]

142.88 蛂 [chn.bié][eng.a kind of beetle; (also bié)]

142.89 蛃 [chn.bǐng][eng.a kind of insect; (also bǐng)]

142.90 蛄 [chn.gū][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蝼蛄, lóugū, mole cricket)]

142.91 蛅 [chn.zhān][eng.a kind of worm; (also zhān, a caterpillar)]

142.92 蛆 [chn.qū][eng.maggot; (also qū, a worm)][skt.kṛmi]

142.93 蛇 [chn.shé][eng.snake; serpent; (also yí, a kind of snake)][skt.sarpa; nāga]

142.94 蛈 [chn.tiě][eng.a kind of insect; (also tiě)]

142.95 蛉 [chn.líng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蜻蛉, qīnglíng, dragonfly)]

142.96 蛊 [chn.gǔ][eng.ancient venomous insect; to bewitch; (also gǔ, a poison made from insects)]

142.97 蛋 [chn.dàn][eng.egg; (also dàn, a sphere)][skt.aṇḍa]

142.98 蛌 [chn.gǔ][eng.a kind of insect; (also gǔ, a weevil)]

142.99 蛍 [chn.yíng][eng.Japanese/archaic variant of 螢 (firefly)]

142.100 蛎 [chn.lì][eng.oyster; (also lì, a kind of shellfish)][skt.śuktikā]

142.101 蛏 [chn.chēng][eng.a kind of razor clam; (also chēng)][skt.śuktikā]

142.102 蛐 [chn.qū][eng.a cricket; (used in 蛐蟮, qūshàn, earthworm)]

142.103 蛑 [chn.móu][eng.a kind of sea creature; (also móu, a squid)]

142.104 蛒 [chn.gé][eng.a kind of insect; (also gé)]

142.105 蛓 [chn.cì][eng.a kind of caterpillar with stinging hairs; (also cì)]

142.106 蛔 [chn.huí][eng.roundworm; intestinal worm; (also huí)][skt.kṛmi]

142.107 蛕 [chn.huí][eng.variant of 蛔 (roundworm)][skt.kṛmi]

142.108 蛖 [chn.máng][eng.a kind of insect; (also máng)]

142.109 蛗 [chn.fù][eng.a kind of insect; (also fù)]

142.110 蛘 [chn.yáng][eng.a kind of insect; (also yáng, a weevil)]

142.111 蛙 [chn.wā][eng.frog; (also wā, a toad)][skt.maṇḍūka; bheka]

142.112 蛚 [chn.liè][eng.a kind of cricket; (also liè)]

142.113 蛛 [chn.zhū][eng.spider; (also zhū)][skt.ūrṇanābhi; lūtā]

142.114 蛜 [chn.yī][eng.a kind of insect; (also yī)]

142.115 蛝 [chn.xián][eng.a kind of insect; (also xián)]

142.116 蛞 [chn.kuò][eng.slug; (used in 蛞蝓, kuòyú, slug)]

142.117 蛟 [chn.jiāo][eng.a mythical aquatic dragon; (also jiāo, a crocodile)][skt.nāga; makara]

142.118 蛠 [chn.lì][eng.a kind of insect; (also lì)]

142.119 蛡 [chn.yì][eng.a kind of insect; (also yì)]

142.120 蛢 [chn.píng][eng.a kind of beetle; (also píng)]

142.121 蛣 [chn.jié][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蛣蟟, jiéliáo, a cicada)]

142.122 蛤 [chn.há / gé][eng.clam; mussel; (also gé, a frog/toad)][skt.śuktikā; bheka]

142.123 蛥 [chn.shé][eng.a kind of cicada; (also shé)]

142.124 蛦 [chn.yí][eng.a kind of insect; (also yí)]

142.125 蛧 [chn.wǎng][eng.a kind of insect; (also wǎng)]

142.126 蛨 [chn.mò][eng.a kind of insect; (also mò)]

142.127 蛩 [chn.qióng][eng.a kind of locust/cricket; (also qióng, a solitary insect)]

142.128 蛪 [chn.qiè][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiè)]

142.129 蛫 [chn.guǐ][eng.a kind of insect; (also guǐ)]

142.130 蛬 [chn.qióng][eng.variant of 蛩 (cricket)]

142.131 蛭 [chn.zhì][eng.leech; (also zhì, a bloodsucking worm)]

142.132 蛮 [chn.mán][eng.barbarian; uncivilized; (also mán, wild)][skt.mleccha]

142.133 蛯 [chn.lǎo][eng.a kind of insect; (also lǎo)]

142.134 蛰 [chn.zhé][eng.to hibernate; to hide; (also zhé, to store)]

142.135 蛱 [chn.jiá][eng.a kind of butterfly; (used in 蛱蝶, jiádié, a butterfly)]

142.136 蛲 [chn.náo][eng.pinworm; (also náo, a parasitic worm)][skt.kṛmi]

142.137 蛳 [chn.sī][eng.a kind of snail; (also sī)]

142.138 蛴 [chn.qí][eng.a grub; a beetle larva; (also qí, a caterpillar)]

142.139 蛵 [chn.xīng][eng.a kind of insect; (also xīng)]

142.140 蛶 [chn.jiè][eng.a kind of insect; (also jiè)]

142.141 蛷 [chn.qiú][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiú)]

142.142 蛸 [chn.xiāo / shāo][eng.a long-legged spider; (also shāo, an octopus)][skt.ūrṇanābhi]

142.143 蛹 [chn.yǒng][eng.chrysalis; pupa; (also yǒng, a cocoon)][skt.kośa]

142.144 蛺 [chn.jiá][eng.a kind of butterfly; (used in 蛺蝶, jiádié, butterfly)]

142.145 蛻 [chn.tuì][eng.to molt; to shed skin; (also tuì, a nymph)][skt.nirmoka]

142.146 蛼 [chn.chē][eng.a kind of insect; (also chē)]

142.147 蛽 [chn.bèi][eng.a kind of insect; (also bèi)]

142.148 蛾 [chn.é][eng.moth; (also yǐ, a kind of ant)][skt.śalabha]

142.149 蛿 [chn.hàn][eng.a kind of insect; (also hàn)]

142.150 蜀 [chn.shǔ][eng.the Shu region (Sichuan); (also shǔ, a kind of caterpillar)]

142.151 蜁 [chn.xuán][eng.a kind of insect; (also xuán)]

142.152 蜂 [chn.fēng][eng.bee; wasp; (also fēng, a swarm)][skt.bhramara; madhukara]

142.153 蜃 [chn.shèn][eng.a mythical clam; mirage; (also shèn, an aquatic dragon)]

142.154 蜄 [chn.shèn][eng.a kind of clam; (also shèn)][skt.śuktikā]

142.155 蜅 [chn.fǔ][eng.a kind of insect; (also fǔ)]

142.156 蜆 [chn.xiǎn][eng.a kind of small clam; (also xiàn, a freshwater mussel)][skt.śuktikā]

142.157 蜇 [chn.zhé][eng.to sting; (also zhé, a jellyfish)]

142.158 蜈 [chn.wú][eng.a centipede; (used in 蜈蚣, wúgōng, centipede)]

142.159 蜉 [chn.fú][eng.a mayfly; (used in 蜉蝣, fúyóu, mayfly)]

142.160 蜊 [chn.lí][eng.a kind of clam; (used in 蛤蜊, gélí, clam)][skt.śuktikā]

142.161 蜋 [chn.láng][eng.a kind of mantis; (used in 螳蜋, tángláng, mantis)]

142.162 蜌 [chn.bì][eng.a kind of insect; (also bì)]

142.163 蜍 [chn.chú][eng.a kind of toad; (used in 蟾蜍, chánchú, toad)][skt.bheka]

142.164 蜎 [chn.yuān][eng.a mosquito larva; (also yuān, a wriggling insect)]

142.165 蜏 [chn.yǒu][eng.a kind of insect; (also yǒu)]

142.166 蜐 [chn.jié][eng.a kind of insect; (also jié)]

142.167 蜑 [chn.dàn][eng.a kind of sea creature; (also dàn, a southern tribe)]

142.168 蜒 [chn.yán][eng.a kind of snake; (used in 蜿蜒, wānyán, to wriggle)][skt.sarpa]

142.169 蜓 [chn.tíng][eng.a dragonfly; (used in 蜻蜓, qīngtíng, dragonfly)]

142.170 蜔 [chn.diàn][eng.a kind of insect; (also diàn)]

142.171 蜕 [chn.tuì][eng.to molt; to shed skin; simplified of 蛻][skt.nirmoka]

142.172 蜖 [chn.huí][eng.a kind of insect; (also huí)]

142.173 蜗 [chn.wō][eng.snail; (also wō, a spiral shell)][skt.śambūka]

142.174 蜘 [chn.zhī][eng.spider; (used in 蜘蛛, zhīzhū, spider)][skt.ūrṇanābhi; lūtā]

142.175 蜙 [zhōng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蜙蝑, zhōngxū, a katydid)]

142.176 蜚 [chn.fēi][eng.a kind of insect; (also fěi, a destructive insect)]

142.177 蜛 [chn.jū][eng.a kind of insect; (also jū)]

142.178 蜜 [chn.mì][eng.honey; (also mì, sweet)][skt.madhu]

142.179 蜝 [chn.qí][eng.a kind of insect; (also qí)]

142.180 蜞 [chn.qí][eng.a kind of insect; (also qí, a leech)]

142.181 蜟 [chn.yù][eng.a kind of insect; (also yù)]

142.182 蜠 [chn.jūn][eng.a kind of insect; (also jūn)]

142.183 蜡 [chn.là][eng.wax; (also zhà, a winter sacrifice)]

142.184 蜢 [chn.měng][eng.grasshopper; (used in 蚱蜢, zhàměng, grasshopper)][skt.śalabha]

142.185 蜣 [chn.qiāng][eng.a dung beetle; (used in 蜣螂, qiāngláng, dung beetle)]

142.186 蜤 [chn.sī][eng.a kind of insect; (also sī)]

142.187 蜥 [chn.xī][eng.a lizard; (used in 蜥蜴, xīyì, lizard)]

142.188 蜦 [chn.lún][eng.a kind of aquatic snake; (also lún)][skt.sarpa]

142.189 蜧 [chn.lì][eng.a kind of mythical snake; (also lì)]

142.190 蜨 [chn.dié][eng.a kind of butterfly; (also dié)]

142.191 蜩 [chn.tiáo][eng.a cicada; (also tiáo, a large cicada)]

142.192 蜪 [chn.táo][eng.a kind of insect; (also táo)]

142.193 蜫 [chn.kūn][eng.a kind of insect; (also kūn)]

142.194 蜬 [chn.hán][eng.a kind of insect; (also hán)]

142.195 蜭 [chn.hàn][eng.a kind of insect; (also hàn)]

142.196 蜮 [chn.yù][eng.a mythical creature that shoots poison; (also yù, a venomous insect)]

142.197 蜯 [chn.bàng][eng.variant of 蚌 (mussel)][skt.śuktikā]

142.198 蜰 [chn.féi][eng.a kind of insect; (also féi)]

142.199 蜱 [chn.pí][eng.a tick; (also pí, a mite)]

142.200 蜲 [chn.wēi][eng.a kind of insect; (also wēi)]

142.201 蜳 [chn.dūn][eng.a kind of insect; (also dūn)]

142.202 蜴 [chn.yì][eng.a lizard; (used in 蜥蜴, xīyì, lizard)]

142.203 蜵 [chn.yuān][eng.a kind of insect; (also yuān)]

142.204 蜶 [chn.suò][eng.a kind of insect; (also suò)]

142.205 蜷 [chn.quán][eng.to curl up; to coil; (also quán, a worm)]

142.206 蜸 [chn.qiǎn][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiǎn)]

142.207 蜹 [chn.ruì][eng.variant of 蚋 (gnat)][skt.maśaka]

142.208 蜺 [chn.ní][eng.a kind of insect; (also ní, a rainbow)]

142.209 蜻 [chn.qīng][eng.dragonfly; (used in 蜻蜓, qīngtíng, dragonfly)]

142.210 蜼 [chn.wèi][eng.a kind of animal; (also wèi, a long-tailed monkey)]

142.211 蜽 [chn.liǎng][eng.a kind of insect; (also liǎng)]

142.212 蜾 [chn.guǒ][eng.a kind of wasp; (used in 蜾蠃, guǒluǒ, a solitary wasp)]

142.213 蜿 [chn.wān][eng.to wriggle; (used in 蜿蜒, wānyán, to wriggle)]

142.214 蝀 [chn.dōng][eng.rainbow; (used in 蝃蝀, dìdōng, rainbow)][skt.indradhanus]

142.215 蝁 [chn.è][eng.a kind of snake; (also è)][skt.sarpa]

142.216 蝂 [chn.bǎn][eng.a kind of insect; (also bǎn)]

142.217 蝃 [chn.dì][eng.a kind of insect; (also dì)]

142.218 蝄 [chn.wǎng][eng.a kind of insect; (also wǎng)]

142.219 蝅 [chn.cán][eng.variant of 蚕 (silkworm)][skt.kośakāra]

142.220 蝆 [chn.yǎng][eng.a kind of insect; (also yǎng)]

142.221 蝇 [chn.yíng][eng.fly; (also yíng, a housefly)][skt.makṣikā]

142.222 蝈 [chn.guō][eng.a kind of grasshopper; (also guō, a green cricket)][skt.śalabha]

142.223 蝉 [chn.chán][eng.cicada; (also chán, a cicada that sheds its skin)]

142.224 蝊 [chn.dìng][eng.a kind of insect; (also dìng)]

142.225 蝋 [chn.là][eng.Japanese variant of 蠟 (wax)]

142.226 蝌 [chn.kē][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蝌蚪, kēdǒu, tadpole)]

142.227 蝍 [chn.jí][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蝍蛆, jíqū, a centipede)]

142.228 蝎 [chn.xiē][eng.scorpion; (also xiē, a venomous insect)][skt.vṛścika]

142.229 蝏 [chn.tíng][eng.a kind of insect; (also tíng)]

142.230 蝐 [chn.mài][eng.a kind of insect; (also mài)]

142.231 蝑 [chn.xū][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蝑蝝, xūyuán, a kind of locust)]

142.232 蝒 [chn.mián][eng.a kind of cicada; (also mián)]

142.233 蝓 [chn.yú][eng.a slug; (used in 蛞蝓, kuòyú, slug)]

142.234 蝔 [chn.jiē][eng.a kind of insect; (also jiē)]

142.235 蝕 [chn.shí][eng.to corrode; to eclipse; traditional of 蚀][skt.paribhukta]

142.236 蝖 [chn.xuān][eng.a kind of insect; (also xuān)]

142.237 蝗 [chn.huáng][eng.locust; (also huáng, a crop-destroying insect)][skt.śalabha]

142.238 蝘 [chn.yǎn][eng.a kind of lizard; (used in 蝘蜓, yǎntíng, a gecko)]

142.239 蝙 [chn.biān][eng.bat; (used in 蝙蝠, biānfú, bat)]

142.240 蝚 [chn.róu][eng.a kind of insect; (also róu)]

142.241 蝛 [chn.wēi][eng.a kind of insect; (also wēi)]

142.242 蝜 [chn.fù][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蝜蝂, fùbǎn, a mythical beetle)]

142.243 蝝 [chn.yuán][eng.a kind of locust; (also yuán, a larva of a locust)][skt.śalabha]

142.244 蝞 [chn.mèi][eng.a kind of insect; (also mèi)]

142.245 蝟 [chn.wèi][eng.hedgehog; (also wèi, a spiny creature)]

142.246 蝠 [chn.fú][eng.bat; (used in 蝙蝠, biānfú, bat)]

142.247 蝡 [chn.rú][eng.to wriggle; (also rú, a kind of insect)]

142.248 蝢 [chn.xié][eng.a kind of insect; (also xié)]

142.249 蝣 [chn.yóu][eng.a mayfly; (used in 蜉蝣, fúyóu, mayfly)]

142.250 蝤 [chn.qiú][eng.a kind of beetle larva; (used in 蝤蛴, qiúqí, a grub)]

142.251 蝥 [chn.máo][eng.a kind of wasp; (also máo, a stinging insect)]

142.252 蝦 [chn.xiā][eng.shrimp; (also xiā, a prawn)]

142.253 蝧 [chn.yīng][eng.a kind of insect; (also yīng)]

142.254 蝨 [chn.shī][eng.louse; traditional of 虱][skt.yūkā; līkṣā]

142.255 蝩 [chn.zhóng][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhóng)]

142.256 蝪 [chn.tāng][eng.a kind of insect; (also tāng)]

142.257 蝫 [chn.zhū][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhū)]

142.258 蝬 [chn.zōng][eng.a kind of insect; (also zōng)]

142.259 蝭 [chn.dì][eng.a kind of insect; (also dì)]

142.260 蝮 [chn.fù][eng.a kind of venomous snake; (also fù, a viper)][skt.sarpa-viṣa]

142.261 蝯 [chn.yuán][eng.a kind of monkey; (also yuán, a gibbon)]

142.262 蝰 [chn.kuí][eng.a kind of venomous snake; (also kuí)][skt.sarpa-viṣa]

142.263 蝱 [chn.méng][eng.a horsefly; variant of 虻][skt.maśaka]

142.264 蝲 [chn.là][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蝲蛄, làgǔ, a crayfish)]

142.265 蝳 [chn.dài][eng.a kind of insect; (also dài)]

142.266 蝴 [chn.hú][eng.butterfly; (used in 蝴蝶, húdié, butterfly)]

142.267 蝵 [chn.qiū][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiū)]

142.268 蝶 [chn.dié][eng.butterfly; (also dié)]

142.269 蝷 [chn.lì][eng.a kind of insect; (also lì)]

142.270 蝸 [chn.wō][eng.snail; traditional of 蜗][skt.śambūka]

142.271 蝹 [chn.yūn][eng.a kind of insect; (also yūn)]

142.272 蝺 [chn.qǔ][eng.a kind of insect; (also qǔ)]

142.273 蝻 [chn.nǎn][eng.a young locust; (also nǎn, a locust nymph)][skt.śalabha]

142.274 蝼 [chn.lóu][eng.a mole cricket; (used in 蝼蚁, lóuyǐ, mole cricket and ant)]

142.275 蝽 [chn.chūn][eng.a kind of insect; (also chūn, a stinkbug)]

142.276 蝾 [chn.róng][eng.a kind of salamander; (used in 蝾螈, róngyuán, salamander)]

142.277 蝿 [chn.yíng][eng.ancient variant of 蝇 (fly)][skt.makṣikā]

142.278 螀 [chn.jiāng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 螀螀, jiāngjiāng, a grasshopper)]

142.279 螁 [chn.tuì][eng.variant of 蜕 (to molt)][skt.nirmoka]

142.280 螂 [chn.láng][eng.a mantis; (used in 螳螂, tángláng, mantis)]

142.281 螃 [chn.páng][eng.a crab; (used in 螃蟹, pángxiè, crab)]

142.282 螄 [chn.sī][eng.a kind of snail; (also sī, a river snail)][skt.śambūka]

142.283 螅 [chn.xī][eng.a kind of insect; (also xī, a tiny worm)]

142.284 螆 [chn.cì][eng.a kind of insect; (also cì)]

142.285 螇 [chn.xī][eng.a kind of insect; (also xī)]

142.286 螈 [chn.yuán][eng.a kind of salamander; (used in 蝾螈, róngyuán, salamander)]

142.287 螉 [chn.wēng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 螉螉, wēngwēng, a buzzing insect)]

142.288 螊 [chn.lián][eng.a kind of aquatic creature; (also lián, a clam)][skt.śuktikā]

142.289 螋 [chn.sōu][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蠼螋, qúsōu, earwig)]

142.290 螌 [chn.bān][eng.a kind of insect; (also bān, a beetle)]

142.291 融 [chn.róng][eng.to melt; to blend; harmonious; (also róng, bright)]

142.292 螎 [chn.róng][eng.ancient variant of 融 (melt)]

142.293 螏 [chn.jí][eng.a kind of insect; (also jí)]

142.294 螐 [chn.wū][eng.a kind of insect; (also wū)]

142.295 螑 [chn.xiù][eng.a kind of insect; (also xiù)]

142.296 螒 [chn.hàn][eng.a kind of insect; (also hàn)]

142.297 螓 [chn.qín][eng.a kind of insect; (also qín, a tiny cicada)]

142.298 螔 [chn.yí][eng.a kind of insect; (also yí)]

142.299 螕 [chn.bī][eng.a kind of insect; (also bī, a tick)]

142.300 螖 [chn.huá][eng.a kind of insect; (also huá)]

142.301 螗 [chn.táng][eng.a kind of cicada; (also táng, a small cicada)]

142.302 螘 [chn.yǐ][eng.ancient variant of 蚁 (ant)][skt.pipīlikā]

142.303 螙 [chn.dù][eng.ancient variant of 蠹 (bookworm)][skt.kṛmi]

142.304 螚 [chn.nài][eng.a kind of insect; (also nài)]

142.305 螛 [chn.hé][eng.a kind of insect; (also hé)]

142.306 螜 [chn.hú][eng.a kind of insect; (also hú)]

142.307 螝 [chn.guì][eng.a kind of insect; (also guì)]

142.308 螞 [chn.mǎ][eng.ant; (used in 螞蟻, mǎyǐ, ant)][skt.pipīlikā]

142.309 螟 [chn.míng][eng.a kind of insect that damages crops; (used in 螟蛉, mínglíng, a caterpillar)]

142.310 螠 [chn.yì][eng.a kind of insect; (also yì, a marine worm)]

142.311 螡 [chn.wén][eng.ancient variant of 蚊 (mosquito)][skt.maśaka]

142.312 螢 [chn.yíng][eng.firefly; (also yíng, a glowworm)][skt.khaḍyota]

142.313 螣 [chn.téng][eng.a kind of mythical flying snake; (also téng, a dragon)][skt.nāga]

142.314 螤 [chn.zhōng][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhōng)]

142.315 螥 [chn.chāng][eng.a kind of insect; (also chāng)]

142.316 螦 [chn.sāo][eng.a kind of insect; (also sāo)]

142.317 螧 [chn.qí][eng.a kind of insect; (also qí)]

142.318 螨 [chn.mǎn][eng.mite; (also mǎn, a parasitic insect)]

142.319 螩 [chn.tiáo][eng.a kind of insect; (also tiáo)]

142.320 螪 [chn.shāng][eng.a kind of insect; (also shāng)]

142.321 螫 [chn.shì][eng.to sting; to poison; (also zhē, a stinging insect)][skt.daṃśana]

142.322 螬 [chn.cáo][eng.a kind of beetle larva; (also cáo, a grub)]

142.323 螭 [chn.chī][eng.a mythical dragon without horns; (also chī, a water spirit)][skt.nāga]

142.324 螮 [chn.dì][eng.a kind of insect; (also dì, a dragonfly)]

142.325 螯 [chn.áo][eng.the pincers of a crab; (also áo, a claw)]

142.326 螰 [chn.lù][eng.a kind of insect; (also lù)]

142.327 螱 [chn.wèi][eng.a kind of insect; (also wèi)]

142.328 螲 [zhì][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 螲蟷, zhìdāng, a trapdoor spider)]

142.329 螳 [chn.táng][eng.a mantis; (used in 螳螂, tángláng, mantis)]

142.330 螴 [chn.chén][eng.a kind of insect; (also chén)]

142.331 螵 [chn.piāo][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 螵蛸, piāoxiāo, mantis egg case)]

142.332 螶 [chn.qú][eng.a kind of insect; (also qú)]

142.333 螷 [chn.pí][eng.a kind of insect; (also pí, a kind of clam)][skt.śuktikā]

142.334 螸 [chn.yú][eng.a kind of insect; (also yú)]

142.335 螹 [chn.qián][eng.a kind of insect; (also qián)]

142.336 螺 [chn.luó][eng.snail; spiral shell; (also luó, a conch)][skt.śambūka; śaṅkha]

142.337 螻 [chn.lóu][eng.a mole cricket; (also lóu, a burrowing insect)]

142.338 螼 [chn.qǐn][eng.a kind of insect; (also qǐn)]

142.339 螽 [chn.zhōng][eng.a kind of grasshopper; (used in 螽斯, zhōngsī, a katydid)][skt.śalabha]

142.340 螾 [chn.yǐn][eng.ancient variant of 蚓 (earthworm)][skt.kṛmi; gandhupada]

142.341 螿 [chn.jiāng][eng.a kind of insect; (also jiāng)]

142.342 蟀 [chn.shuài][eng.cricket; (used in 蟋蟀, xīshuài, cricket)]

142.343 蟁 [chn.wén][eng.ancient variant of 蚊 (mosquito)][skt.maśaka]

142.344 蟂 [chn.xiāo][eng.a kind of insect; (also xiāo)]

142.345 蟃 [chn.wàn][eng.a kind of insect; (also wàn)]

142.346 蟄 [chn.zhé][eng.to hibernate; (also zhé, a sleeping insect)]

142.347 蟅 [chn.zhè][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhè, a grasshopper)]

142.348 蟆 [chn.ma / má][eng.toad; (used in 蛤蟆, háma, toad)][skt.bheka]

142.349 蟇 [chn.ma / má][eng.variant of 蟆 (toad)][skt.bheka]

142.350 蟈 [chn.guō][eng.a kind of grasshopper; (also guō, a cricket)][skt.śalabha]

142.351 蟉 [chn.liú][eng.a kind of insect; (also liú)]

142.352 蟊 [chn.máo][eng.a kind of insect that damages crops; (also máo, a weevil)]

142.353 蟋 [chn.xī][eng.cricket; (used in 蟋蟀, xīshuài, cricket)]

142.354 蟌 [chn.cōng][eng.a kind of insect; (also cōng, a dragonfly)]

142.355 蟍 [chn.lí][eng.a kind of insect; (also lí)]

142.356 蟎 [chn.mǎn][eng.mite; traditional of 螨]

142.357 蟏 [chn.xiāo][eng.a kind of spider; (used in 蟏蛸, xiāoxiāo, a long-legged spider)][skt.ūrṇanābhi]

142.358 蟐 [chn.cháng][eng.a kind of insect; (also cháng)]

142.359 蟑 [chn.zhāng][eng.a cockroach; (used in 蟑螂, zhāngláng, cockroach)]

142.360 蟒 [chn.mǎng][eng.python; a boa; (also mǎng, a large snake)][skt.ajagara; sarpa]

142.361 蟓 [chn.xiàng][eng.a kind of insect; (also xiàng)]

142.362 蟔 [chn.mò][eng.a kind of insect; (also mò)]

142.363 蟕 [chn.zuī][eng.a kind of insect; (also zuī)]

142.364 蟖 [chn.sī][eng.a kind of insect; (also sī)]

142.365 蟗 [chn.qiū][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiū)]

142.366 蟘 [chn.tè][eng.a kind of insect; (also tè)]

142.367 蟙 [zhí][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhí)]

142.368 蟚 [chn.péng][eng.a kind of insect; (also péng)]

142.369 蟛 [chn.péng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蟛蜞, péngqí, a small crab)]

142.370 蟜 [chn.jiǎo][eng.a kind of insect; (also jiǎo, a venomous insect)]

142.371 蟝 [chn.qù][eng.a kind of insect; (also qù)]

142.372 蟞 [chn.biē][eng.a kind of insect; (also biē, a soft-shelled turtle)]

142.373 蟟 [chn.liáo][eng.a kind of insect; (also liáo, a cicada)]

142.374 蟠 [chn.pán][eng.to coil; to twist; (also pán, a kind of dragon)][skt.nāga]

142.375 蟡 [chn.guǐ][eng.a kind of insect; (also guǐ)]

142.376 蟢 [chn.xǐ][eng.a kind of spider; (used in 蟢子, xǐzi, a long-legged spider)][skt.ūrṇanābhi]

142.377 蟣 [chn.jǐ][eng.nits; (also jǐ, eggs of lice)][skt.līkṣā]

142.378 蟤 [chn.zhuān][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhuān)]

142.379 蟥 [chn.huáng][eng.a kind of insect; (also huáng, a leech)]

142.380 蟦 [chn.féi][eng.a kind of insect; (also féi)]

142.381 蟧 [chn.láo][eng.a kind of insect; (also láo)]

142.382 蟨 [chn.jué][eng.a kind of mythical animal; (also jué, a tapir-like creature)]

142.383 蟩 [chn.jué][eng.a kind of insect; (also jué)]

142.384 蟪 [chn.huì][eng.a kind of cicada; (used in 蟪蛄, huìgū, a small cicada)]

142.385 蟫 [chn.yín][eng.a bookworm; (also yín, a silverfish)][skt.kṛmi]

142.386 蟬 [chn.chán][eng.cicada; traditional of 蝉]

142.387 蟭 [chn.jiāo][eng.a kind of insect; (also jiāo, a small cicada)]

142.388 蟮 [chn.shàn][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蛐蟮, qūshàn, earthworm)][skt.kṛmi]

142.389 蟯 [chn.náo][eng.pinworm; traditional of 蛲][skt.kṛmi]

142.390 蟰 [chn.xiāo][eng.a kind of insect; (also xiāo)]

142.391 蟱 [chn.wú][eng.a kind of insect; (also wú)]

142.392 蟲 [chn.chóng][eng.insect; worm; creature; traditional of 虫 (in its general sense)][skt.kīṭa; jīva; prāṇin]

142.393 蟳 [chn.xún][eng.a kind of crab; (also xún, a large crab)]

142.394 蟴 [chn.sī][eng.a kind of insect; (also sī)]

142.395 蟵 [chn.mí][eng.a kind of insect; (also mí)]

142.396 蟶 [chn.chēng][eng.a razor clam; traditional of 蛏][skt.śuktikā]

142.397 蟷 [chn.dāng][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蟷螂, dāngláng, a mantis)]

142.398 蟸 [chn.lǐ][eng.a kind of insect; (also lǐ)]

142.399 蟹 [chn.xiè][eng.crab; (also xiè, a crustacean)]

142.400 蟺 [chn.shàn][eng.a kind of insect; (also shàn, a worm)]

142.401 蟻 [chn.yǐ][eng.ant; traditional of 蚁][skt.pipīlikā]

142.402 蟼 [chn.jǐng][eng.a kind of insect; (also jǐng)]

142.403 蟽 [chn.dá][eng.a kind of insect; (also dá)]

142.404 蟾 [chn.chán][eng.a toad; (used in 蟾蜍, chánchú, toad)][skt.bheka]

142.405 蟿 [chn.qì][eng.a kind of insect; (also qì, a grasshopper)][skt.śalabha]

142.406 蠀 [chn.cī][eng.a kind of insect; (also cī)]

142.407 蠁 [chn.xiǎng][eng.a kind of insect; (also xiǎng, a kind of worm)]

142.408 蠂 [chn.shè][eng.a kind of insect; (also shè)]

142.409 蠃 [chn.luǒ][eng.a kind of insect; (also luǒ, a solitary wasp)]

142.410 蠄 [chn.qín][eng.a kind of insect; (also qín)]

142.411 蠅 [chn.yíng][eng.fly; traditional of 蝇][skt.makṣikā]

142.412 蠆 [chn.chài][eng.a scorpion; traditional of 虿][skt.vṛścika]

142.413 蠇 [chn.lì][eng.a kind of insect; (also lì)]

142.414 蠈 [chn.zéi][eng.a kind of insect; (also zéi, a destructive insect)]

142.415 蠉 [chn.xuān][eng.a kind of insect; (also xuān, a wriggling worm)]

142.416 蠊 [chn.lián][eng.a cockroach; (used in 蜚蠊, fěilián, cockroach)]

142.417 蠋 [chn.zhú][eng.a kind of caterpillar; (also zhú, a silk moth larva)]

142.418 蠌 [chn.zé][eng.a kind of insect; (also zé)]

142.419 蠍 [chn.xiē][eng.scorpion; traditional of 蝎][skt.vṛścika]

142.420 蠎 [chn.mǎng][eng.variant of 蟒 (python)][skt.ajagara]

142.421 蠏 [chn.xiè][eng.crab; traditional variant of 蟹]

142.422 蠐 [chn.qí][eng.a grub; traditional of 蛴]

142.423 蠑 [chn.róng][eng.a kind of salamander; traditional of 蝾]

142.424 蠒 [chn.jiǎn][eng.cocoon; variant of 繭 (cocoon)][skt.kośa]

142.425 蠓 [chn.měng][eng.a kind of insect; (also měng, a midge)][skt.maśaka]

142.426 蠔 [chn.háo][eng.oyster; variant of 蚝]

142.427 蠕 [chn.rú][eng.to wriggle; (also rú, a worm)]

142.428 蠖 [chn.huò][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蠖屈, huòqū, to crawl like a worm)]

142.429 蠗 [chn.zhuó][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhuó)]

142.430 蠘 [chn.jié][eng.a kind of insect; (also jié)]

142.431 蠙 [chn.pín][eng.a kind of clam; (also pín, a pearl oyster)][skt.śuktikā]

142.432 蠚 [chn.hē][eng.a stinging insect; (also hē, to sting)]

142.433 蠛 [chn.miè][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蠛蠓, mièměng, a tiny gnat)][skt.maśaka]

142.434 蠜 [chn.fán][eng.a kind of insect; (also fán, a locust)][skt.śalabha]

142.435 蠝 [chn.léi][eng.a kind of insect; (also léi)]

142.436 蠞 [chn.jié][eng.a kind of insect; (also jié)]

142.437 蠟 [chn.là][eng.wax; traditional of 蜡]

142.438 蠠 [chn.mǐn][eng.a kind of insect; (also mǐn)]

142.439 蠡 [chn.lǐ][eng.a kind of insect; (also lǐ, a wood-boring insect)]

142.440 蠢 [chn.chǔn][eng.stupid; foolish; (also chǔn, to wriggle)][skt.moha; mūḍha]

142.441 蠣 [chn.lì][eng.oyster; traditional of 蛎][skt.śuktikā]

142.442 蠤 [chn.qiū][eng.a kind of insect; (also qiū)]

142.443 蠥 [niè][eng.a kind of insect; (also niè, a pest)]

142.444 蠦 [chn.lú][eng.a kind of insect; (also lú)]

142.445 蠧 [chn.dù][eng.a bookworm; traditional variant of 蠹][skt.kṛmi]

142.446 蠨 [chn.xiāo][eng.a kind of spider; (used in 蠨蛸, xiāoxiāo, a long-legged spider)][skt.ūrṇanābhi]

142.447 蠩 [chn.zhū][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhū)]

142.448 蠪 [chn.lóng][eng.a kind of insect; (also lóng)]

142.449 蠫 [chn.lì][eng.a kind of insect; (also lì)]

142.450 蠬 [chn.lóng][eng.a kind of insect; (also lóng)]

142.451 蠭 [chn.fēng][eng.ancient variant of 蜂 (bee)][skt.bhramara]

142.452 蠮 [chn.yē][eng.a kind of insect; (also yē, a wasp)]

142.453 蠯 [chn.pí][eng.a kind of clam; (also pí)][skt.śuktikā]

142.454 蠰 [chn.náng][eng.a kind of insect; (also náng)]

142.455 蠱 [chn.gǔ][eng.ancient venomous insect; to bewitch; traditional of 蛊]

142.456 蠲 [chn.juān][eng.to remove; to cleanse; (also juān, a kind of insect)]

142.457 蠳 [chn.yīng][eng.a kind of insect; (also yīng)]

142.458 蠴 [chn.shù][eng.a kind of insect; (also shù)]

142.459 蠵 [chn.xī][eng.a kind of sea turtle; (also xī, a large turtle)]

142.460 蠶 [chn.cán][eng.silkworm; traditional of 蚕][skt.kośakāra]

142.461 蠷 [chn.qú][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蠷螋, qúsōu, earwig)]

142.462 蠸 [chn.quán][eng.a kind of insect; (also quán)]

142.463 蠹 [chn.dù][eng.a bookworm; (also dù, a destructive insect)][skt.kṛmi]

142.464 蠺 [chn.cán][eng.ancient variant of 蚕 (silkworm)][skt.kośakāra]

142.465 蠻 [chn.mán][eng.barbarian; uncivilized; traditional of 蛮][skt.mleccha]

142.466 蠼 [chn.qú][eng.a kind of insect; (used in 蠼螋, qúsōu, earwig)]

142.467 蠽 [chn.jié][eng.a kind of insect; (also jié)]

142.468 蠾 [chn.zhú][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhú)]

142.469 蠿 [chn.zhuó][eng.a kind of insect; (also zhuó)]

142.470 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 142

142.471 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

142.472 142.1 虫 (chóng) [skt.kīṭa; jīva; prāṇin] — Represents the broadest category of small sentient beings. In Vinaya, "虫" often translates kīṭa or jantu (any small creature). In compound 眾生 (zhòngshēng), it doesn’t appear, but 蟲 is often used interchangeably to denote "living things" in a generic sense, mapping to prāṇin (breathing/sentient being) in the context of the First Precept.

142.473 142.4/142.377 虮/蟣 (jǐ) [skt.līkṣā] — Nits or eggs of lice. Mentioned in Vinaya texts regarding the purification of cloth and bodily hygiene. Identical in meaning to 蟣.

142.474 142.7/142.254 虱/蝨 (shī) [skt.yūkā; līkṣā] — The common louse (yūkā) and its eggs (līkṣā) are frequently discussed in monastic rules regarding allowable removal without causing death (e.g., brushing gently rather than crushing).

142.475 142.11/142.93 虵/蛇 (shé) [skt.sarpa; nāga] — The snake. This is critical as nāga in Buddhist cosmology can mean both a serpent/dragon and a class of semi-divine beings. In Vinaya, it is literally sarpa (a dangerous creature). In sūtras, nāga is often left transliterated as 龍, but 蛇 is used when translating the literal, mundane reptile.

142.476 142.16 虺 (huǐ) [skt.sarpa-viṣa; nāga] — A venomous snake. Often maps to viṣa-sarpa (poisonous snake). Important for medical/Bhaisajya (medicine) sections of the Vinaya regarding snake bites.

142.477 142.21/142.228/142.412/142.419 虿/蝎/蠆/蠍 (chài/xiē) [skt.vṛścika] — The scorpion. Universally recognized. Occasionally appears in lists of deadly creatures (with snakes, spiders). Use caution with the variant forms; they are semantically identical.

142.478 142.23/142.24/142.302/142.308/142.401 蚁/蚂/螘/螞/蟻 (yǐ/mǎ) [skt.pipīlikā; vamra] — The ant. Appears in the famous metaphor "the foolish ant" in many sūtras, or in the compound 蝼蚁 (lóuyǐ, mole cricket and ant) representing insignificance. Pipīlikā is the standard Skt. term.

142.479 142.32/142.33/142.311/142.343 蚊/蚋/螡/蟁 (wén/ruì) [skt.maśaka] — Mosquito or gnat. One of the most frequently mentioned insects in Vinaya because monks must protect them from being killed by smoke/fire or inadvertently swallowed. The various orthographic variants (螡, 蟁) must be unified as maśaka in back-translation.

142.480 142.34/142.197/142.396/142.441 蚌/蜯/蟶/蠣 (bàng/chēng/lì) [skt.śuktikā] — Various clams, mussels, and oysters. Aquatic creatures (śuktikā) often appear in the context of the Vinaya rules regarding water-straining (to avoid drinking living beings) and permissible foods.

142.481 142.35 蚍 (pí) [skt.pipīlikā] — A large ant. Appears in compound 蚍蜉 (pífú), often used in Chinese to describe futility (e.g., ant trying to shake a tree). In Buddhist texts, it may correspond to pipīlikā or simply "ant."

142.482 142.41/142.69/142.340 蚓/蚯/螾 (yǐn/qiū) [skt.kṛmi; gandhupada] — The earthworm. Belongs to the broader category kṛmi (worm). In some medical/vinaya contexts, it is distinguished by its movement (gandhupada, "smell-footed" worm).

142.483 142.43/142.219/142.460/142.464 蚕/蝅/蠶/蠺 (cán) [skt.kośakāra] — The silkworm. Highly significant for the metaphor of the silkworm creating its own cocoon, which is used in Mahāyāna texts to illustrate how sentient beings create their own saṃsāra through clinging. Kośakāra means "cocoon-maker."

142.484 142.46/142.106/142.107 蚘/蛔/蛕 (huí) [skt.kṛmi] — Roundworm or intestinal worm. Mentions of internal parasites often appear in medical (Bhaisajya-skandha) sections of the Vinaya, describing symptoms and treatments.

142.485 142.58 蚤 (zǎo) [skt.piplikā] — Flea. Often paired with lice (虱) in lists of parasitic insects. Careful: piplika sometimes means ant, but in medical context, it clearly means flea.

142.486 142.63 蚩 (chī) [skt.moha; mūḍha] — This character evolved to mean "ignorant" or "stupid." In Buddhist texts, it frequently translates moha (delusion) or mūḍha (foolish). It is the insect radical but functions as a pure semantic abstraction in many translations.

142.487 142.80/142.360/142.420 蚺/蟒/蠎 (rán/mǎng) [skt.ajagara; sarpa] — Python or boa (ajagara). Larger snakes often distinguished from sarpa in Indian classifications. Ajagara is specifically a constrictor.

142.488 142.86 蛀 (zhù) [skt.kṛmi] — A wood-boring insect or termite. Appears in building regulation sections of the Vinaya to describe decay and maintenance.

142.489 142.96/142.455 蛊/蠱 (gǔ) — Venomous insects used to create poison or bewitchment. This is a Chinese cultural concept, but when it appears in Buddhist translations (usually in apocryphal sūtras or Chinese commentaries), it is rendered as viṣa (poison) or māyā (illusion). No direct Skt. correlate.

142.490 142.111/142.348/142.349/142.404 蛙/蟆/蟇/蟾 (wā/ma/chán) [skt.maṇḍūka; bheka] — Frogs and toads. The toad (bheka) sometimes appears in Jātaka tales. The distinction between frog and toad is often irrelevant in back-translation; both may map to bheka or maṇḍūka.

142.491 142.113/142.174/142.357/142.376/142.446 蛛/蜘/蟏/蟢/蠨 (zhū/zhī/xiāo/xǐ) [skt.ūrṇanābhi; lūtā] — Spiders. The standard term is ūrṇanābhi (wool-navel) or lūtā. Spiders rarely appear as major symbols but may appear in Vinaya regarding vermin.

142.492 142.117 蛟 (jiāo) [skt.nāga; makara] — A mythical aquatic dragon. Often maps to nāga in the sense of water spirits or makara (a sea creature). Translators should infer from context—if it’s a sea monster, consider makara; if a dragon king, nāga-rāja.

142.493 142.131 蛭 (zhì) — Leech. Mentioned in medical treatises as a treatment for bloodletting. Jalaukā is the Skt. term, but this specific Chinese character is rare.

142.494 142.143 蛹 (yǒng) [skt.kośa] — Pupa/chrysalis. Represents a transitional state; metaphorically used for the intermediate state (antarābhava) in some Chinese commentarial traditions.

142.495 142.145/142.171/142.279 蛻/蜕/螁 (tuì) [skt.nirmoka] — To molt or shed skin. This is a powerful Buddhist metaphor for liberation (vimokṣa) or the death of the defilements. While the literal Skt. is nirmoka (shedding), its doctrinal usage frequently evokes nirvāṇa (extinction) or vimukti (release). Back-translation must choose based on the surrounding doctrinal language.

142.496 142.148/142.268 蛾/蝶 (é/dié) [skt.śalabha] — Moth (and butterfly). The moth rushing into the flame is a classic Buddhist simile for craving (tṛṣṇā) leading to destruction. Śalabha is the generic term for moth/locust, but in similes, it specifically denotes the foolish moth.

142.497 142.152/142.451 蜂/蠭 (fēng) [skt.bhramara; madhukara] — Bee. Important for its symbolism of collective industry and, in some texts, the sweetness of the Dharma (honey, madhu). The bee is also a standard simile for the wise man who extracts the essence (dharma) from the flower (teachings) without damaging it.

142.498 142.178 蜜 (mì) [skt.madhu] — Honey. Honey is acceptable for monastics in the Vinaya (except in certain conditions). Madhu is the direct correlate.

142.499 142.184/142.222/142.237/142.273/142.339/142.350/142.405/142.434 蜢/蝈/蝗/蝻/螽/蟈/蟿/蠜 (měng/guō/huáng/nǎn/zhōng/guō/qì/fán) [skt.śalabha] — Various grasshoppers, locusts, and katydids. Locusts (śalabha) are often mentioned as crop-destroying pests and appear in narratives of famine and collective punishment (karma).

142.500 142.196 蜮 (yù) — A mythical creature that shoots poison. Often translated as viṣa (poison) or māyā (deception) when encountered in supernatural contexts.

142.501 142.221/142.277/142.411 蝇/蝿/蠅 (yíng) [skt.makṣikā] — Fly. Extremely common in Vinaya rules regarding food contamination and cleanliness. Makṣikā is the standard Skt. term.

142.502 142.239/142.246 蝙/蝠 (biān/fú) — Bat. Bats appear occasionally in cave dwelling contexts; they are not a major doctrinal symbol in Indian Buddhism.

142.503 142.260/142.262 蝮/蝰 (fù/kuí) [skt.sarpa-viṣa] — Vipers/poisonous snakes. Distinct from 蛇; when the text specifically mentions a viper, the back-translation should use viṣa-sarpa or sarpaviṣa.

142.504 142.281/142.399/142.421 螃/蟹/蠏 (páng/xiè) — Crab. Crabs appear in Vinaya as aquatic life that monks must avoid harming. Karkaṭa is the Skt. for crab, but it appears rarely.

142.505 142.291/142.292 融/螎 (róng) — To melt/merge. Used in Chinese Buddhism to describe the interpenetration of phenomena (e.g., Huayan, 融通, yuganaddha? or simply harmony).

142.506 142.312 螢 (yíng) [skt.khaḍyota] — Firefly. Khaḍyota is the Skt. term. Fireflies are sometimes used in similes for the fleeting, self-generated light of ignorance versus the true light of wisdom.

142.507 142.313 螣 (téng) [skt.nāga] — A flying snake/dragon. Maps to nāga in the sense of a divine serpent that can fly.

142.508 142.321 螫 (shì) [skt.daṃśana] — The act of stinging. The Skt. root daṃś means to bite/sting.

142.509 142.323 螭 (chī) [skt.nāga] — A hornless dragon. In Buddhist texts, it is almost always used for Chinese topographical or architectural descriptions, not for doctrinal terminology.

142.510 142.336 螺 (luó) [skt.śambūka; śaṅkha] — Snail and conch. The conch (śaṅkha) is one of the eight auspicious symbols. When used in ritual contexts, back-translate as śaṅkha; when referring to a mundane snail, śambūka.

142.511 142.346 蟄 (zhé) — Hibernation. Used for the "Awakening of Insects" in the Chinese solar calendar; not a key Buddhist term.

142.512 142.374 蟠 (pán) [skt.nāga] — To coil. Describes the coiling of dragons (nāga). Often seen in descriptions of the coiled serpent in meditative poses.

142.513 142.382 蟨 (jué) — A mythical animal. No Skt. correlate; purely Chinese.

142.514 142.385/142.445/142.463 蟫/蠧/蠹 (yín/dù) [skt.kṛmi] — Bookworm/woodworm. Highly metaphorical in Buddhism: ignorance (avidyā) is like a worm that eats away at the book of wisdom; or attachment (upādāna) eats away at the mind. Translates generically as kṛmi (worm).

142.515 142.392 蟲 (chóng) [skt.kīṭa; jīva; prāṇin] — The traditional form of 虫, used for the broader category. In compound 蟲生 (chóngshēng), it maps to jīva (living being). Back-translators must recognize that 蟲 can mean "animal" in a broad sense, not just insects.

142.516 142.440 蠢 (chǔn) [skt.moha; mūḍha] — Stupid/foolish. Directly related to the idea of being mentally "crawling" or dull. Translates mūḍha (deluded fool) or moha (delusion). Critical for psychological/defilement terminology.

142.517 142.456 蠲 (juān) — To cleanse/remove. Appears in ritual texts (e.g., 蠲除, to purify). No direct Skt. correlate; often stands for śodhana (purification) or pariśuddhi (cleansing) in translated contexts.

142.518 142.459 蠵 (xī) — Sea turtle. Kacchapa is the Skt. for turtle/tortoise. The sea turtle (especially the giant one) appears in the famous "blind turtle" simile in the Saṃyutta Nikāya, representing the rarity of human rebirth. Back-translators encountering this should strongly consider kacchapa.

142.519 142.465 蠻 (mán) [skt.mleccha] — Barbarian. Used in Buddhist texts to denote non-Indic, non-Buddhist peoples.

143 血

143.1 血 [chn.xuè][eng.blood; (also xuè, bloodline; bloodshed)][skt.rudhira; lohita; asṛj]

143.2 衁 [chn.huāng][eng.blood; sacrificial blood; (also huāng, blood of a victim)][skt.rudhira; asṛj]

143.3 衂 [chn.nǜ][eng.to have a nosebleed; to be defeated; (also nǜ, to bleed)][skt.raktapitta]

143.4 衃 [chn.pī][eng.clotted blood; (also pī, congealed blood)][skt.rudhira-piṇḍa]

143.5 衄 [chn.nǜ][eng.nosebleed; to be defeated; (also nǜ, to bleed)][skt.raktapitta]

143.6 衅 [chn.xìn][eng.blood sacrifice; to smear with blood; quarrel; (also xìn, a crack; an omen)]

143.7 衆 [chn.zhòng][eng.crowd; multitude; the masses; (also zhòng, all; everyone)][skt.saṅgha; pariṣad; jana]

143.8 衇 [chn.mài][eng.ancient variant of 脈 (pulse; vein; blood vessel)][skt.sirā; nāḍī]

143.9 衈 [chn.èr][eng.blood of a sacrifice; (also èr, blood used in ritual offering)]

143.10 衉 [chn.kè][archaic term for blood; to spit blood; (also kè)][skt.rudhira]

143.11 衊 [chn.miè][eng.to slander; to defile; (also miè, blood that splatters)][skt.paruṣa; mala; rudhira]

143.12 衋 [chn.xì][archaic; blood dripping; to be sorrowful; (also xì, to be grieved)][skt.śoṇa; rudhira]

143.13 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 143

143.14 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

143.15 143.1 血 (xuè) [skt.rudhira; lohita; asṛj] — The standard character for blood. Rudhira is the most common term for blood in Buddhist medical and narrative contexts. Lohita also means blood (literally "red"). Asṛj is more archaic and appears in ritual contexts. In Vinaya, blood (rudhira) appears in rules concerning wounds (cikitsā) and the handling of bodily fluids. In sūtras, blood is often invoked in similes of the Buddha’s great compassion (e.g., shedding blood for sentient beings in Jātakas). Also appears in compound 血脈 (blood vessels/pulse), mapping to sirā or nāḍī.

143.16 143.2 衁 (huāng) [skt.rudhira; asṛj] — An archaic term specifically for the blood of a sacrificial victim. It appears in early Chinese translations of Buddhist texts that incorporate pre-existing Chinese ritual vocabulary, but it is rare in core sūtras. When encountered, it may indicate that the translator was using classical Chinese register rather than the standard 血. Back-translate as asṛj (sacrificial blood) if ritual context is explicit; otherwise, treat as synonymous with 血 (rudhira).

143.17 143.3/143.5 衂/衄 (nǜ) [skt.raktapitta] — Specifically refers to a nosebleed or, by extension, to be defeated (likely derived from bleeding in battle). In Buddhist medical texts (Bhaisajya-skandha), raktapitta is a disease condition involving bleeding disorders. The two characters are orthographic variants and should be treated as functionally identical for back-translation.

143.18 143.4 衃 (pī) [skt.rudhira-piṇḍa] — Clotted or congealed blood. Appears in medical contexts describing wound healing or humoral pathology. Piṇḍa means a lump or mass; back-translators should consider rudhira-piṇḍa if the text describes a clot.

143.19 143.6 衅 (xìn) — Blood smeared on a drum or vessel in a ritual sacrifice; also means "quarrel" or "crack" (as in the gap between things). This character carries strong pre-Buddhist Chinese ritual connotations and rarely appears in Buddhist texts except in early apocrypha or in translations that are heavily sinicized. No direct Sanskrit correlate. If it appears in a Vinaya context, it may be a translator’s rendering of an Indian ritual term (e.g., bali, offering) but this is speculative.

143.20 143.7 衆 (zhòng) [skt.saṅgha; pariṣad; jana] — Critical text-critical note: This character is NOT semantically related to blood. It is the archaic variant of 眾, meaning "crowd" or "multitude." It appears under Radical 143 in the Unihan database due to its stroke structure (it was historically classified under 血 as a graphical variant). In Buddhist texts, 衆 is ubiquitous, usually translating saṅgha (the monastic community), pariṣad (assembly), or jana (people). Scholars must never attempt to derive a blood-related meaning from this entry; it is purely a classification artifact.

143.21 143.8 衇 (mài) [skt.sirā; nāḍī] — Archaic variant of 脈 (pulse, vein, blood vessel). In Buddhist medical texts, sirā denotes a blood vessel, while nāḍī is a channel (also used for subtle energy in tantric contexts). The character appears in translations of Indian medical treatises (e.g., the Caraka-Saṃhitā) and in descriptions of the body’s circulatory system. Back-translation must distinguish between "blood vessel" (sirā) and "pulse" (nāḍī or spandana).

143.22 143.9 衈 (èr) — Blood used in a sacrifice or ritual, often specifically the blood that is smeared on the ears of the sacrificial victim. This is a highly specialized classical Chinese ritual term. It has no direct correlate in Buddhist Sanskrit; if encountered, it is almost certainly an artifact of sinicized ritual translation. Scholars should treat it as a linguistic fossil rather than a meaningful doctrinal term.

143.23 143.10 衉 (kè) [skt.rudhira] — An archaic and rare term meaning "blood" or "to spit blood." It appears in early Chinese texts and very rarely in Buddhist translations. When encountered, back-translate simply as rudhira or, if the context involves spitting/coughing blood, raktapitta (bleeding disorder).

143.24 143.11 衊 (miè) [skt.paruṣa; mala; rudhira] — This character carries two distinct semantic fields: (1) to slander or defile (paruṣa = harsh speech; mala = defilement), and (2) blood that splatters (rudhira). In Buddhist texts, the "slander/defile" sense is more common, aligning with paruṣa-vāc (harsh speech) or mala (stain/defilement). In medical contexts, the blood-splatter sense may map to rudhira. Back-translation depends entirely on the surrounding compound—e.g., 衊污 (to defile/soil) vs. 血衊 (blood spatter).

143.25 143.12 衋 (xì) [skt.śoṇa; rudhira] — A highly archaic term meaning "blood dripping" or by extension "to be sorrowful/grieved" (blood dripping = weeping). Śoṇa is a Skt. term for dark/red blood or a reddish color; it appears in some medical classifications. However, this character is exceptionally rare in Buddhist literature. If encountered, it is likely in a classical Chinese citation rather than a primary Buddhist translation. Treat as rudhira or śoṇa depending on context, but flag it as a rare lexical curiosity.

144 行

144.1 行 [chn.xíng / háng][eng.to go; to do; to walk; a row; a profession; (also xíng, conduct; practice)][skt.caryā; saṃskāra; mārga; carita]

144.2 衍 [chn.yǎn][eng.to overflow; to spread out; surplus; (also yǎn, extensive)][skt.prasara; vistara]

144.3 衎 [chn.kàn][eng.joyful; delighted; (also kàn, to be at ease)][skt.prīti; ānanda]

144.4 衏 [chn.yuàn][eng.to spill; to leak; (also yuàn, a variant of 泫)]

144.5 衐 [chn.qú][eng.ancient term for a street; (also qú, a thoroughfare)][skt.rathyā; mārga]

144.6 衑 [chn.líng][eng.an ancient term for a road; (also líng)][skt.mārga; patha]

144.7 衒 [chn.xuàn][eng.to show off; to display; (also xuàn, to boast)][skt.pradarśana; ātma-ślāghā]

144.8 術 [chn.shù][eng.method; skill; art; technique; (also shù, tactics)][skt.upāya; kalā; vidyā; śilpa]

144.9 衔 [chn.xián][eng.to hold in the mouth; to carry; a title; (also xián, to harbour)][skt.dhāraṇa; ādhāra]

144.10 衕 [chn.tóng][eng.ancient variant of 同 (same; together); (also tòng, an alley)][skt.sama; eka]

144.11 衖 [chn.xiàng][eng.ancient variant of 巷 (alley; lane)][skt.rathyā; veśma]

144.12 街 [chn.jiē][eng.street; thoroughfare; (also jiē, a marketplace)][skt.rathyā; pantha]

144.13 衘 [chn.xián][eng.variant of 衔 (to hold in the mouth); (also xián)][skt.dhāraṇa]

144.14 衙 [chn.yá][eng.government office; yamen; (also yá, a court)]

144.15 衚 [chn.hú][eng.used in 衚衕 (hútòng, alley); (also hú)]

144.16 衛 [chn.wèi][eng.to guard; to protect; a guard; (also wèi, a garrison)][skt.rakṣā; gopana; ārakkha]

144.17 衜 [chn.dào][eng.ancient variant of 道 (the Way; the path); (also dào)][skt.mārga; pratipad; dharma]

144.18 衝 [chn.chōng][eng.to charge; to collide; to rinse; a thoroughfare; (also chōng, to dash)][skt.saṅgharṣaṇa; pratihata]

144.19 衞 [chn.wèi][eng.variant of 衛 (to guard; to protect)][skt.rakṣā; gopana]

144.20 衟 [chn.dào][eng.ancient variant of 道 (the Way); (also dào)][skt.mārga; pratipad]

144.21 衠 [chn.zhūn][archaic; pure; wholly; (also zhūn, to keep straight)]

144.22 衡 [chn.héng][eng.to weigh; to measure; a balance; (also héng, to judge)][skt.tulā; māna]

144.23 衢 [chn.qú][eng.a crossroads; a thoroughfare; (also qú, a street)][skt.catvara; rathyā; mārga]

144.24 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 144

144.25 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

144.26 144.1 行 (xíng / háng) [skt.caryā; saṃskāra; mārga; carita] — The most critical character in this radical. Its semantic range in Buddhist texts is vast: (1) As caryā: spiritual conduct or practice (e.g., 菩薩行, bodhisattva-caryā); (2) As saṃskāra: conditioned formations, the fourth of the five aggregates (skandhas). This is the most frequent technical usage in Abhidharma; (3) As mārga or pratipad: path or way, especially in 道行 (mārga-caryā, path-practice); (4) As gati: movement or going, sometimes in the sense of rebirth destinies (五趣, pañca-gati). The reading háng (row/profession) maps to gaṇa or panti when referring to categories or professions. Back-translation must disambiguate from the compound—e.g., 修行 is bhāvanā or caryā; 行為 is karma or caryā; 行蘊 is saṃskāra-skandha.

144.27 144.2 衍 (yǎn) [skt.prasara; vistara] — To overflow, spread, or extend. In Buddhist texts, it appears in compounds meaning "extensive discourse" (e.g., 衍義, expanded meaning) or "to proliferate" (as in mental proliferation, prapañca). Prasara means expansion/extension; vistara means detailed exposition (often of scriptures).

144.28 144.3 衎 (kàn) [skt.prīti; ānanda] — Joyful or delighted. Appears rarely in Buddhist translations, usually in verses describing the joy of the listener upon hearing the Dharma. Maps to prīti (rapture) or ānanda (bliss, joy).

144.29 144.4 衏 (yuàn) — To spill or leak. Rare. No clear Sanskrit correlate. If encountered, likely in a Vinaya context describing leaking containers (fluid) and may map to pātra-chidra (broken bowl) or similar.

144.30 144.5/144.23 衐/衢 (qú) [skt.rathyā; catvara; mārga] — Both refer to streets or thoroughfares. 衢 more specifically means a crossroads (catvara in Sanskrit, a four-way intersection). These appear in descriptions of cities where the Buddha taught. Back-translation: 衢 = catvara (crossroads); 衐 = rathyā (street) or mārga (road).

144.31 144.6 衑 (líng) [skt.mārga; patha] — An ancient term for a road. Rare. Maps generally to mārga or patha (path, way).

144.32 144.7 衒 (xuàn) [skt.pradarśana; ātma-ślāghā] — To show off or display. In Buddhist texts, this character often describes wrongful self-exhibition (e.g., showing off one’s attainments). Maps to ātma-ślāghā (self-praise) or pradarśana (display) in Vinaya contexts where monastics are prohibited from boasting.

144.33 144.8 術 (shù) [skt.upāya; kalā; vidyā; śilpa] — Method, skill, art, technique. Critical in Mahāyāna as upāya (skillful means) — 方便 (upāya) is the standard translation, but 術 appears in compounds like 術數 (magical arts, vidyā) or 藝術 (śilpa, craft). Back-translation must distinguish: (1) upāya (expedient method); (2) kalā (skill/art); (3) vidyā (knowledge/science); (4) śilpa (craftsmanship).

144.34 144.9/144.13 衔/衘 (xián) [skt.dhāraṇa; ādhāra] — To hold in the mouth; to carry; a title. In Buddhist contexts, it sometimes describes holding or carrying something (e.g., a monk carrying a bowl) — dhāraṇa (holding) or ādhāra (support/container). Also appears in titles like 銜 (官衔, official title), which is rare in canonical texts.

144.35 144.10 衕 (tóng) [skt.sama; eka] — Ancient variant of 同 (same, together). This is not a separate lexeme; back-translators encountering it should treat it as 同 and map to sama (same) or eka (one).

144.36 144.11 衖 (xiàng) [skt.rathyā; veśma] — Ancient variant of 巷 (alley, lane). Maps to rathyā (lane/street) or veśma (dwelling/quarter) depending on context.

144.37 144.12 街 (jiē) [skt.rathyā; pantha] — Street or thoroughfare. Appears in descriptions of urban settings. Rathyā is the standard Skt. for a street; pantha is a road/path.

144.38 144.14 衙 (yá) — Government office or yamen. This character does not appear in canonical Buddhist texts except in Chinese historical/court contexts. No Sanskrit correlate. If encountered, it is in the colophons of Chinese translations describing the official context of the translation project.

144.39 144.15 衚 (hú) — Used in 衚衕 (hútòng), meaning "alley." This is a purely Chinese architectural term. No Sanskrit correlate. Not doctrinally significant.

144.40 144.16/144.19 衛/衞 (wèi) [skt.rakṣā; gopana; ārakkha] — To guard, protect. Critical in Buddhist contexts for (1) protective deities/deva guardians (dikpāla, lokapāla) — 護衛 (ārakkha, protection); (2) guarding the monastic rules or the Dharma — rakṣā (protection). The two forms are orthographic variants; both map identically in back-translation.

144.41 144.17/144.20 衜/衟 (dào) [skt.mārga; pratipad; dharma] — Ancient variants of 道 (the Way). These are not separate terms; they are scribal variants. In Buddhist texts, 道 consistently maps to mārga (path), pratipad (path/way of practice), or sometimes dharma (the teaching). Back-translators encountering these archaic forms should treat them as 道 and select the appropriate Skt. term from context.

144.42 144.18 衝 (chōng) [skt.saṅgharṣaṇa; pratihata] — To charge, collide, dash, or (as a noun) a thoroughfare. In Buddhist texts, the verbal sense (to collide/strike) maps to saṅgharṣaṇa (collision) or pratihata (struck against). In descriptions of cities, 衝衢 means "main thoroughfare" (mārga or pantha).

144.43 144.21 衠 (zhūn) — Archaic; meaning "pure" or "wholly." Extremely rare in Buddhist literature. If encountered, it is likely in a sinicized text with no direct Skt. correlate. May map to śuddha (pure) in some doctrinal contexts, but this is speculative.

144.44 144.22 衡 (héng) [skt.tulā; māna] — To weigh, measure, balance. Appears in Buddhist contexts as (1) a balance/scale (tulā) — e.g., in similes for karma’s impartiality; (2) measurement (māna, standard/measure) — sometimes used metaphorically for "weighing" the Dharma or judging conduct. Also appears in compounds like 权衡 (to balance/measure).

144.45 144.23 衢 (qú) [skt.catvara; rathyā; mārga] — Crossroads or thoroughfare. Catvara specifically means a four-way intersection, which appears in some Vinaya rules regarding where monastics may not walk or sit. Also appears in city descriptions. Back-translation: crossroads = catvara; if simply "street," rathyā or mārga.

145 衣

145.1 衣 [chn.yī][eng.clothes; garment; to wear; (also yī, clothing)][skt.vastra; cīvara; ācchādana]

145.2 衤 [chn.yī][eng.radical form of 衣; clothes; garment][skt.vastra; cīvara]

145.3 补 [chn.bǔ][eng.to patch; to mend; to supplement; (also bǔ, to fill)][skt.pratisaraṇa; pūraṇa]

145.4 衦 [chn.gǎn][eng.to smooth clothes with a stone; (also gǎn)]

145.5 衧 [chn.yú][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also yú)][skt.vastra]

145.6 表 [chn.biǎo][eng.surface; outside; to show; a watch; (also biǎo, an outer garment)][skt.bāhya; lakṣaṇa]

145.7 衩 [chn.chà][eng.a split in a garment; (also chà, a skirt)]

145.8 衪 [chn.yì][eng.the lower hem of a garment; (also yì)]

145.9 衫 [chn.shān][eng.shirt; a jacket; (also shān, a garment)][skt.vastra; kūpasa]

145.10 衬 [chn.chèn][eng.underclothes; to line; (also chèn, to set off)][skt.antarvāsaka]

145.11 衭 [chn.fū][eng.the front of a garment; (also fū)]

145.12 衮 [chn.gǔn][eng.imperial robe; (also gǔn, a dragon robe)][skt.rāja-vastra]

145.13 衯 [chn.fēn][eng.loose garment; (also fēn)]

145.14 衰 [chn.shuāi][eng.to decline; to weaken; (also cuī, mourning garments)][skt.śīryamāṇa; kṣaya]

145.15 衱 [chn.jié][eng.the front of a robe; (also jié)]

145.16 衲 [chn.nà][eng.monk’s robe; to patch; (also nà, a Buddhist cassock)][skt.kaṣāya; cīvara; pāṃśukūla]

145.17 衳 [chn.zhōng][eng.ancient term for trousers; (also zhōng)]

145.18 衴 [chn.dǎn][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also dǎn)]

145.19 衵 [chn.rì][eng.undergarments; (also rì, intimate clothing)][skt.antarvāsaka]

145.20 衶 [chn.zhòng][eng.a kind of garment; (also zhòng)]

145.21 衷 [chn.zhōng][eng.inner feelings; heart; (also zhōng, a middle garment)][skt.antaḥ; hṛdaya]

145.22 衸 [chn.jiè][eng.the hem of a garment; (also jiè)]

145.23 衹 [chn.zhǐ][eng.only; merely; (also qí, a monk’s robe)][skt.cīvara; kaṣāya]

145.24 衺 [chn.xié][eng.oblique; evil; (also xié, improper)][skt.tiryak; pāpa]

145.25 衻 [chn.rán][eng.the hem of a garment; (also rán)]

145.26 衼 [chn.zhī][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also zhī)][skt.vastra]

145.27 衽 [chn.rèn][eng.the collar of a robe; (also rèn, a sleeping mat)]

145.28 衾 [chn.qīn][eng.a quilt; (also qīn, a coverlet)][skt.pracchadana; kambala]

145.29 衿 [chn.jīn][eng.the collar of a robe; (also jīn, a sash)]

145.30 袀 [chn.jūn][eng.a military uniform; (also jūn)]

145.31 袁 [chn.yuán][eng.a long robe; (also Yuán, a surname)]

145.32 袂 [chn.mèi][eng.the sleeve of a garment; (also mèi, a sleeve)][skt.bāhu-lambana]

145.33 袃 [chn.chài][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also chài)]

145.34 袄 [chn.ǎo][eng.a short coat; (also ǎo, a jacket)][skt.vastra]

145.35 袅 [chn.niǎo][eng.graceful; curving; (also niǎo, to float)]

145.36 袆 [chn.huī][eng.ancient term for a woman’s robe; (also huī)]

145.37 袇 [chn.rán][eng.ancient variant of 衻 (hem)]

145.38 袈 [chn.jiā][eng.a Buddhist monk’s robe; (used in 袈裟, jiāshā, a monastic cassock)][skt.kaṣāya]

145.39 袉 [chn.tuó][eng.an ancient garment; (also tuó)]

145.40 袊 [chn.lǐng][eng.the collar of a robe; (also lǐng)]

145.41 袋 [chn.dài][eng.a bag; a pouch; (also dài, a sack)][skt.piṭaka; kośa]

145.42 袌 [chn.bào][eng.to wrap; to embrace; (also bào, a robe)][skt.āliṅgana; veṣṭana]

145.43 袍 [chn.páo][eng.a robe; a gown; (also páo, a long garment)][skt.vastra; cīvara]

145.44 袎 [chn.yào][eng.the end of a sleeve; (also yào)]

145.45 袏 [chn.zuò][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also zuò)]

145.46 袐 [chn.bì][eng.secret; mysterious; (also bì)][skt.guhya; rahasya]

145.47 袑 [chn.shào][eng.the lower hem of a garment; (also shào)]

145.48 袒 [chn.tǎn][eng.to bare; to expose; (also tǎn, to reveal)][skt.prakāśana; vivṛta]

145.49 袓 [chn.jù][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also jù)]

145.50 袔 [chn.hè][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also hè)]

145.51 袕 [chn.xué][eng.a hole in a garment; (also xuè)]

145.52 袖 [chn.xiù][eng.a sleeve; (also xiù, to put in the sleeve)][skt.bāhu-lambana]

145.53 袗 [chn.zhěn][eng.a shirt; underclothes; (also zhěn, a robe)][skt.antarvāsaka]

145.54 袘 [chn.yí][eng.the hem of a garment; (also yì)]

145.55 袙 [chn.pà][eng.a headscarf; (also pà, a veil)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.56 袚 [chn.fú][eng.the hem of a garment; (also fú)]

145.57 袛 [chn.dī][eng.only; (also dī, a garment)]

145.58 袜 [chn.wà][eng.socks; stockings; (also wà, footwear)][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.59 袝 [chn.fù][eng.to attach; to add; (also fù, a garment)][skt.yojana; saṃyoga]

145.60 袞 [chn.gǔn][eng.imperial robe; traditional of 衮][skt.rāja-vastra]

145.61 袟 [zhì][eng.to bind; a book cover; (also zhì)][skt.bandhana]

145.62 袠 [zhì][eng.ancient variant of 袟 (binding); (also zhì)][skt.bandhana]

145.63 袡 [chn.rán][eng.an ancient garment; (also rán)]

145.64 袢 [chn.pàn][eng.a wrap-around skirt; (also fán, a summer robe)]

145.65 袣 [chn.yì][eng.the hem of a garment; (also yì)]

145.66 袤 [chn.mào][eng.longitude; length; (also mào, to extend)][skt.dairghya]

145.67 袥 [chn.tuō][eng.to open; to expand; (also tuō, a garment)][skt.vistāra]

145.68 袦 [chn.nà][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also nà)]

145.69 袧 [chn.gōu][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also gōu)]

145.70 袨 [chn.xuàn][eng.fine clothes; (also xuàn, a robe)][skt.cīvara]

145.71 袩 [chn.zhān][eng.to fold; to hem; (also zhān)]

145.72 袪 [chn.qū][eng.the sleeve opening; (also qū, to remove)][skt.bāhu-mukha]

145.73 被 [chn.bèi][eng.to cover; to wear; a quilt; (also pī, to drape over)][skt.ācchādana; prāvaraṇa]

145.74 袬 [chn.gǔn][eng.ancient variant of 衮 (imperial robe)][skt.rāja-vastra]

145.75 袭 [chn.xí][eng.to raid; to inherit; (also xí, a robe)][skt.ākramaṇa; anukrama]

145.76 袮 [chn.mí][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also mí)]

145.77 袯 [chn.bó][eng.raincoat; (also bó)][skt.vastra; varṣa-vastra]

145.78 袰 [chn.bō][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also bō)]

145.79 袱 [chn.fú][eng.a bundle wrapped in cloth; (also fú)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.80 袲 [chn.chǐ][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also chǐ)]

145.81 袳 [chn.chǐ][eng.ancient variant of 袲 (robe)]

145.82 袴 [chn.kù][eng.trousers; pants; (also kù, leggings)][skt.pāda-vastra; langala]

145.83 袵 [chn.rèn][eng.variant of 衽 (collar)]

145.84 袶 [chn.péng][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also péng)]

145.85 袷 [chn.jiá / jié][eng.a lined garment; (also jiá, a collar)][skt.antar-vastra]

145.86 袸 [chn.cún][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also cún)]

145.87 袹 [chn.mò][eng.a headscarf; (also mò)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.88 袺 [chn.jié][eng.to hold up the hem; (also jié)]

145.89 袻 [chn.ér][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also ér)]

145.90 袼 [chn.gē][eng.a sleeve opening; (also gē)]

145.91 袽 [chn.rú][eng.an ancient garment; (also rú)]

145.92 袾 [chn.zhū][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also zhū)]

145.93 袿 [chn.guī][eng.a woman’s robe; (also guī)]

145.94 裀 [chn.yīn][eng.an ancient undergarment; (also yīn)][skt.antarvāsaka]

145.95 裁 [chn.cái][eng.to cut out; to tailor; to decide; (also cái, to reduce)][skt.chinatti; kṛntana]

145.96 裂 [chn.liè][eng.to split; to tear; (also liè, a crack)][skt.vidāraṇa; bheda]

145.97 裃 [chn.kǎ][eng.Japanese term for formal dress; (also kǎ)]

145.98 裄 [chn.xíng][eng.a robe; (also xíng)][skt.vastra]

145.99 装 [chn.zhuāng][eng.to dress; to adorn; to install; (also zhuāng, a costume)][skt.alaṃkāra; veṣa]

145.100 裆 [chn.dāng][eng.the crotch of trousers; (also dāng)]

145.101 裇 [chn.xū][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also xū)]

145.102 裈 [chn.kūn][eng.trousers; (also kūn, an ancient garment)][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.103 裉 [chn.kèn][eng.to press a garment flat; (also kèn)]

145.104 裊 [chn.niǎo][eng.traditional of 袅 (graceful; to float)]

145.105 裋 [chn.shù][eng.a short garment; (also shù)][skt.vastra]

145.106 裌 [chn.jiá][eng.a lined garment; (also jiá)][skt.antar-vastra]

145.107 裍 [chn.kǔn][eng.to bind; (also kǔn, a bundle)][skt.bandhana]

145.108 裎 [chn.chéng][eng.to bare; (also chéng, a robe)]

145.109 裏 [chn.lǐ][eng.inside; interior; (also lǐ, the lining of a garment)][skt.antaḥ; abhyantara]

145.110 裐 [chn.juān][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also juān)]

145.111 裑 [chn.shēn][eng.the body; (also shēn, the torso)][skt.śarīra; kāya]

145.112 裒 [chn.póu][eng.to gather; to collect; (also póu, to add to)][skt.saṅgraha]

145.113 裓 [chn.jié][eng.the hem of a garment; (also jié)]

145.114 裔 [chn.yì][eng.descendants; border; (also yì, a robe)][skt.vaṃśa; anvaya]

145.115 裕 [chn.yù][eng.abundant; wealthy; (also yù, to enrich)][skt.prabhūta; samṛddha]

145.116 裖 [chn.zhěn][eng.an ancient garment; (also zhěn)]

145.117 裗 [chn.liú][eng.a tassel; (also liú)]

145.118 裘 [chn.qiú][eng.a fur coat; (also qiú, a leather garment)][skt.carmavastra]

145.119 裙 [chn.qún][eng.a skirt; (also qún, a robe)][skt.vastra; paridhāna]

145.120 裚 [chn.jì][eng.to cut; to sever; (also jì)][skt.chinatti]

145.121 裛 [chn.yì][eng.to wrap; to cover; (also yì, a garment)][skt.ācchādana; veṣṭana]

145.122 補 [chn.bǔ][eng.to patch; to mend; to supplement; traditional of 补][skt.pratisaraṇa; pūraṇa]

145.123 裝 [chn.zhuāng][eng.to dress; to adorn; to install; traditional of 装][skt.alaṃkāra; veṣa]

145.124 裞 [chn.shuì][eng.a mourning garment; (also shuì)]

145.125 裟 [chn.shā][eng.a monk’s robe; (used in 袈裟, jiāshā, monastic cassock)][skt.kaṣāya]

145.126 裠 [chn.qún][eng.ancient variant of 裙 (skirt)][skt.vastra; paridhāna]

145.127 裡 [chn.lǐ][eng.inside; interior; (also lǐ, lining)][skt.antaḥ; abhyantara]

145.128 裢 [chn.lián][eng.a pouch; (also lián, a bag)][skt.piṭaka]

145.129 裣 [chn.liǎn][eng.to fold; to tuck in; (also liǎn, a garment)]

145.130 裤 [chn.kù][eng.trousers; pants; simplified of 褲][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.131 裥 [chn.jiǎn][eng.a pleat; a fold; (also jiǎn)]

145.132 裦 [chn.bāo][eng.ancient variant of 褒 (to praise)][skt.ślāghā]

145.133 裧 [chn.chān][eng.a mourning garment; (also chān)]

145.134 裨 [chn.pí / bì][eng.to benefit; to supplement; (also pí, a minor official)][skt.upakāra; anugraha]

145.135 裩 [chn.kūn][eng.ancient variant of 裈 (trousers)][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.136 裪 [chn.táo][eng.a sleeve; (also táo)][skt.bāhu-lambana]

145.137 裫 [chn.yuàn][eng.the hem of a garment; (also yuàn)]

145.138 裬 [chn.líng][eng.a sash; (also líng)]

145.139 裭 [chn.chǐ][eng.to tear off; (also chǐ)][skt.vidāraṇa]

145.140 裮 [chn.chāng][eng.to cover; (also chāng)][skt.ācchādana]

145.141 裯 [chn.chóu][eng.the hem of a garment; (also chóu)]

145.142 裰 [chn.duō][eng.to mend; to patch; (also duō, a robe)][skt.pratisaraṇa]

145.143 裱 [chn.biǎo][eng.to mount a painting; (also biǎo, to paste)]

145.144 裲 [chn.liǎng][eng.a jacket; (also liǎng, a pair)][skt.vastra]

145.145 裳 [chn.shang / cháng][eng.a skirt (cháng); clothing (shang); (also shang, garments)][skt.vastra; paridhāna]

145.146 裴 [chn.péi][eng.a surname; (also péi, to flutter)]

145.147 裵 [chn.péi][eng.ancient variant of 裴 (surname)]

145.148 裶 [chn.fēi][eng.to flutter; (also fēi)]

145.149 裷 [chn.yuān][eng.to wrap; (also yuān, a robe)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.150 裸 [chn.luǒ][eng.naked; bare; (also luǒ, to expose)][skt.nagna; vivastra]

145.151 裹 [chn.guǒ][eng.to wrap; to bind; (also guǒ, a bundle)][skt.veṣṭana; āveṣṭana]

145.152 裺 [chn.yǎn][eng.the hem of a garment; (also yǎn)]

145.153 裻 [chn.dǔ][eng.the back seam of a garment; (also dǔ)]

145.154 裼 [chn.xī][eng.to bare the chest; (also xī, a robe)][skt.utkāśa; vivṛta]

145.155 製 [chn.zhì][eng.to make; to manufacture; (also zhì, a system)][skt.kṛta; nirmāṇa]

145.156 裾 [chn.jū][eng.the hem of a garment; (also jū, the front of a robe)]

145.157 裿 [chn.jǐ][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also jǐ)]

145.158 褀 [chn.qí][eng.a sash; (also qí)]

145.159 褁 [chn.guǒ][eng.ancient variant of 裹 (to wrap)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.160 褂 [chn.guà][eng.a coat; a jacket; (also guà, a gown)][skt.vastra]

145.161 褃 [chn.kèn][eng.the back of a garment; (also kèn)]

145.162 褄 [chn.qī][eng.the hem of a garment; (also qī)]

145.163 褅 [chn.tì][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also tì)]

145.164 褆 [chn.tí][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also tí)]

145.165 複 [chn.fù][eng.to repeat; double; (also fù, a lined garment)][skt.punar; dviguṇa]

145.166 褈 [chn.chóng][eng.to repeat; (also chóng, a garment)][skt.punar; dviguṇa]

145.167 褉 [chn.xiè][eng.the hem of a garment; (also xiè)]

145.168 褊 [chn.biǎn][eng.narrow; cramped; (also biǎn, a short garment)][skt.saṃkīrṇa]

145.169 褋 [chn.dié][eng.an undergarment; (also dié)][skt.antarvāsaka]

145.170 褌 [chn.kūn][eng.trousers; traditional of 裈][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.171 褍 [chn.duān][eng.the hem of a garment; (also duān)]

145.172 褎 [chn.xiù][eng.a sleeve; variant of 袖][skt.bāhu-lambana]

145.173 褏 [chn.xiù][eng.a sleeve; variant of 袖][skt.bāhu-lambana]

145.174 褐 [chn.hè][eng.coarse cloth; a coarse garment; (also hè, a brown robe)][skt.kāṣāya; kārpāsa]

145.175 褑 [chn.yuàn][eng.a sash; (also yuàn)]

145.176 褒 [chn.bāo][eng.to praise; to honour; (also bāo, to commend)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

145.177 褓 [chn.bǎo][eng.a swaddling cloth; (also bǎo, a baby wrap)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.178 褔 [chn.fù][eng.ancient variant of 福 (blessing)][skt.puṇya]

145.179 褕 [chn.yú][eng.a robe; (also yú, a jacket)][skt.vastra]

145.180 褖 [chn.tuàn][eng.an ancient garment; (also tuàn)]

145.181 褗 [chn.yǎn][eng.the collar of a garment; (also yǎn)]

145.182 褘 [chn.huī][eng.a woman’s robe; (also huī)]

145.183 褙 [chn.bèi][eng.to paste; to line; (also bèi, the back of a garment)]

145.184 褚 [chn.zhǔ][eng.to store; to stuff; (also chǔ, a cotton garment)]

145.185 褛 [chn.lǚ][eng.tattered clothes; (also lǚ, a robe)][skt.jīrṇa-vastra]

145.186 褜 [chn.páo][eng.ancient variant of 袍 (robe)][skt.vastra; cīvara]

145.187 褝 [chn.dān][eng.a single-layered garment; (also dān, a robe)][skt.eka-vastra]

145.188 褞 [chn.yùn][eng.a warm garment; (also yùn, to wrap)]

145.189 褟 [chn.tā][eng.a vest; (also tā, a jacket)]

145.190 褠 [chn.gōu][eng.a robe; (also gōu, a sash)]

145.191 褡 [chn.dā][eng.a pouch; a bag; (also dā, a sack)][skt.piṭaka]

145.192 褢 [chn.huái][eng.to carry in the bosom; (also huái, a robe)]

145.193 褣 [chn.róng][eng.a robe; (also róng)]

145.194 褤 [chn.yuán][eng.ancient term for a robe; (also yuán)]

145.195 褥 [chn.rù][eng.a mattress; a cushion; (also rù, a bed cover)][skt.śayyā; āstaraṇa]

145.196 褦 [chn.nài][eng.the hem of a garment; (also nài)]

145.197 褧 [chn.jiǒng][eng.a garment of silk; (also jiǒng)]

145.198 褨 [chn.xiá][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also xiá)]

145.199 褩 [chn.pán][eng.to coil; (also pán, a robe)]

145.200 褪 [chn.tuì][eng.to take off; to fade; (also tuì, to remove clothing)][skt.apanaya; vivastra]

145.201 褫 [chn.chǐ][eng.to strip; to deprive; (also chǐ, to take off)][skt.apaharaṇa; apanaya]

145.202 褬 [chn.sǎng][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also sǎng)]

145.203 褭 [chn.niǎo][eng.graceful; (also niǎo)]

145.204 褮 [chn.yīng][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also yīng)]

145.205 褯 [chn.jiè][eng.a diaper; (also jiè)]

145.206 褰 [chn.qiān][eng.to lift up a garment; (also qiān, to uncover)][skt.utkṣepa]

145.207 褱 [chn.huái][eng.ancient variant of 懷 (to cherish)]

145.208 褲 [chn.kù][eng.trousers; pants; traditional of 裤][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.209 褳 [chn.lián][eng.a pouch; traditional of 裢][skt.piṭaka]

145.210 褴 [chn.lán][eng.tattered clothes; (also lán, a patch)][skt.jīrṇa-vastra]

145.211 褵 [chn.lí][eng.a wedding veil; (also lí)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.212 褶 [chn.zhě][eng.a pleat; a fold; (also zhě, a garment)]

145.213 褷 [chn.shī][eng.a garment; (also shī)]

145.214 褸 [chn.lǚ][eng.tattered clothes; traditional of 褛][skt.jīrṇa-vastra]

145.215 褹 [chn.yì][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also yì)]

145.216 褺 [chn.dié][eng.an ancient robe; (also dié)]

145.217 褻 [chn.xiè][eng.to disrespect; to defile; (also xiè, intimate)][skt.apacāra; avajñā]

145.218 褼 [chn.xiān][eng.a robe; (also xiān)]

145.219 褽 [chn.wèi][eng.to wrap; (also wèi, a cover)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.220 褾 [chn.biǎo][eng.the front of a garment; (also biǎo)]

145.221 褿 [chn.cáo][eng.a garment; (also cáo)]

145.222 襀 [chn.jī][eng.a pleat; (also jī)]

145.223 襁 [chn.qiǎng][eng.a swaddling cloth; (also qiǎng, a baby wrap)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.224 襂 [chn.sēn][eng.a robe; (also sēn)]

145.225 襃 [chn.bāo][eng.ancient variant of 褒 (to praise)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

145.226 襄 [chn.xiāng][eng.to assist; to rise; (also Xiāng, a surname)][skt.upakāra; anugraha]

145.227 襅 [chn.bì][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also bì)]

145.228 襆 [chn.fú][eng.to wrap; a bundle; (also fú, a robe)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.229 襇 [chn.jiǎn][eng.a pleat; (also jiǎn)]

145.230 襈 [chn.zhuàn][eng.a robe; (also zhuàn)]

145.231 襉 [chn.jiǎn][eng.a pleat; (also jiǎn)]

145.232 襊 [chn.cuì][eng.the hem of a garment; (also cuì)]

145.233 襋 [chn.jí][eng.the collar of a robe; (also jí)]

145.234 襌 [chn.dān][eng.a single-layered garment; (also dān)][skt.eka-vastra]

145.235 襍 [chn.zá][eng.ancient variant of 雜 (mixed; varied)][skt.miśra; nānā]

145.236 襎 [chn.fán][eng.a robe; (also fán)]

145.237 襏 [chn.bó][eng.a robe; (also bó)]

145.238 襐 [chn.xiàng][eng.a robe; (also xiàng)]

145.239 襑 [chn.xín][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also xín)]

145.240 襒 [chn.bié][eng.a robe; (also bié)]

145.241 襓 [chn.ráo][eng.the hem of a garment; (also ráo)]

145.242 襔 [chn.mǎn][eng.a robe; (also mǎn)]

145.243 襕 [chn.lán][eng.a robe; (also lán)]

145.244 襖 [chn.ǎo][eng.a short coat; traditional of 袄][skt.vastra]

145.245 襗 [chn.zé][eng.the hem of a garment; (also zé)]

145.246 襘 [chn.guì][eng.the collar of a garment; (also guì)]

145.247 襙 [chn.zào][eng.a robe; (also zào)]

145.248 襚 [chn.suì][eng.a robe for the dead; (also suì)]

145.249 襛 [chn.nóng][eng.thick; rich; (also nóng, fine clothes)][skt.gāḍha]

145.250 襜 [chn.chān][eng.the front of a robe; (also chān)]

145.251 襝 [chn.liǎn][eng.to fold; (also liǎn)]

145.252 襞 [chn.bì][eng.to fold; a fold; (also bì)]

145.253 襟 [chn.jīn][eng.the collar of a robe; the heart; (also jīn, a lapel)][skt.uraḥ; hṛdaya]

145.254 襠 [chn.dāng][eng.the crotch of trousers; traditional of 裆]

145.255 襡 [chn.shǔ][eng.a robe; (also shǔ)]

145.256 襢 [chn.tǎn][eng.to bare; (also tǎn, a robe)][skt.prakāśana; vivṛta]

145.257 襣 [chn.bì][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also bì)]

145.258 襤 [chn.lán][eng.tattered clothes; traditional of 褴][skt.jīrṇa-vastra]

145.259 襥 [chn.fú][eng.to wrap; (also fú)][skt.veṣṭana]

145.260 襦 [chn.rú][eng.a short robe; (also rú, a child’s garment)][skt.vastra]

145.261 襧 [chn.zhǐ][eng.a robe; (also zhǐ)]

145.262 襨 [chn.duì][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also duì)]

145.263 襩 [chn.shǔ][eng.a robe; (also shǔ)]

145.264 襪 [chn.wà][eng.socks; stockings; traditional of 袜][skt.pāda-vastra]

145.265 襫 [chn.shì][eng.a raincoat; (also shì)][skt.varṣa-vastra]

145.266 襬 [chn.bǎi][eng.the lower hem of a garment; (also bǎi)]

145.267 襭 [chn.xié][eng.to tuck in; (also xié)]

145.268 襮 [chn.bó][eng.a robe; (also bó)]

145.269 襯 [chn.chèn][eng.underclothes; to line; traditional of 衬][skt.antarvāsaka]

145.270 襰 [chn.lài][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also lài)]

145.271 襱 [chn.lóng][eng.a robe; (also lóng)]

145.272 襲 [chn.xí][eng.to raid; to inherit; (also xí, to attack)][skt.ākramaṇa; anukrama]

145.273 襳 [chn.xiān][eng.a robe; (also xiān)]

145.274 襴 [chn.lán][eng.a robe; (also lán)]

145.275 襵 [chn.zhě][eng.a fold; a pleat; (also zhě)]

145.276 襶 [chn.dài][eng.stupid; (also dài, a robe)][skt.mūḍha]

145.277 襷 [chn.jǔ][eng.the hem of a garment; (also jǔ)]

145.278 襸 [chn.zàn][eng.a robe; (also zàn)]

145.279 襹 [chn.shī][eng.a robe; (also shī)]

145.280 襺 [chn.jiǎn][eng.a robe of silk; (also jiǎn)]

145.281 襻 [chn.pàn][eng.a loop; a fastener; (also pàn)]

145.282 襼 [chn.yì][eng.ancient term for a garment; (also yì)]

145.283 襽 [chn.lán][eng.a robe; (also lán)]

145.284 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 145

145.285 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

145.286 145.1 衣 (yī) [skt.vastra; cīvara; ācchādana] — The standard term for clothing. Vastra is the generic Sanskrit for cloth/garment; cīvara is the specific term for a monastic robe. Ācchādana means covering. In compounds, 衣 often refers to the robes of a monk and is regulated in Vinaya.

145.287 145.3/145.122 补/補 (bǔ) [skt.pratisaraṇa; pūraṇa] — To patch or mend. Very significant in Vinaya, as monks were permitted to repair their robes using discarded cloth. Pratisaraṇa means recourse/support; pūraṇa means filling. Monks are allowed to patch robes up to a certain size.

145.288 145.16 衲 (nà) [skt.kaṣāya; cīvara; pāṃśukūla] — A monk’s robe, often patched. Pāṃśukūla specifically refers to the "dust-heap robe" made from discarded cloth found on charnel grounds or roadsides—a practice of the ascetic (dhūta) monks. This is a critical term for monastic austerity.

145.289 145.38/145.125 袈/裟 (jiā/shā) [skt.kaṣāya] — The two characters of 袈裟 (jiāshā), the standard Buddhist monastic robe. Kaṣāya means "saffron-colored" or "ochre" and also refers to the robe itself. In Vinaya, the cīvara (robe) is one of the four requisites (niśraya).

145.290 145.48/145.154/145.256 袒/裼/襢 (tǎn/xī) [skt.prakāśana; vivṛta] — To bare or expose the chest/shoulder. In Vinaya, the right shoulder is bared as a mark of respect when addressing a teacher or the Buddha. Prakāśana means revealing; vivṛta means open/uncovered.

145.291 145.73 被 (bèi / pī) [skt.ācchādana; prāvaraṇa] — To cover or wear; also a quilt. Ācchādana means covering; prāvaraṇa means a wrap or upper garment. As a verb, it maps to "to be covered by" (e.g., passions covering the mind).

145.292 145.109/145.127 裏/裡 (lǐ) [skt.antaḥ; abhyantara] — Inside/interior. Critical for distinguishing "inner" vs. "outer" in doctrinal contexts (e.g., 內心, abhyantara-citta, inner mind) and for the structural description of robes (lining). In abhidharma, abhyantara often refers to the internal sense bases (āyatana).

145.293 145.118 裘 (qiú) [skt.carmavastra] — A fur coat. Important for Vinaya rules regarding what materials are permissible for monks’ robes. Leather or fur garments are generally prohibited except in specific circumstances (e.g., in cold regions).

145.294 145.150 裸 (luǒ) [skt.nagna; vivastra] — Naked. Appears in Vinaya narratives of ascetics who practice nudity (Nirgranthas, Jains) in contrast to Buddhist monks who are properly robed. Also appears in similes for being stripped of attachments.

145.295 145.151 裹 (guǒ) [skt.veṣṭana; āveṣṭana] — To wrap/bind. Used in monastic contexts for wrapping robes or carrying bundles. Veṣṭana is the act of wrapping or binding.

145.296 145.165 複 (fù) [skt.punar; dviguṇa] — To repeat/double. In robe descriptions, a "lined" or "double-layered" garment may be permitted in cold climates. Dviguṇa means double.

145.297 145.174 褐 (hè) [skt.kāṣāya; kārpāsa] — Coarse cloth, often brown. Early Buddhist monks often wore robes of coarse brown cloth. Kārpāsa is cotton; kāṣāya is the characteristic color.

145.298 145.195 褥 (rù) [skt.śayyā; āstaraṇa] — A mattress/cushion. One of the four requisites (śayyāsana, lodging/bed). Monks are allowed bedding for sleeping.

145.299 145.200 褪 (tuì) [skt.apanaya; vivastra] — To take off (clothes). Apanaya means removal; vivastra means stripped/unclothed.

145.300 145.201 褫 (chǐ) [skt.apaharaṇa; apanaya] — To strip/deprive. Apaharaṇa means taking away; appears in Vinaya when discussing the removal of a monk’s robe as a punishment or by theft.

145.301 145.253 襟 (jīn) [skt.uraḥ; hṛdaya] — The collar/lapel; by extension, the heart/mind. Used metaphorically for "in one’s heart" (hṛdaya). Appears in compounds like 襟懷 (bosom, mind).

145.302 145.269 襯 (chèn) [skt.antarvāsaka] — Underclothes/undergarment. The antarvāsaka is the inner/under robe worn by monks (the "under-robe" or "lower garment"). One of the three robes (tricīvara) prescribed in Vinaya.

145.303 145.272 襲 (xí) [skt.ākramaṇa; anukrama] — To raid or inherit. In some contexts, it means "to wear" (to put on a robe), though this is less common. Ākramaṇa is an attack/invasion; anukrama is succession/inheritance.

146 襾

146.1 襾 [chn.xī][eng.cover; to cover; (also xī, west; a variant of 西)][skt.ācchādana; āvaraṇa]

146.2 西 [chn.xī][eng.west; western; (also xī, the West)][skt.paścima]

146.3 覀 [chn.xī][eng.radical form of 襾; cover; (also xī, variant of 西)][skt.ācchādana]

146.4 要 [chn.yào / yāo][eng.to want; to demand; essential; (also yāo, to request; a waist)][skt.prayojana; artha; upāya; āśaya]

146.5 覂 [chn.fěng][eng.to overturn; to spill; (also fěng, to lose)]

146.6 覃 [chn.tán / qín][eng.to extend; to reach; (also tán, deep; a surname)][skt.vistara; gambhīra]

146.7 覄 [chn.fù][eng.to cover; (also fù, to restore)][skt.ācchādana; praticchanna]

146.8 覅 [chn.fiào][eng.an archaic contraction; (also fiào, a negative particle)]

146.9 覆 [chn.fù][eng.to cover; to overturn; to reply; (also fù, to capsize)][skt.ācchādana; āvaraṇa; nivṛtti; pratipatti]

146.10 覇 [chn.bà][eng.ancient variant of 霸 (to dominate; overlord)][skt.prabhu; īśvara]

146.11 覈 [chn.hé][eng.to examine; to investigate; (also hé, a kernel)][skt.parīkṣā; vicāra; nirūpaṇa]

146.12 覉 [chn.jī][archaic variant of 羈 (to restrain; a halter)][skt.saṃyama; bandhana]

146.13 覊 [chn.jī][eng.variant of 覉 (to restrain; a halter)][skt.saṃyama; bandhana]

146.14 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 146

146.15 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

146.16 146.1 襾 (xī) [skt.ācchādana; āvaraṇa] — The radical form meaning "cover." Rarely used as an independent character in Buddhist texts. Its function is primarily structural. The Sanskrit correlates ācchādana (covering) and āvaraṇa (obstruction/covering) are inferred from its semantic role.

146.17 146.2 西 (xī) [skt.paścima] — West. Of immense significance in Pure Land Buddhism as the direction of Amitābha’s Sukhāvatī (西方極樂世界, paścima-sukhāvatī). Also appears in directional descriptions in Vinaya (e.g., orientation of monasteries) and in cosmological texts. The compound 西域 (xīyù, Western Regions) refers to Central Asia, the source of many Buddhist scriptures and the route of transmission to China.

146.18 146.3 覀 (xī) [skt.ācchādana] — The radical form of 襾, used primarily as a component in other characters. Not a standalone lexeme. Maps inferentially to the same covering/covering-related field as 襾.

146.19 146.4 要 (yào / yāo) [skt.prayojana; artha; upāya; āśaya] — One of the most significant characters in this radical. As prayojana: purpose, aim, or motive (e.g., 要義, essential meaning); as artha: meaning, aim, or object (e.g., 要旨, gist); as upāya: skillful means in Mahāyāna (e.g., 要法, essential teaching); as āśaya: intention or mental disposition. In Vinaya, 要 (yāo) as a verb means "to request" or "to demand," translating yācñā (request) or prārthanā (entreaty). The reading yāo (waist) is unrelated to Buddhist doctrinal usage. Back-translation must disambiguate based on compound—e.g., 重要 = pradhāna (chief/important); 需要 = apekṣā (need/requirement); 要義 = artha (meaning); 方便要 = upāya (skillful means).

146.20 146.5 覂 (fěng) — To overturn or spill. Extremely rare in Buddhist texts. No direct Sanskrit correlate; if encountered, likely in descriptive narratives of physical action. Translate contextually (e.g., "to capsize" = viparyaya in some physical contexts, but this is conjectural).

146.21 146.6 覃 (tán / qín) [skt.vistara; gambhīra] — To extend/reach, or deep. Vistara means expansion/detailed exposition (as in "extended discourse"); gambhīra means deep/profound. The character appears occasionally in compounds meaning "deep" or "far-reaching," often in praise of the Buddha’s wisdom or the profound teachings.

146.22 146.7 覄 (fù) [skt.ācchādana; praticchanna] — To cover. A rare variant of 覆. Ācchādana means covering; praticchanna means concealed/covered. Treat as semantically identical to 覆 when encountered; back-translators should consult the context to determine whether "covering" (literal) or "concealment" (figurative) is intended.

146.23 146.8 覅 (fiào) — An archaic contraction (a negative particle). Not a Buddhist doctrinal term. No Sanskrit correlate. If encountered, it is likely in a non-canonical or vernacular text; treat as a negative operator.

146.24 146.9 覆 (fù) [skt.ācchādana; āvaraṇa; nivṛtti; pratipatti] — A critical character with multiple Buddhist usages. (1) As "to cover" (ācchādana): literal covering, as in covering a bowl or robe; (2) As "to conceal/obscure" (āvaraṇa): the five hindrances (五蓋, pañca-nīvaraṇa) are often translated with 蓋 rather than 覆, but 覆 appears in compounds like 覆藏 (concealment, chādanā) — especially in Vinaya regarding confession and concealment of offences; (3) As "to overturn/capsize" (nivṛtti): the reversal of defilements or the turning away from saṃsāra; (4) As "to reply/respond" (pratipatti): in epistolary contexts or responding to a teaching. The Buddhist technical term 覆罪 (concealing an offence) is critical in Vinaya: monks must confess offences, not conceal them (chādanā). Back-translation must distinguish 覆 as "cover" (ācchādana) from 覆 as "overturn" (nivṛtti) based on context.

146.25 146.10 覇 (bà) [skt.prabhu; īśvara] — Ancient variant of 霸 (to dominate, overlord). Rare in canonical Buddhist texts; may appear in historical or political contexts within commentaries or colophons (e.g., referring to a king or overlord). Prabhu means lord/master; īśvara means sovereign/lord. Not a doctrinal term; treat as a variant of 霸.

146.26 146.11 覈 (hé) [skt.parīkṣā; vicāra; nirūpaṇa] — To examine or investigate. Key epistemological term. Parīkṣā means examination/investigation (as in the famous Madhyamaka-śāstra, "examination of the aggregates," etc.); Vicāra is discursive investigation (one of the factors of meditative absorption); Nirūpaṇa is inquiry/determination. Appears in scholastic and commentarial literature where doctrinal positions are investigated. Critical for back-translation of texts that discuss the process of reasoning, analysis, or scriptural examination.

146.27 146.12/146.13 覉/覊 (jī) [skt.saṃyama; bandhana] — Archaic variants of 羈 (to restrain, a halter). Rare in Buddhist texts. Saṃyama means restraint/control; bandhana means binding/fetter. In Buddhist contexts, 羈 may appear metaphorically for the fetters of attachment (e.g., 羈縻, to bind/restrain). Back-translators should treat these variants as equivalent to 羈 and map to saṃyama (restraint) or bandhana (binding) when they appear in metaphorical contexts.

147 見

147.1 見 [chn.jiàn / xiàn][eng.to see; to perceive; view; opinion; (also jiàn, to meet; to appear)][skt.dṛṣṭi; darśana; saṃdarśana]

147.2 覌 [chn.guān][eng.variant of 觀 (to observe; to contemplate)][skt.avalokana; vipaśyanā]

147.3 覍 [chn.biàn][eng.ancient variant of 辨 (to distinguish)][skt.viveka; vicāra]

147.4 覎 [chn.yàn][eng.ancient term for a standard; (also yàn)][skt.pramāṇa]

147.5 規 [chn.guī][eng.rule; regulation; to plan; (also guī, a compass)][skt.vidhi; niyama; prajñapti]

147.6 覐 [chn.jué][eng.ancient variant of 覺 (to awaken; to perceive)][skt.bodhi; saṃbodhi]

147.7 覑 [chn.piǎn][eng.ancient term; (also piǎn)]

147.8 覒 [chn.mào][eng.ancient variant of 眊 (to look; indistinct)]

147.9 覓 [chn.mì][eng.to seek; to search for; (also mì, to find)][skt.mārgaṇa; anveṣaṇa]

147.10 覔 [chn.mì][eng.variant of 覓 (to seek)][skt.mārgaṇa; anveṣaṇa]

147.11 覕 [chn.miè][eng.to skim; to glance; (also miè)][skt.avalokana]

147.12 視 [chn.shì][eng.to see; to look at; to regard; (also shì, vision)][skt.darśana; avalokana; saṃdarśana]

147.13 覗 [chn.sì][eng.to peep; to spy; (also sì)][skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa]

147.14 覘 [chn.chān][eng.to observe; to spy; (also chān, to examine)][skt.nirīkṣaṇa; upalakṣaṇa]

147.15 覙 [chn.zhěn][eng.ancient variant of 診 (to examine; to diagnose)][skt.parīkṣā]

147.16 覚 [chn.jué][eng.Japanese simplified variant of 覺 (to awaken)][skt.bodhi]

147.17 覛 [chn.mì][eng.to look; to survey; (also mì)][skt.avalokana]

147.18 覜 [chn.tiào][eng.to survey; to visit; (also tiào)][skt.avalokana]

147.19 覝 [chn.lián][eng.to examine; to observe; (also lián)][skt.parīkṣā]

147.20 覞 [chn.yào][eng.to observe; (also yào)][skt.avalokana]

147.21 覟 [zhì][eng.to examine; (also zhì)][skt.parīkṣā]

147.22 覠 [chn.jūn][eng.ancient term; (also jūn)]

147.23 覡 [chn.xí][eng.a shaman; a wizard; (also xí, a spirit medium)][skt.mantrin; śākuna]

147.24 覢 [chn.shǎn][eng.to appear suddenly; to flash; (also shǎn)][skt.prakāśa]

147.25 覣 [chn.wēi][eng.ancient term; (also wēi)]

147.26 覤 [chn.xì][eng.to be afraid; (also xì)][skt.bhaya]

147.27 覥 [chn.tiǎn][eng.to be ashamed; (also tiǎn, to look at)][skt.lajjā; hrī]

147.28 覦 [chn.yú][eng.to covet; to desire; (also yú, to look at)][skt.lobha; abhidhyā]

147.29 覧 [chn.lǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 覽 (to view)][skt.darśana]

147.30 覨 [chn.è][eng.ancient term; (also è)]

147.31 覩 [chn.dǔ][eng.to see; to observe; (also dǔ, to witness)][skt.darśana; sākṣāt]

147.32 親 [chn.qīn][eng.parent; relative; intimate; (also qīn, to kiss)][skt.jñāti; bandhu; pitṛ]

147.33 覫 [chn.pǎng][eng.ancient term; (also pǎng)]

147.34 覬 [chn.jì][eng.to long for; to covet; (also jì, to hope for)][skt.āśā; abhilāṣa]

147.35 覭 [chn.míng][eng.to look; (also míng)][skt.avalokana]

147.36 覮 [chn.yíng][eng.ancient term; (also yíng)]

147.37 覯 [chn.gòu][eng.to meet; to encounter; (also gòu, to see)][skt.saṅgama; darśana]

147.38 覰 [chn.qù][eng.to look; to spy; (also qù)][skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa]

147.39 覱 [chn.zhàn][eng.ancient term; (also zhàn)]

147.40 覲 [chn.jìn][eng.to have an audience with; to present oneself before a superior; (also jìn)][skt.darśana; pratyupasthāna]

147.41 観 [chn.guān][eng.Japanese simplified variant of 觀 (to observe)][skt.avalokana; vipaśyanā]

147.42 覴 [chn.dèng][eng.to look at; (also dèng)][skt.avalokana]

147.43 覵 [chn.jiàn][eng.ancient term; to see; (also jiàn)][skt.darśana]

147.44 覶 [chn.luó][eng.to observe; (also luó)][skt.avalokana]

147.45 覷 [chn.qù][eng.to glance; to spy; to peep; (also qù)][skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa]

147.46 覸 [chn.jiàn][eng.ancient term; to see; (also jiàn)][skt.darśana]

147.47 覹 [chn.wéi][eng.ancient term; (also wéi)]

147.48 覺 [chn.jué / jiào][eng.to awaken; to perceive; enlightenment; (also jiào, to sleep)][skt.bodhi; saṃbodhi; jñāna; pratibodha]

147.49 覻 [chn.qū][eng.variant of 覷 (to glance)][skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa]

147.50 覼 [chn.luó][eng.ancient term; (also luó)]

147.51 覽 [chn.lǎn][eng.to view; to inspect; (also lǎn, to read)][skt.darśana; avalokana; vicāra]

147.52 覾 [chn.shěn][eng.ancient term; (also shěn)]

147.53 覿 [chn.dí][eng.to meet; to see; (also dí, to have an interview)][skt.darśana; sākṣāt]

147.54 觀 [chn.guān / guàn][eng.to observe; to contemplate; a Taoist temple; (also guàn, a tower)][skt.avalokana; vipaśyanā; pratyavekṣaṇa]

147.55 见 [chn.jiàn / xiàn][eng.to see; simplified of 見][skt.dṛṣṭi; darśana]

147.56 观 [chn.guān / guàn][eng.to observe; simplified of 觀][skt.avalokana; vipaśyanā]

147.57 觃 [chn.yàn][eng.a child’s face; (also yàn)]

147.58 规 [chn.guī][eng.rule; regulation; simplified of 規][skt.vidhi; niyama]

147.59 觅 [chn.mì][eng.to seek; simplified of 覓][skt.mārgaṇa; anveṣaṇa]

147.60 视 [chn.shì][eng.to see; simplified of 視][skt.darśana; avalokana]

147.61 觇 [chn.chān][eng.to observe; simplified of 覘][skt.nirīkṣaṇa; upalakṣaṇa]

147.62 览 [chn.lǎn][eng.to view; simplified of 覽][skt.darśana; avalokana]

147.63 觉 [chn.jué / jiào][eng.to awaken; simplified of 覺][skt.bodhi; jñāna]

147.64 觊 [chn.jì][eng.to covet; simplified of 覬][skt.āśā; abhilāṣa]

147.65 觋 [chn.xí][eng.a shaman; simplified of 覡][skt.mantrin]

147.66 觌 [chn.dí][eng.to meet; simplified of 覿][skt.darśana; sākṣāt]

147.67 觍 [chn.tiǎn][eng.to be ashamed; simplified of 覥][skt.lajjā; hrī]

147.68 觎 [chn.yú][eng.to covet; simplified of 覦][skt.lobha; abhidhyā]

147.69 觏 [chn.gòu][eng.to meet; simplified of 覯][skt.saṅgama; darśana]

147.70 觐 [chn.jìn][eng.to have an audience; simplified of 覲][skt.darśana; pratyupasthāna]

147.71 觑 [chn.qù][eng.to glance; simplified of 覷][skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa]

147.72 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 147

147.73 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

147.74 147.1/147.55 見/见 (jiàn/xiàn) [skt.dṛṣṭi; darśana; saṃdarśana] — The foundational character. Darśana is direct seeing/perception; also philosophical "view" (darśana). Dṛṣṭi is view/opinion, especially in the sense of "wrong view" (mitthyā-dṛṣṭi, 邪見). The compound 見地 (darśana-bhūmi) refers to the path of seeing in the five-path system. The character is also used in the compound 見聞覺知 (seeing, hearing, sensing, knowing), which describes the six sense faculties.

147.75 147.5/147.58 規/规 (guī) [skt.vidhi; niyama; prajñapti] — A rule/regulation. Appears in Vinaya contexts for monastic rules (vinaya). Vidhi means rule/ordinance; niyama means restriction/regulation; prajñapti means convention/designation. 規矩 is "compass and square" (measure/standard).

147.76 147.9/147.10/147.59 覓/覔/觅 (mì) [skt.mārgaṇa; anveṣaṇa] — To seek/search. Appears in Buddhist narratives of seeking the truth, seeking the Dharma, or seeking enlightenment. Mārgaṇa is the act of seeking; anveṣaṇa is searching/investigation.

147.77 147.12/147.60 視/视 (shì) [skt.darśana; avalokana; saṃdarśana] — To see/look/regard. Often used interchangeably with 見 but can have a more active sense of "gazing" or "regarding with attention." Avalokana is the act of looking at; saṃdarśana is showing/revealing.

147.78 147.14/147.61 覘/觇 (chān) [skt.nirīkṣaṇa; upalakṣaṇa] — To observe/examine/spy. Nirīkṣaṇa means examination/observation; upalakṣaṇa means marking/indicating (by observation). Used in texts describing careful observation of phenomena.

147.79 147.31 覩 (dǔ) [skt.darśana; sākṣāt] — To see/witness. Sākṣāt means directly/face-to-face (as in 覩見, sākṣāt-darśana, direct seeing/witnessing). Used in descriptions of seeing the Buddha directly or attaining direct insight.

147.80 147.32 親 (qīn) [skt.jñāti; bandhu; pitṛ] — Parent/relative/intimate. Appears in Buddhist discussions of filial piety (in Chinese Buddhism), and in the compound 親近 (to associate closely with), translating upasaṃkramaṇa (to approach/visit). In the context of the monastic community, 親 usually refers to biological relatives.

147.81 147.34/147.64 覬/觊 (jì) [skt.āśā; abhilāṣa] — To covet/long for. Maps to āśā (hope/desire) or abhilāṣa (longing/aspiration). In Buddhist psychology, coveting is associated with greed (lobha) and is one of the three unwholesome roots.

147.82 147.37/147.69 覯/觏 (gòu) [skt.saṅgama; darśana] — To meet/encounter. Saṅgama is meeting/coming together; darśana is seeing. Used in contexts of encountering the Buddha or the Dharma.

147.83 147.40/147.70 覲/觐 (jìn) [skt.darśana; pratyupasthāna] — To have an audience with a superior. Pratyupasthāna means coming before/presenting oneself. Appears in descriptions of monks or laypeople seeking an audience with the Buddha.

147.84 147.45/147.49/147.71 覷/覻/觑 (qù) [skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa] — To glance/peep/spy. Nirīkṣaṇa is observation; avalokana is looking. Also used in the sense of "to spy secretly," which is prohibited in Vinaya for monastics.

147.85 147.48/147.63 覺/觉 (jué / jiào) [skt.bodhi; saṃbodhi; jñāna; pratibodha] — One of the most important Buddhist terms. As bodhi: awakening/enlightenment (the goal of the path); as saṃbodhi: perfect awakening (Buddhahood); as jñāna: knowledge/wisdom; as pratibodha: awakening/realization. The reading jiào (to sleep) is unrelated to Buddhist usage. The compound 覺悟 (juéwù) translates bodhi or sambodhi. 佛 is often called 覺者 (awakened one). This character must be carefully distinguished from 觀 (insight) — 覺 is the goal, 觀 is the method.

147.86 147.51/147.62 覽/览 (lǎn) [skt.darśana; avalokana; vicāra] — To view/inspect/read. Used in descriptions of surveying the Dharma or reading scriptures. Vicāra (investigation) applies when this character is used in the context of examining teachings.

147.87 147.53/147.66 覿/觌 (dí) [skt.darśana; sākṣāt] — To meet/see face-to-face. Sākṣāt is direct (in person) — used for seeing the Buddha directly or having a direct encounter with the truth. Similar to 覩 but often emphasizes the face-to-face nature of the encounter.

147.88 147.54/147.56 觀/观 (guān / guàn) [skt.avalokana; vipaśyanā; pratyavekṣaṇa] — One of the most important Buddhist technical terms. As vipaśyanā: insight meditation (clear seeing) — one of the two main meditative practices (śamatha-vipaśyanā, 止觀). As avalokana: looking/observing — the name of Avalokiteśvara (觀世音, the Bodhisattva who observes the sounds of the world). As pratyavekṣaṇa: reflection/examination. The character appears in countless Buddhist compounds: 觀想 (visualization, bhāvanā), 觀照 (contemplation, vipaśyanā), 觀念 (thought/contemplation, anusmṛti). The reading guàn (tower/observatory) appears in the names of Taoist temples and is irrelevant in Buddhist back-translation. This character is second only to 見 in its importance within this radical.

147.89 147.23/147.65 覡/觋 (xí) [skt.mantrin; śākuna] — A shaman/wizard/spirit medium. Appears in early Chinese Buddhist translations when describing Brahmanical rituals or "magical" practices that are prohibited in Vinaya. Mantrin is a reciter of mantras; śākuna is a diviner/soothsayer.

147.90 147.27/147.67 覥/觍 (tiǎn) [skt.lajjā; hrī] — To be ashamed. Maps to lajjā (shame, modesty) and hrī (moral shame, shame in the sense of being ashamed of wrongdoing). These are two of the "wholesome mental factors" (kusalā dharmāḥ) in the fifty-one mental factors of Yogācāra.

147.91 147.28/147.68 覦/觎 (yú) [skt.lobha; abhidhyā] — To covet/desire. Maps to lobha (greed) and abhidhyā (covetousness, longing). One of the three unwholesome roots (rāga, lobha) and a mental factor to be overcome on the path.

148 角

148.1 角 [chn.jiǎo / jué][eng.horn; angle; corner; (also jué, a role; to compete)][skt.śṛṅga; koṇa]

148.2 觓 [chn.qiú][eng.curved horn; (also qiú)][skt.śṛṅga]

148.3 觔 [chn.jīn][eng.muscle; sinew; (also jīn, strength)][skt.māṃsa; snāyu]

148.4 觕 [chn.cū][eng.coarse; rough; (also cū)][skt.sthūla; karkaśa]

148.5 觖 [chn.jué][eng.to be dissatisfied; (also jué, to criticize)][skt.arati; anabhirati]

148.6 觗 [zhì][eng.ancient term; (also zhì)]

148.7 觘 [chn.chào][eng.ancient term; (also chào)]

148.8 觙 [chn.jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí)]

148.9 觚 [chn.gū][eng.an ancient wine vessel; a writing tablet; (also gū)]

148.10 觛 [chn.dàn][eng.an ancient wine vessel; (also dàn)]

148.11 觜 [chn.zī / zuǐ][eng.the beak of a bird; (also zuǐ, mouth; a star constellation)][skt.cuñcu; tuṇḍa]

148.12 觝 [chn.dǐ][eng.to butt; to gore; to collide; (also dǐ, to resist)][skt.pratihata; saṅgharṣaṇa]

148.13 觞 [chn.shāng][eng.a wine vessel; (also shāng, to toast)]

148.14 觟 [chn.huà][eng.ancient term; (also huà)]

148.15 觠 [chn.quán][eng.curved horn; (also quán)][skt.śṛṅga]

148.16 觡 [chn.gé][eng.antler; (also gé, a horn)][skt.śṛṅga]

148.17 觢 [chn.shì][eng.ancient term; (also shì)]

148.18 解 [chn.jiě / jiè / xiè][eng.to untie; to solve; to understand; (also jiè, to escort; xiè, to understand)][skt.mokṣa; vimokṣa; vicāra; prajñā]

148.19 觤 [chn.guǐ][eng.ancient term; (also guǐ)]

148.20 觥 [chn.gōng][eng.a wine vessel; (also gōng, a drinking horn)]

148.21 触 [chn.chù][eng.to touch; to contact; to offend; (also chù, to butt)][skt.sparśa; saṃsparśa; pratihata]

148.22 觧 [chn.jiě / xiè][eng.variant of 解 (to untie; to understand)][skt.mokṣa; vimokṣa]

148.23 觨 [chn.hùn][eng.ancient term; (also hùn)]

148.24 觩 [chn.qiú][eng.curved horn; (also qiú)][skt.śṛṅga]

148.25 觪 [chn.xīng][eng.ancient term; (also xīng)]

148.26 觫 [chn.sù][eng.trembling; fearful; (also sù, to shake)][skt.bhaya; trāsa]

148.27 觬 [chn.ní][eng.ancient term; (also ní)]

148.28 觭 [chn.jī / qí][eng.one horn; (also qí, odd; uneven)][skt.eka-śṛṅga]

148.29 觮 [chn.lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù)]

148.30 觯 [zhì][eng.an ancient wine vessel; (also zhì)]

148.31 觰 [chn.zhā][eng.ancient term; (also zhā)]

148.32 觱 [chn.bì][eng.a reed whistle; a wind instrument; (also bì)]

148.33 觲 [chn.xīng][eng.ancient term; (also xīng)]

148.34 觳 [chn.hú][eng.a measuring vessel; (also hú, to shudder)]

148.35 觴 [chn.shāng][eng.a wine vessel; traditional of 觞]

148.36 觵 [chn.gōng][eng.variant of 觥 (wine vessel)]

148.37 觶 [zhì][eng.an ancient wine vessel; traditional of 觯]

148.38 觷 [chn.xué][eng.an ancient term; (also xué)]

148.39 觸 [chn.chù][eng.to touch; to contact; to offend; traditional of 触][skt.sparśa; saṃsparśa]

148.40 觹 [chn.xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī)]

148.41 觺 [chn.yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí)]

148.42 觻 [chn.lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì)]

148.43 觼 [chn.jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué)]

148.44 觽 [chn.xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī)]

148.45 觾 [chn.yàn][eng.an ancient term; (also yàn)]

148.46 觿 [chn.xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī)]

148.47 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 148

148.48 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

148.49 148.1 角 (jiǎo / jué) [skt.śṛṅga; koṇa] — Horn or angle. Śṛṅga is a horn (of an animal); koṇa is an angle/corner. The character appears in cosmological descriptions (e.g., the four corners of the universe) and in Vinaya descriptions of animal horns (e.g., not to use horn vessels). The reading jué (role/competition) is unrelated to Buddhist usage.

148.50 148.9 觚 (gū) — An ancient wine vessel. Appears in Vinaya only in the context of prohibited containers (luxurious or ornate vessels). No direct Sanskrit correlate; the term is purely Chinese in origin. Back-translators should treat it descriptively (e.g., "a vessel") when encountered.

148.51 148.11 觜 (zī / zuǐ) [skt.cuñcu; tuṇḍa] — Beak or mouth of a bird. Appears in Jātaka tales describing birds (e.g., the parrot Jātaka, where the parrot’s beak is mentioned). Cuñcu means beak in Sanskrit; tuṇḍa is a mouth/beak.

148.52 148.12 觝 (dǐ) [skt.pratihata; saṅgharṣaṇa] — To butt or gore. Appears in animal similes (e.g., bulls butting horns) and in narratives describing conflict. Pratihata means struck against; saṅgharṣaṇa means collision.

148.53 148.13/148.35 觞/觴 (shāng) — An ancient wine vessel. Appears in Vinaya as a prohibited container (ornate drinking vessels). No direct Sanskrit correlate.

148.54 148.16 觡 (gé) [skt.śṛṅga] — Antler or horn. Used in animal descriptions. Maps to śṛṅga.

148.55 148.18/148.22 解/觧 (jiě / jiè / xiè) [skt.mokṣa; vimokṣa; vicāra; prajñā] — One of the most critical characters in this radical. (1) As mokṣa or vimokṣa: liberation/release — the compound 解脫 (jiětuō) is the standard translation for liberation from saṃsāra. (2) As vicāra: investigation/discrimination — used in the sense of "analysis" or "examination" (e.g., 解義, analyzing the meaning). (3) As prajñā: understanding/comprehension — e.g., 理解 (to understand). The verb prajānāti (to know/understand) is often translated as 解. In Yogācāra, 解 is one of the five mental functions (caitta) in the category of "discrimination" (vikalpa). The reading xiè (to understand) is equivalent to jiě in many contexts; the reading jiè (to escort) is unrelated to Buddhist usage.

148.56 148.20/148.36 觥/觵 (gōng) — An ancient wine vessel. Appears in Vinaya as a prohibited container. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

148.57 148.21/148.39 触/觸 (chù) [skt.sparśa; saṃsparśa] — This character is of central importance in Buddhist Abhidharma and psychology. (1) As sparśa: contact — one of the five universal mental factors (sarvatraga) and the sixth link in the twelve links of dependent origination (pratītyasamutpāda). Contact is the meeting of sense faculty, sense object, and consciousness (trisaṅgati). (2) As saṃsparśa: tactile contact — the sense of touch (one of the five physical senses). In the aggregate of sensation (vedanā), contact (sparśa) is the condition for feeling. The character also appears in Vinaya to describe "touching" in the context of sexual misconduct (improper physical contact). Back-translation must distinguish between sparśa (cognitive contact) and kāya-sparśa (physical touch) based on context.

148.58 148.30/148.37 觯/觶 (zhì) — An ancient wine vessel. Appears in Vinaya as a prohibited container. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

148.59 148.33 觲 (xīng) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.60 148.34 觳 (hú) — A measuring vessel or to shudder. Appears in Vinaya as a prohibited container (measuring vessels) or in descriptions of fear. Bhaya (fear) is the Skt. correlate in the latter sense, but this is a rare usage.

148.61 148.40 觹 (xī) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.62 148.41 觺 (yí) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.63 148.42 觻 (lì) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.64 148.43 觼 (jué) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.65 148.44 觽 (xī) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.66 148.45 觾 (yàn) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

148.67 148.46 觿 (xī) — An ancient term; no doctrinal significance.

149 言

149.1 言 [chn.yán][eng.speech; words; to speak; (also yán, language)][skt.vāc; vacana; bhāṣā]

149.2 訁 [chn.yán][eng.speech radical form; (also yán)][skt.vāc]

149.3 訂 [chn.dìng][eng.to agree; to order; to subscribe; (also dìng, to revise)][skt.saṃvida; niyama]

149.4 訃 [chn.fù][eng.to announce a death; obituary; (also fù)]

149.5 訄 [chn.qiú][eng.to threaten; (also qiú)]

149.6 訅 [chn.qiú][eng.ancient variant of 訄; (also qiú)]

149.7 訆 [chn.jiào][eng.to shout; to call; (also jiào)][skt.śabda; ākranda]

149.8 訇 [chn.hōng][eng.a sound of alarm; a roar; (also hōng, a thunderous sound)][skt.śabda; garjana]

149.9 計 [chn.jì][eng.to count; to plan; to calculate; (also jì, a strategy)][skt.gaṇanā; upāya]

149.10 訉 [chn.fàn][eng.ancient variant of 泛 (to float; to be extensive)]

149.11 訊 [chn.xùn][eng.to question; to interrogate; news; (also xùn, to inquire)][skt.pṛcchā; praśna]

149.12 訋 [chn.diào][eng.ancient term; (also diào)]

149.13 訌 [chn.hòng][eng.turmoil; conflict; (also hòng, to quarrel)][skt.kalaha; vigraha]

149.14 訍 [chn.chài][eng.ancient term; (also chài)]

149.15 討 [chn.tǎo][eng.to send troops; to demand; to discuss; (also tǎo, to punish)][skt.daṇḍa; vicāra]

149.16 訏 [chn.xū][eng.to exaggerate; great; (also xū)][skt.atiśaya]

149.17 訐 [chn.jié][eng.to expose; to accuse; (also jié, to censure)][skt.upārambha; nindā]

149.18 訑 [chn.yí][eng.to boast; (also yí, arrogant)][skt.ātma-ślāghā]

149.19 訒 [chn.rèn][eng.to be hesitant in speech; (also rèn)]

149.20 訓 [chn.xùn][eng.to instruct; to teach; (also xùn, a rule)][skt.anuśāsana; śikṣā]

149.21 訔 [chn.yín][eng.ancient term; (also yín)]

149.22 訕 [chn.shàn][eng.to slander; to mock; (also shàn, to ridicule)][skt.apavāda; nindā]

149.23 訖 [chn.qì][eng.to finish; to end; (also qì, complete)][skt.samāpti; niṣṭhā]

149.24 託 [chn.tuō][eng.to entrust; to rely on; (also tuō, to commit)][skt.āśraya; ādhāra]

149.25 記 [chn.jì][eng.to remember; to record; (also jì, a mark)][skt.smṛti; lekhā]

149.26 訙 [chn.xùn][eng.variant of 訊 (to question)][skt.pṛcchā; praśna]

149.27 訚 [chn.yín][eng.to dispute; (also yín)][skt.vivāda]

149.28 訛 [chn.é][eng.error; false; to extort; (also é, to deceive)][skt.mithyā; mṛṣā; viparyaya]

149.29 訜 [chn.fēn][eng.ancient term; (also fēn)]

149.30 訝 [chn.yà][eng.to be surprised; to be startled; (also yà, to wonder)][skt.vismaya; āścarya]

149.31 訞 [chn.yāo][eng.ancient term; (also yāo)]

149.32 訟 [chn.sòng][eng.to litigate; to dispute; (also sòng, to argue)][skt.vivāda; vyavahāra]

149.33 訠 [chn.shěn][eng.ancient term; (also shěn)]

149.34 訡 [chn.yín][eng.ancient variant of 吟 (to chant; to recite)][skt.gāthā; svādhyāya]

149.35 訢 [chn.xīn][eng.joyful; (also xīn, to be pleased)][skt.prīti; ānanda]

149.36 訣 [chn.jué][eng.to bid farewell; a knack; a secret; (also jué, a formula)][skt.upadeśa; rahasya]

149.37 訤 [chn.xiáo][eng.ancient term; (also xiáo)]

149.38 訥 [chn.nè][eng.to be slow of speech; to stutter; (also nè, taciturn)][skt.mūka; apraśasta-vāc]

149.39 訦 [chn.chén][eng.ancient term; (also chén)]

149.40 訧 [chn.yóu][eng.to blame; to fault; (also yóu)][skt.nindā; upārambha]

149.41 訨 [zhǐ][eng.ancient term; (also zhǐ)]

149.42 訩 [chn.xiōng][eng.tumult; uproar; (also xiōng)][skt.kalaha; ākula]

149.43 訪 [chn.fǎng][eng.to visit; to call on; to inquire; (also fǎng, to seek)][skt.anveṣaṇa; upasaṃkramaṇa]

149.44 訫 [chn.xìn][eng.ancient variant of 信 (trust; faith)][skt.śraddhā; prasāda]

149.45 訬 [chn.chāo][eng.noisy; (also chāo)]

149.46 設 [chn.shè][eng.to establish; to set up; to suppose; (also shè, to arrange)][skt.prajñapti; upanayana]

149.47 訮 [chn.yán][eng.ancient term; (also yán)]

149.48 訯 [chn.sǎ][eng.ancient term; (also sǎ)]

149.49 訰 [zhùn][eng.ancient term; (also zhùn)]

149.50 許 [chn.xǔ][eng.to allow; to promise; to praise; (also xǔ, to approve)][skt.anumati; prasāda; pūjā]

149.51 訲 [chn.yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì)]

149.52 訳 [chn.yì][eng.Japanese variant of 譯 (to translate)][skt.anuvāda; bhāṣāntara]

149.53 訴 [chn.sù][eng.to complain; to accuse; to tell; (also sù, to appeal)][skt.abhiyoga; pratijñā]

149.54 訵 [chn.chī][eng.ancient term; (also chī)]

149.55 訶 [chn.hē][eng.to scold; to blame; (also hē, a Buddhist mantra syllable)][skt.ākrośa; garhā; (also Hā in mantras)]

149.56 訷 [chn.shēn][eng.ancient term; (also shēn)]

149.57 訸 [chn.hé][eng.to harmonize; (also hé, peaceful)][skt.sāmagrī; samanvaya]

149.58 訹 [chn.xù][eng.to coax; to urge; (also xù)][skt.samāśvāsa]

149.59 診 [chn.zhěn][eng.to examine; to diagnose; (also zhěn, to inspect)][skt.parīkṣā; nidāna]

149.60 註 [chn.zhù][eng.to annotate; to register; (also zhù, to explain)][skt.ṭīkā; vyākhyāna]

149.61 証 [chn.zhèng][eng.to prove; to testify; (also zhèng, evidence)][skt.sākṣya; pramāṇa]

149.62 訽 [chn.gòu][eng.ancient variant of 詬 (to shame; to revile)][skt.nindā; avajñā]

149.63 訾 [chn.zī][eng.to slander; to defame; (also zī, to estimate)][skt.nindā; apavāda]

149.64 訿 [chn.zǐ][eng.ancient variant of 訾 (to slander)][skt.nindā]

149.65 詀 [chn.zhān][eng.to whisper; to talk in one’s sleep; (also zhān)][skt.jalpa]

149.66 詁 [chn.gǔ][eng.to explain ancient texts; exegesis; (also gǔ, a commentary)][skt.vyākhyāna; ṭīkā]

149.67 詂 [chn.fù][eng.ancient term; (also fù)]

149.68 詃 [chn.jiǎn][eng.to deceive; (also jiǎn)][skt.vañcana; māyā]

149.69 詄 [chn.dié][eng.to forget; (also dié)][skt.vismaraṇa]

149.70 詅 [chn.líng][eng.to sell; (also líng, to hawk)][skt.vikraya]

149.71 詆 [chn.dǐ][eng.to slander; to defame; (also dǐ, to accuse)][skt.apavāda; nindā]

149.72 詇 [chn.yàng][eng.ancient term; (also yàng)]

149.73 詈 [chn.lì][eng.to revile; to curse; (also lì)][skt.ākrośa; garhā]

149.74 詉 [chn.ná][eng.noisy; (also ná)]

149.75 詊 [chn.pàn][eng.ancient term; (also pàn)]

149.76 詋 [chn.zhòu][eng.ancient variant of 咒 (to curse; a spell)][skt.vidhi; mantra]

149.77 詌 [chn.gàn][eng.ancient term; (also gàn)]

149.78 詍 [chn.yì][eng.to talk excessively; (also yì)][skt.pralāpa]

149.79 詎 [chn.jù][eng.how; (also jù, to oppose)]

149.80 詏 [chn.yào][eng.ancient term; (also yào)]

149.81 詐 [chn.zhà][eng.to cheat; to deceive; (also zhà, false)][skt.vañcana; māyā; mṛṣā]

149.82 詑 [chn.tuó][eng.to deceive; (also tuó)][skt.vañcana]

149.83 詒 [chn.yí / dài][eng.to bequeath; to give; (also yí, to deceive)][skt.dāna; anupradāna]

149.84 詓 [chn.qǔ][eng.ancient term; (also qǔ)]

149.85 詔 [chn.zhào][eng.an imperial edict; to proclaim; (also zhào, to summon)][skt.ājñā; śāsana]

149.86 評 [chn.píng][eng.to comment; to evaluate; (also píng, to judge)][skt.vicāra; nirṇaya]

149.87 詖 [chn.bì][eng.to flatter; (also bì)][skt.ślāghā; upacāra]

149.88 詗 [chn.xiòng][eng.to spy; to examine; (also xiòng)][skt.nirīkṣaṇa; gūḍha]

149.89 詘 [chn.qū][eng.to bend; to yield; (also qū, to subdue)][skt.namra; praṇāma]

149.90 詙 [chn.bá][eng.ancient term; (also bá)]

149.91 詚 [chn.dá][eng.ancient term; (also dá)]

149.92 詛 [chn.zǔ][eng.to curse; to swear; (also zǔ, to vow)][skt.śāpa; abhiśāpa]

149.93 詜 [chn.tāo][eng.ancient term; (also tāo)]

149.94 詝 [zhǔ][eng.ancient term; (also zhǔ)]

149.95 詞 [chn.cí][eng.word; phrase; speech; (also cí, a part of speech)][skt.pada; vacana; śabda]

149.96 詟 [zhé][eng.to fear; to dread; (also zhé)][skt.bhaya; trāsa]

149.97 詠 [chn.yǒng][eng.to chant; to recite; to sing; (also yǒng, a poem)][skt.gāthā; svādhyāya; gīta]

149.98 詡 [chn.xǔ][eng.to boast; to praise; (also xǔ, to brag)][skt.ātma-ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

149.99 詢 [chn.xún][eng.to inquire; to ask; (also xún, to consult)][skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā]

149.100 詣 [chn.yì][eng.to go to; to call on; (also yì, to achieve)][skt.upasaṃkramaṇa; gacchati]

149.101 詤 [chn.huǎng][eng.ancient variant of 謊 (lie; falsehood)][skt.mṛṣā; anṛta]

149.102 詥 [chn.hé][eng.ancient term; (also hé)]

149.103 試 [chn.shì][eng.to test; to try; to examine; (also shì, an examination)][skt.parīkṣā; nirīkṣaṇa]

149.104 詧 [chn.chá][eng.to examine; to observe; (also chá, a variant of 察)][skt.parīkṣā; vicāra]

149.105 詨 [chn.xiào][eng.to call; to shout; (also xiào)][skt.ākranda]

149.106 詩 [chn.shī][eng.poetry; a poem; (also shī, the Book of Songs)][skt.kāvya; gāthā]

149.107 詪 [chn.hěn][eng.to quarrel; (also hěn)][skt.vivāda; kalaha]

149.108 詫 [chn.chà][eng.to be surprised; to be astonished; (also chà, to misrepresent)][skt.vismaya; āścarya]

149.109 詬 [chn.gòu][eng.to revile; to shame; (also gòu, disgrace)][skt.nindā; avajñā; garhā]

149.110 詭 [chn.guǐ][eng.deceitful; sly; (also guǐ, to deceive)][skt.vañcana; māyā; kuhaka]

149.111 詮 [chn.quán][eng.to explain; to comment; (also quán, to expound)][skt.vyākhyāna; nirukti]

149.112 詯 [chn.huì][eng.ancient term; (also huì)]

149.113 詰 [chn.jié][eng.to question; to interrogate; (also jié, to examine)][skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā; upārambha]

149.114 話 [chn.huà][eng.speech; talk; conversation; (also huà, to tell)][skt.kathā; vacana; bhāṣā]

149.115 該 [chn.gāi][eng.should; ought; to include; (also gāi, to deserve)][skt.arhati; yukta]

149.116 詳 [chn.xiáng][eng.detailed; complete; to explain; (also xiáng, to know)][skt.vistara; prabheda]

149.117 詴 [chn.wěi][eng.ancient term; (also wěi)]

149.118 詵 [chn.shēn][eng.to ask; to interrogate; (also shēn)][skt.pṛcchā]

149.119 詶 [chn.chóu][eng.to answer; to repay; (also chóu, to respond)][skt.prativacana; pratidāna]

149.120 詷 [chn.tóng][eng.to speak together; (also tóng)][skt.saṃbhāṣā]

149.121 詸 [chn.mí][eng.ancient variant of 謎 (riddle; puzzle)][skt.prahelikā]

149.122 詹 [chn.zhān][eng.to talk too much; (also Zhān, a surname)][skt.pralāpa]

149.123 詺 [chn.mìng][eng.to give a name; to designate; (also mìng)][skt.nāma; saṃjñā]

149.124 詻 [chn.è][eng.to argue; to dispute; (also è)][skt.vivāda]

149.125 詼 [chn.huī][eng.to joke; to jest; (also huī, humor)][skt.parihāsa; hāsya]

149.126 詽 [chn.yán][eng.ancient term; (also yán)]

149.127 詾 [chn.xiōng][eng.to quarrel; to blame; (also xiōng)][skt.kalaha]

149.128 詿 [chn.guà][eng.to mislead; to deceive; (also guà, to implicate)][skt.vañcana; viparyaya]

149.129 誀 [chn.èr][eng.ancient term; (also èr)]

149.130 誁 [chn.bìng][eng.ancient term; (also bìng)]

149.131 誂 [chn.tiǎo][eng.to provoke; to tease; (also tiǎo)][skt.ākṣepa; prakopana]

149.132 誃 [chn.chǐ / yí][eng.to leave; to separate; (also yí, to boast)][skt.vicāra; pṛthak]

149.133 誄 [chn.lěi][eng.to eulogize; to offer a prayer for the dead; (also lěi)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

149.134 誅 [chn.zhū][eng.to execute; to punish; to kill; (also zhū, to condemn)][skt.niṣūdana; daṇḍa]

149.135 誆 [chn.kuāng][eng.to deceive; to cheat; (also kuāng)][skt.vañcana; māyā]

149.136 誇 [chn.kuā][eng.to boast; to exaggerate; (also kuā, to praise)][skt.ātma-ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

149.137 誈 [chn.wū][eng.ancient variant of 誣 (to slander)][skt.mithyā; apavāda]

149.138 誉 [chn.yù][eng.fame; reputation; (also yù, to praise)][skt.yaśas; kīrti]

149.139 誊 [chn.téng][eng.to copy; to transcribe; (also téng)][skt.lipī-karaṇa]

149.140 誋 [chn.jì][eng.to prohibit; to admonish; (also jì)][skt.niṣedha; upadeśa]

149.141 誌 [zhì][eng.to record; a record; a mark; (also zhì, to remember)][skt.lekhā; smṛti]

149.142 認 [chn.rèn][eng.to recognize; to acknowledge; to admit; (also rèn, to know)][skt.pratyabhijñā; abhyupagama]

149.143 誎 [chn.cù][eng.to urge; to spur; (also cù)][skt.samāśvāsa; codanā]

149.144 誏 [chn.lǎng][eng.ancient term; (also lǎng)]

149.145 誐 [chn.é][eng.ancient term; (also é)]

149.146 誑 [chn.kuáng][eng.to deceive; to lie; (also kuáng, false)][skt.vañcana; mṛṣā; māyā]

149.147 誒 [chn.ēi / xī][eng.to sigh; (also xī, to jeer)][skt.āśvāsa; upahāsa]

149.148 誓 [chn.shì][eng.to vow; to swear; an oath; (also shì, to pledge)][skt.praṇidhāna; śapatha]

149.149 誔 [chn.tǐng][eng.ancient term; (also tǐng)]

149.150 誕 [chn.dàn][eng.to be born; to celebrate; (also dàn, absurd)][skt.janman; utpāda; (also mithyā in the sense of absurd)]

149.151 誖 [chn.bèi][eng.to violate; to oppose; (also bèi)][skt.viparyaya; viruddha]

149.152 誗 [chn.chán][eng.ancient term; (also chán)]

149.153 誘 [chn.yòu][eng.to entice; to lure; to guide; (also yòu, to teach)][skt.nimitta; upadeśa; ākarṣaṇa]

149.154 誙 [chn.kēng][eng.ancient term; (also kēng)]

149.155 誚 [chn.qiào][eng.to ridicule; to mock; (also qiào, to blame)][skt.parīhāsa; nindā]

149.156 誛 [chn.qīn][eng.ancient term; (also qīn)]

149.157 誜 [chn.shuà][eng.ancient term; (also shuà)]

149.158 誝 [chn.ān][eng.ancient term; (also ān)]

149.159 語 [chn.yǔ / yù][eng.language; speech; to tell; (also yù, to speak to)][skt.bhāṣā; vacana; vāc; kathā]

149.160 誟 [chn.xiáo][eng.ancient term; (also xiáo)]

149.161 誠 [chn.chéng][eng.sincere; honest; true; (also chéng, to make sincere)][skt.satya; prāmāṇika; śraddhā]

149.162 誡 [chn.jiè][eng.to admonish; to warn; (also jiè, a precept)][skt.śāsana; anuśāsana; śikṣā]

149.163 誢 [chn.xiàn][eng.ancient term; (also xiàn)]

149.164 誣 [chn.wū][eng.to slander; to falsely accuse; (also wū, to defame)][skt.apavāda; mithyā; anṛta]

149.165 誤 [chn.wù][eng.error; mistake; to mislead; (also wù, to harm)][skt.viparyaya; bhrama; mithyā]

149.166 誥 [chn.gào][eng.to instruct; to proclaim; (also gào, an imperial decree)][skt.ājñā; śāsana]

149.167 誦 [chn.sòng][eng.to recite; to chant; to read aloud; (also sòng, to repeat)][skt.svādhyāya; pāṭha; japa]

149.168 誧 [chn.bū][eng.ancient term; (also bū)]

149.169 誨 [chn.huì][eng.to teach; to instruct; (also huì, to guide)][skt.anuśāsana; śikṣā; upadeśa]

149.170 誩 [chn.jìng][eng.to argue; (also jìng)][skt.vivāda; vāda]

149.171 說 [chn.shuō / shuì / yuè][eng.to speak; to say; to explain; (also shuì, to persuade; yuè, to be happy)][skt.vadati; bhāṣate; deśanā; vacana]

149.172 誫 [zhèn][eng.ancient term; (also zhèn)]

149.173 説 [chn.shuō / shuì][eng.variant of 說 (to speak)][skt.vadati; deśanā]

149.174 読 [chn.dú][eng.Japanese variant of 讀 (to read)][skt.pāṭha; svādhyāya]

149.175 誮 [chn.huà][eng.ancient term; (also huà)]

149.176 誯 [chn.chàng][eng.ancient term; (also chàng)]

149.177 誰 [chn.shuí / shéi][eng.who; whom; (also shéi, anyone)][skt.kaḥ; katama]

149.178 誱 [chn.jié][eng.ancient term; (also jié)]

149.179 課 [chn.kè][eng.lesson; course; to levy; (also kè, to tax)][skt.pāṭha; adhyayana; karṣaṇa]

149.180 誳 [chn.qū][eng.to bend; to yield; (also qū)][skt.namra]

149.181 誴 [chn.cóng][eng.ancient term; (also cóng)]

149.182 誵 [chn.xiáo][eng.ancient term; (also xiáo)]

149.183 誶 [chn.suì][eng.to reproach; to scold; (also suì, to question)][skt.nindā; ākrośa]

149.184 誷 [chn.wǎng][eng.to slander; (also wǎng)][skt.apavāda]

149.185 誸 [chn.xián][eng.ancient term; (also xián)]

149.186 誹 [chn.fěi][eng.to slander; to defame; (also fěi)][skt.apavāda; nindā; paruṣa]

149.187 誺 [chn.lài][eng.ancient term; (also lài)]

149.188 誻 [chn.tà][eng.to talk endlessly; (also tà)][skt.pralāpa]

149.189 誼 [chn.yì][eng.friendship; good relations; (also yì, righteous)][skt.sauhṛda; mitratā]

149.190 誽 [chn.ná][eng.ancient term; (also ná)]

149.191 誾 [chn.yín][eng.to speak in harmony; (also yín)][skt.sāmagrī]

149.192 調 [chn.diào / tiáo][eng.to transfer; to tune; to mix; (also tiáo, to harmonize)][skt.samādhāna; upaśama; viśeṣa]

149.193 諀 [chn.pǐ][eng.ancient term; (also pǐ)]

149.194 諁 [zhuó][eng.ancient term; (also zhuó)]

149.195 諂 [chn.chǎn][eng.to flatter; to fawn; (also chǎn, to deceive)][skt.māyā; upacāra; vañcana]

149.196 諃 [chn.chēn][eng.ancient term; (also chēn)]

149.197 諄 [chn.zhūn][eng.to instruct earnestly; (also zhūn, to admonish)][skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa]

149.198 諅 [chn.jì][eng.ancient term; (also jì)]

149.199 諆 [chn.qī][eng.ancient term; (also qī)]

149.200 談 [chn.tán][eng.to talk; to converse; to discuss; (also tán, a conversation)][skt.kathā; saṃlāpa; vāda]

149.201 諈 [zhuì][eng.ancient term; (also zhuì)]

149.202 諉 [chn.wěi][eng.to shirk; to pass on; (also wěi, to blame)][skt.apavāda; parihāra]

149.203 諊 [chn.jū][eng.ancient term; (also jū)]

149.204 請 [chn.qǐng][eng.to request; to invite; to ask; (also qǐng, to petition)][skt.yācñā; prārthanā; praṇidhāna]

149.205 諌 [chn.dǒng][eng.Japanese variant of 諫 (to remonstrate)][skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa]

149.206 諍 [chn.zhèng][eng.to dispute; to argue; (also zhèng, to contend)][skt.vivāda; vāda; kalaha]

149.207 諎 [zé][eng.ancient term; (also zé)]

149.208 諏 [chn.zōu][eng.to consult; to inquire; (also zōu, to ask)][skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā]

149.209 諐 [chn.qiān][eng.ancient variant of 愆 (a fault; an error)][skt.aparādha; doṣa]

149.210 諑 [chn.zhuó][eng.to gossip; to slander; (also zhuó)][skt.apavāda; jalpa]

149.211 諒 [chn.liàng][eng.to forgive; to excuse; to believe; (also liàng, to understand)][skt.avagama; kṣamā; prasāda]

149.212 諓 [chn.jiàn][eng.to flatter; to slander; (also jiàn)][skt.upacāra; nindā]

149.213 諔 [chn.chù][eng.ancient term; (also chù)]

149.214 諕 [chn.xià / háo][eng.to frighten; to threaten; (also háo, to howl)][skt.udvega; bhaya]

149.215 論 [chn.lùn / lún][eng.to discuss; to argue; a treatise; (also lún, the Analects)][skt.śāstra; vāda; kathā; vicāra]

149.216 諗 [chn.shěn][eng.to know; to understand; (also shěn, to instruct)][skt.avagama; jñāna]

149.217 諘 [chn.biǎo][eng.ancient term; (also biǎo)]

149.218 諙 [chn.huà][eng.ancient term; (also huà)]

149.219 諚 [chn.biàn][eng.ancient term; (also biàn)]

149.220 諛 [chn.yú][eng.to flatter; (also yú, to praise excessively)][skt.upacāra; ślāghā]

149.221 諜 [chn.dié][eng.to spy; to snoop; (also dié, a secret agent)][skt.gūḍha; cāra]

149.222 諝 [chn.xǔ][eng.ancient term; (also xǔ)]

149.223 諞 [chn.piǎn][eng.to flatter; to boast; (also piǎn)][skt.ślāghā; upacāra]

149.224 諟 [shì][eng.ancient term; (also shì)]

149.225 諠 [chn.xuān][eng.to be noisy; to forget; (also xuān)][skt.ākula; kalaha]

149.226 諡 [shì][eng.a posthumous name; (also shì, to confer a title)]

149.227 諢 [chn.hùn][eng.to joke; to jest; (also hùn)][skt.hāsya; parihāsa]

149.228 諣 [chn.guà][eng.ancient term; (also guà)]

149.229 諤 [chn.è][eng.to speak frankly; (also è, honest)][skt.satya-vāc; ṛju]

149.230 諥 [zhǒng][eng.ancient term; (also zhǒng)]

149.231 諦 [chn.dì][eng.truth; reality; (also dì, to examine)][skt.satya; paramārtha; tattva]

149.232 諧 [chn.xié][eng.to harmonize; to be in agreement; (also xié, witty)][skt.sāmagrī; samanvaya]

149.233 諨 [chn.fú][eng.ancient term; (also fú)]

149.234 諩 [chn.pǔ][eng.ancient term; (also pǔ)]

149.235 諪 [chn.tíng][eng.ancient term; (also tíng)]

149.236 諫 [chn.jiàn][eng.to remonstrate; to admonish; (also jiàn, to criticize)][skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa; śāsana]

149.237 諬 [chn.qǐ][eng.ancient term; (also qǐ)]

149.238 諭 [chn.yù][eng.to instruct; to notify; (also yù, to explain)][skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa; avagama]

149.239 諮 [chn.zī][eng.to consult; to ask; (also zī, to deliberate)][skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā]

149.240 諯 [chn.zhuān][eng.ancient term; (also zhuān)]

149.241 諰 [chn.xǐ][eng.ancient term; (also xǐ)]

149.242 諱 [chn.huì][eng.to avoid mentioning a taboo; (also huì, a taboo name)][skt.varjita; apavāda]

149.243 諲 [chn.yīn][eng.ancient term; (also yīn)]

149.244 諳 [chn.ān][eng.to know; to be familiar with; (also ān, to memorize)][skt.avagama; pāṭha]

149.245 諴 [chn.xián][eng.to be sincere; (also xián, to harmonize)][skt.satya; prāmāṇika]

149.246 諵 [chn.nán][eng.to whisper; (also nán)][skt.jalpa]

149.247 諶 [chn.chén][eng.sincere; honest; (also chén, to trust)][skt.satya; śraddhā]

149.248 諷 [chn.fěng][eng.to recite; to chant; to satirize; (also fěng, to mock)][skt.svādhyāya; pāṭha; upahāsa]

149.249 諸 [chn.zhū][eng.all; various; (also zhū, many)][skt.sarva; bahu; aneka]

149.250 諹 [chn.yáng][eng.ancient term; (also yáng)]

149.251 諺 [chn.yàn][eng.proverb; proverb; (also yàn, a saying)][skt.lokokti; subhāṣita]

149.252 諻 [chn.huáng][eng.ancient term; (also huáng)]

149.253 諼 [chn.xuān][eng.to forget; to deceive; (also xuān)][skt.vismaraṇa; vañcana]

149.254 諽 [gé][eng.ancient term; (also gé)]

149.255 諾 [chn.nuò][eng.to promise; to agree; (also nuò, yes)][skt.pratijñā; abhyupagama]

149.256 諿 [chn.xǔ][eng.ancient term; (also xǔ)]

149.257 謀 [chn.móu][eng.to plan; to plot; to scheme; (also móu, a strategy)][skt.upāya; mantra; vicāra]

149.258 謁 [chn.yè][eng.to pay respects; to visit; (also yè, to call on)][skt.upasaṃkramaṇa; darśana]

149.259 謂 [chn.wèi][eng.to say; to call; to mean; (also wèi, to name)][skt.ākhyā; ucyate; vacana]

149.260 謃 [chn.xīng][eng.ancient term; (also xīng)]

149.261 謄 [chn.téng][eng.to copy; to transcribe; (also téng)][skt.lipī-karaṇa]

149.262 謅 [chn.zhōu][eng.to speak in a flattering manner; (also zhōu, to fabricate)][skt.upacāra; mithyā]

149.263 謆 [chn.shàn][eng.ancient term; (also shàn)]

149.264 謇 [chn.jiǎn][eng.to stammer; to stutter; (also jiǎn, to be straightforward)][skt.mūka; apraśasta-vāc]

149.265 謈 [chn.bó][eng.ancient term; (also bó)]

149.266 謉 [chn.kuì][eng.ancient term; (also kuì)]

149.267 謊 [chn.huǎng][eng.to lie; falsehood; (also huǎng, to deceive)][skt.mṛṣā; anṛta; vañcana]

149.268 謋 [chn.huò][eng.to split; (also huò)]

149.269 謌 [chn.gē][eng.ancient variant of 歌 (to sing; a song)][skt.gīta; gāthā]

149.270 謍 [chn.yíng][eng.ancient term; (also yíng)]

149.271 謎 [chn.mí][eng.riddle; puzzle; (also mí, to be confused)][skt.prahelikā; māyā]

149.272 謏 [chn.xiǎo][eng.to slander; (also xiǎo, small)][skt.nindā; apavāda]

149.273 謐 [chn.mì][eng.quiet; peaceful; (also mì, silent)][skt.śānta; upaśama]

149.274 謑 [chn.xǐ][eng.ancient term; (also xǐ)]

149.275 謒 [chn.qiāng][eng.ancient term; (also qiāng)]

149.276 謓 [chn.chēn][eng.ancient term; (also chēn)]

149.277 謔 [chn.xuè][eng.to joke; to jest; (also xuè, to tease)][skt.hāsya; parihāsa]

149.278 謕 [chn.tí][eng.ancient term; (also tí)]

149.279 謖 [chn.sù][eng.to rise; to stand up; (also sù)][skt.utthāna]

149.280 謗 [chn.bàng][eng.to slander; to defame; (also bàng, to libel)][skt.apavāda; nindā; paruṣa]

149.281 謘 [chn.chí][eng.ancient term; (also chí)]

149.282 謙 [chn.qiān][eng.humble; modest; (also qiān, to yield)][skt.namra; mārdava; vinaya]

149.283 謚 [shì][eng.variant of 諡 (posthumous name)]

149.284 講 [chn.jiǎng][eng.to speak; to explain; to lecture; (also jiǎng, to discuss)][skt.kathā; vyākhyāna; deśanā]

149.285 謜 [chn.yuán][eng.ancient term; (also yuán)]

149.286 謝 [chn.xiè][eng.to thank; to apologize; to decline; (also xiè, to fade)][skt.kṛtajñā; pratijñā; abhyupagama]

149.287 謞 [hè][eng.ancient term; (also hè)]

149.288 謟 [chn.tāo][eng.to doubt; to suspect; (also tāo)][skt.śaṅkā]

149.289 謠 [chn.yáo][eng.ballad; rumor; (also yáo, a folk song)][skt.gāthā; janavāda]

149.290 謡 [chn.yáo][eng.Japanese variant of 謠 (ballad)][skt.gāthā]

149.291 謢 [chn.lǚ][eng.ancient term; (also lǚ)]

149.292 謣 [chn.yú][eng.ancient term; (also yú)]

149.293 謤 [chn.biāo][eng.ancient term; (also biāo)]

149.294 謥 [cn.còng][eng.ancient term; (also còng)]

149.295 謦 [chn.qǐng][eng.to cough; (also qǐng, to clear the throat)][skt.kās]

149.296 謧 [chn.lí][eng.ancient term; (also lí)]

149.297 謨 [chn.mó][eng.to plan; to deliberate; (also mó, a scheme)][skt.upāya; mantra; vicāra]

149.298 謩 [chn.mó][eng.variant of 謨 (to plan)][skt.upāya]

149.299 謪 [chn.shāng][eng.ancient term; (also shāng)]

149.300 謫 [chn.zhé][eng.to punish; to blame; to exile; (also zhé, to censure)][skt.daṇḍa; nindā]

149.301 謬 [chn.miù][eng.to be mistaken; erroneous; (also miù, absurd)][skt.bhrama; mithyā; viparyaya]

149.302 謭 [chn.jiǎn][eng.ancient term; (also jiǎn)]

149.303 謮 [zé][eng.ancient term; (also zé)]

149.304 謯 [chn.jū][eng.ancient term; (also jū)]

149.305 謰 [chn.lián][eng.ancient term; (also lián)]

149.306 謱 [chn.lóu][eng.ancient term; (also lóu)]

149.307 謲 [chn.càn][eng.ancient term; (also càn)]

149.308 謳 [chn.ōu][eng.to sing; a ballad; (also ōu, to chant)][skt.gīta; gāthā]

149.309 謴 [chn.gùn][eng.ancient term; (also gùn)]

149.310 謵 [chn.xí][eng.ancient term; (also xí)]

149.311 謶 [chn.zhuó][eng.ancient term; (also zhuó)]

149.312 謷 [chn.áo][eng.to slander; to criticize; (also áo, to ridicule)][skt.nindā; apavāda]

149.313 謸 [chn.áo][eng.ancient variant of 謷 (to slander)][skt.nindā]

149.314 謹 [chn.jǐn][eng.cautious; careful; to respect; (also jǐn, to be careful in speech)][skt.apramāda; satkāra]

149.315 謺 [zhé][eng.ancient term; (also zhé)]

149.316 謻 [chn.yí][eng.ancient term; (also yí)]

149.317 謼 [chn.hū][eng.to shout; to call; (also hū, to summon)][skt.ākranda]

149.318 謽 [chn.jiàng][eng.ancient term; (also jiàng)]

149.319 謾 [chn.màn][eng.to deceive; to be careless; (also màn, to neglect)][skt.māyā; vañcana; pramāda]

149.320 謿 [chn.cháo][eng.to ridicule; to mock; (also cháo)][skt.parīhāsa; nindā]

149.321 譀 [chn.hàn][eng.ancient term; (also hàn)]

149.322 譁 [chn.huá][eng.noisy; clamorous; (also huá, a clamor)][skt.kalaha; ākula]

149.323 譂 [chn.chǎn][eng.ancient term; (also chǎn)]

149.324 譃 [chn.xū][eng.ancient term; (also xū)]

149.325 譄 [chn.zēng][eng.ancient term; (also zēng)]

149.326 譅 [chn.sè][eng.ancient term; (also sè)]

149.327 譆 [chn.xī][eng.ancient interjection; (also xī, alas)]

149.328 譇 [chn.zhā][eng.ancient term; (also zhā)]

149.329 譈 [chn.duì][eng.ancient term; (also duì)]

149.330 證 [chn.zhèng][eng.to prove; to testify; to verify; (also zhèng, evidence)][skt.sākṣya; pramāṇa; pratipatti]

149.331 譊 [chn.náo][eng.to argue; to quarrel; (also náo)][skt.vivāda; kalaha]

149.332 譋 [chn.lán][eng.ancient term; (also lán)]

149.333 譌 [chn.é][eng.error; false; (also é, to deceive)][skt.mithyā; viparyaya]

149.334 譍 [chn.yīng][eng.to answer; to respond; (also yīng)][skt.prativacana]

149.335 譎 [chn.jué][eng.to deceive; to feign; (also jué, crafty)][skt.vañcana; māyā; kuhaka]

149.336 譏 [chn.jī][eng.to ridicule; to mock; (also jī, to criticize)][skt.parīhāsa; nindā]

149.337 譐 [chn.zǔn][eng.ancient term; (also zǔn)]

149.338 譑 [chn.jiǎo][eng.ancient term; (also jiǎo)]

149.339 譒 [chn.bò][eng.ancient term; (also bò)]

149.340 譓 [chn.huì][eng.ancient term; (also huì)]

149.341 譔 [chn.zhuàn][eng.to write; to compose; (also zhuàn, to compile)][skt.racanā; nibandha]

149.342 譕 [chn.wú][eng.ancient term; (also wú)]

149.343 譖 [chn.zèn][eng.to slander; to defame; (also zèn, to accuse falsely)][skt.apavāda; nindā]

149.344 譗 [zhá][eng.ancient term; (also zhá)]

149.345 識 [chn.shí / zhì][eng.to know; to recognize; consciousness; (also zhì, to remember)][skt.vijñāna; jñāna; saṃjñā; pratibhā]

149.346 譙 [chn.qiáo][eng.to scold; to blame; (also qiáo, a tower)][skt.nindā; garhā]

149.347 譚 [chn.tán][eng.to discuss; to talk; (also Tán, a surname)][skt.kathā; vāda; saṃlāpa]

149.348 譛 [chn.jiàn][eng.ancient variant of 譖 (to slander)][skt.apavāda]

149.349 譜 [chn.pǔ][eng.notation; a record; a genealogy; (also pǔ, a chart)][skt.lekhā; vaṃśa]

149.350 譝 [chn.shéng][eng.ancient term; (also shéng)]

149.351 譞 [chn.xuān][eng.ancient term; (also xuān)]

149.352 譟 [chn.zào][eng.to clamor; to shout; (also zào, a noise)][skt.ākula; kalaha]

149.353 譠 [chn.tán][eng.ancient term; (also tán)]

149.354 譡 [dǎng][eng.ancient term; (also dǎng)]

149.355 譢 [suì][eng.ancient term; (also suì)]

149.356 譣 [xiǎn][eng.ancient term; (also xiǎn)]

149.357 譤 [jī][eng.ancient term; (also jī)]

149.358 譥 [jiào][eng.ancient term; (also jiào)]

149.359 警 [chn.jǐng][eng.to warn; to police; alert; (also jǐng, to caution)][skt.apramāda; satkāra]

149.360 譧 [zhàn][eng.ancient term; (also zhàn)]

149.361 譨 [nóng][eng.ancient term; (also nóng)]

149.362 譩 [yī][eng.ancient term; (also yī)]

149.363 譪 [ǎi][eng.ancient term; (also ǎi)]

149.364 譫 [zhān][eng.to talk in one’s sleep; to rave; (also zhān)][skt.pralāpa; jalpa]

149.365 譬 [pì][eng.to explain; to illustrate; (also pì, a metaphor)][skt.udāharaṇa; upamā; dṛṣṭānta]

149.366 譭 [huǐ][eng.to slander; to destroy; (also huǐ, to defame)][skt.apavāda; nindā]

149.367 譮 [huà][eng.ancient term; (also huà)]

149.368 譯 [yì][eng.to translate; to interpret; (also yì, a translation)][skt.anuvāda; bhāṣāntara]

149.369 議 [yì][eng.to discuss; to deliberate; (also yì, an opinion)][skt.vicāra; vāda; kathā]

149.370 譱 [shàn][eng.ancient variant of 善 (good; virtuous)][skt.kuśala; śubha]

149.371 譲 [ràng][eng.Japanese variant of 讓 (to yield)][skt.parityāga; anugraha]

149.372 譳 [nòu][eng.ancient term; (also nòu)]

149.373 譴 [qiǎn][eng.to punish; to reprimand; (also qiǎn, to censure)][skt.daṇḍa; nindā]

149.374 譵 [duì][eng.ancient term; (also duì)]

149.375 譶 [tà][eng.ancient term; (also tà)]

149.376 護 [hù][eng.to protect; to guard; (also hù, to safeguard)][skt.rakṣā; paripāla; gopana]

149.377 譸 [zhōu][eng.to deceive; (also zhōu)][skt.vañcana; māyā]

149.378 譹 [háo][eng.to cry; to howl; (also háo)][skt.ākranda; ruta]

149.379 譺 [ài][eng.ancient term; (also ài)]

149.380 譻 [yīng][eng.ancient term; (also yīng)]

149.381 譼 [jiān][eng.ancient term; (also jiān)]

149.382 譽 [yù][eng.fame; reputation; to praise; traditional of 誉][skt.yaśas; kīrti; praśaṃsā]

149.383 譾 [jiǎn][eng.shallow; superficial; (also jiǎn)][skt.avara; kṣudra]

149.384 譿 [huì][eng.ancient term; (also huì)]

149.385 讀 [dú][eng.to read; to recite; (also dú, a phrase)][skt.pāṭha; svādhyāya; adhyayana]

149.386 讁 [zhé][eng.to punish; (also zhé)][skt.daṇḍa]

149.387 讂 [juàn][eng.ancient term; (also juàn)]

149.388 讃 [zàn][eng.Japanese variant of 讚 (to praise)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

149.389 讄 [lěi][eng.ancient term; (also lěi)]

149.390 讅 [shěn][eng.to examine; (also shěn)][skt.parīkṣā]

149.391 讆 [wèi][eng.ancient term; (also wèi)]

149.392 讇 [chǎn][eng.ancient term; (also chǎn)]

149.393 讈 [lì][eng.ancient term; (also lì)]

149.394 讉 [yí][eng.ancient term; (also yí)]

149.395 變 [biàn][eng.to change; to transform; (also biàn, a change)][skt.parivarta; parināma; viparyaya]

149.396 讋 [zhé][eng.to fear; (also zhé)][skt.bhaya; trāsa]

149.397 讌 [yàn][eng.to entertain; a banquet; (also yàn, a feast)]

149.398 讍 [è][eng.ancient term; (also è)]

149.399 讎 [chóu][eng.enmity; to repay; (also chóu, a copy)][skt.vaira; śatru; pratida]

149.400 讏 [wèi][eng.ancient term; (also wèi)]

149.401 讐 [chóu][eng.variant of 讎 (enmity)][skt.vaira]

149.402 讑 [yào][eng.ancient term; (also yào)]

149.403 讒 [chán][eng.to slander; to defame; (also chán, to talk behind one’s back)][skt.apavāda; nindā; paruṣa]

149.404 讓 [ràng][eng.to yield; to allow; to let; (also ràng, to give way)][skt.parityāga; anugraha; vimokṣa]

149.405 讔 [yǐn][eng.ancient term; (also yǐn)]

149.406 讕 [lán][eng.to slander; to defame; (also lán, to accuse falsely)][skt.apavāda; nindā]

149.407 讖 [chèn][eng.a prophecy; a prediction; (also chèn, an omen)][skt.vyākaraṇa; nimitta]

149.408 讗 [xí][eng.ancient term; (also xí)]

149.409 讘 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè)]

149.410 讙 [huān][eng.to shout; to clamor; (also huān, noisy)][skt.ākula; kalaha]

149.411 讚 [zàn][eng.to praise; to extol; (also zàn, to commend)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā; varṇana]

149.412 讛 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì)]

149.413 讜 [dǎng][eng.frank; sincere; (also dǎng, honest speech)][skt.satya-vāc; ṛju]

149.414 讝 [zhán][eng.ancient term; (also zhán)]

149.415 讞 [yàn][eng.to judge; to decide; (also yàn, a verdict)][skt.nirṇaya; vicāra]

149.416 讟 [dú][eng.to slander; (also dú)][skt.nindā; apavāda]

149.417 讠 [yán][eng.speech radical form; simplified of 言][skt.vāc]

149.418 计 [jì][eng.to count; simplified of 計][skt.gaṇanā; upāya]

149.419 订 [dìng][eng.to agree; simplified of 訂][skt.saṃvida]

149.420 讣 [fù][eng.obituary; simplified of 訃]

149.421 认 [rèn][eng.to recognize; simplified of 認][skt.pratyabhijñā]

149.422 讥 [jī][eng.to ridicule; simplified of 譏][skt.nindā]

149.423 讦 [jié][eng.to expose; simplified of 訐][skt.upārambha]

149.424 讧 [hòng][eng.turmoil; simplified of 訌][skt.kalaha]

149.425 讨 [tǎo][eng.to demand; simplified of 討][skt.daṇḍa; vicāra]

149.426 让 [ràng][eng.to yield; simplified of 讓][skt.parityāga]

149.427 讪 [shàn][eng.to slander; simplified of 訕][skt.apavāda]

149.428 讫 [qì][eng.to finish; simplified of 訖][skt.samāpti]

149.429 讬 [tuō][eng.to entrust; simplified of 託][skt.āśraya]

149.430 训 [xùn][eng.to instruct; simplified of 訓][skt.anuśāsana]

149.431 议 [yì][eng.to discuss; simplified of 議][skt.vicāra]

149.432 讯 [xùn][eng.to question; simplified of 訊][skt.pṛcchā]

149.433 记 [jì][eng.to remember; simplified of 記][skt.smṛti]

149.434 讱 [rèn][eng.hesitant speech; simplified of 訒]

149.435 讲 [jiǎng][eng.to speak; simplified of 講][skt.kathā; vyākhyāna]

149.436 讳 [huì][eng.to avoid; simplified of 諱][skt.varjita]

149.437 讴 [ōu][eng.to sing; simplified of 謳][skt.gīta]

149.438 讵 [jù][eng.how; simplified of 詎]

149.439 讶 [yà][eng.to be surprised; simplified of 訝][skt.vismaya]

149.440 讷 [nè][eng.slow of speech; simplified of 訥][skt.mūka]

149.441 许 [xǔ][eng.to allow; simplified of 許][skt.anumati]

149.442 讹 [é][eng.error; simplified of 訛][skt.mithyā]

149.443 论 [lùn][eng.to discuss; simplified of 論][skt.śāstra; vāda]

149.444 讻 [xiōng][eng.uproar; simplified of 訩][skt.kalaha]

149.445 讼 [sòng][eng.to dispute; simplified of 訟][skt.vivāda]

149.446 讽 [fěng][eng.to recite; simplified of 諷][skt.svādhyāya]

149.447 设 [shè][eng.to establish; simplified of 設][skt.prajñapti]

149.448 访 [fǎng][eng.to visit; simplified of 訪][skt.upasaṃkramaṇa]

149.449 诀 [jué][eng.a secret; simplified of 訣][skt.upadeśa]

149.450 证 [zhèng][eng.to prove; simplified of 證][skt.sākṣya; pramāṇa]

149.451 诂 [gǔ][eng.exegesis; simplified of 詁][skt.vyākhyāna]

149.452 诃 [hē][eng.to scold; simplified of 訶][skt.ākrośa]

149.453 评 [píng][eng.to evaluate; simplified of 評][skt.vicāra]

149.454 诅 [zǔ][eng.to curse; simplified of 詛][skt.śāpa]

149.455 识 [shí][eng.to know; simplified of 識][skt.vijñāna; jñāna]

149.456 诇 [xiòng][eng.to spy; simplified of 詗][skt.nirīkṣaṇa]

149.457 诈 [zhà][eng.to deceive; simplified of 詐][skt.vañcana]

149.458 诉 [sù][eng.to complain; simplified of 訴][skt.abhiyoga]

149.459 诊 [zhěn][eng.to examine; simplified of 診][skt.parīkṣā]

149.460 诋 [dǐ][eng.to slander; simplified of 詆][skt.apavāda]

149.461 诌 [zhōu][eng.to flatter; simplified of 謅][skt.upacāra]

149.462 词 [cí][eng.speech; simplified of 詞][skt.pada; vacana]

149.463 诎 [qū][eng.to yield; simplified of 詘][skt.namra]

149.464 诏 [zhào][eng.edict; simplified of 詔][skt.ājñā]

149.465 诐 [bì][eng.to flatter; simplified of 詖][skt.ślāghā]

149.466 译 [yì][eng.to translate; simplified of 譯][skt.anuvāda]

149.467 诒 [yí][eng.to bequeath; simplified of 詒][skt.dāna]

149.468 诓 [kuāng][eng.to deceive; simplified of 誆][skt.vañcana]

149.469 诔 [lěi][eng.to eulogize; simplified of 誄][skt.ślāghā]

149.470 试 [shì][eng.to test; simplified of 試][skt.parīkṣā]

149.471 诖 [guà][eng.to mislead; simplified of 詿][skt.vañcana]

149.472 诗 [shī][eng.poetry; simplified of 詩][skt.kāvya]

149.473 诘 [jié][eng.to question; simplified of 詰][skt.pṛcchā]

149.474 诙 [huī][eng.to joke; simplified of 詼][skt.hāsya]

149.475 诚 [chéng][eng.sincere; simplified of 誠][skt.satya]

149.476 诛 [zhū][eng.to execute; simplified of 誅][skt.niṣūdana]

149.477 诜 [shēn][eng.to ask; simplified of 詵][skt.pṛcchā]

149.478 话 [huà][eng.speech; simplified of 話][skt.kathā; vacana]

149.479 诞 [dàn][eng.to be born; simplified of 誕][skt.janman]

149.480 诟 [gòu][eng.to revile; simplified of 詬][skt.nindā]

149.481 诠 [quán][eng.to explain; simplified of 詮][skt.vyākhyāna]

149.482 诡 [guǐ][eng.deceitful; simplified of 詭][skt.vañcana]

149.483 询 [xún][eng.to inquire; simplified of 詢][skt.pṛcchā]

149.484 诣 [yì][eng.to visit; simplified of 詣][skt.upasaṃkramaṇa]

149.485 诤 [zhèng][eng.to dispute; simplified of 諍][skt.vivāda]

149.486 该 [gāi][eng.should; simplified of 該][skt.arhati]

149.487 详 [xiáng][eng.detailed; simplified of 詳][skt.vistara]

149.488 诧 [chà][eng.to be surprised; simplified of 詫][skt.vismaya]

149.489 诨 [hùn][eng.to joke; simplified of 諢][skt.hāsya]

149.490 诩 [xǔ][eng.to boast; simplified of 詡][skt.ātma-ślāghā]

149.491 诪 [zhōu][eng.to deceive; simplified of 譸][skt.vañcana]

149.492 诫 [jiè][eng.to warn; simplified of 誡][skt.śāsana]

149.493 诬 [wū][eng.to slander; simplified of 誣][skt.apavāda]

149.494 语 [yǔ][eng.language; simplified of 語][skt.bhāṣā; vacana]

149.495 诮 [qiào][eng.to ridicule; simplified of 誚][skt.nindā]

149.496 误 [wù][eng.error; simplified of 誤][skt.viparyaya]

149.497 诰 [gào][eng.to instruct; simplified of 誥][skt.ājñā]

149.498 诱 [yòu][eng.to entice; simplified of 誘][skt.nimitta]

149.499 诲 [huì][eng.to teach; simplified of 誨][skt.anuśāsana]

149.500 诳 [kuáng][eng.to deceive; simplified of 誑][skt.vañcana]

149.501 说 [shuō][eng.to speak; simplified of 說][skt.vadati; deśanā]

149.502 诵 [sòng][eng.to recite; simplified of 誦][skt.svādhyāya]

149.503 诶 [ēi][eng.to sigh; simplified of 誒][skt.āśvāsa]

149.504 请 [qǐng][eng.to request; simplified of 請][skt.yācñā]

149.505 诸 [zhū][eng.all; simplified of 諸][skt.sarva]

149.506 诹 [zōu][eng.to consult; simplified of 諏][skt.pṛcchā]

149.507 诺 [nuò][eng.to promise; simplified of 諾][skt.pratijñā]

149.508 读 [dú][eng.to read; simplified of 讀][skt.pāṭha]

149.509 诼 [zhuó][eng.to slander; simplified of 諑][skt.apavāda]

149.510 诽 [fěi][eng.to slander; simplified of 誹][skt.apavāda]

149.511 课 [kè][eng.lesson; simplified of 課][skt.pāṭha]

149.512 诿 [wěi][eng.to shirk; simplified of 諉][skt.apavāda]

149.513 谀 [yú][eng.to flatter; simplified of 諛][skt.upacāra]

149.514 谁 [shuí][eng.who; simplified of 誰][skt.kaḥ]

149.515 谂 [shěn][eng.to know; simplified of 諗][skt.jñāna]

149.516 调 [diào][eng.to transfer; simplified of 調][skt.samādhāna]

149.517 谄 [chǎn][eng.to flatter; simplified of 諂][skt.māyā]

149.518 谅 [liàng][eng.to forgive; simplified of 諒][skt.avagama]

149.519 谆 [zhūn][eng.to instruct; simplified of 諄][skt.anuśāsana]

149.520 谇 [suì][eng.to scold; simplified of 誶][skt.nindā]

149.521 谈 [tán][eng.to talk; simplified of 談][skt.kathā]

149.522 谉 [shěn][eng.ancient term; simplified of 諗][skt.jñāna]

149.523 谊 [yì][eng.friendship; simplified of 誼][skt.sauhṛda]

149.524 谋 [móu][eng.to plan; simplified of 謀][skt.upāya]

149.525 谌 [chén][eng.sincere; simplified of 諶][skt.satya]

149.526 谍 [dié][eng.to spy; simplified of 諜][skt.gūḍha]

149.527 谎 [huǎng][eng.lie; simplified of 謊][skt.mṛṣā]

149.528 谏 [jiàn][eng.to remonstrate; simplified of 諫][skt.anuśāsana]

149.529 谐 [xié][eng.to harmonize; simplified of 諧][skt.sāmagrī]

149.530 谑 [xuè][eng.to joke; simplified of 謔][skt.hāsya]

149.531 谒 [yè][eng.to pay respects; simplified of 謁][skt.upasaṃkramaṇa]

149.532 谓 [wèi][eng.to say; simplified of 謂][skt.ākhyā]

149.533 谔 [è][eng.frank speech; simplified of 諤][skt.satya-vāc]

149.534 谕 [yù][eng.to instruct; simplified of 諭][skt.anuśāsana]

149.535 谖 [xuān][eng.to forget; simplified of 諼][skt.vismaraṇa]

149.536 谗 [chán][eng.to slander; simplified of 讒][skt.apavāda]

149.537 谘 [zī][eng.to consult; simplified of 諮][skt.pṛcchā]

149.538 谙 [ān][eng.to know; simplified of 諳][skt.avagama]

149.539 谚 [yàn][eng.proverb; simplified of 諺][skt.lokokti]

149.540 谛 [dì][eng.truth; simplified of 諦][skt.satya]

149.541 谜 [mí][eng.riddle; simplified of 謎][skt.prahelikā]

149.542 谝 [piǎn][eng.to flatter; simplified of 諞][skt.ślāghā]

149.543 谞 [xǔ][eng.ancient term; simplified of 諝]

149.544 谟 [mó][eng.to plan; simplified of 謨][skt.upāya]

149.545 谠 [dǎng][eng.frank; simplified of 讜][skt.satya-vāc]

149.546 谡 [sù][eng.to rise; simplified of 謖][skt.utthāna]

149.547 谢 [xiè][eng.to thank; simplified of 謝][skt.kṛtajñā]

149.548 谣 [yáo][eng.ballad; simplified of 謠][skt.gāthā]

149.549 谤 [bàng][eng.to slander; simplified of 謗][skt.apavāda]

149.550 谥 [shì][eng.posthumous name; simplified of 謚]

149.551 谦 [qiān][eng.humble; simplified of 謙][skt.namra]

149.552 谧 [mì][eng.quiet; simplified of 謐][skt.śānta]

149.553 谨 [jǐn][eng.cautious; simplified of 謹][skt.apramāda]

149.554 谩 [màn][eng.to deceive; simplified of 謾][skt.māyā]

149.555 谪 [zhé][eng.to punish; simplified of 謫][skt.daṇḍa]

149.556 谫 [jiǎn][eng.shallow; simplified of 譾][skt.avara]

149.557 谬 [miù][eng.error; simplified of 謬][skt.bhrama]

149.558 谭 [tán][eng.to discuss; simplified of 譚][skt.kathā]

149.559 谮 [zèn][eng.to slander; simplified of 譖][skt.apavāda]

149.560 谯 [qiáo][eng.to scold; simplified of 譙][skt.nindā]

149.561 谰 [lán][eng.to slander; simplified of 讕][skt.apavāda]

149.562 谱 [pǔ][eng.record; simplified of 譜][skt.lekhā]

149.563 谲 [jué][eng.to deceive; simplified of 譎][skt.vañcana]

149.564 谳 [yàn][eng.to judge; simplified of 讞][skt.nirṇaya]

149.565 谴 [qiǎn][eng.to punish; simplified of 譴][skt.daṇḍa]

149.566 谵 [zhān][eng.to rave; simplified of 譫][skt.pralāpa]

149.567 谶 [chèn][eng.prophecy; simplified of 讖][skt.vyākaraṇa]

149.568 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 149

149.569 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

149.570 149.1 言 (yán) [skt.vāc; vacana; bhāṣā] — The foundational character for speech. Vāc is speech as a faculty; vacana is an utterance/word; bhāṣā is language. In Buddhism, Right Speech (samyag-vāc) is one of the eight path factors. The character also appears in the compound 語言 (bhāṣā, language) and 言教 (vacana, the Buddha’s teachings).

149.571 149.9/149.418 計/计 (jì) [skt.gaṇanā; upāya] — To count/calculate or to plan. Gaṇanā is counting/calculation; upāya is method/strategy. In Buddhist texts, 計 may appear as "to calculate" (a worldly activity) or as "to devise a plan" (skillful means in some contexts).

149.572 149.20/149.430 訓/训 (xùn) [skt.anuśāsana; śikṣā] — To instruct/teach. Anuśāsana is instruction/rule; śikṣā is training/learning. Appears in Vinaya contexts of rules and admonitions.

149.573 149.23/149.428 訖/讫 (qì) [skt.samāpti; niṣṭhā] — To finish/end. Samāpti is completion; niṣṭhā is conclusion. Important for colophons describing the completion of texts or recitations.

149.574 149.25/149.433 記/记 (jì) [skt.smṛti; lekhā] — To remember or record. Smṛti is mindfulness/remembrance; lekhā is writing/record. Appears in 記憶 (smṛti, memory) and in colophons as "recorded by."

149.575 149.32/149.445 訟/讼 (sòng) [skt.vivāda; vyavahāra] — To litigate/dispute. Vivāda is debate/dispute; vyavahāra is legal proceeding. Appears in Vinaya regarding disputes between monastics.

149.576 149.46/149.447 設/设 (shè) [skt.prajñapti; upanayana] — To establish/set up. Prajñapti is designation/convention; upanayana is application/establishment. In Buddhist epistemology, 假設 (prajñapti) refers to conventional designations.

149.577 149.50/149.441 許/许 (xǔ) [skt.anumati; prasāda] — To allow/approve. Anumati is permission/assent; prasāda is approval/clarity. Appears in Vinaya as a formal act of consent.

149.578 149.55/149.452 訶/诃 (hē) [skt.ākrośa; garhā] — To scold/blame. Ākrośa is reproach/abuse; garhā is censure. Also appears as a mantra syllable (hā).

149.579 149.59/149.459 診/诊 (zhěn) [skt.parīkṣā; nidāna] — To examine/diagnose. Parīkṣā is investigation; nidāna is cause/aetiology. Used in Buddhist medical texts (Bhaisajya-skandha).

149.580 149.60 註 (zhù) [skt.ṭīkā; vyākhyāna] — To annotate/explain. Ṭīkā is a sub-commentary; vyākhyāna is explanation. Appears in commentarial literature.

149.581 149.61/149.450 証/证 (zhèng) [skt.sākṣya; pramāṇa] — To prove/testify. Sākṣya is testimony; pramāṇa is valid cognition. In Buddhism, 證 is often used for "realization" (pratipatti) as in 證果 (attaining the fruit of the path).

149.582 149.66/149.451 詁/诂 (gǔ) [skt.vyākhyāna; ṭīkā] — Exegesis/explanation of ancient texts. Used for commentaries on classical texts.

149.583 149.81/149.457 詐/诈 (zhà) [skt.vañcana; māyā; mṛṣā] — To cheat/deceive. Vañcana is deception; māyā is illusion; mṛṣā is falsehood. One of the forms of Wrong Speech (lying).

149.584 149.92/149.454 詛/诅 (zǔ) [skt.śāpa; abhiśāpa] — To curse/swear. Śāpa is a curse; abhiśāpa is imprecation. Prohibited speech in Right Speech precepts.

149.585 149.95/149.462 詞/词 (cí) [skt.pada; vacana; śabda] — Word/phrase/speech. Pada is a word or foot (of verse); vacana is utterance; śabda is sound/word. Used in grammatical and philosophical contexts.

149.586 149.97 詠 (yǒng) [skt.gāthā; svādhyāya; gīta] — To chant/recite/sing. Gāthā is a verse; svādhyāya is recitation (especially of scriptures); gīta is song. Recitation is a key Buddhist practice for memorizing and transmitting the Dharma.

149.587 149.99/149.483 詢/询 (xún) [skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā] — To inquire/ask. Pṛcchā is a question; paripṛcchā is a detailed inquiry. Appears in sūtras where disciples ask the Buddha questions.

149.588 149.103/149.470 試/试 (shì) [skt.parīkṣā; nirīkṣaṇa] — To test/examine. Parīkṣā is investigation; nirīkṣaṇa is observation. Used in the context of testing knowledge or conduct.

149.589 149.106/149.472 詩/诗 (shī) [skt.kāvya; gāthā] — Poetry/poem. Kāvya is poetry; gāthā is a verse. Poetry and verses are used throughout Buddhist sūtras (often in the gāthā portion).

149.590 149.109/149.480 詬/诟 (gòu) [skt.nindā; avajñā; garhā] — To revile/shame. Nindā is blame; avajñā is contempt; garhā is censure. A form of Wrong Speech (harsh speech).

149.591 149.111/149.481 詮/诠 (quán) [skt.vyākhyāna; nirukti] — To explain/comment. Vyākhyāna is exposition; nirukti is etymological explanation. Used for philosophical and scriptural exposition.

149.592 149.113/149.473 詰/诘 (jié) [skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā; upārambha] — To question/interrogate. Used in debate contexts where one questions a philosophical position.

149.593 149.114/149.478 話/话 (huà) [skt.kathā; vacana; bhāṣā] — Speech/talk/conversation. Kathā is discourse/conversation; a common term for verbal exchange.

149.594 149.116/149.487 詳/详 (xiáng) [skt.vistara; prabheda] — Detailed/complete. Vistara is detailed exposition; prabheda is differentiation. Used in describing detailed teachings.

149.595 149.148 誓 (shì) [skt.praṇidhāna; śapatha] — To vow/swear. Praṇidhāna is a vow or aspiration (especially a bodhisattva’s vow); śapatha is an oath. Critical for Mahāyāna vows (e.g., 四弘誓願, four great vows).

149.596 149.150/149.479 誕/诞 (dàn) [skt.janman; utpāda] — To be born/celebrate. Janman is birth; utpāda is arising. Appears in the Buddha’s birth narratives and in the compound 誕生 (janma, birth). Also appears in 誕妄 (absurd/false, mithyā).

149.597 149.153/149.498 誘/诱 (yòu) [skt.nimitta; upadeśa; ākarṣaṇa] — To entice/guide. Nimitta is cause/sign; upadeśa is instruction; ākarṣaṇa is attracting. Used in the sense of guiding beings toward enlightenment (skillful means).

149.598 149.159/149.494 語/语 (yǔ / yù) [skt.bhāṣā; vacana; vāc; kathā] — Language/speech. Bhāṣā is language; vāc is speech; vacana is utterance; kathā is discourse. One of the most common characters for verbal expression. The reading yù (to tell) maps to vacana as a verb.

149.599 149.161/149.475 誠/诚 (chéng) [skt.satya; prāmāṇika; śraddhā] — Sincere/honest/true. Satya is truth; prāmāṇika is authoritative/valid; śraddhā is faith/trust. One of the aspects of Right Speech (truthfulness).

149.600 149.162/149.492 誡/诫 (jiè) [skt.śāsana; anuśāsana; śikṣā] — To admonish/warn; a precept. Śāsana is teaching/instruction; anuśāsana is discipline; śikṣā is training. Critical for Vinaya precepts and admonitions.

149.601 149.164/149.493 誣/诬 (wū) [skt.apavāda; mithyā; anṛta] — To slander/falsely accuse. Apavāda is slander; mithyā is false; anṛta is untruth. A form of Wrong Speech.

149.602 149.165/149.496 誤/误 (wù) [skt.viparyaya; bhrama; mithyā] — Error/mistake. Viparyaya is reversal/perversion; bhrama is delusion/error; mithyā is false. Used in epistemological contexts (erroneous cognition).

149.603 149.167/149.502 誦/诵 (sòng) [skt.svādhyāya; pāṭha; japa] — To recite/chant. Svādhyāya is recitation of scriptures; pāṭha is reading/recitation; japa is muttering. A core practice for memorizing and transmitting the Dharma.

149.604 149.169/149.499 誨/诲 (huì) [skt.anuśāsana; śikṣā; upadeśa] — To teach/instruct. Anuśāsana is instruction; śikṣā is training; upadeśa is advice/instruction. Used for the Buddha’s teaching and monastic guidance.

149.605 149.171/149.501 說/说 (shuō / shuì) [skt.vadati; bhāṣate; deśanā; vacana] — One of the most critical characters. As vadati: to speak/say; as deśanā: teaching/instruction (e.g., 說法, dharma-deśanā, teaching the Dharma). As bhāṣate: to speak/tell. The reading shuì (to persuade) maps to upadeśa (instruction) or samādāpana (exhortation). The reading yuè (to be happy) is unrelated to Buddhist usage.

149.606 149.186/149.510 誹/诽 (fěi) [skt.apavāda; nindā; paruṣa] — To slander/defame. Apavāda is slander; nindā is blame; paruṣa is harsh speech. One of the forms of Wrong Speech.

149.607 149.192/149.516 調/调 (diào / tiáo) [skt.samādhāna; upaśama; viśeṣa] — To transfer/tune/harmonize. Samādhāna is concentration/harmonizing; upaśama is calming; viśeṣa is distinction. Used in meditation contexts for "tuning" the mind or for 調伏 (damana, taming/subduing).

149.608 149.195/149.517 諂/谄 (chǎn) [skt.māyā; upacāra; vañcana] — To flatter/fawn. Māyā is deceit; upacāra is flattery; vañcana is deception. Prohibited speech as it is insincere.

149.609 149.197/149.519 諄/谆 (zhūn) [skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa] — To instruct earnestly. Used in the context of the Buddha’s persistent and compassionate teaching.

149.610 149.200/149.521 談/谈 (tán) [skt.kathā; saṃlāpa; vāda] — To talk/converse/discuss. Kathā is discourse; saṃlāpa is conversation; vāda is debate/discussion. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s discussions with disciples and with other teachers.

149.611 149.204/149.504 請/请 (qǐng) [skt.yācñā; prārthanā; praṇidhāna] — To request/invite. Yācñā is entreaty; prārthanā is prayer/request; praṇidhāna is vow/aspiration. Used when disciples "request" the Buddha to teach or when making a vow.

149.612 149.206/149.485 諍/诤 (zhèng) [skt.vivāda; vāda; kalaha] — To dispute/argue. Vivāda is debate/dispute; vāda is discussion; kalaha is quarrel. Monastics are advised to avoid pointless disputes (無諍, araṇa, non-contention).

149.613 149.215/149.443 論/论 (lùn) [skt.śāstra; vāda; kathā; vicāra] — One of the most critical characters. As śāstra: treatise/philosophical text (e.g., 中論, Madhyamaka-śāstra). As vāda: discourse/debate (e.g., 議論, debate). As kathā: discourse/conversation. As vicāra: investigation/analysis. The character appears in titles of many śāstras.

149.614 149.231/149.540 諦/谛 (dì) [skt.satya; paramārtha; tattva] — Truth/reality. Satya is truth (as in 四諦, catur-ārya-satya, the Four Noble Truths). Paramārtha is ultimate truth. Tattva is reality/suchness. One of the most important philosophical terms in Buddhism.

149.615 149.236/149.528 諫/谏 (jiàn) [skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa; śāsana] — To remonstrate/admonish. Used in the context of admonishing a monastic who has broken rules, or for the Buddha’s gentle admonishment of disciples.

149.616 149.238/149.534 諭/谕 (yù) [skt.anuśāsana; upadeśa; avagama] — To instruct/notify. Anuśāsana is instruction; upadeśa is advice; avagama is understanding/comprehension. Used for teachings.

149.617 149.239/149.537 諮/谘 (zī) [skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā] — To consult/ask. Used for disciples approaching the Buddha or a teacher to ask questions.

149.618 149.244/149.538 諳/谙 (ān) [skt.avagama; pāṭha] — To know/be familiar with. Avagama is understanding; pāṭha is recitation/memorization. Used for one who has memorized the scriptures.

149.619 149.247/149.525 諶/谌 (chén) [skt.satya; śraddhā] — Sincere/honest. Satya is truth; śraddhā is faith/trust. Similar to 誠.

149.620 149.248/149.446 諷/讽 (fěng) [skt.svādhyāya; pāṭha; upahāsa] — To recite/chant; to satirize. Svādhyāya is recitation; pāṭha is reading; upahāsa is ridicule. Used for scripture recitation.

149.621 149.249/149.505 諸/诸 (zhū) [skt.sarva; bahu; aneka] — All/various. Sarva is all/every; bahu is many; aneka is many/various. One of the most common characters, used in 諸法 (sarva-dharmāḥ, all phenomena).

149.622 149.255/149.507 諾/诺 (nuò) [skt.pratijñā; abhyupagama] — To promise/agree. Pratijñā is a vow/promise; abhyupagama is agreement/assent. Important for Vinaya vows.

149.623 149.257/149.524 謀/谋 (móu) [skt.upāya; mantra; vicāra] — To plan/scheme. Upāya is means/method; mantra is counsel/plan; vicāra is investigation. Used for planning skillful means in Mahāyāna.

149.624 149.258/149.531 謁/谒 (yè) [skt.upasaṃkramaṇa; darśana] — To pay respects/visit. Upasaṃkramaṇa is approaching/visiting; darśana is seeing (an audience). Used for approaching the Buddha or a teacher.

149.625 149.259/149.532 謂/谓 (wèi) [skt.ākhyā; ucyate; vacana] — To say/call/mean. Ākhyā is designation; ucyate is "it is said"; vacana is speech. Used in definitions and quotations.

149.626 149.267/149.527 謊/谎 (huǎng) [skt.mṛṣā; anṛta; vañcana] — Lie/falsehood. Mṛṣā is false speech; anṛta is untruth; vañcana is deception. One of the most severe forms of Wrong Speech.

149.627 149.273/149.552 謐/谧 (mì) [skt.śānta; upaśama] — Quiet/peaceful. Śānta is peaceful; upaśama is calm/cessation. Used to describe peaceful meditative states.

149.628 149.280/149.549 謗/谤 (bàng) [skt.apavāda; nindā; paruṣa] — To slander/defame. Apavāda is slander; nindā is blame; paruṣa is harsh speech. A grave form of Wrong Speech (slander).

149.629 149.282/149.551 謙/谦 (qiān) [skt.namra; mārdava; vinaya] — Humble/modest. Namra is humble; mārdava is gentleness; vinaya is discipline. A virtue encouraged in Buddhist practice.

149.630 149.284/149.435 講/讲 (jiǎng) [skt.kathā; vyākhyāna; deśanā] — To speak/explain/lecture. Kathā is discourse; vyākhyāna is exposition; deśanā is teaching. Used for Dharma lectures.

149.631 149.286/149.547 謝/谢 (xiè) [skt.kṛtajñā; pratijñā; abhyupagama] — To thank/apologize/decline. Kṛtajñā is gratitude; pratijñā is a promise/agreement; abhyupagama is assent. Appears in expressions of gratitude.

149.632 149.289/149.548 謠/谣 (yáo) [skt.gāthā; janavāda] — Ballad/rumor. Gāthā is a verse; janavāda is public rumor. Used for folk songs (which are generally discouraged in Vinaya).

149.633 149.297/149.544 謨/谟 (mó) [skt.upāya; mantra; vicāra] — To plan/deliberate. Upāya is means; mantra is counsel; vicāra is investigation. Similar to 謀.

149.634 149.300/149.555 謫/谪 (zhé) [skt.daṇḍa; nindā] — To punish/blame. Daṇḍa is punishment; nindā is blame. Used for disciplinary actions in Vinaya.

149.635 149.301/149.557 謬/谬 (miù) [skt.bhrama; mithyā; viparyaya] — Error/mistake. Bhrama is delusion; mithyā is false; viparyaya is reversal. Used for erroneous views.

149.636 149.314/149.553 謹/谨 (jǐn) [skt.apramāda; satkāra] — Cautious/careful. Apramāda is heedfulness/carefulness; satkāra is respect. One of the virtues emphasized in Buddhist practice (heedfulness).

149.637 149.319/149.554 謾/谩 (màn) [skt.māyā; vañcana; pramāda] — To deceive/careless. Māyā is deception; vañcana is cheating; pramāda is heedlessness/carelessness. A form of Wrong Speech.

149.638 149.330/149.450 證/证 (zhèng) [skt.sākṣya; pramāṇa; pratipatti] — To prove/testify/verify. Sākṣya is testimony; pramāṇa is valid cognition; pratipatti is attainment/realization. In Buddhist contexts, 證 often indicates "realization" or "attainment" (e.g., 證果, attaining the fruit of the path).

149.639 149.335/149.563 譎/谲 (jué) [skt.vañcana; māyā; kuhaka] — To deceive/feign. Vañcana is deception; māyā is illusion; kuhaka is crafty. A negative quality.

149.640 149.336/149.422 譏/讥 (jī) [skt.parīhāsa; nindā] — To ridicule/mock. Parīhāsa is mockery; nindā is blame. A form of Wrong Speech.

149.641 149.343/149.559 譖/谮 (zèn) [skt.apavāda; nindā] — To slander/defame. Apavāda is slander; nindā is blame. A grave form of Wrong Speech.

149.642 149.345/149.455 識/识 (shí / zhì) [skt.vijñāna; jñāna; saṃjñā; pratibhā] — One of the most critical Buddhist terms. As vijñāna: consciousness (the fifth aggregate, vijñāna-skandha, and the seventh of the twelve links of dependent origination). As jñāna: knowledge/wisdom (especially in the sense of knowing). As saṃjñā: perception/designation (in some contexts). As pratibhā: recognition. The reading zhì (to remember) is less common but appears in some compounds. 識 is foundational for Buddhist epistemology and psychology; the Six Consciousnesses (ṣaḍ-vijñāna) are the basis for cognition.

149.643 149.346/149.560 譙/谯 (qiáo) [skt.nindā; garhā] — To scold/blame. Nindā is blame; garhā is censure. Similar to 訶.

149.644 149.347/149.558 譚/谭 (tán) [skt.kathā; vāda; saṃlāpa] — To discuss/talk. Kathā is discourse; vāda is discussion; saṃlāpa is conversation. Similar to 談.

149.645 149.349/149.562 譜/谱 (pǔ) [skt.lekhā; vaṃśa] — Record/genealogy. Lekhā is writing/record; vaṃśa is lineage/genealogy. Used in colophons and lineage records.

149.646 149.359 警 (jǐng) [skt.apramāda; satkāra] — To warn/alert. Apramāda is heedfulness; satkāra is respect/care. Similar to 謹.

149.647 149.365 譬 (pì) [skt.udāharaṇa; upamā; dṛṣṭānta] — To explain/illustrate; a metaphor. Udāharaṇa is example; upamā is simile; dṛṣṭānta is illustration. Used in the compound 譬喻 (upamā, simile/parable), a common genre in Buddhist literature (e.g., the Parable of the Burning House in the Lotus Sūtra).

149.648 149.368/149.466 譯/译 (yì) [skt.anuvāda; bhāṣāntara] — To translate. Anuvāda is translation; bhāṣāntara is rendering into another language. Critical for the history of Chinese Buddhism and the translation project itself.

149.649 149.369/149.431 議/议 (yì) [skt.vicāra; vāda; kathā] — To discuss/deliberate. Vicāra is investigation; vāda is discourse; kathā is discussion. Used for formal discussions and councils.

149.650 149.373/149.565 譴/谴 (qiǎn) [skt.daṇḍa; nindā] — To punish/reprimand. Daṇḍa is punishment; nindā is blame. Used in Vinaya for disciplinary actions.

149.651 149.376 護 (hù) [skt.rakṣā; paripāla; gopana] — To protect/guard. Rakṣā is protection; paripāla is safeguarding; gopana is guarding. Appears in the compound 護法 (dharma-pāla, protector of the Dharma) and 國護 (janapada-rakṣā, protection of the country). Also in 佛護 (Buddhapāla, the protector Buddha).

149.652 149.382/149.138 譽/誉 (yù) [skt.yaśas; kīrti; praśaṃsā] — Fame/reputation. Yaśas is fame/renown; kīrti is glory; praśaṃsā is praise. In Buddhist terms, fame is generally considered worldly and a potential obstacle to practice.

149.653 149.385/149.508 讀/读 (dú) [skt.pāṭha; svādhyāya; adhyayana] — To read/recite. Pāṭha is reading; svādhyāya is recitation; adhyayana is study. Reading and reciting scriptures is a core Buddhist practice.

149.654 149.403/149.536 讒/谗 (chán) [skt.apavāda; nindā; paruṣa] — To slander/defame. Apavāda is slander; nindā is blame; paruṣa is harsh speech. Similar to 謗.

149.655 149.404/149.426 讓/让 (ràng) [skt.parityāga; anugraha; vimokṣa] — To yield/allow. Parityāga is renunciation; anugraha is favor/kindness; vimokṣa is release. The virtue of yielding is emphasized in Buddhist ethics.

149.656 149.407/149.567 讖/谶 (chèn) [skt.vyākaraṇa; nimitta] — Prophecy/prediction. Vyākaraṇa is a prophecy/prediction (one of the nine or twelve categories of Buddhist scripture). Nimitta is an omen/sign. Used for predictions of future Buddhahood.

149.657 149.411 讚 (zàn) [skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā; varṇana] — To praise/extol. Ślāghā is praise; praśaṃsā is commendation; varṇana is description. Used in hymns of praise to the Buddha (e.g., 讚佛偈).

149.658 149.413/149.545 讜/谠 (dǎng) [skt.satya-vāc; ṛju] — Frank/sincere speech. Satya-vāc is truthful speech; ṛju is straight/righteous. Sincere speech is praised in Buddhist ethics.

149.659 149.415/149.564 讞/谳 (yàn) [skt.nirṇaya; vicāra] — To judge/decide. Nirṇaya is decision; vicāra is investigation. Used for determining doctrinal questions or legal matters.

149.660 149.395 變 (biàn) [skt.parivarta; parināma; viparyaya] — To change/transform. Parivarta is change/turning; parināma is transformation; viparyaya is reversal/perversion. Used in discussions of impermanence and the changing nature of phenomena.

150 谷

150.1 谷 [chn.gǔ / yù][eng.valley; gorge; (also yù, name of an ancient tribe)][skt.guhā; giri-guhā; upatyakā]

150.2 谸 [chn.qiān][eng.ancient term for a valley; (also qiān)]

150.3 谹 [chn.hóng][eng.deep valley; (also hóng)][skt.gambhīra; giri-guhā]

150.4 谺 [chn.xiā][eng.a valley; a ravine; (also xiā)][skt.guhā]

150.5 谻 [chn.jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí)]

150.6 谼 [chn.hóng][eng.a deep valley; a ravine; (also hóng)][skt.gambhīra; giri-guhā]

150.7 谽 [chn.hān][eng.a deep valley; (also hān)][skt.gambhīra]

150.8 谾 [chn.hōng][eng.a deep valley; (also hōng)][skt.gambhīra]

150.9 谿 [chn.xī / qī][eng.a mountain stream; a valley stream; (also qī, a ravine)][skt.kulyā; nadī; guhā]

150.10 豀 [chn.xī][eng.to argue; to quarrel; (also xī, a mountain stream)][skt.vivāda; kalaha]

150.11 豁 [chn.huō / huò][eng.to open; to clear; to exempt; (also huò, open-minded)][skt.vivṛta; mukta; viśāla]

150.12 豂 [chn.liáo][eng.a deep valley; (also liáo)][skt.gambhīra]

150.13 豃 [chn.hǎn][eng.a deep valley; (also hǎn)][skt.gambhīra]

150.14 豄 [chn.dú][eng.an ancient term for a valley; (also dú)][skt.guhā]

150.15 豅 [chn.lóng][eng.a deep valley; (also lóng)][skt.gambhīra; giri-guhā]

150.16 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 150

150.17 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

150.18 150.1 谷 (gǔ / yù) [skt.guhā; giri-guhā; upatyakā] — Valley or gorge. Guhā is a cave or hollow; giri-guhā is a mountain valley; upatyakā is a valley at the foot of a mountain. The character appears in the compound 山谷 (giri-guhā, mountain valley), often used to describe the Buddha’s dwelling places. Also appears in 河谷 (nadī-guhā, river valley) and in the phrase 空谷 (empty valley), used in similes for solitude.

150.19 150.2 谸 (qiān) — An ancient term for a valley. No direct Sanskrit correlate. If encountered, treat as a descriptive term for "valley" (guhā).

150.20 150.3/150.6/150.7/150.8/150.12/150.13/150.15 谹/谼/谽/谾/豂/豃/豅 (hóng/hān/hōng/liáo/hǎn/lóng) [skt.gambhīra; giri-guhā] — Various terms for "deep valley" or "ravine." These are classical Chinese zoological/geographical terms from the Erya. When encountered, they describe a deep or large valley. The Sanskrit correlate would be gambhīra (deep) combined with guhā (valley/cave) or simply guhā. They are not doctrinal terms.

150.21 150.4 谺 (xiā) [skt.guhā] — A valley or ravine. Rare; maps to guhā (valley/cave).

150.22 150.5 谻 (jí) — An ancient term. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

150.23 150.9 谿 (xī / qī) [skt.kulyā; nadī; guhā] — A mountain stream or valley stream. Kulyā is a stream or rivulet; nadī is a river; guhā is a valley (in the sense of the valley through which a stream flows). The character appears in similes of streams flowing into the ocean, used by the Buddha to describe how all teachings flow into enlightenment. Also appears in the compound 谿谷 (xīgǔ, mountain valley and stream).

150.24 150.10 豀 (xī) [skt.vivāda; kalaha] — To argue or quarrel. This character is unusual in that it uses the valley radical but means "to dispute." The connection is obscure; it may relate to the idea of a "valley of contention" or a "separated" meaning. Vivāda is debate/dispute; kalaha is quarrel. Rare in Buddhist texts; if encountered, it likely describes disputes between individuals or factions.

150.25 150.11 豁 (huō / huò) [skt.vivṛta; mukta; viśāla] — To open, clear, exempt; or open-minded. Vivṛta means open/uncovered; mukta means released/liberated; viśāla means vast/expansive. In Buddhist contexts, 豁 appears in the compound 豁然 (huòrán), meaning "suddenly enlightened" or "suddenly opening up" — used to describe moments of sudden realization or insight. It is also used in 豁免 (to exempt/forgive), which may appear in Vinaya contexts of pardoning offences. The reading huō (to open) maps to vivṛta; the reading huò (open-minded/exempt) maps to mukta (released) or viśāla (vast/open).

151 豆

151.1 豆 [chn.dòu][eng.bean; pea; a ritual vessel; (also dòu, a measure of capacity)][skt.māṣa; śimbi; (also kapāla for vessel)]

151.2 豇 [chn.jiāng][eng.cowpea; (also jiāng, a kind of bean)][skt.māṣa; kulattha]

151.3 豈 [chn.qǐ][eng.how; (also qǐ, an interrogative particle)]

151.4 豉 [chn.chǐ][eng.fermented soybeans; (also chǐ, a condiment)]

151.5 豊 [chn.lǐ][eng.an ancient ritual vessel; variant of 禮 (ritual); (also lǐ)]

151.6 豋 [chn.dēng][eng.an ancient ritual vessel; a sacrificial vessel; (also dēng, to ascend)][skt.pātra; (also ārohaṇa for ascend)]

151.7 豌 [chn.wān][eng.pea; (also wān, a kind of legume)][skt.māṣa; kalāya]

151.8 豍 [chn.bī][eng.a kind of bean; (also bī)][skt.māṣa]

151.9 豎 [chn.shù][eng.to stand; to erect; vertical; (also shù, a eunuch)][skt.ūrdhva; sthāpayati]

151.10 豏 [chn.xiàn][eng.half-grown beans; (also xiàn)]

151.11 豐 [chn.fēng][eng.abundant; plentiful; rich; (also fēng, prosperous)][skt.prabhūta; samṛddha; bhūri]

151.12 豑 [zhì][eng.to arrange in order; (also zhì, a ritual vessel)][skt.vyūha; saṃsthāna]

151.13 豒 [zhì][eng.variant of 豑 (to arrange in order)][skt.vyūha]

151.14 豓 [chn.yàn][eng.variant of 豔 (beautiful; gorgeous)][skt.śrī; rūpa; vapu]

151.15 豔 [chn.yàn][eng.beautiful; gorgeous; glamorous; (also yàn, colorful)][skt.śrī; rūpa; vapu; varṇin]

151.16 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 151

151.17 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

151.18 151.1 豆 (dòu) [skt.māṣa; śimbi; kapāla] — The dual meaning: as "bean" or "legume" (māṣa = black gram, śimbi = pod/legume); as "ritual vessel" (kapāla = bowl/vessel, though 豆 is a specific stemmed vessel). In Vinaya, beans (māṣa) are mentioned as allowable food. In ritual contexts, 豆 often translates pātra (bowl) or bhājana (vessel) in descriptions of offerings.

151.19 151.2 豇 (jiāng) [skt.māṣa; kulattha] — Cowpea or similar legume. Kulattha is horse gram, often grouped with beans. Appears in dietary lists.

151.20 151.3 豈 (qǐ) — Interrogative particle ("how?"). No doctrinal or lexical Sanskrit correlate. It appears as a function word in Chinese translations, not as a translation of a semantic term.

151.21 151.4 豉 (chǐ) — Fermented soybeans (a condiment). Appears in Vinaya as a food item (sometimes fermented or preserved). No specific Sanskrit correlate; treat descriptively.

151.22 151.5 豊 (lǐ) — Ancient ritual vessel. This is the original graph for 禮 (ritual/propriety). In Buddhist texts, it may appear in sinicized descriptions of rituals or offerings, but there is no direct Sanskrit correlate. It sometimes stands for pūjā (worship) or bali (offering) in a generic sense.

151.23 151.6 豋 (dēng) [skt.pātra; ārohaṇa] — A sacrificial vessel. Pātra is a general term for bowl/vessel. In the sense of "to ascend" (reading dēng in some contexts), it may map to ārohaṇa (ascent), but the vessel sense is primary.

151.24 151.7 豌 (wān) [skt.māṣa; kalāya] — Pea. Kalāya is a generic term for peas/legumes. Appears in dietary contexts.

151.25 151.8 豍 (bī) [skt.māṣa] — A type of bean. Generic legume.

151.26 151.9 豎 (shù) [skt.ūrdhva; sthāpayati] — Vertical or to stand/erect. Ūrdhva means upward/vertical; sthāpayati means to establish/place. Appears in meditative posture descriptions (e.g., 端身正豎, "erect the body upright") and in directions (e.g., 上下豎, vertical up and down). Also appears in 豎子 (a child/servant), but that is not relevant.

151.27 151.10 豏 (xiàn) — Half-grown beans. A rare agricultural term. No Sanskrit correlate.

151.28 151.11 豐 (fēng) [skt.prabhūta; samṛddha; bhūri] — Abundant/plentiful. Prabhūta = much, abundant; samṛddha = prosperous/abundant; bhūri = much/great. Used in descriptions of the Buddha’s merit (豐功德, abundant merit), abundant offerings, and prosperous lands (e.g., Pure Lands).

151.29 151.12/151.13 豑/豒 (zhì) [skt.vyūha; saṃsthāna] — To arrange in order or a ritual vessel. Vyūha means arrangement/disposition (often used in Mahāyāna sūtras for the "array" of a Buddha-field, e.g., 莊嚴, vyūha). Rare; if encountered, it suggests order or arrangement.

151.30 151.14/151.15 豓/豔 (yàn) [skt.śrī; rūpa; vapu; varṇin] — Beautiful/gorgeous. Śrī = splendor/beauty; rūpa = form/appearance; vapu = body/beauty; varṇin = colorful/having luster. These characters appear in descriptions of the Buddha’s thirty-two major marks (dvātriṃśan-mahā-puruṣa-lakṣaṇa) and in verses praising the Buddha’s radiant form. Also appears in descriptions of celestial beings and Pure Lands.

152 豕

152.1 豕 [chn.shǐ][eng.pig; swine; (also shǐ, a boar)][skt.sūkara; varāha]

152.2 豖 [chn.chù][eng.a pig with hobbled feet; (also chù)]

152.3 豗 [chn.huī][eng.the sound of pigs; to jostle; (also huī)]

152.4 豘 [chn.tún][eng.an ancient variant of 豚 (piglet)][skt.sūkara-śiśu]

152.5 豙 [chn.yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì)]

152.6 豚 [chn.tún][eng.piglet; (also tún, a young pig)][skt.sūkara-śiśu; kola]

152.7 豛 [chn.yì][eng.an ancient term for a pig; (also yì)][skt.sūkara]

152.8 豜 [chn.jiān][eng.a large pig; (also jiān, a boar)][skt.varāha; sūkara]

152.9 豝 [chn.bā][eng.a sow; (also bā, a female pig)][skt.sūkarī]

152.10 豞 [chn.hòu][eng.an ancient term; (also hòu)]

152.11 豟 [è][eng.an ancient term; (also è)]

152.12 豠 [chn.chú][eng.a pig; (also chú)][skt.sūkara]

152.13 象 [chn.xiàng][eng.elephant; (also xiàng, shape; image; to imitate)][skt.hastin; gaja; nāga]

152.14 豢 [chn.huàn][eng.to rear; to feed; (also huàn, to raise livestock)][skt.poṣaṇa; rakṣaṇa]

152.15 豣 [chn.qián][eng.a pig; (also qián, a boar)][skt.sūkara; varāha]

152.16 豤 [chn.kěn][eng.a pig; (also kěn, to gnaw)]

152.17 豥 [chn.gāi][eng.a pig; (also gāi)]

152.18 豦 [chn.jù][eng.a wild boar; (also jù)][skt.varāha]

152.19 豧 [chn.fū][eng.a pig; (also fū)][skt.sūkara]

152.20 豨 [chn.xī][eng.a wild boar; (also xī, a pig)][skt.varāha; sūkara]

152.21 豩 [chn.bīn][eng.a pig; (also bīn)]

152.22 豪 [chn.háo][eng.a porcupine; a bristly boar; heroic; (also háo, a hair)][skt.śūra; vīra; (also śyāma?)]

152.23 豫 [chn.yù][eng.pleasure; comfort; leisure; (also yù, to prepare)][skt.sukha; kṣema; ramaṇa]

152.24 豬 [chn.zhū][eng.pig; swine; traditional of 猪][skt.sūkara; varāha]

152.25 豭 [chn.jiā][eng.a boar; (also jiā, a male pig)][skt.varāha; sūkara]

152.26 豮 [chn.fén][eng.a castrated pig; (also fén)]

152.27 豯 [chn.xī][eng.a pig; (also xī)][skt.sūkara]

152.28 豰 [chn.bó][eng.a pig; (also bó, a kind of animal)]

152.29 豱 [chn.wēn][eng.a pig; (also wēn)]

152.30 豲 [chn.huán][eng.an ancient term for a pig; (also huán, a place name)][skt.sūkara]

152.31 豳 [chn.bīn][eng.an ancient place name; (also bīn, the Bin state)]

152.32 豴 [dí][eng.a pig; (also dí)][skt.sūkara]

152.33 豵 [zōng][eng.a pig; (also zōng, a small pig)][skt.sūkara-śiśu]

152.34 豶 [fén][eng.a castrated pig; (also fén)]

152.35 豷 [yì][eng.a pig; (also yì)][skt.sūkara]

152.36 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 152

152.37 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

152.38 152.1 豕 (shǐ) [skt.sūkara; varāha] — The general term for pig/swine. Sūkara is the common Sanskrit term for pig; varāha is a boar (specifically a wild boar). In Buddhist similes, the pig often represents ignorance, greed, or the afflicted mind.

152.39 152.4/152.6 豘/豚 (tún) [skt.sūkara-śiśu; kola] — Piglet. Sūkara-śiśu means young pig; kola is a term for a piglet or young boar (found in Vinaya). Mentioned in dietary regulations (young animals may have different rules).

152.40 152.9 豝 (bā) [skt.sūkarī] — A sow (female pig). Sūkarī is the feminine of sūkara. Rare in Buddhist texts.

152.41 152.13 象 (xiàng) [skt.hastin; gaja; nāga] — Elephant. One of the most important animal characters in Buddhism. Hastin and gaja both mean elephant; nāga can mean serpent or elephant (in some contexts). The elephant appears in: (1) the famous simile of the well-trained elephant (象喻) as a model for the tamed mind; (2) the Buddha’s previous births as an elephant in Jātaka tales (e.g., the wise elephant who teaches a fool); (3) the white elephant in the Buddha’s conception dream (Māyādevī’s dream); (4) the compound 象教 (xiàngjiào, "elephant teaching"), a traditional epithet for Buddhism. In Vinaya, the elephant appears in rules concerning transportation and the treatment of animals. In iconography, the elephant is also associated with the Buddha’s physical strength.

152.42 152.14 豢 (huàn) [skt.poṣaṇa; rakṣaṇa] — To rear/feed livestock. Poṣaṇa means nourishing/rearing; rakṣaṇa means protecting/raising. Appears in Vinaya as an activity prohibited for monastics (raising animals is a lay activity).

152.43 152.18/152.20/152.25 豦/豨/豭 (jù/xī/jiā) [skt.varāha; sūkara] — Various terms for wild boar or boar. Varāha is the specific term for a wild boar (as opposed to a domestic pig). The wild boar appears in similes for ferocity or untamed nature.

152.44 152.22 豪 (háo) [skt.śūra; vīra] — Porcupine or bristly boar; hence "heroic/brave." Śūra means brave/heroic; vīra means hero/strong man. In Buddhist contexts, 豪 is usually used in its evolved sense of "heroic" or "eminent" rather than literally as a porcupine. Appears in compounds like 豪傑 (hero, vīra). Also appears in 豪族 (noble family, kulīna).

152.45 152.23 豫 (yù) [skt.sukha; kṣema; ramaṇa] — Pleasure/comfort/leisure. Sukha is happiness/comfort; kṣema is well-being/security; ramaṇa is pleasure/delight. Appears in descriptions of the bliss of meditative states. Also appears in the compound 豫樂 (sukha, happiness). The character also means "to prepare" (as in the archaic sense), but that is less common in Buddhist texts.

152.46 152.24 豬 (zhū) [skt.sūkara; varāha] — Pig/swine. The traditional form of 猪. Semantically identical to 豕 but more commonly used in later texts. In Vinaya, 猪肉 (pork) appears in dietary regulations. Monastics may eat pork under certain conditions (not killed specifically for them, and not an animal they saw being slaughtered).

152.47 152.26/152.34 豮/豶 (fén) — A castrated pig. This is a specific agricultural term. It may appear in Vinaya only in the context of descriptions of animals that are impermissible to eat (if they are considered unhealthy or against specific rules).

152.48 152.31 豳 (bīn) — An ancient place name (Bin). No Sanskrit correlate. May appear in historical or geographical contexts in Buddhist texts.

152.49 152.32 豴 (dí) [skt.sūkara] — A pig. Rare.

152.50 152.33 豵 (zōng) [skt.sūkara-śiśu] — A small pig or piglet. Similar to 豚.

153 豸

153.1 豸 [chn.zhì][eng.a mythical beast; (also zhì, a badger-like animal)]

153.2 豹 [chn.bào][eng.leopard; panther; (also bào, a wild cat)][skt.dvīpin; (also) cītaka]

153.3 豺 [chn.chái][eng.a wild dog; a jackal; (also chái, a wolf-like animal)][skt.śṛgāla]

153.4 豻 [chn.àn][eng.a wild dog; (also àn, a badger)][skt.śṛgāla]

153.5 豼 [chn.pí][eng.a kind of wild beast; (also pí, a badger)]

153.6 豽 [chn.nà][eng.a kind of animal; (also nà)]

153.7 豾 [chn.pī][eng.a kind of animal; (also pī, a fox)]

153.8 豿 [chn.gǒu][eng.a kind of animal; (also gǒu, a wild dog)][skt.śṛgāla]

153.9 貀 [chn.nà][eng.a kind of animal; (also nà)]

153.10 貁 [chn.yòu][eng.a kind of animal; (also yòu, a weasel)]

153.11 貂 [chn.diāo][eng.marten; sable; (also diāo, a fur-bearing animal)]

153.12 貃 [chn.mò][eng.a kind of animal; (also mò)]

153.13 貄 [sì][eng.a kind of animal; (also sì)]

153.14 貅 [chn.xiū][eng.a mythical beast; (used in 貔貅, píxiū, a legendary creature)]

153.15 貆 [chn.huán][eng.a badger; (also huán)]

153.16 貇 [chn.kěn][eng.an ancient term; (also kěn)]

153.17 貈 [chn.hé][eng.an ancient variant of 貉 (raccoon dog)]

153.18 貉 [chn.hé / mò][eng.a raccoon dog; a badger-like animal; (also mò, a northern tribe)]

153.19 貊 [chn.mò][eng.an ancient northern tribe; (also mò, a wild beast)][skt.mleccha; barbara]

153.20 貋 [chn.hàn][eng.a kind of animal; (also hàn)]

153.21 貌 [chn.mào][eng.appearance; countenance; form; (also mào, aspect)][skt.rūpa; ākāra; lakṣaṇa]

153.22 貍 [chn.lí][eng.a wild cat; a fox; (also lí, a weasel)]

153.23 貎 [chn.ní][eng.ancient variant of 貌 (appearance)][skt.rūpa; ākāra]

153.24 貏 [chn.bǐ][eng.a kind of animal; (also bǐ)]

153.25 貐 [chn.yǔ][eng.a kind of animal; (also yǔ)]

153.26 貑 [chn.jiā][eng.a kind of animal; (also jiā)]

153.27 貒 [chn.tuān][eng.a badger-like animal; (also tuān)]

153.28 貓 [chn.māo][eng.cat; (also māo, a wildcat)][skt.mārjāra; biḍāla]

153.29 貔 [chn.pí][eng.a mythical beast; (used in 貔貅, píxiū, a legendary creature)]

153.30 貕 [chn.xī][eng.a kind of animal; (also xī)]

153.31 貖 [chn.yì][eng.a kind of animal; (also yì)]

153.32 貗 [chn.jù][eng.a kind of animal; (also jù, a pig-like beast)]

153.33 貘 [chn.mò][eng.a tapir; (also mò, a mythical beast)]

153.34 貙 [chn.chū][eng.a leopard-like beast; (also chū)][skt.dvīpin]

153.35 貚 [chn.tán][eng.a kind of animal; (also tán)]

153.36 貛 [chn.huān][eng.a badger; (also huān)]

153.37 貜 [chn.jué][eng.a kind of animal; (also jué)]

153.38 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 153

153.39 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

153.40 153.1 豸 (zhì) — A mythical or badger-like beast. The radical form. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

153.41 153.2 豹 (bào) [skt.dvīpin; cītaka] — Leopard. Dvīpin means leopard (literally "having spots"). Leopards appear in Jātaka tales and in similes for beauty, ferocity, or swiftness. The leopard’s spotted coat is sometimes used as a simile for the diversity of things. In Vinaya, leopard skin is generally prohibited for monastic use.

153.42 153.3 豺 (chái) [skt.śṛgāla] — Jackal or wild dog. Śṛgāla is the jackal. Jackals appear frequently in Jātaka tales as cunning or foolish characters. The jackal is also used in similes for cowardice or pretentiousness (e.g., a jackal wearing a lion’s skin). In Vinaya, jackal meat may be eaten in some circumstances, though it is not a preferred food.

153.43 153.18 貉 (hé / mò) — Raccoon dog or badger-like animal. No direct Sanskrit correlate. Appears in Vinaya in the compound 貉鼠 (badger/marten), sometimes mentioned in dietary regulations or furs. The reading mò refers to a northern tribe, which may appear in historical contexts.

153.44 153.21 貌 (mào) [skt.rūpa; ākāra; lakṣaṇa] — Appearance/form. Rūpa is form (one of the five aggregates and the sense object of sight). Ākāra is aspect/appearance. Lakṣaṇa is a mark or characteristic (especially the thirty-two major marks of the Buddha). This character appears in compounds like 面貌 (mukha-lakṣaṇa, facial features), 相貌 (rūpa, appearance), and 體貌 (śarīra-lakṣaṇa, bodily marks). It is also used in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical beauty and the marks of a great being.

153.45 153.22 貍 (lí) — A wild cat or fox. No direct Sanskrit correlate. Appears in some Vinaya contexts as a creature that might damage robes or food; also in Jātaka tales.

153.46 153.23 貎 (ní) [skt.rūpa; ākāra] — Ancient variant of 貌. Semantically identical.

153.47 153.28 貓 (māo) [skt.mārjāra; biḍāla] — Cat. Mārjāra and biḍāla both mean cat. Cats appear in Vinaya as animals that are kept to protect grain stores from mice. The keeping of cats by monastics is generally prohibited (as it involves caring for animals). Also appears in Jātaka tales.

153.48 153.29 貔 (pí) — A mythical beast (貔貅, píxiū). A legendary creature that attracts wealth and dispels evil. No Sanskrit correlate. Appears in Chinese Buddhist apocrypha and in descriptions of the Buddha’s attendants (e.g., as decorative imagery).

153.49 153.33 貘 (mò) — A tapir or mythical beast. No direct Sanskrit correlate. Very rare in Buddhist texts; may appear in classical Chinese descriptions of exotic animals.

153.50 153.34 貙 (chū) [skt.dvīpin] — A leopard-like beast. Possibly maps to dvīpin (leopard) if the context suggests a large spotted cat.

153.51 153.36 貛 (huān) — A badger. Appears in Vinaya as a fur-bearing animal; badger fur, like other furs, is generally prohibited for monastic robes (except in cold regions with special allowances).

154 貝

154.1 貝 [chn.bèi][eng.shell; cowrie; (also bèi, a shell used as currency)][skt.śaṅkha; kaparda; varāṭaka]

154.2 貞 [chn.zhēn][eng.chaste; faithful; to divine; (also zhēn, loyal)][skt.dhṛti; satya; (also "to divine" = nimitta)]

154.3 貟 [chn.yuán][eng.an ancient variant of 員 (a member; a person)][skt.jana; puruṣa]

154.4 負 [chn.fù][eng.to bear; to carry; to owe; (also fù, to fail)][skt.bhāra; dhāraṇa]

154.5 財 [chn.cái][eng.wealth; money; (also cái, property)][skt.artha; dhana; vibhava; vittam]

154.6 貢 [chn.gòng][eng.to offer tribute; to present; (also gòng, a gift)][skt.bali; dāna; pūjā]

154.7 貣 [chn.tè][eng.to borrow; to ask for; (also tè)][skt.yācñā; ṛṇa]

154.8 貤 [chn.yí][eng.to promote in rank; to extend; (also yí)][skt.anukrama]

154.9 貥 [chn.háng][eng.an ancient term; (also háng)]

154.10 貦 [chn.wán][eng.an ancient term; (also wán)]

154.11 貧 [chn.pín][eng.poor; lacking; (also pín, destitute)][skt.daridra; kṛpaṇa; (poverty)]

154.12 貨 [chn.huò][eng.goods; merchandise; (also huò, to sell)][skt.dravya; paṇya; āmiṣa]

154.13 販 [chn.fàn][eng.to peddle; to trade; (also fàn, a merchant)][skt.vāṇijya; krīḍā]

154.14 貪 [chn.tān][eng.greedy; covetous; (also tān, to crave)][skt.lobha; rāga; abhidhyā; tṛṣṇā]

154.15 貫 [chn.guàn][eng.to string together; to pierce; (also guàn, a string of cash)][skt.grathita; ākula; (also "to pass through" = prati-√vī)]

154.16 責 [chn.zé][eng.to demand; to blame; (also zhài, a debt)][skt.ākrośa; nindā; (also ṛṇa for debt)]

154.17 貭 [zhì][eng.an ancient variant of 質 (substance; matter; quality)][skt.dravya; bhāva; svarūpa]

154.18 貮 [èr][eng.an ancient variant of 貳 (two; to betray)][skt.dvaya; dvi; (also viṣama)]

154.19 貯 [chn.zhù][eng.to store; to save; (also zhù, a storage)][skt.saṃcaya; ādhāra]

154.20 貰 [chn.shì][eng.to borrow; to lend; (also shì, to pass over)][skt.ṛṇa; yācñā]

154.21 貱 [chn.bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì)]

154.22 貲 [chn.zī][eng.an ancient coin; property; (also zī, to estimate)][skt.artha; dravya]

154.23 貳 [èr][eng.two; to betray; to be unfaithful; (also èr, a double)][skt.dvaya; dvi; (also pakṣa for unfaithful)]

154.24 貴 [chn.guì][eng.expensive; noble; honorable; (also guì, valuable)][skt.mahā; pradhāna; ārya]

154.25 貵 [chn.fèn][eng.an ancient term; (also fèn)]

154.26 貶 [chn.biǎn][eng.to reduce; to demote; (also biǎn, to lower)][skt.apakṛṣṭa; hāni]

154.27 買 [chn.mǎi][eng.to buy; to purchase; (also mǎi, to acquire)][skt.krīṇāti; vitata]

154.28 貸 [chn.dài][eng.to lend; to borrow; to pardon; (also dài, a loan)][skt.ṛṇa; dāna]

154.29 貹 [chn.shèng][eng.an ancient term; (also shèng)]

154.30 貺 [chn.kuàng][eng.to bestow; to give; (also kuàng, a gift)][skt.dāna; prasāda]

154.31 費 [chn.fèi][eng.to cost; to consume; (also fèi, expense)][skt.vaya; kṣaya]

154.32 貼 [chn.tiē][eng.to paste; to attach; to subsidize; (also tiē, a sticker)][skt.paṭṭa; (also "to supplement" = pūraṇa)]

154.33 貽 [chn.yí][eng.to bequeath; to send; (also yí, a gift)][skt.dāna; anupradāna]

154.34 貾 [chí][eng.an ancient term; (also chí)]

154.35 貿 [chn.mào][eng.to trade; to barter; (also mào, commerce)][skt.vāṇijya; kraya-vikraya]

154.36 賀 [chn.hè][eng.to congratulate; (also hè, to celebrate)][skt.abhinandana; ānanda]

154.37 賁 [chn.bēn / bì][eng.to ornament; (also bì, to adorn; a surname)][skt.bhūṣaṇa; alaṃkāra]

154.38 賂 [chn.lù][eng.to bribe; a gift; (also lù, a present)][skt.upahāra; dāna; (also "bribe" = pāriṇāyika)]

154.39 賃 [chn.lìn][eng.to rent; to hire; (also lìn, a wage)][skt.bhṛti; vetana]

154.40 賄 [chn.huì][eng.a bribe; (also huì, to bribe)][skt.upahāra; dakṣiṇā]

154.41 賅 [chn.gāi][eng.to include; to complete; (also gāi, a substance)][skt.sarvatra; paripūrṇa]

154.42 賆 [chn.pián][eng.an ancient term; (also pián)]

154.43 資 [chn.zī][eng.resources; capital; (also zī, to aid)][skt.artha; dravya; upakāra]

154.44 賈 [chn.jiǎ / gǔ][eng.to buy; a merchant; (also gǔ, a trader)][skt.vāṇijya; kraya; (also vaṇij for merchant)]

154.45 賉 [chn.xù][eng.to pity; to relieve; (also xù)][skt.karuṇā; anukampā]

154.46 賊 [chn.zéi][eng.thief; traitor; (also zéi, to harm)][skt.cora; taskara; (also "to harm" = hiṃsā)]

154.47 賋 [chn.jiǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also jiǎo)]

154.48 賌 [gāi][eng.an ancient term; (also gāi)]

154.49 賍 [zāng][eng.an ancient variant of 贓 (stolen goods)][skt.ārjita; cora-dravya]

154.50 賎 [jiàn][eng.an ancient variant of 賤 (lowly; cheap)][skt.avara; hīna]

154.51 賏 [yīng][eng.a string of pearls; (also yīng)][skt.hāra; muktāvali]

154.52 賐 [xùn][eng.an ancient term; (also xùn)]

154.53 賑 [zhèn][eng.to relieve; to succor; (also zhèn, to aid)][skt.anugraha; upakāra]

154.54 賒 [shē][eng.to buy on credit; (also shē, a loan)][skt.ṛṇa; vikraya]

154.55 賓 [bīn][eng.a guest; a visitor; (also bīn, a guest)][skt.atithi; abhyāgata; (also "to receive" = prāpaya)]

154.56 賔 [bīn][eng.an ancient variant of 賓 (guest)][skt.atithi]

154.57 賕 [qiú][eng.a bribe; (also qiú)][skt.upahāra]

154.58 賖 [shē][eng.an ancient variant of 賒 (to buy on credit)][skt.ṛṇa]

154.59 賗 [chuàn][eng.an ancient term; (also chuàn)]

154.60 賘 [zāng][eng.an ancient variant of 贓 (stolen goods)][skt.ārjita; cora-dravya]

154.61 賙 [zhōu][eng.to aid; to give; (also zhōu, to relieve)][skt.anugraha; upakāra]

154.62 賚 [lài][eng.to bestow; to give; (also lài, a grant)][skt.dāna; prasāda]

154.63 賛 [zàn][eng.an ancient variant of 讚 (to praise)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

154.64 賜 [cì][eng.to bestow; a grant; (also cì, a gift)][skt.dāna; prasāda; (also "favour" = anugraha)]

154.65 賝 [chēn][eng.a treasure; (also chēn)][skt.ratna; nidhi]

154.66 賞 [shǎng][eng.to reward; to appreciate; (also shǎng, a prize)][skt.puraḥkāra; sammāna]

154.67 賟 [tiǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also tiǎn)]

154.68 賠 [péi][eng.to compensate; to indemnify; (also péi, to pay back)][skt.pratikriyā; kṣaṇā]

154.69 賡 [gēng][eng.to continue; to compensate; (also gēng, to replace)][skt.anuṣaṅga; pratipatti]

154.70 賢 [chn.xián][eng.virtuous; worthy; wise; (also xián, a sage)][skt.bhadra; sat-puruṣa; ārya]

154.71 賣 [chn.mài][eng.to sell; to betray; (also mài, commerce)][skt.vikraya; vitata]

154.72 賤 [chn.jiàn][eng.lowly; cheap; of humble birth; (also jiàn, to despise)][skt.hīna; avara; adhama]

154.73 賥 [suì][eng.an ancient term; (also suì)]

154.74 賦 [chn.fù][eng.to levy; a tax; a poem; (also fù, to bestow)][skt.kara; bali; (also "poem" = kāvya)]

154.75 賧 [dǎn][eng.a gift; a ransom; (also dǎn, a fine)][skt.dāna; daṇḍa]

154.76 賨 [cóng][eng.an ancient term; (also cóng)]

154.77 賩 [cóng][eng.an ancient term; (also cóng)]

154.78 質 [zhì / zhí][eng.substance; matter; quality; to ask; (also zhí, to pawn)][skt.dravya; bhāva; svarūpa; (also "pawn" = upanidhi)]

154.79 賫 [jī][eng.to bring; to present; (also jī, to carry)][skt.dāna; upanayana]

154.80 賬 [zhàng][eng.to account; to settle; (also zhàng, a debt)][skt.ṛṇa; gaṇanā]

154.81 賭 [dǔ][eng.to bet; to gamble; (also dǔ, a wager)][skt.dyūta; jūta]

154.82 賮 [jìn][eng.a gift; (also jìn, to present)][skt.dāna; bali]

154.83 賯 [xiōng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiōng)]

154.84 賰 [chǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also chǔn)]

154.85 賱 [yǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔn)]

154.86 賲 [bǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also bǎo)]

154.87 賳 [zāi][eng.an ancient term; (also zāi)]

154.88 賴 [lài][eng.to rely on; to depend; (also lài, to blame)][skt.pratibhā; āśraya; (also "to depend" = upajīvati)]

154.89 賵 [fèng][eng.to give a gift; (also fèng, a present for the dead)][skt.dāna; bali]

154.90 賶 [càng][eng.an ancient term; (also càng)]

154.91 賷 [jī][eng.an ancient variant of 賫 (to bring)][skt.dāna]

154.92 賸 [shèng][eng.surplus; to remain; (also shèng, a remainder)][skt.śeṣa; avaśiṣṭa]

154.93 賹 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì)]

154.94 賺 [zhuàn / zuàn][eng.to earn; to make a profit; (also zuàn, to deceive)][skt.lābha; ārjana; (also "to deceive" = vañcana)]

154.95 賻 [fù][eng.to give a gift; (also fù, a present)][skt.dāna; bali]

154.96 購 [gòu][eng.to purchase; to buy; (also gòu, to trade)][skt.krīṇāti; vikraya]

154.97 賽 [sài][eng.to compete; to surpass; (also sài, a contest)][skt.pratiyoga; (also "to compare" = upamā)]

154.98 賾 [zé][eng.profound; deep; (also zé, mystery)][skt.gambhīra; gūḍha]

154.99 賿 [liáo][eng.an ancient term; (also liáo)]

154.100 贀 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì)]

154.101 贁 [bài][eng.an ancient variant of 敗 (to defeat)][skt.parājaya; nāśa]

154.102 贂 [chěn][eng.an ancient term; (also chěn)]

154.103 贃 [zhuàn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuàn)]

154.104 贄 [zhì][eng.a gift; a present; (also zhì, to offer)][skt.dāna; bali; upahāra]

154.105 贅 [zhuì][eng.superfluous; a wart; (also zhuì, to burden)][skt.adhika; (also "to pledge" = upanidhi)]

154.106 贆 [biāo][eng.an ancient term; (also biāo)]

154.107 贇 [yūn][eng.an ancient term; (also yūn, a beautiful person)]

154.108 贈 [zèng][eng.to give; to present; (also zèng, a gift)][skt.dāna; prasāda; (also "to bestow" = anupradāna)]

154.109 贉 [tǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also tǎn)]

154.110 贊 [zàn][eng.to praise; to support; (also zàn, to endorse)][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā; varṇana]

154.111 贋 [yàn][eng.false; counterfeit; (also yàn, a forgery)][skt.ku-hita; mithyā; (also "to deceive" = vañcana)]

154.112 贌 [pú][eng.an ancient term; (also pú)]

154.113 贍 [shàn][eng.to support; to provide for; (also shàn, to maintain)][skt.poṣaṇa; rakṣaṇa; anugraha]

154.114 贎 [wàn][eng.an ancient term; (also wàn)]

154.115 贏 [yíng][eng.to win; to profit; to have surplus; (also yíng, to gain)][skt.lābha; ārjana; (also "to overcome" = jaya)]

154.116 贐 [jìn][eng.a gift; (also jìn, to present)][skt.dāna; bali]

154.117 贑 [gàn][eng.an ancient variant of 贛 (the Gan River; a surname)]

154.118 贒 [xián][eng.an ancient variant of 賢 (virtuous)][skt.bhadra; ārya]

154.119 贓 [zāng][eng.stolen goods; (also zāng, loot)][skt.ārjita; cora-dravya]

154.120 贔 [bì][eng.strong; (also bì, a mythical turtle)][skt.bala; (also "strong" = balin)]

154.121 贕 [dú][eng.an ancient term; (also dú)]

154.122 贖 [shú][eng.to ransom; to redeem; (also shú, to atone)][skt.mocana; nirvṛtti; (also "to pay a fine" = daṇḍa)]

154.123 贗 [yàn][eng.false; counterfeit; variant of 贋][skt.ku-hita; mithyā]

154.124 贘 [shǎng][eng.an ancient variant of 賞 (to reward)][skt.puraḥkāra; sammāna]

154.125 贙 [xuàn][eng.an ancient term; (also xuàn)]

154.126 贚 [lòng][eng.an ancient term; (also lòng)]

154.127 贛 [gàn][eng.the Gan River; (also gàn, a surname)]

154.128 贜 [zāng][eng.an ancient variant of 贓 (stolen goods)][skt.ārjita; cora-dravya]

154.129 贝 [bèi][eng.shell; simplified of 貝][skt.śaṅkha; kaparda]

154.130 贞 [zhēn][eng.chaste; simplified of 貞][skt.dhṛti; satya]

154.131 负 [fù][eng.to bear; simplified of 負][skt.bhāra; dhāraṇa]

154.132 贠 [yuán][eng.member; simplified variant of 貟][skt.jana]

154.133 贡 [gòng][eng.to offer tribute; simplified of 貢][skt.bali; dāna]

154.134 财 [cái][eng.wealth; simplified of 財][skt.artha; dhana]

154.135 责 [zé][eng.to blame; simplified of 責][skt.ākrośa; nindā]

154.136 贤 [xián][eng.virtuous; simplified of 賢][skt.bhadra; ārya]

154.137 败 [bài][eng.to defeat; simplified of 敗][skt.parājaya; nāśa]

154.138 账 [zhàng][eng.account; simplified of 賬][skt.ṛṇa; gaṇanā]

154.139 货 [huò][eng.goods; simplified of 貨][skt.dravya; paṇya]

154.140 质 [zhì][eng.substance; simplified of 質][skt.dravya; bhāva]

154.141 贩 [fàn][eng.to sell; simplified of 販][skt.vāṇijya]

154.142 贪 [tān][eng.greedy; simplified of 貪][skt.lobha; rāga; tṛṣṇā]

154.143 贫 [pín][eng.poor; simplified of 貧][skt.daridra]

154.144 贬 [biǎn][eng.to reduce; simplified of 貶][skt.apakṛṣṭa; hāni]

154.145 购 [gòu][eng.to purchase; simplified of 購][skt.krīṇāti]

154.146 贮 [zhù][eng.to store; simplified of 貯][skt.saṃcaya]

154.147 贯 [guàn][eng.to string together; simplified of 貫][skt.grathita]

154.148 贰 [èr][eng.two; simplified of 貳][skt.dvaya; dvi]

154.149 贱 [jiàn][eng.lowly; simplified of 賤][skt.hīna; avara]

154.150 贲 [bēn][eng.to ornament; simplified of 賁][skt.bhūṣaṇa; alaṃkāra]

154.151 贳 [shì][eng.to borrow; simplified of 貰][skt.ṛṇa; yācñā]

154.152 贴 [tiē][eng.to paste; simplified of 貼][skt.paṭṭa]

154.153 贵 [guì][eng.expensive; simplified of 貴][skt.mahā; pradhāna; ārya]

154.154 贶 [kuàng][eng.to bestow; simplified of 貺][skt.dāna; prasāda]

154.155 贷 [dài][eng.to lend; simplified of 貸][skt.ṛṇa; dāna]

154.156 贸 [mào][eng.to trade; simplified of 貿][skt.vāṇijya]

154.157 费 [fèi][eng.to cost; simplified of 費][skt.vaya; kṣaya]

154.158 贺 [hè][eng.to congratulate; simplified of 賀][skt.abhinandana]

154.159 贻 [yí][eng.to bequeath; simplified of 貽][skt.dāna; anupradāna]

154.160 贼 [zéi][eng.thief; simplified of 賊][skt.cora; taskara]

154.161 贽 [zhì][eng.a gift; simplified of 贄][skt.dāna; bali]

154.162 贾 [jiǎ][eng.to buy; simplified of 賈][skt.vāṇijya; kraya]

154.163 贿 [huì][eng.a bribe; simplified of 賄][skt.upahāra]

154.164 赀 [zī][eng.property; simplified of 貲][skt.artha; dravya]

154.165 赁 [lìn][eng.to rent; simplified of 賃][skt.bhṛti; vetana]

154.166 赂 [lù][eng.to bribe; simplified of 賂][skt.upahāra]

154.167 赃 [zāng][eng.stolen goods; simplified of 贓][skt.ārjita; cora-dravya]

154.168 资 [zī][eng.resources; simplified of 資][skt.artha; dravya]

154.169 赅 [gāi][eng.to include; simplified of 賅][skt.sarvatra; paripūrṇa]

154.170 赆 [jìn][eng.a gift; simplified of 贐][skt.dāna; bali]

154.171 赇 [qiú][eng.a bribe; simplified of 賕][skt.upahāra]

154.172 赈 [zhèn][eng.to relieve; simplified of 賑][skt.anugraha; upakāra]

154.173 赉 [lài][eng.to bestow; simplified of 賚][skt.dāna; prasāda]

154.174 赊 [shē][eng.to buy on credit; simplified of 賒][skt.ṛṇa; vikraya]

154.175 赋 [fù][eng.to levy; simplified of 賦][skt.kara; bali]

154.176 赌 [dǔ][eng.to gamble; simplified of 賭][skt.dyūta; jūta]

154.177 赍 [jī][eng.to bring; simplified of 賫][skt.dāna; upanayana]

154.178 赎 [shú][eng.to ransom; simplified of 贖][skt.mocana; nirvṛtti]

154.179 赏 [shǎng][eng.to reward; simplified of 賞][skt.puraḥkāra; sammāna]

154.180 赐 [cì][eng.to bestow; simplified of 賜][skt.dāna; prasāda]

154.181 赑 [bì][eng.strong; simplified of 贔][skt.bala]

154.182 赒 [zhōu][eng.to aid; simplified of 賙][skt.anugraha; upakāra]

154.183 赓 [gēng][eng.to continue; simplified of 賡][skt.anuṣaṅga; pratipatti]

154.184 赔 [péi][eng.to compensate; simplified of 賠][skt.pratikriyā; kṣaṇā]

154.185 赕 [dǎn][eng.a gift; simplified of 賧][skt.dāna; daṇḍa]

154.186 赖 [lài][eng.to rely on; simplified of 賴][skt.pratibhā; āśraya]

154.187 赗 [fèng][eng.to give a gift; simplified of 賵][skt.dāna; bali]

154.188 赘 [zhuì][eng.superfluous; simplified of 贅][skt.adhika]

154.189 赙 [fù][eng.to give a gift; simplified of 賻][skt.dāna; bali]

154.190 赚 [zhuàn][eng.to earn; simplified of 賺][skt.lābha; ārjana]

154.191 赛 [sài][eng.to compete; simplified of 賽][skt.pratiyoga]

154.192 赜 [zé][eng.profound; simplified of 賾][skt.gambhīra; gūḍha]

154.193 赝 [yàn][eng.false; simplified of 贋][skt.ku-hita; mithyā]

154.194 赞 [zàn][eng.to praise; simplified of 贊][skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā]

154.195 赟 [yūn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 贇]

154.196 赠 [zèng][eng.to give; simplified of 贈][skt.dāna; prasāda]

154.197 赡 [shàn][eng.to support; simplified of 贍][skt.poṣaṇa; rakṣaṇa]

154.198 赢 [yíng][eng.to win; simplified of 贏][skt.lābha; ārjana]

154.199 赣 [gàn][eng.the Gan River; simplified of 贛]

154.200 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 154

154.201 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

154.202 154.1/154.129 貝/贝 (bèi) [skt.śaṅkha; kaparda; varāṭaka] — Shell/cowrie. Śaṅkha is a conch shell (used as a trumpet in Buddhist ritual); kaparda is a cowrie shell; varāṭaka is a cowrie used as currency. In Vinaya, cowrie shells are mentioned as a form of currency that monastics may not handle. The conch (śaṅkha) is one of the eight auspicious symbols.

154.203 154.2/154.130 貞/贞 (zhēn) [skt.dhṛti; satya] — Chaste/faithful; to divine. Dhṛti is firmness/constancy; satya is truth. In some contexts, 貞 appears in compounds like 貞信 (faithful trust). Also appears in the sense of "to divine" (nimitta for omen/divination), though this is less common in Buddhist texts.

154.204 154.4/154.131 負/负 (fù) [skt.bhāra; dhāraṇa] — To bear/carry/owe. Bhāra is a burden; dhāraṇa is carrying/holding. Appears in Vinaya in the context of carrying burdens (with permission) and in metaphorical contexts of carrying karma.

154.205 154.5/154.134 財/财 (cái) [skt.artha; dhana; vibhava; vittam] — Wealth/money/property. Artha is wealth/material good; dhana is riches; vibhava is property; vittam is wealth. In Buddhism, wealth (dāna) is one of the grounds for generosity. The possession of wealth is a worldly concern; monastics are expected to be content with the four requisites.

154.206 154.6/154.133 貢/贡 (gòng) [skt.bali; dāna; pūjā] — To offer tribute/present. Bali is an offering (often royal tribute); dāna is giving; pūjā is worship/offering. Appears in descriptions of kings offering tribute to the Buddha or to monasteries.

154.207 154.11/154.143 貧/贫 (pín) [skt.daridra; kṛpaṇa] — Poor/destitute. Daridra is poor; kṛpaṇa is miserly/pitiful. In Buddhism, poverty is not a virtue in itself, but contentment with little (santuṣṭa) is praised. The Buddha often said that the poorest person who practices generosity is richer than a wealthy miser.

154.208 154.12/154.139 貨/货 (huò) [skt.dravya; paṇya; āmiṣa] — Goods/merchandise. Dravya is substance/item; paṇya is goods/merchandise; āmiṣa is material object (as opposed to the Dharma, which is nirāmiṣa, immaterial). Appears in Vinaya regulations on trading.

154.209 154.13/154.141 販/贩 (fàn) [skt.vāṇijya; krīḍā] — To peddle/trade. Vāṇijya is trade/commerce. Trading is generally prohibited for monastics except in specific circumstances.

154.210 154.14/154.142 貪/贪 (tān) [skt.lobha; rāga; abhidhyā; tṛṣṇā] — One of the most important Buddhist terms. Lobha is greed/covetousness, one of the three unwholesome roots (akuśala-mūla) along with hatred (dveṣa) and delusion (moha). Rāga is attachment/passion; abhidhyā is covetousness (one of the ten unwholesome actions); tṛṣṇā is craving/thirst (the second noble truth). 貪 must be distinguished from 欲 (chanda, desire, which can be wholesome) — 貪 is always unwholesome.

154.211 154.15/154.147 貫/贯 (guàn) [skt.grathita; ākula] — To string together/pierce. In the sense of a "string of cash" (varāṭaka-grathita), it appears in descriptions of currency. Also means "to pass through" (e.g., a road passing through a city). In meditation contexts, 貫 may be used for "penetrating" insight.

154.212 154.16/154.135 責/责 (zé / zhài) [skt.ākrośa; nindā; ṛṇa] — To blame/demand; a debt. Ākrośa is reproach; nindā is blame; ṛṇa is a debt. Appears in Vinaya as 責罰 (daṇḍa, punishment) and in the sense of "debt" (which monastics should avoid).

154.213 154.17/154.140 質/质 (zhì / zhí) [skt.dravya; bhāva; svarūpa; upanidhi] — Substance/matter/quality; to pawn. Dravya is entity/substance — in Abhidharma, dravya is a real entity that exists independently of mental construction. Bhāva is existence/being; svarūpa is own-nature/essence. In the sense of "to pawn," it maps to upanidhi (a pledge). The character appears in 質量 (quality) and in philosophical debates about the existence of dravya.

154.214 154.23/154.148 貳/贰 (èr) [skt.dvaya; dvi; pakṣa] — Two/to betray. Dvaya is duality; dvi is the number two. In Buddhist contexts, 貳 may appear in discussions of non-duality (advaya, 不二). The sense "to be unfaithful/betray" maps to pakṣa (taking sides) or viṣama (uneven).

154.215 154.24/154.153 貴/贵 (guì) [skt.mahā; pradhāna; ārya] — Expensive/noble/honorable. Mahā is great; pradhāna is chief/principal; ārya is noble (as in 貴族, noble birth). In Buddhism, 貴 appears in 貴族 (aristocracy) and in descriptions of noble beings (ārya-pudgala).

154.216 154.27 買 (mǎi) [skt.krīṇāti] — To buy. Buying is an activity prohibited for monastics in most Vinaya traditions. Krīṇāti is the Sanskrit verb for buying.

154.217 154.28/154.155 貸/贷 (dài) [skt.ṛṇa; dāna] — To lend/borrow/pardon. Ṛṇa is a debt; dāna is giving. Lending money is generally prohibited for monastics (since it involves interest, which violates the precept against usury). Pardoning a debt is a form of generosity.

154.218 154.31/154.157 費/费 (fèi) [skt.vaya; kṣaya] — To cost/consume. Vaya is expenditure; kṣaya is loss/decline. Appears in the sense of "wasting resources" which is discouraged for monastics.

154.219 154.32/154.152 貼/贴 (tiē) [skt.paṭṭa] — To paste/attach; to subsidize. Paṭṭa is a strip/cloth (what is pasted). In the sense of "to subsidize," it may appear in Vinaya as providing support for monastics.

154.220 154.35/154.156 貿/贸 (mào) [skt.vāṇijya; kraya-vikraya] — To trade/barter. Trading (kraya-vikraya, buying and selling) is generally prohibited for monastics.

154.221 154.36/154.158 賀/贺 (hè) [skt.abhinandana; ānanda] — To congratulate. Abhinandana is rejoicing; ānanda is joy. Appears in descriptions of celestial beings rejoicing at the Buddha’s teaching.

154.222 154.38/154.166 賂/赂 (lù) [skt.upahāra; dāna] — To bribe/a gift. Upahāra is a gift/present, often with a sense of bribery. In Vinaya, accepting bribes is a serious offence.

154.223 154.43/154.168 資/资 (zī) [skt.artha; dravya; upakāra] — Resources/capital. Artha is wealth; dravya is substance; upakāra is aid/benefit. Appears in the compound 資糧 (sambhāra, accumulation of merit and wisdom as "requisites" for enlightenment).

154.224 154.44/154.162 賈/贾 (jiǎ / gǔ) [skt.vāṇijya; kraya; vaṇij] — To buy/a merchant. Vaṇij is a merchant. In some Vinaya contexts, 賈 appears in the compound 賈客 (a merchant traveler), who might give alms.

154.225 154.46/154.160 賊/贼 (zéi) [skt.cora; taskara; hiṃsā] — Thief/traitor. Cora is a thief; taskara is a robber. Appears in Vinaya in the context of theft (adattādāna, taking what is not given), one of the precepts. Also appears metaphorically for the "thieves" of the defilements.

154.226 154.53/154.172 賑/赈 (zhèn) [skt.anugraha; upakāra] — To relieve/succor. Anugraha is favor/kindness/help; upakāra is assistance. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s compassion and the practice of charity.

154.227 154.55 賓 (bīn) [skt.atithi; abhyāgata] — Guest/visitor. Atithi is a guest; abhyāgata is one who has arrived. In Vinaya, there are specific rules for hosting visiting monastics.

154.228 154.64/154.180 賜/赐 (cì) [skt.dāna; prasāda; anugraha] — To bestow/grant. Dāna is giving; prasāda is favor/clarity; anugraha is favor. Used when kings or the Buddha bestow gifts or teachings.

154.229 154.66/154.179 賞/赏 (shǎng) [skt.puraḥkāra; sammāna] — To reward/appreciate. Puraḥkāra is honor/respect; sammāna is honor/esteem. Reward is a worldly activity; monastics are warned against craving praise.

154.230 154.68/154.184 賠/赔 (péi) [skt.pratikriyā; kṣaṇā] — To compensate. Pratikriyā is reparation/atonement; kṣaṇā is forgiveness (in some contexts). Compensation may appear in Vinaya for damage to property.

154.231 154.70/154.136 賢/贤 (xián) [skt.bhadra; sat-puruṣa; ārya] — Virtuous/worthy/sage. Bhadra is good/fortunate; sat-puruṣa is a good man/righteous person; ārya is noble. In Buddhism, 賢 appears in 賢聖 (ārya, noble ones) and 賢善 (bhadra, good/fortunate). 賢 is often paired with 聖 (saint).

154.232 154.71 賣 (mài) [skt.vikraya; vitata] — To sell. Selling is generally prohibited for monastics, though there are exceptions for selling certain items (e.g., a robe to another monastic).

154.233 154.72/154.149 賤/贱 (jiàn) [skt.hīna; avara; adhama] — Lowly/cheap/humble birth. Hīna is low/inferior; avara is lower; adhama is lowest. In Buddhism, birth is not considered ultimately significant — what matters is one’s actions (karma). However, 賤 sometimes appears in the context of the Indian caste system, which Buddhism criticized.

154.234 154.74/154.175 賦/赋 (fù) [skt.kara; bali; kāvya] — To levy/tax; a poem. Kara is a tax; bali is tribute; kāvya is poetry. Taxes and tributes are worldly concerns, but the term may appear in descriptions of kings.

154.235 154.78/154.140 質/质 (zhì / zhí) — See entry 154.213 above.

154.236 154.80/154.138 賬/账 (zhàng) [skt.ṛṇa; gaṇanā] — Account/debt. Ṛṇa is a debt; gaṇanā is calculation. Accounts and debts appear in Vinaya in the context of monastic finances (often managed by lay stewards).

154.237 154.81/154.176 賭/赌 (dǔ) [skt.dyūta; jūta] — To gamble. Gambling (dyūta) is one of the activities prohibited for lay Buddhists (as a form of heedlessness) and strictly forbidden for monastics.

154.238 154.88/154.186 賴/赖 (lài) [skt.pratibhā; āśraya; upajīvati] — To rely on/depend. Pratibhā is "to have recourse to"; āśraya is support/shelter; upajīvati is to live by/depend on. In Buddhist contexts, monastics rely on the laity for alms.

154.239 154.94/154.190 賺/赚 (zhuàn / zuàn) [skt.lābha; ārjana; vañcana] — To earn/profit; to deceive. Lābha is gain/profit; ārjana is acquisition; vañcana is deception. The reading zuàn (to deceive) is rare but appears in some contexts.

154.240 154.96/154.145 購/购 (gòu) [skt.krīṇāti; vikraya] — To purchase. Similar to 買.

154.241 154.98/154.192 賾/赜 (zé) [skt.gambhīra; gūḍha] — Profound/deep. Gambhīra is deep; gūḍha is hidden/secret. Used in descriptions of the profound nature of the Dharma.

154.242 154.104/154.161 贄/贽 (zhì) [skt.dāna; bali; upahāra] — A gift/present. Similar to 賂 but without the negative connotation of bribery. Used for offerings to superiors or to the Buddha.

154.243 154.105/154.188 贅/赘 (zhuì) [skt.adhika; upanidhi] — Superfluous/a wart; to burden. Adhika is extra/superfluous; upanidhi is a pledge. Appears in the sense of "burden" or "superfluous addition" in some Buddhist contexts.

154.244 154.108/154.196 贈/赠 (zèng) [skt.dāna; prasāda; anupradāna] — To give/present. Anupradāna is a gift/offering. Similar to 賜 but often in the context of gifts between equals or to subordinates.

154.245 154.110/154.194 贊/赞 (zàn) [skt.ślāghā; praśaṃsā; varṇana] — To praise. Ślāghā is praise; praśaṃsā is commendation; varṇana is describing/praising. Used in hymns of praise to the Buddha (讚佛, buddha-ślāghā).

154.246 154.111/154.193 贋/赝 (yàn) [skt.ku-hita; mithyā; vañcana] — False/counterfeit. Ku-hita is not good/false; mithyā is false; vañcana is deception. Used in Vinaya for counterfeit items (e.g., counterfeit robes or medicine).

154.247 154.113/154.197 贍/赡 (shàn) [skt.poṣaṇa; rakṣaṇa; anugraha] — To support/provide for. Poṣaṇa is nourishing/supporting; rakṣaṇa is protecting; anugraha is favor/kindness. Appears in the context of supporting monastics or the poor.

154.248 154.115/154.198 贏/赢 (yíng) [skt.lābha; ārjana; jaya] — To win/profit. Lābha is gain; ārjana is acquisition; jaya is victory. In Buddhist contexts, 贏 may appear in similes of "winning" the path or "gaining" merit. It can also mean "to overcome" (jaya).

154.249 154.122/154.178 贖/赎 (shú) [skt.mocana; nirvṛtti; daṇḍa] — To ransom/redeem/atone. Mocana is release/liberation; nirvṛtti is cessation/atonement; daṇḍa is a fine. Appears in Vinaya as 贖罪 (atonement for an offence). Also appears in the sense of "redeeming" a pawned item.

154.250 154.119/154.167 贓/赃 (zāng) [skt.ārjita; cora-dravya] — Stolen goods. Ārjita is acquired (often by wrongful means); cora-dravya is a thief’s goods. Receiving stolen goods is prohibited for monastics.

154.251 154.120/154.181 贔/赑 (bì) [skt.bala; balin] — Strong. Bala is strength; balin is strong. Appears in the compound 贔屓 (bìxì, a mythical strong turtle) — rare in Buddhist texts but may appear in architectural descriptions (e.g., the turtle supporting a stele).

155 赤

155.1 赤 [chn.chì][eng.red; bare; naked; sincere; (also chì, to be loyal)][skt.rakta; lohita; śuṣka; (also "bare" = vivastra)]

155.2 赥 [chn.xī][archaic; red; (also xī, a reddish color)][skt.rakta]

155.3 赦 [chn.shè][eng.to pardon; to forgive; to remit; (also shè, a pardon)][skt.kṣamā; mokṣa; (also "to pardon" = kṣama)]

155.4 赧 [chn.nǎn][eng.red; blushing; ashamed; (also nǎn, embarrassed)][skt.lajjā; hrī]

155.5 赨 [chn.tóng][archaic; red; (also tóng)][skt.rakta]

155.6 赩 [chn.xì][eng.red; red-hot; (also xì)][skt.rakta]

155.7 赪 [chn.chēng][eng.red; blush; (also chēng, a reddish color)][skt.rakta]

155.8 赫 [chn.hè][eng.bright; glaring; prominent; (also hè, awe-inspiring)][skt.prakāśa; bhāsvara; (also "wrathful" = caṇḍa)]

155.9 赬 [chn.chēng][eng.red; blush; variant of 赪][skt.rakta]

155.10 赭 [chn.zhě][eng.red; ocher; (also zhě, reddish brown)][skt.rudhira; (also "earth" = dharaṇī)]

155.11 赮 [chn.xiá][eng.red; red clouds; (also xiá)][skt.rakta; (also "dawn" = arunā)]

155.12 赯 [chn.táng][eng.red; flush; (also táng)][skt.rakta]

155.13 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 155

155.14 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

155.15 155.1 赤 (chì) [skt.rakta; lohita; śuṣka; vivastra] — The primary character for "red." Rakta means red or blood; lohita means red/copper-colored; śuṣka means dry/parched (in the sense of "bare," as in 赤地, bare land); vivastra means naked/bare (as in 赤身, naked body). In Buddhist contexts, 赤 appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance, in the compound 赤色 (red color, rakta-varṇa), and in the sense of "bare" as in having nothing. The color red is also associated with the element of fire (tejas) in some cosmological schemas.

155.16 155.2 赥 (xī) [skt.rakta] — An archaic term for "red." Rare. If encountered in a Buddhist text, it is likely a descriptive color term in a verse. Back-translate as rakta (red).

155.17 155.3 赦 (shè) [skt.kṣamā; mokṣa; kṣama] — To pardon/forgive. Kṣamā is patience/forgiveness; mokṣa is release/liberation; kṣama is the verb "to forgive." In Vinaya, 赦 appears in the context of 赦罪 (pardoning offences after confession). In Mahāyāna sūtras, the Buddha’s boundless forgiveness and compassion are praised. The character is also used in the compound 赦免 (to pardon), which appears in descriptions of kings granting amnesty — a metaphor for the Buddha’s power to liberate sentient beings from the prison of saṃsāra.

155.18 155.4 赧 (nǎn) [skt.lajjā; hrī] — Blushing/ashamed. Lajjā is shame/modesty; hrī is moral shame (one of the wholesome mental factors). In Buddhist psychology, hrī (shame) is a wholesome factor that restrains one from wrongdoing, while lajjā is a more general sense of shame. 赧 appears in descriptions of someone blushing in embarrassment or shame, which in a Buddhist context may indicate a moment of moral self-awareness. Also appears in 赧然 (embarrassed/ashamed).

155.19 155.5 赨 (tóng) [skt.rakta] — An archaic term for "red." Rare. Back-translate as rakta.

155.20 155.6 赩 (xì) [skt.rakta] — Red/red-hot. Rare; appears in classical Chinese descriptions of intense redness. Back-translate as rakta (red) or tapana (burning/glowing) if the context suggests heat.

155.21 155.7/155.9 赪/赬 (chēng) [skt.rakta] — Red/blush. Both are variants. Rakta is the standard correlate. Appears in descriptions of a person blushing (e.g., from embarrassment). In Buddhist contexts, this may appear in narratives of shame or moral discomfort.

155.22 155.8 赫 (hè) [skt.prakāśa; bhāsvara; caṇḍa] — Bright/glaring/awe-inspiring. Prakāśa is light/radiance; bhāsvara is bright/shining (also the name of a heavenly realm in Buddhist cosmology, 光音天). Caṇḍa means fierce/wrathful — used in the sense of "awe-inspiring" or "terrifying" in its majesty. 赫 appears in compounds like 赫赫 (greatly bright/prominent) and is used in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiant aura or the awe-inspiring presence of a wrathful deity. The character sometimes appears in the compound 威赫 (majestic and awe-inspiring), describing the Buddha or a king.

155.23 155.10 赭 (zhě) [skt.rudhira; dharaṇī] — Red/ocher/reddish brown. Rudhira is blood/red; dharaṇī is earth/ground (in the sense of the red earth or ocher). In Buddhist contexts, 赭 appears in 赭衣 (the ocher-colored robe of a Buddhist monk). The ocher robe is the traditional color of the cīvara (monastic robe) in many Theravada traditions, corresponding to the Sanskrit kaṣāya (ochre/saffron). In this context, 赭 maps to kaṣāya (the color and the robe itself). Also appears in descriptions of earth or clay.

155.24 155.11 赮 (xiá) [skt.rakta; arunā] — Red/red clouds. Arunā means red/dawn-colored (often used for the red of dawn or the red-gold color of a horse). Appears in poetic descriptions of nature and sometimes in visions of celestial realms.

155.25 155.12 赯 (táng) [skt.rakta] — Red/flush. Rare. Appears in descriptions of a flushed face (from embarrassment or exertion). Back-translate as rakta.

156 走

156.1 走 [chn.zǒu][eng.to walk; to run; to go; (also zǒu, to move)][skt.gacchati; dhāvati; calati]

156.2 赱 [chn.zǒu][eng.ancient variant of 走 (to walk)][skt.gacchati]

156.3 赲 [chn.lì][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also lì)]

156.4 赳 [chn.jiū][eng.brave; valiant; (also jiū, martial)][skt.vīra; śūra]

156.5 赴 [chn.fù][eng.to go to; to attend; to hurry; (also fù, to rush)][skt.abhigamana; gamana]

156.6 赵 [chn.zhào][eng.an ancient state; (also Zhào, a surname)]

156.7 赶 [chn.gǎn][eng.to chase; to hurry; to catch up; (also gǎn, to drive)][skt.anudhāvati; tvarate]

156.8 起 [chn.qǐ][eng.to rise; to start; to raise; (also qǐ, to begin)][skt.utthāna; udaya; (also "to arise" = prabhava)]

156.9 赸 [chn.shàn][eng.to go; to depart; (also shàn)][skt.gamana]

156.10 赹 [chn.qióng][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also qióng)]

156.11 赺 [chn.yǎn][eng.to walk; (also yǎn)][skt.gacchati]

156.12 赻 [chn.xiǎn][eng.ancient term; (also xiǎn)]

156.13 赼 [chn.zī][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also zī)]

156.14 赽 [chn.jué][eng.to run; to hasten; (also jué)][skt.dhāvati; tvarate]

156.15 赾 [chn.qǐn][eng.to walk; (also qǐn)][skt.gacchati]

156.16 赿 [chí][eng.ancient term; to walk slowly; (also chí)][skt.sanai-gamana]

156.17 趀 [chī][eng.ancient term; (also chī)]

156.18 趁 [chn.chèn][eng.to take advantage of; to pursue; (also chèn, to follow)][skt.anudhāvati; avakāśa]

156.19 趂 [chn.chèn][eng.ancient variant of 趁 (to pursue)][skt.anudhāvati]

156.20 趃 [dié][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also dié)]

156.21 趄 [chn.jū / qiè][eng.to falter; to hesitate; (also qiè, to walk slowly)][skt.saṃśaya; mārga-bhraṣṭa]

156.22 超 [chn.chāo][eng.to surpass; to transcend; to leap over; (also chāo, to exceed)][skt.atikramaṇa; utkramaṇa]

156.23 趆 [dī][eng.ancient term; (also dī)]

156.24 趇 [zhì][eng.ancient term; (also zhì)]

156.25 趈 [zhān][eng.ancient term; (also zhān)]

156.26 趉 [jué][eng.ancient term; to run; (also jué)][skt.dhāvati]

156.27 越 [chn.yuè][eng.to cross; to surpass; to exceed; (also yuè, to pass beyond)][skt.atikramaṇa; ullanghana]

156.28 趋 [chn.qū / cù][eng.to hasten; to approach; (also cù, to urge)][skt.abhigamana; tvarā; (also "to follow" = anudhāvati)]

156.29 趌 [jí][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also jí)]

156.30 趍 [chí / qū][eng.ancient variant of 趨 (to hasten)][skt.abhigamana]

156.31 趎 [chú][eng.ancient term; (also chú)]

156.32 趏 [guā][eng.ancient term; (also guā)]

156.33 趐 [xuè][eng.ancient term; (also xuè)]

156.34 趑 [zī][eng.to falter; to hesitate; (also zī)][skt.saṃśaya]

156.35 趒 [tiáo][eng.ancient term; to leap; (also tiáo)][skt.utplavana]

156.36 趓 [duǒ][eng.ancient variant of 躲 (to hide)][skt.gūḍha]

156.37 趔 [liè][eng.to stagger; (also liè)]

156.38 趕 [gǎn][eng.to chase; traditional of 赶][skt.anudhāvati]

156.39 趖 [suō][eng.to walk slowly; to wander; (also suō)][skt.sanai-gamana]

156.40 趗 [cù][eng.to hasten; (also cù)][skt.tvarate]

156.41 趘 [xí][eng.ancient term; (also xí)]

156.42 趙 [zhào][eng.an ancient state; traditional of 赵]

156.43 趚 [sù][eng.ancient term; (also sù)]

156.44 趛 [yǐn][eng.ancient term; (also yǐn)]

156.45 趜 [jú][eng.ancient term; (also jú)]

156.46 趝 [jiàn][eng.ancient term; (also jiàn)]

156.47 趞 [què][eng.ancient term; (also què)]

156.48 趟 [tàng / tāng][eng.to wade; to traverse; (also tāng, to go)][skt.avatīrya]

156.49 趠 [chuō][eng.to leap; to surpass; (also chuō)][skt.utplavana; atikramaṇa]

156.50 趡 [cuǐ][eng.ancient term; (also cuǐ)]

156.51 趢 [lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù)]

156.52 趣 [chn.qù / cù][eng.interest; direction; to go to; (also cù, to hasten)][skt.gati; vṛtti; abhigamana; (also "to go" = gamana)]

156.53 趤 [dàng][eng.ancient term; to wander; (also dàng)][skt.bhramana]

156.54 趥 [qiū][eng.ancient term; (also qiū)]

156.55 趦 [zī][eng.ancient variant of 趑 (to falter)][skt.saṃśaya]

156.56 趧 [tí][eng.ancient term; (also tí)]

156.57 趨 [qū / cù][eng.to hasten; to approach; traditional of 趋][skt.abhigamana; tvarā]

156.58 趩 [chì][eng.ancient term; (also chì)]

156.59 趪 [huáng][eng.ancient term; (also huáng)]

156.60 趫 [qiáo][eng.light-footed; to leap; (also qiáo)][skt.laghu-pāda]

156.61 趬 [qiāo][eng.to leap; (also qiāo)][skt.utplavana]

156.62 趭 [jiào][eng.ancient term; (also jiào)]

156.63 趮 [zào][eng.ancient term; (also zào)]

156.64 趯 [tì][eng.to leap; to jump; (also tì)][skt.utplavana]

156.65 趰 [èr][eng.ancient term; (also èr)]

156.66 趱 [zǎn][eng.to hasten; to urge; (also zǎn)][skt.tvarā]

156.67 趲 [zǎn][eng.to hasten; traditional of 趱][skt.tvarā]

156.68 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 156

156.69 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

156.70 156.1/156.2 走/赱 (zǒu) [skt.gacchati; dhāvati; calati] — To walk/run/go. Gacchati is to go; dhāvati is to run; calati is to move. The character appears in literal descriptions of the Buddha’s travels and in metaphorical contexts (e.g., "going" on the path).

156.71 156.4 赳 (jiū) [skt.vīra; śūra] — Brave/valiant. Vīra is hero/brave; śūra is valiant/strong. Appears in descriptions of protectors, kings, or the Buddha’s physical strength. Also in the compound 赳赳 (mighty).

156.72 156.5 赴 (fù) [skt.abhigamana; gamana] — To go to/attend/hurry. Abhigamana is approaching; gamana is going. Used in descriptions of people going to see the Buddha.

156.73 156.6/156.42 赵/趙 (zhào) — An ancient state and a surname. No Sanskrit correlate. Appears in historical contexts or colophons.

156.74 156.7/156.38 赶/趕 (gǎn) [skt.anudhāvati; tvarate] — To chase/hurry. Anudhāvati is to run after/pursue; tvarate is to hasten. Appears in Vinaya in the context of chasing after something (e.g., a thief) or hurrying to an appointment.

156.75 156.8 起 (qǐ) [skt.utthāna; udaya; prabhava] — One of the most important movement verbs in Buddhist psychology and philosophy. Utthāna is rising/arising (also effort/energy); udaya is arising/origin (often paired with 滅, nirodha, cessation); prabhava is origin/source. 起 appears in: 起心 (the arising of a thought, cittotpāda), 起業 (the arising of karma, karmotpāda), and in the compound 緣起 (pratītyasamutpāda, dependent origination), where it means "arising" in the sense of origination. In meditation contexts, 起 may also mean to "get up" from sitting (describing the monastic daily routine).

156.76 156.14 赽 (jué) [skt.dhāvati; tvarate] — To run/hasten. Rare.

156.77 156.18/156.19 趁/趂 (chèn) [skt.anudhāvati; avakāśa] — To take advantage of/pursue. Anudhāvati is to pursue/run after; avakāśa is opportunity/time. 趁 appears in the sense of "making use of an opportunity" — which in Buddhist contexts may refer to making use of the precious opportunity of human birth to practice the Dharma.

156.78 156.21 趄 (jū / qiè) [skt.saṃśaya; mārga-bhraṣṭa] — To falter/hesitate. Saṃśaya is doubt/hesitation; mārga-bhraṣṭa is "fallen from the path." 趄 appears in the sense of hesitation on the spiritual path — doubt is one of the mental hindrances (nīvaraṇa). The reading qiè means to walk slowly, which may describe a lack of energetic effort.

156.79 156.22 超 (chāo) [skt.atikramaṇa; utkramaṇa] — To surpass/transcend/leap over. Atikramaṇa is surpassing/exceeding; utkramaṇa is stepping over/going beyond. 超 is used in Buddhist contexts to describe transcending the mundane: 超世 (lokottara, supramundane), 超凡 (transcending the ordinary), and 超勝 (atiśaya, excellent/surpassing). The Buddha is often described as having "surpassed" all beings.

156.80 156.27 越 (yuè) [skt.atikramaṇa; ullanghana] — To cross/surpass/exceed. Ullanghana is leaping over/transgressing. Similar to 超 but often used in the context of "transgressing" rules or boundaries. In Vinaya, 越 may appear in the context of transgressing precepts (越戒, śīla-atikramaṇa). Also appears in the sense of "crossing over" the ocean of saṃsāra.

156.81 156.28/156.57 趋/趨 (qū / cù) [skt.abhigamana; tvarā; anudhāvati] — To hasten/approach. Abhigamana is approaching; tvarā is haste/speed; anudhāvati is to follow/run after. In Buddhist contexts, 趨 appears in the sense of "approaching" the Dharma, "following" the path, or "hastening" towards enlightenment.

156.82 156.34/156.55 趑/趦 (zī) [skt.saṃśaya] — To falter/hesitate. Similar to 趄. Doubt (saṃśaya) is a hindrance to progress.

156.83 156.35 趒 (tiáo) [skt.utplavana] — To leap. Utplavana is leaping/jumping.

156.84 156.36 趓 (duǒ) [skt.gūḍha] — To hide. Gūḍha means hidden/concealed. Appears as a variant of 躲 in some contexts.

156.85 156.37 趔 (liè) — To stagger. Rare. May appear in descriptions of physical weakness or old age.

156.86 156.48 趟 (tàng / tāng) [skt.avatīrya] — To wade/traverse. Avatīrya means descending into (with the sense of wading into water). Used in Vinaya in the context of crossing rivers.

156.87 156.49 趠 (chuō) [skt.utplavana; atikramaṇa] — To leap/surpass. Similar to 超 and 越.

156.88 156.52 趣 (qù / cù) [skt.gati; vṛtti; abhigamana] — One of the most important characters in this radical for Buddhist doctrine. As gati: destiny/realm of rebirth — the six realms (六趣, ṣaḍ-gati) are: hell, hungry ghosts, animals, humans, asuras, and devas. The character appears in the compound 趣向 (to incline towards/go towards). As vṛtti: activity/direction (in some contexts). As abhigamana: going towards/approaching. The reading cù (to hasten) is equivalent to 趨. In Buddhist soteriology, 趣 is used to describe the direction of one’s karma — one "goes" to a particular realm of rebirth based on one’s actions.

156.89 156.60 趫 (qiáo) [skt.laghu-pāda] — Light-footed. Laghu-pāda means "light-footed" (quick/agile). Rare; may appear in descriptions of physical agility.

156.90 156.61 趬 (qiāo) [skt.utplavana] — To leap. Similar to 趒.

156.91 156.64 趯 (tì) [skt.utplavana] — To leap/jump. Similar to 趒 and 趠.

156.92 156.66/156.67 趱/趲 (zǎn) [skt.tvarā] — To hasten/urge. Tvarā is speed/haste. Used in the sense of "hastening" towards something — in a Buddhist context, this could be hastening towards enlightenment, though the term is rare.

157 足

157.1 足 [chn.zú / jù][eng.foot; leg; sufficient; (also jù, to be satisfied)][skt.pāda; pādatala; (also "sufficient" = paryāpta)]

157.2 趴 [chn.pā][eng.to lie prone; to crouch; (also pā, to lean over)][skt.proṇata]

157.3 趵 [chn.bào / bō][eng.to leap; (also bō, the sound of walking)][skt.utplavana]

157.4 趶 [chn.kuà][eng.ancient term; to step; (also kuà)]

157.5 趷 [chn.kē][eng.ancient term; (also kē)]

157.6 趸 [chn.dǔn][eng.wholesale; to gather; (also dǔn)]

157.7 趹 [chn.jué / guì][eng.to run; (also guì, hoof)][skt.dhāvati]

157.8 趺 [chn.fū][eng.the instep; the top of the foot; (also fū, to sit cross-legged)][skt.pādatala; (also paryaṅka for sitting posture)]

157.9 趻 [chn.chěn][eng.to walk with difficulty; (also chěn)]

157.10 趼 [chn.jiǎn][eng.callus; (also jiǎn, a corn)]

157.11 趽 [chn.fàng][eng.ancient term; (also fàng)]

157.12 趾 [chn.zhǐ][eng.toe; foot; (also zhǐ, a footprint)][skt.pādāṅguli; padam]

157.13 趿 [chn.tā][eng.to walk with shoes on; (also tā, to drag)][skt.padavī]

157.14 跀 [chn.yuè][eng.to cut off the feet; a punishment; (also yuè)]

157.15 跁 [chn.bà / pá][eng.to lean on; (also pá, to crawl)]

157.16 跂 [chn.qí / qì][eng.to stand on tiptoe; to hope; (also qì, to sit with legs crossed)][skt.utthita; paryaṅka]

157.17 跃 [chn.yuè][eng.to leap; to jump; (also yuè, to vault)][skt.utplavana; plavate]

157.18 跄 [chn.qiāng / qiàng][eng.to walk with a limp; (also qiàng, to stagger)][skt.khañjati]

157.19 跅 [chn.tuò][eng.to be unrestrained; (also tuò, to stray)]

157.20 跆 [chn.tái][eng.to trample; to step on; (also tái)][skt.ākramati]

157.21 跇 [chn.yì][eng.to walk; to go; (also yì, to cross)][skt.gacchati]

157.22 跈 [chn.jiàn][eng.to walk; (also jiàn)]

157.23 跉 [chn.líng][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also líng)]

157.24 跊 [chn.mèi][eng.ancient term; (also mèi)]

157.25 跋 [chn.bá][eng.to wade; to cross mountains; a postscript; (also bá, to trample)][skt.avatīrya; (also "to cross" = uttīrṇa)]

157.26 跌 [chn.diē][eng.to fall; to stumble; (also diē, to drop)][skt.patati; bhraśyati]

157.27 跍 [chn.kū][eng.to crouch; (also kū)][skt.saṃkuccita]

157.28 跎 [chn.tuó][eng.to walk slowly; (also tuó, a hunchback)][skt.manda-gamana]

157.29 跏 [chn.jiā][eng.to sit cross-legged; (used in 跏趺, jiāfū, lotus posture)][skt.paryaṅka; (as in paryaṅka-āsana)]

157.30 跐 [chn.cǐ / cī][eng.to step on; (also cī, to slip)][skt.ākramati]

157.31 跑 [chn.pǎo / páo][eng.to run; (also páo, to dig)][skt.dhāvati; (also "to run" = dṛṣad)]

157.32 跒 [chn.qiǎ][eng.ancient term; (also qiǎ)]

157.33 跓 [zhù][eng.ancient term; to stop; (also zhù)][skt.sthāpayati]

157.34 跔 [chn.jū][eng.to crouch; to huddle; (also jū)][skt.saṃkuccita]

157.35 跕 [chn.diǎn][eng.to stand on tiptoe; to drag the feet; (also diǎn)]

157.36 跖 [zhí][eng.the sole of the foot; (also zhí, to tread)][skt.pādatala]

157.37 跗 [chn.fū][eng.the instep; the top of the foot; (also fū)][skt.pādatala]

157.38 跘 [chn.bàn][eng.ancient term; to cross the legs; (also bàn)]

157.39 跙 [chn.jù / jǔ][eng.to limp; (also jǔ)][skt.khañjati]

157.40 跚 [chn.shān][eng.to walk slowly; (used in 蹣跚, pánshān, to walk slowly)][skt.manda-gamana]

157.41 跛 [chn.bǒ][eng.lame; crippled; (also bǒ, to limp)][skt.khañja; paṅgu]

157.42 跜 [chn.ní][eng.ancient term; (also ní)]

157.43 距 [chn.jù][eng.distance; to be apart; (also jù, a spur)][skt.antara; dūratva]

157.44 跞 [chn.lì][eng.to walk; (also luò, to move)][skt.gacchati]

157.45 跟 [chn.gēn][eng.heel; to follow; (also gēn, to accompany)][skt.pārṣṇi; anudhāvati]

157.46 跠 [chn.yí][eng.ancient term; to squat; (also yí)]

157.47 跡 [chn.jì][eng.track; trace; footprint; (also jì, to investigate)][skt.padam; lakṣaṇa; anusāra]

157.48 跢 [chn.dài / duò][eng.to walk; to move; (also duò, to stagger)][skt.gacchati]

157.49 跣 [chn.xiǎn][eng.barefoot; (also xiǎn, to go barefoot)][skt.anupāna]

157.50 跤 [chn.jiāo][eng.to fall; to stumble; (also jiāo, a fall)][skt.patati]

157.51 跥 [duò][eng.to walk; (also duò)]

157.52 跦 [zhū][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also zhū)]

157.53 跧 [quán / zhuān][eng.to curl up; to crouch; (also zhuān)][skt.saṃkuccita]

157.54 跨 [chn.kuà][eng.to straddle; to step across; (also kuà, to ride)][skt.ākramati; utkramaṇa]

157.55 跩 [zhuài][eng.to swagger; (also zhuài)]

157.56 跪 [chn.guì][eng.to kneel; (also guì, to kowtow)][skt.jānu-gata; praṇāma]

157.57 跫 [chn.qióng][eng.the sound of footsteps; (also qióng)][skt.pada-śabda]

157.58 跬 [chn.kuǐ][eng.a half-step; (also kuǐ)][skt.pada-ardha]

157.59 跭 [xiáng][eng.ancient term; (also xiáng)]

157.60 跮 [dié / chì][eng.to stagger; (also chì)]

157.61 路 [chn.lù][eng.road; path; way; (also lù, a journey)][skt.mārga; panthā; patha]

157.62 跰 [pián / bèng][eng.to walk with difficulty; (also bèng, to run)][skt.khañjati]

157.63 跱 [zhì][eng.to stand; to stop; (also zhì)][skt.sthāpayati]

157.64 跲 [jié][eng.to stumble; (also jié)][skt.bhraśyati; skhalati]

157.65 跳 [chn.tiào][eng.to jump; to leap; to bounce; (also tiào, to dance)][skt.utplavana; plavate]

157.66 跴 [cǎi][eng.ancient variant of 踩 (to step on)][skt.ākramati]

157.67 践 [chn.jiàn][eng.to trample; to practice; to fulfill; (also jiàn, to tread)][skt.ākramati; pratipatti]

157.68 跶 [tà][eng.to stumble; (also tà)][skt.skhalati]

157.69 跷 [chn.qiāo][eng.to lift one’s foot; to limp; (also qiāo, to stand on tiptoe)][skt.utthita; khañjati]

157.70 跸 [bì][eng.to clear the road; (also bì, a royal procession)][skt.mārga-śodhana]

157.71 跹 [xiān][eng.to move; to dance; (also xiān)][skt.nṛtta]

157.72 跺 [duò][eng.to stamp the foot; (also duò)][skt.caraṇa-ākramaṇa]

157.73 跻 [chn.jī][eng.to ascend; to rise; (also jī, to climb)][skt.ārohaṇa; utthāna]

157.74 跼 [jú][eng.to crouch; to bend; (also jú)][skt.saṃkuccita]

157.75 跽 [jì][eng.to kneel; (also jì, to sit on one’s heels)][skt.jānu-gata]

157.76 跾 [chù / shū][eng.ancient term; (also shū)]

157.77 跿 [tú][eng.ancient term; (also tú)]

157.78 踀 [chuò][eng.ancient term; (also chuò)]

157.79 踁 [jìng][eng.ancient term; (also jìng)]

157.80 踂 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè)]

157.81 踃 [xiāo][eng.ancient term; (also xiāo)]

157.82 踄 [bù][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also bù)]

157.83 踅 [xué][eng.to go back and forth; to hover; (also xué)][skt.bhramana]

157.84 踆 [cūn / qūn][eng.to crouch; (also qūn)][skt.saṃkuccita]

157.85 踇 [mǔ][eng.ancient term; (also mǔ)]

157.86 踈 [shū][eng.ancient variant of 疏 (to scatter; sparse)]

157.87 踉 [liáng / làng][eng.to stagger; to walk with difficulty; (also liàng)][skt.khañjati; bhraśyati]

157.88 踊 [yǒng][eng.to leap; to jump; (also yǒng, to dance)][skt.utplavana]

157.89 踋 [jiǎo][eng.ancient variant of 脚 (foot)][skt.pāda]

157.90 踌 [chóu][eng.to hesitate; (also chóu, to walk slowly)][skt.saṃśaya; manda-gamana]

157.91 踍 [qiāo][eng.ancient term; (also qiāo)]

157.92 踎 [móu][eng.ancient term; (also móu)]

157.93 踏 [tà][eng.to step on; to tread; (also tà, to stamp)][skt.ākramati; pratyudgamana]

157.94 踐 [jiàn][eng.to trample; to practice; traditional of 践][skt.ākramati; pratipatti]

157.95 踑 [jī][eng.to trample; to tread; (also jī)][skt.ākramati]

157.96 踒 [wō][eng.to sprain; to twist the foot; (also wō)]

157.97 踓 [wěi][eng.ancient term; (also wěi)]

157.98 踔 [chuō][eng.to leap; to jump; to surpass; (also chuō)][skt.utplavana; atikramaṇa]

157.99 踕 [jié][eng.ancient term; (also jié)]

157.100 踖 [jí][eng.to tread on; to trample; (also jí)][skt.ākramati]

157.101 踗 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè)]

157.102 踘 [jū][eng.ancient term; (also jū)]

157.103 踙 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè)]

157.104 踚 [lún][eng.ancient term; (also lún)]

157.105 踛 [lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù)]

157.106 踜 [lèng][eng.ancient term; (also lèng)]

157.107 踝 [huái][eng.ankle; (also huái)][skt.gulpha]

157.108 踞 [jù][eng.to crouch; to squat; to occupy; (also jù)][skt.saṃkuccita; āsana]

157.109 踟 [chí][eng.to hesitate; to walk slowly; (also chí)][skt.saṃśaya; manda-gamana]

157.110 踠 [wǎn][eng.to bend the foot; (also wǎn)]

157.111 踡 [quán][eng.to curl up; to crouch; (also quán)][skt.saṃkuccita]

157.112 踢 [tī][eng.to kick; (also tī)][skt.prahāra; nirghāta]

157.113 踣 [bó][eng.to fall forward; to stumble; (also bó)][skt.patati; bhraśyati]

157.114 踤 [zú / cuì][eng.to fall; (also cuì, to stamp)][skt.patati]

157.115 踥 [qiè][eng.ancient term; (also qiè)]

157.116 踦 [yǐ / qī][eng.to stand on one leg; (also qī, a foot)]

157.117 踧 [cù][eng.to walk carefully; (also cù, to be careful)][skt.savicāra]

157.118 踨 [zōng][eng.ancient variant of 蹤 (track; footprint)][skt.padam; anusāra]

157.119 踩 [cǎi][eng.to step on; to trample; (also cǎi)][skt.ākramati]

157.120 踪 [zōng][eng.track; footprint; (also zōng)][skt.padam; anusāra; pada]

157.121 踫 [pèng][eng.ancient variant of 碰 (to collide)][skt.saṅgharṣaṇa]

157.122 踬 [zhì][eng.to stumble; to be obstructed; (also zhì)][skt.bhraśyati; pratihata]

157.123 踭 [zhēng][eng.the heel; (also zhēng)][skt.pārṣṇi]

157.124 踮 [diǎn][eng.to stand on tiptoe; (also diǎn)][skt.utthita]

157.125 踯 [zhí][eng.to hesitate; to pace; (also zhí)][skt.saṃśaya; vicāra]

157.126 踰 [yú][eng.to exceed; to cross; (also yú, to surpass)][skt.atikramaṇa; ullanghana]

157.127 踱 [duó][eng.to stroll; to pace; (also duó)][skt.caṅkramaṇa; bhramana]

157.128 踲 [dùn][eng.ancient term; (also dùn)]

157.129 踳 [chuǎn][eng.ancient term; (also chuǎn)]

157.130 踴 [yǒng][eng.to leap; traditional of 踊][skt.utplavana]

157.131 踵 [zhǒng][eng.the heel; to follow; (also zhǒng)][skt.pārṣṇi; anudhāvati]

157.132 踶 [dì][eng.to kick; to step on; (also dì)][skt.ākramati]

157.133 踷 [zhě][eng.ancient term; (also zhě)]

157.134 踸 [chěn][eng.to walk with difficulty; (also chěn)][skt.khañjati]

157.135 踹 [chuài][eng.to kick; to trample; (also chuài, to tread on)][skt.ākramati; nirghāta]

157.136 踺 [jiàn][eng.to leap; to jump; (also jiàn)][skt.utplavana]

157.137 踻 [guā][eng.ancient term; (also guā)]

157.138 踼 [táng / tàng][eng.to fall; to stumble; (also tàng, to wade)][skt.patati; avatīrya]

157.139 踽 [jǔ][eng.to walk alone; (also jǔ)][skt.eka-gamana]

157.140 踾 [fú][eng.ancient term; (also fú)]

157.141 踿 [cù][eng.ancient term; (also cù)]

157.142 蹀 [dié][eng.to stamp; to tread; (also dié, to walk)][skt.ākramati; pāda-nyāsa]

157.143 蹁 [pián][eng.to limp; (also pián, to walk with difficulty)][skt.khañjati]

157.144 蹂 [róu][eng.to trample; to ravage; (also róu, to crush)][skt.ākramati; piḍayati]

157.145 蹃 [nuò][eng.ancient term; (also nuò)]

157.146 蹄 [tí][eng.hoof; (also tí, a foot)][skt.khura; (also "foot" = pāda)]

157.147 蹅 [chǎ][eng.ancient term; (also chǎ)]

157.148 蹆 [tuǐ][eng.ancient variant of 腿 (leg)][skt.uru; jaṅghā]

157.149 蹇 [jiǎn][eng.lame; to be obstructed; (also jiǎn, difficult)][skt.khañja; (also "difficult" = duṣkara)]

157.150 蹈 [dǎo][eng.to tread; to stamp; to follow; (also dǎo, to dance)][skt.ākramati; anudhāvati]

157.151 蹉 [cuō][eng.to slip; to miss; (also cuō, to waste)][skt.bhraśyati; (also "to err" = bhrama)]

157.152 蹊 [xī / qī][eng.a footpath; to tread; (also qī)][skt.panthā; pada-veśma]

157.153 蹋 [tà][eng.to tread on; to stamp; (also tà)][skt.ākramati]

157.154 蹌 [qiāng / qiàng][eng.to stagger; traditional of 跄][skt.khañjati]

157.155 蹍 [zhǎn][eng.to trample; to tread; (also zhǎn)][skt.ākramati]

157.156 蹎 [diān][eng.to fall; (also diān)][skt.patati]

157.157 蹏 [tí][eng.ancient variant of 蹄 (hoof)][skt.khura]

157.158 蹐 [jí][eng.to walk softly; to tread lightly; (also jí)][skt.śanai-gamana]

157.159 蹑 [niè][eng.to tread; to step on; to climb; (also niè, to follow)][skt.ākramati; anudhāvati]

157.160 蹒 [pán][eng.to walk slowly; (used in 蹣跚, pánshān, to limp)][skt.manda-gamana; khañjati]

157.161 蹓 [liū][eng.to stroll; (also liū)][skt.caṅkramaṇa]

157.162 蹔 [zàn][eng.ancient variant of 暫 (temporary)][skt.kṣaṇa]

157.163 蹕 [bì][eng.to clear the road; traditional of 跸][skt.mārga-śodhana]

157.164 蹖 [chōng][eng.ancient term; (also chōng)]

157.165 蹗 [lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù)]

157.166 蹘 [liáo][eng.ancient term; (also liáo)]

157.167 蹙 [cù][eng.to knit; to frown; to urge; (also cù, to hasten)][skt.saṃkoca; tvarate]

157.168 蹚 [tāng][eng.to wade; to cross; (also tāng)][skt.avatīrya]

157.169 蹛 [dài][eng.ancient term; (also dài)]

157.170 蹜 [sù][eng.to walk carefully; to tread softly; (also sù)][skt.śanai-gamana]

157.171 蹝 [xǐ][eng.ancient term; (also xǐ)]

157.172 蹞 [kuǐ][eng.a half-step; variant of 跬][skt.pada-ardha]

157.173 蹟 [jì][eng.ancient variant of 跡 (track; footprint)][skt.padam; lakṣaṇa]

157.174 蹠 [zhí][eng.the sole of the foot; to tread; (also zhí)][skt.pādatala; ākramati]

157.175 蹡 [qiāng][eng.ancient term; (also qiāng)]

157.176 蹢 [dí / zhí][eng.the hoof; to kick; (also zhí)][skt.khura; nirghāta]

157.177 蹣 [pán][eng.to limp; traditional of 蹒][skt.manda-gamana; khañjati]

157.178 蹤 [zōng][eng.track; footprint; traditional of 踪][skt.padam; anusāra]

157.179 蹥 [lián][eng.ancient term; (also lián)]

157.180 蹦 [bèng][eng.to leap; to jump; (also bèng, to bounce)][skt.utplavana]

157.181 蹧 [zāo][eng.ancient term; (also zāo)]

157.182 蹨 [niǎn][eng.ancient term; (also niǎn)]

157.183 蹩 [bié][eng.to limp; to hobble; (also bié)][skt.khañjati]

157.184 蹪 [tuí][eng.ancient term; (also tuí)]

157.185 蹫 [jú][eng.ancient term; (also jú)]

157.186 蹬 [dēng][eng.to step on; to tread; (also dēng, to ascend)][skt.ākramati; ārohaṇa]

157.187 蹭 [cèng][eng.to rub against; to dawdle; (also cèng, to walk slowly)][skt.saṅgharṣaṇa]

157.188 蹮 [xiān][eng.ancient variant of 跹 (to dance)][skt.nṛtta]

157.189 蹯 [fán][eng.the paw of an animal; (also fán)][skt.pāda]

157.190 蹰 [chú][eng.ancient variant of 躇 (to hesitate)][skt.saṃśaya]

157.191 蹱 [zhōng][eng.ancient term; (also zhōng)]

157.192 蹲 [dūn / cún][eng.to crouch; to squat; (also cún, to sit)][skt.saṃkuccita; āsana]

157.193 蹳 [bō][eng.ancient term; (also bō)]

157.194 蹴 [cù][eng.to kick; to tread on; (also cù)][skt.ākramati; nirghāta]

157.195 蹵 [cù][eng.ancient variant of 蹴 (to kick)][skt.ākramati]

157.196 蹶 [jué / guì][eng.to fall; to stumble; (also guì, to kick)][skt.patati; bhraśyati]

157.197 蹷 [jué][eng.ancient variant of 蹶 (to fall)][skt.patati]

157.198 蹸 [lìn][eng.ancient term; (also lìn)]

157.199 蹹 [tà][eng.ancient variant of 踏 (to tread)][skt.ākramati]

157.200 蹺 [qiāo][eng.to lift one’s foot; traditional of 跷][skt.utthita]

157.201 蹻 [jué / qiāo][eng.to walk with raised feet; (also qiāo, to lift the foot)][skt.utthita; plavate]

157.202 蹼 [pǔ][eng.webbed foot; (also pǔ)]

157.203 蹽 [liāo][eng.ancient term; (also liāo)]

157.204 蹾 [dūn][eng.ancient term; (also dūn)]

157.205 蹿 [cuān][eng.to leap; to jump; (also cuān, to dart)][skt.utplavana]

157.206 躀 [guàn][eng.ancient term; (also guàn)]

157.207 躁 [zào][eng.agitated; impatient; rash; (also zào, to be restless)][skt.kṣipta; (also "agitation" = auddhatya)]

157.208 躂 [tà][eng.ancient term; to stumble; (also tà)][skt.skhalati]

157.209 躃 [bì][eng.ancient variant of 躄 (to be crippled)][skt.khañja]

157.210 躄 [bì][eng.to be crippled; to crawl; (also bì)][skt.khañja; paṅgu]

157.211 躅 [zhú][eng.to walk; to pace; (also zhú, a track)][skt.gacchati; pada]

157.212 躆 [jù][eng.to stand; to stop; (also jù)][skt.sthāpayati]

157.213 躇 [chú][eng.to hesitate; to wait; (also chú)][skt.saṃśaya; vicāra]

157.214 躈 [qiào][eng.ancient term; (also qiào)]

157.215 躉 [dǔn][eng.wholesale; to gather; traditional of 趸]

157.216 躊 [chóu][eng.to hesitate; traditional of 踌][skt.saṃśaya; manda-gamana]

157.217 躋 [jī][eng.to ascend; traditional of 跻][skt.ārohaṇa; utthāna]

157.218 躌 [wǔ][eng.ancient term; to dance; (also wǔ)][skt.nṛtta]

157.219 躍 [yuè][eng.to leap; traditional of 跃][skt.utplavana; plavate]

157.220 躎 [niǎn][eng.ancient term; (also niǎn)]

157.221 躏 [lìn][eng.to trample; (also lìn)][skt.ākramati]

157.222 躐 [liè][eng.to step over; to surpass; (also liè)][skt.atikramaṇa; utkramaṇa]

157.223 躑 [zhí][eng.to hesitate; to pace; traditional of 踯][skt.saṃśaya; vicāra]

157.224 躒 [lì][eng.ancient term; to walk; (also lì)][skt.gacchati]

157.225 躓 [zhì][eng.to stumble; traditional of 踬][skt.bhraśyati; pratihata]

157.226 躔 [chán][eng.to follow; to tread; (also chán, to move)][skt.anudhāvati; padavī]

157.227 躕 [chú][eng.to hesitate; to walk slowly; (also chú)][skt.saṃśaya; manda-gamana]

157.228 躖 [duàn][eng.ancient term; (also duàn)]

157.229 躗 [wèi][eng.ancient term; (also wèi)]

157.230 躘 [lóng][eng.ancient term; (also lóng)]

157.231 躙 [lìn][eng.ancient term; to trample; (also lìn)][skt.ākramati]

157.232 躚 [xiān][eng.to dance; to move; (also xiān)][skt.nṛtta]

157.233 躛 [wèi][eng.ancient term; (also wèi)]

157.234 躜 [zuān][eng.to leap; to jump; (also zuān, to dart)][skt.utplavana]

157.235 躝 [lán][eng.ancient term; (also lán)]

157.236 躞 [xiè][eng.to walk; (also xiè, to pace)][skt.gacchati; caṅkramaṇa]

157.237 躟 [ráng][eng.ancient term; (also ráng)]

157.238 躠 [sǎ / xiè][eng.ancient term; (also xiè)]

157.239 躡 [niè][eng.to tread; to step on; traditional of 蹑][skt.ākramati; anudhāvati]

157.240 躢 [tà][eng.ancient term; to tread; (also tà)][skt.ākramati]

157.241 躣 [qú][eng.ancient term; (also qú)]

157.242 躤 [jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí)]

157.243 躥 [cuān][eng.to leap; traditional of 蹿][skt.utplavana]

157.244 躦 [zuān][eng.to leap; traditional of 躜][skt.utplavana]

157.245 躧 [xǐ][eng.to walk; to step; (also xǐ, a shoe)][skt.gacchati; pādukā]

157.246 躨 [kuí][eng.ancient term; (also kuí)]

157.247 躩 [jué][eng.to leap; to jump; (also jué)][skt.utplavana]

157.248 躪 [lìn][eng.to trample; traditional of 躏][skt.ākramati]

157.249 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 157

157.250 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

157.251 157.1 足 (zú / jù) [skt.pāda; pādatala; paryāpta] — The foundational character. As pāda: foot (literal). As paryāpta: sufficient/adequate (e.g., 具足, saṃpanna, endowed/complete). In Buddhist contexts, 足 appears in the compound 足跡 (padam, footprint), and the word 滿足 (pūrṇa, fulfilled/complete). The compound 具足 (saṃpanna) is critical — meaning "endowed with" or "complete" (e.g., 三十二相具足, endowed with the thirty-two marks).

157.252 157.8 趺 (fū) [skt.pādatala; paryaṅka] — The instep/top of the foot. In the compound 跏趺 (jiāfū), it refers to the lotus posture (paryaṅka-āsana). The full lotus posture is the standard meditation posture in Buddhism; the term 跏趺坐 is a transliteration-semantic hybrid.

157.253 157.16 跂 (qí / qì) [skt.utthita; paryaṅka] — To stand on tiptoe; to sit with legs crossed. The reading qì (to sit with legs crossed) maps to paryaṅka (cross-legged posture), similar to 跏.

157.254 157.17/157.219 跃/躍 (yuè) [skt.utplavana; plavate] — To leap/jump. Utplavana is leaping; plavate is to swim/jump. Used in similes of "leaping" over obstacles or towards enlightenment.

157.255 157.18/157.154 跄/蹌 (qiāng / qiàng) [skt.khañjati] — To limp/stagger. Khañjati means to limp. Appears in descriptions of physical disability or old age.

157.256 157.25 跋 (bá) [skt.avatīrya; uttīrṇa] — To wade/cross mountains. Avatīrya is descending into (wading); uttīrṇa is having crossed over. In the compound 跋涉 (to travel with difficulty), it appears in descriptions of pilgrims traveling to hear the Buddha. The word 跋 is also used to mean a "postscript" (a note at the end of a text), which is not related to the foot meaning but is a homograph.

157.257 157.26 跌 (diē) [skt.patati; bhraśyati] — To fall/stumble. Patati is to fall; bhraśyati is to fall/drop (also used metaphorically for "falling" from the path or from virtue). Appears in Vinaya in the context of physical accidents and in moral contexts of "falling" from the precepts.

157.258 157.28 跎 (tuó) [skt.manda-gamana] — To walk slowly. Appears in the compound 蹉跎 (to waste time/procrastinate), which is a warning against wasting the precious opportunity of human birth.

157.259 157.29 跏 (jiā) [skt.paryaṅka] — The lotus posture. Used only in the compound 跏趺坐 (paryaṅka-āsana). This is the most important meditation posture in Buddhism.

157.260 157.31 跑 (pǎo / páo) [skt.dhāvati] — To run. Dhāvati is to run/hasten. Appears in the context of running for shelter or running away from danger.

157.261 157.41 跛 (bǒ) [skt.khañja; paṅgu] — Lame/crippled. Khañja is lame; paṅgu is crippled. In Vinaya, a monk with a physical disability may be given certain allowances. Also appears in similes of the "lame" mind that cannot walk the path.

157.262 157.43 距 (jù) [skt.antara; dūratva] — Distance. Appears in descriptions of distance (e.g., how far one can travel in a day). Also means "a spur" (as on a rooster’s foot), but the distance sense is primary in Buddhist texts.

157.263 157.45/157.131 跟/踵 (gēn/zhǒng) [skt.pārṣṇi; anudhāvati] — Heel/to follow. Pārṣṇi is the heel; anudhāvati is to follow/run after. 跟 and 踵 are used in the sense of "following" (e.g., 跟随, to follow), which in Buddhist contexts can mean following the Buddha’s teachings or following in someone’s footsteps.

157.264 157.47/157.173 跡/蹟 (jì) [skt.padam; lakṣaṇa; anusāra] — Track/footprint. Padam is a footstep/footprint; lakṣaṇa is a mark/characteristic; anusāra is following/tracing. The compound 足跡 (pada) is a key term. The Buddha’s footprints are venerated as aniconic symbols of his presence. 跡 also means "evidence" or "trace" (e.g., "the trace of the Dharma").

157.265 157.49 跣 (xiǎn) [skt.anupāna] — Barefoot. Anupāna means without shoes. In some Vinaya contexts, going barefoot is the norm for monastics.

157.266 157.54 跨 (kuà) [skt.ākramati; utkramaṇa] — To straddle/step across. Ākramati is to step on/tread; utkramaṇa is stepping over/exceeding. In Vinaya, 跨 may refer to stepping over something (e.g., a monastic’s bowl) which may be prohibited.

157.267 157.56 跪 (guì) [skt.jānu-gata; praṇāma] — To kneel. Jānu-gata is "going to the knee" (kneeling); praṇāma is prostration. Kneeling is a posture of respect in many Buddhist contexts, though prostration (full body) is more common.

157.268 157.61 路 (lù) [skt.mārga; panthā; patha] — Road/path/way. One of the most important terms for the spiritual path. Mārga is the Noble Eightfold Path (八正道). The compound 道路 (road, mārga) appears throughout sūtras. The Buddha’s teaching is often referred to as the "path" — the path to the cessation of suffering.

157.269 157.65 跳 (tiào) [skt.utplavana; plavate] — To jump/leap. Similar to 躍.

157.270 157.67/157.94 践/踐 (jiàn) [skt.ākramati; pratipatti] — To trample/practice. Ākramati is to tread on; pratipatti is practice/attainment (as in 踐行, practicing). This is a critical character for both literal and metaphorical contexts — "treading the path" (踐道, mārga-pratipatti).

157.271 157.73/157.217 跻/躋 (jī) [skt.ārohaṇa; utthāna] — To ascend/rise. Ārohaṇa is climbing/ascending; utthāna is arising/rising. Used in the context of "ascending" the stages of the path (e.g., 十地, daśa-bhūmi).

157.272 157.74 跼 (jú) [skt.saṃkuccita] — To crouch/bend. Saṃkuccita is contracted/curled up. Used in descriptions of bodily postures.

157.273 157.75 跽 (jì) [skt.jānu-gata] — To kneel/sit on one’s heels. Similar to 跪.

157.274 157.88/157.130 踊/踴 (yǒng) [skt.utplavana] — To leap. Similar to 躍. Used in the compound 踊躍 (jumping with joy), which appears in descriptions of beings rejoicing at the Buddha’s teachings (e.g., 歡喜踊躍).

157.275 157.90/157.216 踌/躊 (chóu) [skt.saṃśaya; manda-gamana] — To hesitate/walk slowly. Saṃśaya is doubt/hesitation. Doubt is one of the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa) to meditative progress. The compound 躊躇 (to hesitate) describes a state of doubt or uncertainty.

157.276 157.93/157.153 踏/蹋 (tà) [skt.ākramati; pratyudgamana] — To step on/tread. Ākramati is the standard verb for treading. Used literally and metaphorically ("treading the path").

157.277 157.98 踔 (chuō) [skt.utplavana; atikramaṇa] — To leap/surpass. Similar to 超 in the sense of surpassing.

157.278 157.107 踝 (huái) [skt.gulpha] — Ankle. Appears in medical sections of Vinaya.

157.279 157.108 踞 (jù) [skt.saṃkuccita; āsana] — To crouch/squat/occupy. Saṃkuccita is crouching; āsana is sitting. In Vinaya, specific postures are prescribed (or prohibited) for monastics.

157.280 157.112 踢 (tī) [skt.prahāra; nirghāta] — To kick. Nirghāta is a blow. Kicking is an act of violence generally prohibited in Vinaya.

157.281 157.119 踩 (cǎi) [skt.ākramati] — To step on/trample. Similar to 踏.

157.282 157.120/157.178 踪/蹤 (zōng) [skt.padam; anusāra; pada] — Track/footprint. Similar to 跡. Used in the compound 踪跡 (traces). In Buddhist contexts, "following the tracks" means following the practices of the wise.

157.283 157.122/157.225 踬/躓 (zhì) [skt.bhraśyati; pratihata] — To stumble/be obstructed. Pratihata means struck/obstructed. Used metaphorically for obstacles on the path.

157.284 157.124 踮 (diǎn) [skt.utthita] — To stand on tiptoe. Rare.

157.285 157.125/157.223 踯/躑 (zhí) [skt.saṃśaya; vicāra] — To hesitate/pace. Vicāra is discursive investigation; saṃśaya is doubt. 躊躇 is more common for hesitation.

157.286 157.126 踰 (yú) [skt.atikramaṇa; ullanghana] — To exceed/cross/surpass. Similar to 超 and 越.

157.287 157.127 踱 (duó) [skt.caṅkramaṇa; bhramana] — To stroll/pace. Caṅkramaṇa is walking meditation (經行, caṅkrama), one of the four postures. 踱 appears in the compound 踱步 (to pace) and may refer to walking meditation.

157.288 157.146 蹄 (tí) [skt.khura] — Hoof. Appears in animal similes (e.g., "like the hooves of a horse") and in Jātaka tales.

157.289 157.149 蹇 (jiǎn) [skt.khañja; duṣkara] — Lame/obstructed/difficult. Khañja is lame; duṣkara is difficult. In Buddhist contexts, 蹇 is used to describe obstacles and difficulties.

157.290 157.150 蹈 (dǎo) [skt.ākramati; anudhāvati] — To tread/stamp/follow. Used in the compound 蹈道 (to follow the path). Also used in 舞蹈 (dance), which is sometimes used metaphorically for the dancing of celestial beings.

157.291 157.151 蹉 (cuō) [skt.bhraśyati; bhrama] — To slip/miss/waste. Appears in the compound 蹉跎 (to waste time/procrastinate), which is a common warning in Buddhist texts: do not waste your precious human birth.

157.292 157.167 蹙 (cù) [skt.saṃkoca; tvarate] — To knit/frown/urge. Saṃkoca is contraction (frowning). Tvarate is to hasten. Appears in descriptions of mental agitation.

157.293 157.186 蹬 (dēng) [skt.ākramati; ārohaṇa] — To step on/ascend. Used in the sense of stepping up or climbing.

157.294 157.192 蹲 (dūn / cún) [skt.saṃkuccita; āsana] — To crouch/squat. Squatting is one of the postures mentioned in Vinaya.

157.295 157.194 蹴 (cù) [skt.ākramati; nirghāta] — To kick/tread. Similar to 踢.

157.296 157.196 蹶 (jué / guì) [skt.patati; bhraśyati] — To fall/stumble. Similar to 跌.

157.297 157.207 躁 (zào) [skt.kṣipta; auddhatya] — Agitated/impatient/rash. Kṣipta means thrown/disturbed; auddhatya is restlessness/agitation. One of the five hindrances (nīvaraṇa) is 掉悔 (restlessness and regret), and 躁 is often used to describe a restless mind. The compound 急躁 (impatient) describes a mind that cannot settle into meditation.

157.298 157.211 躅 (zhú) [skt.gacchati; pada] — To walk/pace; a track. Similar to 跡.

157.299 157.213 躇 (chú) [skt.saṃśaya; vicāra] — To hesitate. Appears in the compound 躊躇 (to hesitate). Doubt/hesitation is an obstacle to spiritual progress.

157.300 157.222 躐 (liè) [skt.atikramaṇa; utkramaṇa] — To step over/surpass. Similar to 超.

157.301 157.226 躔 (chán) [skt.anudhāvati; padavī] — To follow/tread. Padavī is a track/path. Used in the sense of "following the path."

157.302 157.232 躚 (xiān) [skt.nṛtta] — To dance. Dance is generally discouraged in Vinaya, but celestial beings (devas) are sometimes described as dancing in celebration.

157.303 157.239 躡 (niè) [skt.ākramati; anudhāvati] — To tread/step on. Similar to 踏. Also used in the sense of "climbing" (e.g., 躡足, to step lightly).

158 身

158.1 身 [chn.shēn][eng.body; oneself; life; (also shēn, personally)][skt.kāya; śarīra; ātman; svayam]

158.2 躬 [chn.gōng][eng.personally; to bend forward; (also gōng, oneself)][skt.svayam; namra]

158.3 躭 [chn.dān][eng.ancient variant of 耽 (to delay; to indulge)][skt.pramāda]

158.4 躮 [chn.fēn][eng.ancient term; (also fēn)]

158.5 躯 [chn.qū][eng.body; trunk; (also qū, the torso)][skt.kāya; śarīra]

158.6 躰 [chn.tǐ][eng.ancient variant of 體 (body; form; substance)][skt.kāya; śarīra; bhāva]

158.7 躱 [duǒ][eng.ancient variant of 躲 (to hide)][skt.gūḍha; apasarpaṇa]

158.8 躲 [duǒ][eng.to hide; to avoid; (also duǒ, to dodge)][skt.gūḍha; parivṛtta; apasarpaṇa]

158.9 躳 [gōng][eng.ancient variant of 躬 (personally; to bend)][skt.svayam; namra]

158.10 躴 [láng][eng.ancient term; (also láng)]

158.11 躵 [rěn][eng.ancient term; (also rěn)]

158.12 躶 [luǒ][eng.ancient variant of 裸 (naked)][skt.nagna; vivastra]

158.13 躷 [ǎi][eng.ancient term; (also ǎi)]

158.14 躸 [jī][eng.ancient term; (also jī)]

158.15 躹 [jú][eng.ancient term; (also jú)]

158.16 躺 [tǎng][eng.to recline; to lie down; (also tǎng, to lie flat)][skt.śayyā; uttāna]

158.17 躻 [kōng][eng.ancient term; (also kōng)]

158.18 躼 [lào][eng.ancient term; (also lào)]

158.19 躽 [yǎn][eng.ancient term; (also yǎn)]

158.20 躾 [měi][eng.Japanese term; (also měi)]

158.21 躿 [kāng][eng.ancient term; (also kāng)]

158.22 軀 [qū][eng.body; trunk; traditional of 躯][skt.kāya; śarīra]

158.23 軁 [lóu][eng.ancient term; (also lóu)]

158.24 軂 [lào][eng.ancient term; (also lào)]

158.25 軃 [duǒ][eng.ancient variant of 躲 (to hide)][skt.gūḍha]

158.26 軄 [zhí][eng.ancient variant of 職 (duty; office)][skt.karma; vṛtti]

158.27 軅 [yàn][eng.ancient term; (also yàn)]

158.28 軆 [tǐ][eng.ancient variant of 體 (body; form)][skt.kāya; śarīra]

158.29 軇 [dào][eng.ancient term; (also dào)]

158.30 軈 [yīng][eng.ancient term; (also yīng)]

158.31 軉 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù)]

158.32 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 158

158.33 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

158.34 158.1 身 (shēn) [skt.kāya; śarīra; ātman; svayam] — The most important character in this radical. (1) As kāya: the physical body, one of the five aggregates, and the object of the first foundation of mindfulness (kāyānupassanā). The compound 身體 (śarīra, body) is also common. (2) As śarīra: body, also used for relics of the Buddha (佛舍利, buddha-śarīra). (3) As ātman: self (in the personal pronoun sense, not the metaphysical self), as in 自身 (svayam, oneself). (4) In the compound 法身 (dharma-kāya, Dharma-body), the ultimate nature of the Buddha. In Vinaya, the body (kāya) is the basis for bodily actions (kāya-karman), and its care is regulated. In meditation, the body is contemplated as impermanent (anitya), foul (asubha), and not-self (anātman).

158.35 158.2/158.9 躬/躳 (gōng) [skt.svayam; namra] — Personally; to bend forward. Svayam means personally/oneself. In Buddhist ethics, personal responsibility is emphasized. Namra means bent/humble. 躬 appears in the compound 躬行 (to practice personally), which emphasizes that one must practice the Dharma oneself — no one can do it for you.

158.36 158.3 躭 (dān) [skt.pramāda] — To delay/indulge. Archaic variant of 耽. Pramāda is heedlessness/carelessness, one of the mental factors that leads to spiritual decline. Indulging in worldly pleasures is a form of heedlessness.

158.37 158.5/158.22 躯/軀 (qū) [skt.kāya; śarīra] — Body/trunk. Similar to 身 but emphasizes the physical form or torso. Used in the compound 軀體 (kāya, body). In some contexts, it may emphasize the material nature of the body.

158.38 158.6/158.28 躰/軆 (tǐ) [skt.kāya; śarīra; bhāva] — Ancient variants of 體 (body/form/substance). Kāya is the body; bhāva is existence/substance. These variants are functionally identical to 體 in back-translation.

158.39 158.7/158.8/158.25 躱/躲/軃 (duǒ) [skt.gūḍha; apasarpaṇa; parivṛtta] — To hide/avoid. Gūḍha means hidden/concealed; apasarpaṇa is slipping away; parivṛtta is turning away. In Vinaya, hiding offences or hiding from one’s preceptor are serious matters. In meditation, the "hiding" of the mind from awareness is a form of delusion.

158.40 158.12 躶 (luǒ) [skt.nagna; vivastra] — Naked. Variant of 裸. Nagna means naked; vivastra means unclothed. Nakedness is generally prohibited for monastics except in specific circumstances (e.g., bathing in private). Ascetics who practice nudity (such as the Nirgranthas/Jains) are mentioned in the sūtras in contrast to the Buddha’s teaching of the Middle Way.

158.41 158.16 躺 (tǎng) [skt.śayyā; uttāna] — To recline/lie down. Śayyā is a bed or lying down (one of the four postures — walking, standing, sitting, lying down). In Vinaya, there are rules for lying down (e.g., not on luxurious beds). Uttāna means lying on the back. The reclining posture is the posture of the Buddha’s final parinirvāṇa, known as the "lion’s posture" (siṃhā-śayyā). The compound 躺臥 (śayyā, lying down) appears in descriptions of monastic sleeping arrangements.

158.42 158.26 軄 (zhí) [skt.karma; vṛtti] — Ancient variant of 職 (duty/office). Karma is action/duty; vṛtti is livelihood/activity. In Vinaya, monastics have specific duties and offices (e.g., 客僧, guest monk). The duties of monastics are regulated by the Vinaya.

159 車

159.1 車 [chn.chē / jū][eng.cart; vehicle; (also jū, a chariot piece in chess)][skt.ratha; yāna; śakaṭa]

159.2 軋 [zhá / yà][eng.to roll; to crush; (also yà, to run over)][skt.pīḍayati; ghaṭṭayati]

159.3 軌 [guǐ][eng.track; rut; rule; course; (also guǐ, a standard)][skt.patha; mārga; vidhi]

159.4 軍 [jūn][eng.army; military; (also jūn, troops)][skt.senā; bala; catur-aṅga]

159.5 軎 [wèi][eng.an ancient term for an axle; (also wèi)][skt.akṣa]

159.6 軏 [yuè][eng.a crossbar at the end of a carriage pole; (also yuè)]

159.7 軐 [xìn][eng.an ancient term; (also xìn)]

159.8 軑 [dài][eng.a carriage wheel; (also dài)][skt.cakra]

159.9 軒 [xuān][eng.a carriage; a veranda; (also xuān, high)][skt.ratha; śakaṭa]

159.10 軓 [fàn][eng.the part of a carriage in front of the axle; (also fàn)]

159.11 軔 [rèn][eng.an ancient term for a carriage; (also rèn)][skt.ratha]

159.12 軕 [shān][eng.an ancient term; (also shān)]

159.13 軖 [kuáng][eng.an ancient term; (also kuáng)]

159.14 軗 [shū][eng.an ancient term; (also shū)]

159.15 軘 [tún][eng.an ancient term; (also tún)]

159.16 軙 [chén][eng.an ancient term; (also chén)]

159.17 軚 [dài][eng.an ancient term; (also dài)]

159.18 軛 [è][eng.a yoke; a crossbar; (also è, to control)][skt.yuga; yugala]

159.19 軜 [nà][eng.an ancient term; (also nà)]

159.20 軝 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí)]

159.21 軞 [máo][eng.an ancient term; (also máo)]

159.22 軟 [ruǎn][eng.soft; flexible; (also ruǎn, gentle)][skt.mṛdu; ślakṣṇa]

159.23 軠 [kuáng][eng.an ancient term; (also kuáng)]

159.24 軡 [qián][eng.an ancient term; (also qián)]

159.25 転 [zhuǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 轉 (to turn)][skt.vartate; parivartate]

159.26 軣 [hōng][eng.Japanese variant of 轟 (roar; thunder)][skt.ghoṣa; garjana]

159.27 軤 [hū][eng.an ancient term; (also hū)]

159.28 軥 [qú][eng.a cart; (also qú)][skt.ratha]

159.29 軦 [kuàng][eng.an ancient term; (also kuàng)]

159.30 軧 [dǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also dǐ)]

159.31 軨 [líng][eng.a carriage; (also líng)][skt.ratha]

159.32 軩 [dài][eng.an ancient term; (also dài)]

159.33 軪 [āo][eng.an ancient term; (also āo)]

159.34 軫 [zhěn][eng.a crossboard at the rear of a carriage; (also zhěn, a carriage)][skt.ratha]

159.35 軬 [fàn][eng.an ancient term; (also fàn)]

159.36 軭 [kuāng][eng.an ancient term; (also kuāng)]

159.37 軮 [yǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎng)]

159.38 軯 [pēng][eng.an ancient term; (also pēng)]

159.39 軰 [bèi][eng.an ancient variant of 輩 (generation; class)][skt.vaṃśa; panti]

159.40 軱 [gū][eng.an ancient term; (also gū)]

159.41 軲 [gū][eng.a carriage; (also gū)][skt.ratha]

159.42 軳 [páo][eng.an ancient term; (also páo)]

159.43 軴 [zhù][eng.an ancient term; (also zhù)]

159.44 軵 [rǒng][eng.an ancient term; (also rǒng)]

159.45 軶 [è][eng.variant of 軛 (yoke)][skt.yuga]

159.46 軷 [bá][eng.to sacrifice at departure; (also bá)]

159.47 軸 [zhóu][eng.axle; (also zhóu, a roller)][skt.akṣa]

159.48 軹 [zhǐ][eng.the end of an axle; (also zhǐ)][skt.akṣa-agra]

159.49 軺 [yáo][eng.a light carriage; (also yáo)][skt.ratha]

159.50 軻 [kē][eng.a carriage; (also kē)][skt.ratha]

159.51 軼 [yì][eng.to surpass; to overflow; (also yì, a carriage)][skt.atikramaṇa; (also "to overtake" = abhibhava)]

159.52 軽 [qīng][eng.Japanese variant of 輕 (light)][skt.laghu]

159.53 軾 [shì][eng.a carriage crossbar; (also shì)][skt.yuga]

159.54 軿 [píng][eng.a curtained carriage; (also píng)][skt.ratha]

159.55 輀 [ér][eng.a hearse; (also ér)][skt.ratha; śivikā]

159.56 輁 [gǒng][eng.an ancient term; (also gǒng)]

159.57 輂 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú)]

159.58 較 [jiào][eng.to compare; to compete; (also jiào, a carriage)][skt.upamā; tulā; (also "to compare" = upamāna)]

159.59 輄 [guāng][eng.an ancient term; (also guāng)]

159.60 輅 [lù][eng.a chariot; (also lù)][skt.ratha]

159.61 輆 [kǎi][eng.an ancient term; (also kǎi)]

159.62 輇 [quán][eng.an ancient term; (also quán)]

159.63 輈 [zhōu][eng.a carriage; the shaft of a carriage; (also zhōu)][skt.ratha-īṣā]

159.64 載 [zǎi / zài][eng.to carry; to load; to record; (also zài, a year)][skt.vahati; dhāraṇa; (also "to record" = lekha)]

159.65 輊 [zhì][eng.a carriage; (also zhì)][skt.ratha]

159.66 輋 [shē][eng.an ancient term; (also shē)]

159.67 輌 [liàng][eng.Japanese variant of 輛 (a carriage)][skt.ratha]

159.68 輍 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù)]

159.69 輎 [shāo][eng.an ancient term; (also shāo)]

159.70 輏 [yóu][eng.an ancient term; (also yóu)]

159.71 輐 [wàn][eng.an ancient term; (also wàn)]

159.72 輑 [yǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔn)]

159.73 輒 [zhé][eng.to seize; to follow; (also zhé, a carriage)][skt.ākramati; anudhāvati]

159.74 輓 [wǎn][eng.to pull; to draw; (also wǎn, a carriage)][skt.ākarṣati]

159.75 輔 [fǔ][eng.to assist; to supplement; (also fǔ, a carriage)][skt.upakāra; anugraha; (also "to help" = sahāya)]

159.76 輕 [qīng][eng.light; not heavy; (also qīng, to despise)][skt.laghu; (also "to despise" = avamāna)]

159.77 輖 [zhōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zhōu)]

159.78 輗 [ní][eng.the yoke of a carriage; (also ní)][skt.yuga; yugala]

159.79 輘 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng)]

159.80 輙 [zhé][eng.ancient variant of 輒 (to seize)][skt.ākramati]

159.81 輚 [chàn][eng.an ancient term; (also chàn)]

159.82 輛 [liàng][eng.a carriage; a vehicle; (also liàng, a measure)][skt.ratha; yāna]

159.83 輜 [zī][eng.a covered carriage; (also zī)][skt.ratha]

159.84 輝 [huī][eng.brightness; splendor; (also huī, a carriage)][skt.prabhā; tejas; dyuti]

159.85 輞 [wǎng][eng.the rim of a wheel; (also wǎng)][skt.cakra-nābhi]

159.86 輟 [chuò][eng.to stop; to cease; (also chuò, a carriage)][skt.niścaya; virati; (also "to cease" = nirodha)]

159.87 輠 [guǒ][eng.an ancient term; (also guǒ)]

159.88 輡 [kǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also kǎn)]

159.89 輢 [yǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also yǐ)]

159.90 輣 [péng][eng.an ancient term; (also péng)]

159.91 輤 [qiàn][eng.an ancient term; (also qiàn)]

159.92 輥 [gǔn][eng.to revolve; to roll; (also gǔn, a carriage)][skt.vartate; parivartate]

159.93 輦 [niǎn][eng.a man-drawn carriage; (also niǎn, an imperial carriage)][skt.ratha; śakaṭa]

159.94 輧 [píng][eng.a carriage; variant of 軿][skt.ratha]

159.95 輨 [guǎn][eng.the hub of a wheel; (also guǎn)][skt.cakra-nābhi]

159.96 輩 [bèi][eng.generation; class; (also bèi, a carriage)][skt.vaṃśa; panti]

159.97 輪 [lún][eng.wheel; (also lún, a wheel-shaped object)][skt.cakra]

159.98 輫 [pái][eng.an ancient term; (also pái)]

159.99 輬 [liáng][eng.a carriage; (also liáng)][skt.ratha]

159.100 輭 [ruǎn][eng.an ancient variant of 軟 (soft)][skt.mṛdu; ślakṣṇa]

159.101 輮 [róu][eng.the outer rim of a wheel; (also róu)][skt.cakra-nemi]

159.102 輯 [jí][eng.to collect; to edit; (also jí, a carriage)][skt.saṅgraha; (also "to collect" = saṃhṛti)]

159.103 輰 [yáng][eng.an ancient term; (also yáng)]

159.104 輱 [xián][eng.an ancient term; (also xián)]

159.105 輲 [chuán][eng.an ancient term; (also chuán)]

159.106 輳 [còu][eng.to assemble; to gather; (also còu, a carriage)][skt.saṅghaṭṭana; (also "to collect" = saṃcaya)]

159.107 輴 [chūn][eng.a hearse; (also chūn)][skt.ratha; śivikā]

159.108 輵 [gé][eng.an ancient term; (also gé)]

159.109 輶 [yóu][eng.a light carriage; (also yóu)][skt.ratha]

159.110 輷 [hōng][eng.an ancient term; (also hōng)]

159.111 輸 [shū][eng.to transport; to lose; (also shū, to convey)][skt.parivahati; (also "to lose" = jīyate)]

159.112 輹 [fù][eng.a crossbar on a carriage; (also fù)][skt.yuga]

159.113 輺 [zī][eng.an ancient variant of 輜 (covered carriage)][skt.ratha]

159.114 輻 [fú][eng.a spoke of a wheel; (also fú)][skt.ara; (also "spoke" = cakra-ara)]

159.115 輼 [wēn][eng.an ancient term; (also wēn)]

159.116 輽 [bèn][eng.an ancient term; (also bèn)]

159.117 輾 [niǎn / zhǎn][eng.to turn; to roll; (also zhǎn, a carriage)][skt.vartate; (also "to roll" = parivartate)]

159.118 輿 [yú][eng.a carriage; the public; (also yú, a vehicle)][skt.ratha; yāna]

159.119 轀 [wēn][eng.a hearse; (also wēn)][skt.ratha; śivikā]

159.120 轁 [tāo][eng.an ancient term; (also tāo)]

159.121 轂 [gǔ][eng.the hub of a wheel; (also gǔ)][skt.cakra-nābhi]

159.122 轃 [zhēn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhēn)]

159.123 轄 [xiá][eng.to govern; to administer; (also xiá, a carriage)][skt.śāsana; nigraha; (also "to control" = damana)]

159.124 轅 [yuán][eng.a carriage shaft; (also yuán)][skt.ratha-īṣā]

159.125 轆 [lù][eng.a windlass; a wheel; (also lù, a carriage)][skt.cakra; (also "to roll" = parivartate)]

159.126 轇 [jiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also jiāo)]

159.127 轈 [cháo][eng.an ancient term; (also cháo)]

159.128 轉 [zhuǎn / zhuàn][eng.to turn; to change; to circulate; (also zhuàn, a revolving)][skt.vartate; parivartate; (also "to turn" = āvartate)]

159.129 轊 [wèi][eng.an ancient term; (also wèi)]

159.130 轋 [hún][eng.an ancient term; (also hún)]

159.131 轌 [xuě][eng.an ancient term; (also xuě)]

159.132 轍 [zhé][eng.a rut; a track; (also zhé, a path)][skt.patha; padavī; (also "rut" = cakra-pada)]

159.133 轎 [jiào][eng.a sedan chair; a palanquin; (also jiào)][skt.ratha; śivikā; yāna]

159.134 轏 [zhàn][eng.a carriage; (also zhàn)][skt.ratha]

159.135 轐 [bú][eng.an ancient term; (also bú)]

159.136 轑 [lǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also lǎo)]

159.137 轒 [fén][eng.a carriage; (also fén)][skt.ratha]

159.138 轓 [fān][eng.a carriage; (also fān)][skt.ratha]

159.139 轔 [lín][eng.the rumbling of carts; (also lín, a threshold)][skt.śabda; (also "to rumble" = garjati)]

159.140 轕 [gé][eng.an ancient term; (also gé)]

159.141 轖 [sè][eng.an ancient term; (also sè)]

159.142 轗 [kǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also kǎn)]

159.143 轘 [huàn][eng.to break a wheel; (also huàn)]

159.144 轙 [yǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also yǐ)]

159.145 轚 [jī][eng.an ancient term; (also jī)]

159.146 轛 [zhuì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuì)]

159.147 轜 [ér][eng.an ancient term; (also ér)]

159.148 轝 [yú][eng.an ancient variant of 輿 (carriage)][skt.ratha; yāna]

159.149 轞 [jiàn][eng.an ancient term; (also jiàn)]

159.150 轟 [hōng][eng.to roar; to rumble; (also hōng, a sound)][skt.ghoṣa; garjana; (also "thunder" = megha-garjana)]

159.151 轠 [léi][eng.an ancient term; (also léi)]

159.152 轡 [pèi][eng.the reins of a carriage; (also pèi, to control)][skt.raśmi; (also "reins" = pārśva)]

159.153 轢 [lì][eng.to run over; (also lì)][skt.pīḍayati; ghaṭṭayati]

159.154 轣 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì)]

159.155 轤 [lú][eng.a windlass; (also lú)][skt.cakra]

159.156 轥 [lìn][eng.an ancient term; (also lìn)]

159.157 车 [chē][eng.cart; simplified of 車][skt.ratha; yāna]

159.158 轧 [zhá / yà][eng.to roll; simplified of 軋][skt.pīḍayati]

159.159 轨 [guǐ][eng.track; simplified of 軌][skt.patha; mārga]

159.160 轩 [xuān][eng.carriage; simplified of 軒][skt.ratha]

159.161 轪 [dài][eng.carriage wheel; simplified of 軑][skt.cakra]

159.162 轫 [rèn][eng.carriage; simplified of 軔][skt.ratha]

159.163 转 [zhuǎn][eng.to turn; simplified of 轉][skt.vartate; parivartate]

159.164 轭 [è][eng.yoke; simplified of 軛][skt.yuga]

159.165 轮 [lún][eng.wheel; simplified of 輪][skt.cakra]

159.166 软 [ruǎn][eng.soft; simplified of 軟][skt.mṛdu]

159.167 轰 [hōng][eng.to roar; simplified of 轟][skt.ghoṣa; garjana]

159.168 轱 [gū][eng.carriage; simplified of 軲][skt.ratha]

159.169 轲 [kē][eng.carriage; simplified of 軻][skt.ratha]

159.170 轳 [lú][eng.windlass; simplified of 轤][skt.cakra]

159.171 轴 [zhóu][eng.axle; simplified of 軸][skt.akṣa]

159.172 轵 [zhǐ][eng.axle end; simplified of 軹][skt.akṣa-agra]

159.173 轶 [yì][eng.to surpass; simplified of 軼][skt.atikramaṇa]

159.174 轷 [hū][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 軤]

159.175 轸 [zhěn][eng.carriage; simplified of 軫][skt.ratha]

159.176 轹 [lì][eng.to run over; simplified of 轢][skt.pīḍayati]

159.177 轺 [yáo][eng.light carriage; simplified of 軺][skt.ratha]

159.178 轻 [qīng][eng.light; simplified of 輕][skt.laghu]

159.179 轼 [shì][eng.carriage crossbar; simplified of 軾][skt.yuga]

159.180 载 [zǎi / zài][eng.to carry; simplified of 載][skt.vahati; dhāraṇa]

159.181 轾 [zhì][eng.carriage; simplified of 輊][skt.ratha]

159.182 轿 [jiào][eng.sedan chair; simplified of 轎][skt.ratha; śivikā]

159.183 辀 [zhōu][eng.carriage shaft; simplified of 輈][skt.ratha-īṣā]

159.184 辁 [quán][eng.carriage; simplified of 輇][skt.ratha]

159.185 辂 [lù][eng.chariot; simplified of 輅][skt.ratha]

159.186 较 [jiào][eng.to compare; simplified of 較][skt.upamā; tulā]

159.187 辄 [zhé][eng.to seize; simplified of 輒][skt.ākramati]

159.188 辅 [fǔ][eng.to assist; simplified of 輔][skt.upakāra; anugraha]

159.189 辆 [liàng][eng.carriage; simplified of 輛][skt.ratha; yāna]

159.190 辇 [niǎn][eng.man-drawn carriage; simplified of 輦][skt.ratha; śakaṭa]

159.191 辈 [bèi][eng.generation; simplified of 輩][skt.vaṃśa; panti]

159.192 辉 [huī][eng.brightness; simplified of 輝][skt.prabhā; tejas]

159.193 辊 [gǔn][eng.to roll; simplified of 輥][skt.vartate; parivartate]

159.194 辋 [wǎng][eng.wheel rim; simplified of 輞][skt.cakra-nābhi]

159.195 辌 [liáng][eng.carriage; simplified of 輬][skt.ratha]

159.196 辍 [chuò][eng.to cease; simplified of 輟][skt.nirodha; virati]

159.197 辎 [zī][eng.covered carriage; simplified of 輜][skt.ratha]

159.198 辏 [còu][eng.to assemble; simplified of 輳][skt.saṅghaṭṭana]

159.199 辐 [fú][eng.spoke; simplified of 輻][skt.ara]

159.200 辑 [jí][eng.to collect; simplified of 輯][skt.saṅgraha]

159.201 辒 [wēn][eng.hearse; simplified of 輼][skt.ratha; śivikā]

159.202 输 [shū][eng.to transport; simplified of 輸][skt.parivahati]

159.203 辔 [pèi][eng.reins; simplified of 轡][skt.raśmi]

159.204 辕 [yuán][eng.carriage shaft; simplified of 轅][skt.ratha-īṣā]

159.205 辖 [xiá][eng.to govern; simplified of 轄][skt.śāsana; nigraha]

159.206 辗 [niǎn / zhǎn][eng.to turn; simplified of 輾][skt.vartate]

159.207 辘 [lù][eng.windlass; simplified of 轆][skt.cakra]

159.208 辙 [zhé][eng.rut; simplified of 轍][skt.patha; padavī]

159.209 辚 [lín][eng.to rumble; simplified of 轔][skt.śabda; garjati]

159.210 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 159

159.211 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

159.212 159.1/159.157 車/车 (chē / jū) [skt.ratha; yāna; śakaṭa] — The foundational character. Ratha is a chariot (the most common term for a vehicle in early Buddhist texts). Yāna is a vehicle (used for the Mahāyāna/Hīnayāna distinction). Śakaṭa is a cart (a simpler two-wheeled vehicle). In Vinaya, the use of vehicles is regulated. In sūtras, the chariot often appears in similes for the spiritual path or the aggregates. The reading jū (chess chariot piece) is unrelated.

159.213 159.3/159.159 軌/轨 (guǐ) [skt.patha; mārga; vidhi] — Track/rut/rule. Patha is a path/way; mārga is a road; vidhi is a rule/standard. In Buddhist texts, 軌 appears in the sense of "standard" or "rule" (e.g., the Vinaya rules as a "track" to follow).

159.214 159.4 軍 (jūn) [skt.senā; bala; catur-aṅga] — Army/military. Senā is an army; bala is troops/force; catur-aṅga is a four-division army (elephants, chariots, cavalry, infantry). Appears in sūtras describing kings and their armies, and in the simile of the "four armies" of Māra.

159.215 159.18/159.164 軛/轭 (è) [skt.yuga; yugala] — Yoke/crossbar. Yuga is a yoke (as in yoking oxen to a cart). In Buddhist similes, the yoke often appears in the context of "the yoke of saṃsāra" (the burden of rebirth) or the "yoke of the passions."

159.216 159.22/159.166 軟/软 (ruǎn) [skt.mṛdu; ślakṣṇa] — Soft/flexible. Mṛdu means soft/gentle; ślakṣṇa means smooth/gentle. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s soft skin (one of the thirty-two marks, 柔軟皮膚, mṛdu-tvak). Also appears in ethical contexts as "gentle speech" (軟語, mṛdu-vāc).

159.217 159.47/159.171 軸/轴 (zhóu) [skt.akṣa] — Axle. Akṣa is an axle. Appears in the compound 軸心 (axle). Also appears metaphorically in descriptions of the "axis" or "center" of the teachings.

159.218 159.64/159.180 載/载 (zǎi / zài) [skt.vahati; dhāraṇa; lekha] — To carry/load/record. Vahati is to carry; dhāraṇa is holding/support; lekha is writing/record. In the compound 承載 (to bear/support), it appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s ability to bear the weight of beings’ suffering. In the sense of "recording" (載 in texts), it refers to the preservation of the Dharma.

159.219 159.76/159.178 輕/轻 (qīng) [skt.laghu; avamāna] — Light (weight); to despise. Laghu is light (in weight). In the compound 輕重 (heavy and light), it appears in discussions of the relative weight of karmic actions. Avamāna means disrespect/contempt (as in 輕視, to despise).

159.220 159.84/159.192 輝/辉 (huī) [skt.prabhā; tejas; dyuti] — Brightness/splendor. Prabhā is radiance/light; tejas is brilliance; dyuti is luster. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance and the splendor of celestial realms. The reading huī (as a carriage) is archaic and unrelated.

159.221 159.97/159.165 輪/轮 (lún) [skt.cakra] — One of the most important Buddhist symbols. Cakra means wheel/disc. The compound 法輪 (dharma-cakra, the Wheel of Dharma) is central to Buddhist teaching — the Buddha is said to have "turned the wheel of Dharma" (轉法輪, dharma-cakra-pravartana). The compound 六道輪迴 (ṣaḍ-gati-cakra, the wheel of rebirth) describes the cycle of saṃsāra. The Wheel-turning Monarch (轉輪聖王, cakravartin-rāja) is an ideal king who rules by the wheel of righteousness. In Buddhist iconography, the wheel is one of the eight auspicious symbols.

159.222 159.102/159.200 輯/辑 (jí) [skt.saṅgraha; saṃhṛti] — To collect/edit. Saṅgraha is collection/compilation; saṃhṛti is gathering. Appears in the compound 編輯 (to edit/compile), which in Buddhist contexts may refer to the compilation of the canon or the editing of texts.

159.223 159.111/159.202 輸/输 (shū) [skt.parivahati; jīyate] — To transport; to lose. Parivahati is to convey/transport; jīyate is to lose/be defeated. In Vinaya, transporting goods is prohibited for monastics. In the compound 輸送 (transport), it appears in descriptions of the spread of the Dharma.

159.224 159.114/159.199 輻/辐 (fú) [skt.ara] — Spoke of a wheel. Ara is a spoke. The wheel of the chariot has spokes; the spokes are used in similes for the constituents of the path or the qualities of the Dharma.

159.225 159.117/159.206 輾/辗 (niǎn / zhǎn) [skt.vartate; parivartate] — To turn/roll. Similar to 轉. Appears in the compound 輾轉 (to circulate/spread), which describes the transmission of the Dharma from teacher to student.

159.226 159.123/159.205 轄/辖 (xiá) [skt.śāsana; nigraha; damana] — To govern/administer. Śāsana is teaching/rule; nigraha is control/restraint; damana is taming/subduing. In Buddhist contexts, 轄 appears in the sense of "governing" the mind or "controlling" the passions. The compound 管轄 (to govern) appears in descriptions of kings and dharma-protectors.

159.227 159.128/159.163 轉/转 (zhuǎn / zhuàn) [skt.vartate; parivartate; āvartate] — One of the most important characters in this radical. Vartate means to turn/revolve; parivartate means to turn around/circulate; āvartate means to turn back. The compound 轉法輪 (dharma-cakra-pravartana, turning the wheel of Dharma) is the Buddha’s first teaching. 轉 also appears in 轉世 (punarjanman, rebirth, literally "turning worlds") and 流轉 (saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and death). In meditation contexts, 轉 may describe the turning of the mind away from defilements.

159.228 159.132/159.208 轍/辙 (zhé) [skt.patha; padavī; cakra-pada] — Rut/track/path. Patha is a road; padavī is a track; cakra-pada is a wheel-rut. In Buddhist similes, the rut or track is often used for the "path" of practice or the "traces" left by the wise. The compound 轍跡 (traces) appears in the sense of following in the footsteps of the Buddha.

159.229 159.150/159.167 轟/轰 (hōng) [skt.ghoṣa; garjana; megha-garjana] — To roar/rumble. Ghoṣa is sound/roar; garjana is thunder/roar; megha-garjana is the roar of thunder. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s voice, which is compared to a thunderous roar (獅子吼, siṃha-nāda, the lion’s roar). Also appears in the compound 轟動 (to create a stir), describing the impact of the Buddha’s teachings.

160 辛

160.1 辛 [chn.xīn][eng.bitter; pungent; laborious; (also xīn, a heavenly stem)][skt.kaṭuka; tīkṣṇa; (also "laborious" = duṣkara)]

160.2 辜 [chn.gū][eng.crime; guilt; to wrong; (also gū, a crime)][skt.aparādha; doṣa; pāpa]

160.3 辝 [cí][eng.ancient variant of 辭 (words; to take leave)][skt.vacana; (also "to decline" = parivarjana)]

160.4 辞 [cí][eng.words; speech; to take leave; to decline; (also cí, a phrase)][skt.vacana; śabda; (also "to decline" = pratyākhyāna)]

160.5 辟 [bì / pì][eng.a ruler; to avoid; (also pì, to open; to refute)][skt.rājan; (also "to avoid" = parivarjana; "to refute" = nirākaraṇa)]

160.6 辠 [zuì][eng.ancient variant of 罪 (crime; sin)][skt.doṣa; aparādha; pāpa]

160.7 辡 [biàn][eng.ancient term; to argue; to distinguish; (also biàn)][skt.vicāra; viveka]

160.8 辢 [là][eng.ancient variant of 辣 (spicy; pungent)][skt.kaṭuka; tīkṣṇa]

160.9 辣 [là][eng.spicy; hot; pungent; (also là, fierce)][skt.kaṭuka; tīkṣṇa; (also "fierce" = caṇḍa)]

160.10 辤 [cí][eng.ancient variant of 辭 (words; to take leave)][skt.vacana]

160.11 辥 [xuē][eng.ancient variant of 薛 (a surname; a plant)]

160.12 辦 [bàn][eng.to do; to manage; to handle; (also bàn, to prepare)][skt.karoti; vyavasthā; (also "to manage" = upasthāna)]

160.13 辧 [biàn][eng.ancient variant of 辦 (to manage)][skt.karoti]

160.14 辨 [biàn][eng.to distinguish; to discriminate; (also biàn, to differentiate)][skt.viveka; vicāra; praviveka; (also "to discern" = jñāna)]

160.15 辩 [biàn][eng.to argue; to debate; (also biàn, eloquent)][skt.vāda; vivāda; pratibhāna; (also "to debate" = saṃvāda)]

160.16 辪 [xuē][eng.ancient variant of 薛 (a surname; a plant)]

160.17 辫 [biàn][eng.a braid; a plait; (also biàn, to braid)]

160.18 辬 [bān][eng.ancient variant of 斑 (spotted; variegated)][skt.citra; (also "variegated" = vi-citra)]

160.19 辭 [cí][eng.words; speech; to take leave; to decline; traditional of 辞][skt.vacana; śabda; (also "to decline" = pratyākhyāna)]

160.20 辮 [biàn][eng.a braid; a plait; traditional of 辫]

160.21 辯 [biàn][eng.to argue; to debate; to distinguish; traditional of 辩][skt.vāda; vivāda; pratibhāna; (also "to distinguish" = viveka)]

160.22 Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 160

160.23 Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

160.24 160.1 辛 (xīn) [skt.kaṭuka; tīkṣṇa; duṣkara] — Bitter/pungent; laborious. Kaṭuka is pungent/bitter; tīkṣṇa is sharp/pungent. In the compound 辛苦 (xīnkǔ), it translates duṣkara (difficult/hard) — the "hard work" of practice or the difficulty of life. Also one of the ten heavenly stems, but that is unrelated to Buddhist usage.

160.25 160.2 辜 (gū) [skt.aparādha; doṣa; pāpa] — Crime/guilt/wrong. Aparādha is offence/transgression; doṣa is fault/defect; pāpa is evil/sin. In Vinaya, 辜 appears in the context of 辜負 (to wrong someone) and in descriptions of crimes or offences that generate negative karma. In the compound 無辜 (innocent, without fault), it appears in discussions of undeserved suffering.

160.26 160.3/160.10/160.19 辝/辤/辭 (cí) [skt.vacana; śabda; pratyākhyāna; parivarjana] — Words/speech; to take leave/to decline. Vacana is speech/words; śabda is sound/word; pratyākhyāna is rejection/refusal; parivarjana is abandoning/avoiding. In Buddhist contexts, 辭 appears in: (1) 辭説 (vacana, speech/utterance), (2) 辭退 (to decline/retire), and (3) 文辭 (śabda, words/language). In Vinaya, the act of "declining" an invitation or "taking leave" from a teacher is regulated. The character also appears in 辭句 (phrases) and is used in literary contexts.

160.27 160.4 辞 (cí) [skt.vacana; śabda; pratyākhyāna] — The simplified form of 辭. Semantically identical. Vacana is speech; śabda is word; pratyākhyāna is rejection/refusal. In Buddhist texts, 辞 appears in the compound 辭職 (to resign/withdraw) and in 辭辯 (speech and debate).

160.28 160.5 辟 (bì / pì) [skt.rājan; parivarjana; nirākaraṇa] — This is a complex character with multiple readings and meanings. (1) As rājan: ruler/sovereign (辟 in the sense of "king" appears in classical Chinese but is rare in Buddhist texts). (2) As parivarjana: to avoid (辟邪, to avoid evil). (3) As nirākaraṇa: to refute/open (辟 in the sense of "to open" or "to refute" appears in some contexts). The reading pì is used in the sense of "to refute" (辟謠, to refute a rumor). In Buddhist epistemology, the refutation of wrong views (mithyā-dṛṣṭi) is a key function of debate and reasoning.

160.29 160.6 辠 (zuì) [skt.doṣa; aparādha; pāpa] — Ancient variant of 罪 (crime/sin). Doṣa is fault/defect; aparādha is offence; pāpa is evil. This character appears in early texts; back-translators should treat it as equivalent to 罪. In Buddhist theory, the nature of "sin" is not a transgression against a deity but an action that generates negative karma and leads to suffering.

160.30 160.7 辡 (biàn) [skt.vicāra; viveka] — Ancient term; to argue/to distinguish. Vicāra is investigation/discrimination; viveka is discernment. This is an early form of 辨. It appears in the sense of "distinguishing" or "discriminating" — the faculty of discernment is essential for wisdom.

160.31 160.8/160.9 辢/辣 (là) [skt.kaṭuka; tīkṣṇa; caṇḍa] — Spicy/hot/pungent. Kaṭuka is pungent; tīkṣṇa is sharp; caṇḍa is fierce/hot. In Vinaya, certain foods are classified by taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, pungent) — pungent flavors (kaṭuka) are one of the six tastes. 辣 also appears in descriptions of the "fierce" heat of passions or the "sharpness" of wisdom. 辢 is the ancient variant; 辣 is the modern form.

160.32 160.11/160.16 辥/辪 (xuē) — Variants of 薛 (a surname; a plant). No Sanskrit correlate. These characters appear in the Unihan list under 辛 but are unrelated to its semantic core.

160.33 160.12/160.13 辦/辧 (bàn) [skt.karoti; vyavasthā; upasthāna] — To do/manage/handle. Karoti is to do; vyavasthā is arrangement/management; upasthāna is service/attendance. In Buddhist contexts, 辦 appears in: (1) 辦事 (to handle affairs), which in Vinaya refers to monastic administration; (2) 修辦 (to practice and manage) — describing the work of a bodhisattva; (3) 辦道 (to pursue the path). 辧 is an ancient variant; functionally identical.

160.34 160.14 辨 (biàn) [skt.viveka; vicāra; praviveka; jñāna] — To distinguish/discriminate. One of the most important Buddhist philosophical terms. Viveka is discernment/discrimination (the ability to distinguish right from wrong, real from unreal). Vicāra is discursive investigation. Praviveka is discrimination in the sense of "distinctness." Jñāna is knowledge/wisdom (in the sense of discerning knowledge). 辨 appears in the compound 辨別 (to distinguish) and 辨析 (to analyze). In Yogācāra epistemology, the faculty of discrimination (vikalpa) is both a source of conceptual proliferation and a necessary tool for discernment. The compound 正辨 (samyag-viveka, correct discernment) is a key aspect of wisdom. In the context of Buddhist logic (pramāṇa), 辨 is used for "distinguishing" between valid and invalid cognition.

160.35 160.15/160.21 辩/辯 (biàn) [skt.vāda; vivāda; pratibhāna; viveka] — To argue/debate; eloquent. Vāda is discourse/debate; vivāda is dispute/debate; pratibhāna is eloquence/readiness of speech; viveka is discernment (in the sense of arguing to distinguish truth from falsehood). In Buddhist contexts, 辩 appears in: (1) 辯論 (debate), which was central to Buddhist scholasticism — monks were trained in debate to defend the Dharma and refute wrong views; (2) 辯才 (pratibhāna, eloquence) — one of the powers of a bodhisattva; (3) 無礙辯才 (pratibhāna-avivāda, unobstructed eloquence). The Buddha is often described as having "unobstructed eloquence." The reading biàn in 辯 may also carry the sense of "distinguishing" (similar to 辨) in some compounds, but the debate sense is primary.

160.36 160.17/160.20 辫/辮 (biàn) — A braid/plait. No Sanskrit correlate. This is a hair-related term that appears under the radical due to its graphic structure. It may appear in descriptions of ascetic hairstyles or in Vinaya rules concerning hair and grooming (monastics shave their heads). No direct Sanskrit term specific to "braid" is used in Buddhist contexts (the term keśa for hair may be used).

160.37 160.18 辬 (bān) [skt.citra; vi-citra] — Spotted/variegated. Variant of 斑. Citra means variegated/multicolored; vi-citra means beautiful/variegated. In Buddhist texts, 辬 may appear in descriptions of the variegated colors of the Buddha’s skin (one of the thirty-two marks) or in descriptions of celestial realms. No specific doctrinal significance.

161 辰

161.1 辰 [chn.chén][eng.early morning; 5th terrestrial branch; (also chén, time; destiny)][skt.nakṣatra; kāla; (also "destiny" = daiva)]

161.2 辱 [chn.rǔ][eng.to insult; to disgrace; to humiliate; (also rǔ, shame)][skt.apavāda; avajñā; nindā; (also "disgrace" = avamāna)]

161.3 農 [chn.nóng][eng.agriculture; farming; peasant; (also nóng, to cultivate)][skt.kṛṣi; (also "cultivation" = kṛṣikarma; "field" = kṣetra)]

161.4 辳 [chn.nóng][eng.ancient variant of 農 (agriculture)][skt.kṛṣi]

161.5 辴 [chn.zhěn][eng.ancient term; (also zhěn); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 161

Radical 161 (辰, chén) — "morning star" or "celestial stem" — is a compact but significant radical (Kangxi #161). Its core meanings revolve around time, the heavens, and destiny. In the Buddhist context, its significance lies in:

辰 as a marker of time (kāla) and cosmic order, appearing in astrological and cosmological discussions;

辱 (rǔ, insult/disgrace) — a key term in Buddhist ethics and Vinaya, where harsh speech (pāruṣya-vāc) and humiliation are addressed as violations of Right Speech and as karmic offences requiring confession;

農 (nóng, agriculture) — significant for the metaphor of cultivation (kṛṣi) as a model for spiritual practice: the mind is the field, the Dharma is the seed, and mindfulness is the cultivation. The compound 農夫 (farmer, kṛṣaka) appears in similes of the "farmer of the mind."

Text-critical note: 辳 is an ancient variant of 農, and 辴 is a rare archaic term with no Buddhist significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

161.6 161.1 辰 (chén) [skt.nakṣatra; kāla; daiva] — Early morning, the 5th terrestrial branch, and by extension, time and destiny. Nakṣatra is a star/constellation (used in Indian astrology); kāla is time (a common term in Buddhist cosmology — e.g., the three times: past, present, future); daiva means destiny/fate (though Buddhism emphasizes karma rather than fate). In Vinaya, 辰 appears in the context of 時 (kāla, time), particularly in rules about eating at the proper time (日中一食, one meal at midday).

161.7 161.2 辱 (rǔ) [skt.apavāda; avajñā; nindā; avamāna] — Insult/disgrace/humiliation. Apavāda is slander; avajñā is contempt/disrespect; nindā is blame; avamāna is disdain/insult. In Buddhist ethics, insulting or humiliating others is a violation of Right Speech (samyag-vāc) and is classified as harsh speech (pāruṣya-vāc). It generates negative karma and is to be avoided. In Vinaya, monastics who insult other monastics may incur a disciplinary offence. In sūtras, the Buddha teaches that wise people do not respond to insults with insults. The compound 羞辱 (shame/disgrace) appears in discussions of the moral shame (hrī, 慚) that restrains one from wrongdoing.

161.8 161.3/161.4 農/辳 (nóng) [skt.kṛṣi; kṛṣikarma; kṣetra] — Agriculture/farming/cultivation. Kṛṣi is agriculture; kṛṣikarma is the act of farming; kṣetra is a field. The metaphor of farming is one of the most important in Buddhism:

The mind is the field (kṣetra) where seeds of karma are planted;

The Dharma is the seed (bīja) planted by the teacher;

Mindfulness and practice are the cultivation (kṛṣi) that bring forth the harvest of enlightenment.

The Buddha is often called the "field of merit" (福田, puṇya-kṣetra) — the one who cultivates the field of merit for all beings. The compound 農耕 (farming) appears in similes of the farmer who cultivates the field; similarly, the practitioner cultivates the mind. In Vinaya, agriculture is generally prohibited for monastics (as it involves disturbing the earth, which is considered injurious to beings).

161.9 161.5 辴 (zhěn) — An ancient term. No Sanskrit correlate. No doctrinal significance. If encountered, it is a lexical fossil.

162 辶

162.1 辶 [chn.chuò][eng.to walk; (also chuò, to step)][skt.gacchati; calati]

162.2 辷 [chn.yī][eng.Japanese term; (also yī); rare]

162.3 辸 [réng][eng.ancient term; (also réng); rare]

162.4 边 [biān][eng.edge; border; simplified of 邊][skt.anta; paryanta; (also "side" = pārśva)]

162.5 辺 [biān][eng.Japanese variant of 邊 (border)][skt.anta]

162.6 辻 [tsuji][eng.Japanese term; crossroads; (also shí); rare][skt.catvara]

162.7 込 [yū][eng.Japanese term; to put in; (also rù); rare]

162.8 辽 [liáo][eng.distant; simplified of 遼][skt.dūra; (also "distant" = viprakṛṣṭa)]

162.9 达 [dá][eng.to reach; to arrive; simplified of 達][skt.prāpnoti; āgacchati; (also "to attain" = prapadyate)]

162.10 迗 [é][eng.ancient term; (also é); rare]

162.11 迀 [gān][eng.ancient term; (also gān); rare]

162.12 迁 [qiān][eng.to move; to transfer; simplified of 遷][skt.saṃkrāmati; (also "to migrate" = paryāvṛtti)]

162.13 迂 [yū][eng.circuitous; pedantic; (also yū, to go around)][skt.vakratā; paryāya; (also "indirect" = apākṣa)]

162.14 迃 [yū][eng.ancient variant of 迂 (circuitous); rare][skt.vakratā]

162.15 迄 [qì][eng.until; as far as; (also qì, to end)][skt.yāvat; (also "up to" = ā-√pad)]

162.16 迅 [xùn][eng.swift; rapid; (also xùn, fast)][skt.śīghra; kṣipra; (also "swift" = javana)]

162.17 迆 [yǐ][eng.ancient variant of 迤 (to extend); rare][skt.vistīrṇa]

162.18 过 [guò][eng.to cross; to pass; to exceed; simplified of 過][skt.atikramaṇa; (also "to pass" = atīta)]

162.19 迈 [mài][eng.to stride; to pass; simplified of 邁][skt.akramata; (also "to go beyond" = utkramaṇa)]

162.20 迉 [qī][eng.ancient term; (also qī); rare]

162.21 迊 [zā][eng.ancient term; (also zā); rare]

162.22 迋 [wàng][eng.ancient term; to deceive; (also wàng); rare][skt.vañcana]

162.23 迌 [tù][eng.ancient term; (also tù); rare]

162.24 迍 [zhūn][eng.ancient term; (also zhūn, to move slowly); rare][skt.manda-gamana]

162.25 迎 [yíng][eng.to welcome; to meet; (also yíng, to greet)][skt.pratyudgamana; (also "to receive" = pratigṛhṇāti)]

162.26 迏 [dá][eng.ancient variant of 達 (to reach); rare][skt.prāpnoti]

162.27 运 [yùn][eng.to move; to transport; simplified of 運][skt.parivahati; (also "to turn" = parivartate)]

162.28 近 [jìn][eng.near; close; recent; (also jìn, to approach)][skt.samīpa; antika; (also "to approach" = upasaṃkramaṇa)]

162.29 迒 [háng][eng.ancient term; (also háng); rare]

162.30 迓 [yà][eng.to welcome; to receive; (also yà, to greet)][skt.pratyudgamana; (also "to meet" = abhigamana)]

162.31 返 [fǎn][eng.to return; to go back; (also fǎn, to reverse)][skt.nivartate; pratipadyate; (also "to turn back" = āvṛtti)]

162.32 迕 [wǔ][eng.to meet; to oppose; (also wǔ, to go against)][skt.pratibandha; (also "to oppose" = vi-rudh)]

162.33 迖 [dá][eng.ancient variant of 達 (to reach); rare][skt.prāpnoti]

162.34 迗 [é][eng.ancient term; (also é); rare]

162.35 还 [huán][eng.to return; still; simplified of 還][skt.nivartate; punar; (also "to return" = pratipadyate)]

162.36 这 [zhè][eng.this; simplified of 這]

162.37 迚 [dá][eng.Japanese term; (also dá); rare]

162.38 进 [jìn][eng.to advance; to enter; simplified of 進][skt.praviśati; abhigamana; (also "to progress" = pratipatti)]

162.39 远 [yuǎn][eng.far; distant; simplified of 遠][skt.dūra; (also "distant" = viprakṛṣṭa)]

162.40 违 [wéi][eng.to violate; to disobey; simplified of 違][skt.viruddha; atikramaṇa; (also "to transgress" = utkramaṇa)]

162.41 连 [lián][eng.to connect; to link; simplified of 連][skt.saṃyoga; anubandha; (also "to join" = yojayati)]

162.42 迟 [chí][eng.late; slow; simplified of 遲][skt.vilambita; manda; (also "slow" = śanaiḥ)]

162.43 迠 [chè][eng.ancient term; (also chè); rare]

162.44 迡 [chí][eng.ancient term; (also chí); rare]

162.45 迢 [tiáo][eng.distant; far; (also tiáo, remote)][skt.dūra; viprakṛṣṭa]

162.46 迣 [zhì][eng.ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

162.47 迤 [yǐ][eng.to extend; to meander; (also yǐ, winding)][skt.vistīrṇa; (also "to proceed" = pra-√sṛ)]

162.48 迥 [jiǒng][eng.distant; far; (also jiǒng, vastly different)][skt.dūra; (also "different" = pṛthak)]

162.49 迦 [jiā][eng.a phonetic character; (used in 迦叶, Kāśyapa)][skt.ka; ga; gā]

162.50 迧 [chén][eng.ancient term; (also chén); rare]

162.51 迨 [dài][eng.until; while; (also dài, to await)][skt.yāvat; (also "to wait" = pratīkṣaṇa)]

162.52 迩 [ěr][eng.near; close; simplified of 邇][skt.samīpa; antika]

162.53 迪 [dí][eng.to enlighten; to guide; (also dí, to follow)][skt.prakāśana; (also "to guide" = mārga-darśana)]

162.54 迫 [pò / pǎi][eng.to compel; to force; (also pǎi, urgent)][skt.ākramati; saṃbādha; (also "to oppress" = piḍayati)]

162.55 迬 [zhù][eng.ancient term; (also zhù); rare]

162.56 迭 [dié][eng.alternately; repeatedly; (also dié, to exchange)][skt.paryāya; (also "to exchange" = parivartana)]

162.57 迮 [zé][eng.ancient term; to narrow; (also zé); rare][skt.saṃkīrṇa]

162.58 迯 [táo][eng.ancient variant of 逃 (to flee); rare][skt.palāyate]

162.59 述 [shù][eng.to narrate; to state; (also shù, to recount)][skt.vivaraṇa; kathā; (also "to explain" = vyākhyāna)]

162.60 迱 [yí][eng.ancient term; (also yí); rare]

162.61 迲 [qì][eng.ancient term; (also qì); rare]

162.62 迳 [jìng][eng.by way of; simplified of 逕][skt.mārga; (also "direct" = ārjava)]

162.63 迴 [huí][eng.to turn; to revolve; to return; (also huí, to go back)][skt.āvṛtti; parivartate; (also "to turn around" = nivartate)]

162.64 迵 [dòng][eng.ancient term; (also dòng); rare]

162.65 迶 [yòu][eng.ancient term; (also yòu); rare]

162.66 迷 [mí][eng.to be confused; to be lost; to fascinate; (also mí, to bewilder)][skt.moha; bhrama; (also "to be deluded" = saṃmoha)]

162.67 迸 [bèng][eng.to burst; to spurt; (also bèng, to scatter)][skt.udghāta; (also "to break out" = pradīpana)]

162.68 迹 [jì][eng.footprint; trace; simplified of 跡][skt.padam; lakṣaṇa; (also "mark" = saṃjñā)]

162.69 迺 [nǎi][eng.ancient variant of 乃 (then; therefore); rare]

162.70 迻 [yí][eng.to transfer; to shift; (also yí)][skt.saṃkrāmati]

162.71 迼 [jié][eng.ancient term; (also jié); rare]

162.72 追 [zhuī][eng.to pursue; to chase; (also zhuī, to seek)][skt.anudhāvati; (also "to follow" = anugacchati)]

162.73 迾 [liè][eng.ancient term; (also liè); rare]

162.74 迿 [xùn][eng.ancient term; (also xùn); rare]

162.75 退 [tuì][eng.to retreat; to withdraw; to decline; (also tuì, to step back)][skt.nivartate; pratyāhāra; (also "to withdraw" = apakramaṇa)]

162.76 送 [sòng][eng.to send; to deliver; to escort; (also sòng, to give)][skt.preṣayati; anupradāna; (also "to escort" = anuvahati)]

162.77 适 [shì / kuò][eng.to fit; to suit; to go; (also kuò, a surname)][skt.anuṣajjati; (also "to go" = gacchati)]

162.78 逃 [táo][eng.to flee; to escape; to evade; (also táo, to run away)][skt.palāyate; apasarpaṇa; (also "to escape" = mokṣa)]

162.79 逄 [páng][eng.ancient term; (also páng); rare]

162.80 逅 [hòu][eng.to meet; to encounter; (also hòu, chance)][skt.saṅgama; (also "to encounter" = upasaṃkramaṇa)]

162.81 逆 [nì][eng.to go against; to oppose; to rebel; (also nì, to welcome)][skt.pratibandha; (also "to go against" = vi-rudh)]

162.82 逇 [dùn][eng.ancient term; (also dùn); rare]

162.83 逈 [jiǒng][eng.ancient variant of 迥 (distant); rare][skt.dūra]

162.84 选 [xuǎn][eng.to choose; to select; simplified of 選][skt.varayati; cayana; (also "to select" = parīkṣā)]

162.85 逊 [xùn][eng.humble; modest; to yield; simplified of 遜][skt.namra; mārdava; (also "to yield" = anugraha)]

162.86 逋 [bū][eng.to flee; to abscond; to owe; (also bū, to run away)][skt.palāyate; ṛṇa; (also "to owe" = uddhāra)]

162.87 逌 [yōu][eng.ancient term; (also yōu); rare]

162.88 逍 [xiāo][eng.to walk slowly; (used in 逍遥, xiāoyáo, carefree)][skt.vihāra; (also "to wander" = bhramana)]

162.89 逎 [qiú][eng.ancient term; (also qiú); rare]

162.90 透 [tòu][eng.to penetrate; to pass through; (also tòu, to seep)][skt.ākramati; prativedha; (also "to penetrate" = abhini-√viś)]

162.91 逐 [zhú][eng.to pursue; to chase; to expel; (also zhú, to follow)][skt.anudhāvati; (also "to follow" = anugacchati)]

162.92 逑 [qiú][eng.to mate; to couple; (also qiú)][skt.saṃyoga; (also "to pair" = yamala)]

162.93 递 [dì][eng.to pass; to hand over; (also dì, gradually)][skt.anupūrva; (also "to hand over" = pradāna)]

162.94 逓 [dì][eng.Japanese variant of 遞 (to pass); rare][skt.anupūrva]

162.95 途 [tú][eng.way; road; journey; (also tú, a path)][skt.mārga; panthā; (also "journey" = adhvan)]

162.96 逕 [jìng][eng.by way of; directly; (also jìng, a path)][skt.mārga; (also "direct" = ārjava)]

162.97 逖 [tì][eng.distant; (also tì, far)][skt.dūra]

162.98 逗 [dòu][eng.to stay; to tease; (also dòu, to provoke)][skt.vihāra; (also "to stop" = avasthāna)]

162.99 逘 [yǐ][eng.ancient term; (also yǐ); rare]

162.100 這 [zhè][eng.this; traditional of 这]

162.101 通 [tōng][eng.to go through; to connect; to notify; (also tōng, to pass)][skt.āgacchati; pratyavagacchati; (also "to understand" = avagama)]

162.102 逛 [guàng][eng.to stroll; to roam; (also guàng, to wander)][skt.caṅkramaṇa; (also "to wander" = bhramana)]

162.103 逜 [wù][eng.ancient term; (also wù); rare]

162.104 逝 [shì][eng.to pass; to flow; to die; (also shì, to depart)][skt.apagacchati; (also "to pass away" = kāla-kriyā)]

162.105 逞 [chěng][eng.to indulge; to show off; (also chěng, to be arrogant)][skt.prahāṇa; (also "to be proud" = māna)]

162.106 速 [sù][eng.speed; rapid; to hasten; (also sù, fast)][skt.śīghra; tvarā; (also "to hasten" = saṃvarṇana)]

162.107 造 [zào][eng.to create; to construct; to go; (also zào, to make)][skt.karoti; nirmāṇa; (also "to build" = upakāra)]

162.108 逡 [qūn][eng.to retreat; to draw back; (also qūn, to hesitate)][skt.nivartate; (also "to hesitate" = saṃśaya)]

162.109 逢 [féng][eng.to meet; to encounter; (also féng, to come across)][skt.saṅgama; (also "to encounter" = abhigamana)]

162.110 連 [lián][eng.to connect; to link; traditional of 连][skt.saṃyoga; anubandha]

162.111 逤 [suò][eng.ancient term; (also suò); rare]

162.112 逥 [huí][eng.variant of 迴 (to turn); rare][skt.āvṛtti]

162.113 逦 [lǐ][eng.to go around; (also lǐ)][skt.vakratā]

162.114 逧 [gǔ][eng.ancient term; (also gǔ); rare]

162.115 逨 [lái][eng.ancient term; to come; (also lái); rare][skt.āgacchati]

162.116 逩 [bèn][eng.ancient variant of 奔 (to run); rare][skt.dhāvati]

162.117 逪 [cuò][eng.ancient term; (also cuò); rare]

162.118 逫 [zhú][eng.ancient term; (also zhú); rare]

162.119 逬 [bèng][eng.ancient variant of 迸 (to burst); rare][skt.udghāta]

162.120 逭 [huàn][eng.to escape; to evade; (also huàn, to avoid)][skt.mokṣa; (also "to escape" = apasarpaṇa)]

162.121 逮 [dài / dǎi][eng.to arrest; to catch; (also dǎi, to capture)][skt.gṛhṇāti; bandhana; (also "to seize" = upalabdhi)]

162.122 逯 [lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù); rare]

162.123 逰 [yóu][eng.variant of 遊 (to travel); rare][skt.vihāra; bhramana]

162.124 週 [zhōu][eng.circumference; a week; (also zhōu, to go around)][skt.parivarta; maṇḍala; (also "cycle" = āvṛtti)]

162.125 進 [jìn][eng.to advance; to enter; traditional of 进][skt.praviśati; abhigamana]

162.126 逳 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù); rare]

162.127 逴 [chuō][eng.ancient term; (also chuō); rare]

162.128 逵 [kuí][eng.a road; a thoroughfare; (also kuí)][skt.mārga; (also "crossroads" = catvara)]

162.129 逶 [wēi][eng.to wind; to meander; (used in 逶迤, wēiyí, winding)][skt.vakratā]

162.130 逷 [tì][eng.ancient variant of 逖 (distant); rare][skt.dūra]

162.131 逸 [yì][eng.to flee; to escape; to be at ease; (also yì, to be unrestrained)][skt.apasarpaṇa; vihāra; (also "to rest" = viśrāma)]

162.132 逹 [dá][eng.ancient variant of 達 (to reach); rare][skt.prāpnoti]

162.133 逺 [yuǎn][eng.ancient variant of 遠 (far); rare][skt.dūra]

162.134 逻 [luó][eng.to patrol; to inspect; simplified of 邏][skt.avalokana; (also "to inspect" = parīkṣā)]

162.135 逼 [bī][eng.to compel; to pressure; (also bī, to force)][skt.ākramati; saṃbādha; (also "to oppress" = piḍayati)]

162.136 逽 [nuò][eng.ancient term; (also nuò); rare]

162.137 逾 [yú][eng.to exceed; to cross; (also yú, to surpass)][skt.atikramaṇa; (also "to cross over" = uttīrṇa)]

162.138 逿 [dàng][eng.ancient term; (also dàng); rare]

162.139 遀 [suí][eng.ancient term; (also suí); rare]

162.140 遁 [dùn][eng.to flee; to escape; to hide; (also dùn, to evade)][skt.palāyate; gūḍha; (also "to conceal" = nigūhana)]

162.141 遂 [suì][eng.to fulfill; to accomplish; (also suì, to follow)][skt.siddhi; (also "to fulfill" = pūraṇa)]

162.142 遃 [yǎn][eng.ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

162.143 遄 [chuán][eng.to hasten; to hurry; (also chuán, quickly)][skt.tvarā; (also "to hasten" = saṃvarṇana)]

162.144 遅 [chí][eng.Japanese variant of 遲 (late; slow); rare][skt.vilambita]

162.145 遆 [tí][eng.ancient term; (also tí); rare]

162.146 遇 [yù][eng.to meet; to encounter; (also yù, to treat)][skt.saṅgama; abhigamana; (also "to meet" = upasaṃkramaṇa)]

162.147 遈 [shí][eng.ancient term; (also shí); rare]

162.148 遉 [zhēn][eng.ancient term; (also zhēn); rare]

162.149 遊 [yóu][eng.to travel; to wander; to swim; (also yóu, to roam)][skt.vihāra; bhramana; (also "to wander" = caraṇa)]

162.150 運 [yùn][eng.to move; to transport; to use; traditional of 运][skt.parivahati; parivartate]

162.151 遌 [è][eng.ancient term; to meet; (also è); rare][skt.saṅgama]

162.152 遍 [biàn][eng.everywhere; all over; (also biàn, to spread)][skt.sarvatra; (also "pervade" = vyāpana)]

162.153 過 [guò][eng.to cross; to pass; to exceed; traditional of 过][skt.atikramaṇa; atīta]

162.154 遏 [è][eng.to stop; to check; (also è, to restrain)][skt.niruddha; (also "to prevent" = pratibandha)]

162.155 遐 [xiá][eng.distant; far; (also xiá, remote)][skt.dūra; (also "remote" = viprakṛṣṭa)]

162.156 遑 [huáng][eng.leisure; (also huáng, to be at ease)][skt.avakāśa; (also "leisure" = kṣānti)]

162.157 遒 [qiú][eng.strong; vigorous; (also qiú, to gather)][skt.bala; vīrya; (also "strong" = dṛḍha)]

162.158 道 [dào][eng.way; path; to say; (also dào, the Way)][skt.mārga; pratipad; dharma; (also "to say" = vacana)]

162.159 達 [dá][eng.to reach; to arrive; to attain; traditional of 达][skt.prāpnoti; āgacchati; (also "to attain" = prapadyate)]

162.160 違 [wéi][eng.to violate; to disobey; traditional of 违][skt.viruddha; atikramaṇa]

162.161 遖 [nán][eng.Japanese term; (also nán); rare]

162.162 遗 [yí][eng.to lose; to leave behind; to abandon; simplified of 遺][skt.utsṛjati; (also "to abandon" = parityāga)]

162.163 遘 [gòu][eng.to meet; to encounter; (also gòu, to come across)][skt.saṅgama; abhigamana]

162.164 遙 [yáo][eng.distant; far; traditional of 遥][skt.dūra]

162.165 遚 [chòu][eng.ancient term; (also chòu); rare]

162.166 遛 [liú][eng.to stroll; to linger; (also liú, to walk slowly)][skt.caṅkramaṇa; (also "to linger" = vilambita)]

162.167 遜 [xùn][eng.humble; modest; to yield; traditional of 逊][skt.namra; mārdava]

162.168 遝 [tà][eng.to crowd; to press; (also tà, numerous)][skt.saṅghaṭṭana; (also "to press" = pīḍayati)]

162.169 遞 [dì][eng.to pass; to hand over; gradually; traditional of 递][skt.anupūrva; pradāna]

162.170 遟 [chí][eng.ancient variant of 遲 (slow); rare][skt.vilambita]

162.171 遠 [yuǎn][eng.far; distant; traditional of 远][skt.dūra]

162.172 遡 [sù][eng.to go upstream; to trace; (also sù, against)][skt.pratyak; (also "to follow" = anudhāvati)]

162.173 遢 [tà][eng.slovenly; (also tà, untidy)]

162.174 遣 [qiǎn][eng.to send; to dispatch; to dismiss; (also qiǎn, to expel)][skt.preṣayati; (also "to dispatch" = vi-√sṛj)]

162.175 遤 [mǎ][eng.ancient term; (also mǎ); rare]

162.176 遥 [yáo][eng.distant; far; simplified of 遙][skt.dūra]

162.177 遦 [guàn][eng.ancient term; (also guàn); rare]

162.178 遧 [zhāng][eng.ancient term; (also zhāng); rare]

162.179 遨 [áo][eng.to roam; to travel; (also áo, to wander)][skt.bhramana; vihāra]

162.180 適 [shì / dí][eng.to fit; to suit; to go; (also dí, to be suitable)][skt.anuṣajjati; (also "to go" = gacchati)]

162.181 遪 [cà][eng.ancient term; (also cà); rare]

162.182 遫 [chì][eng.ancient term; (also chì); rare]

162.183 遬 [sù][eng.ancient variant of 速 (fast); rare][skt.śīghra]

162.184 遭 [zāo][eng.to encounter; to meet; to suffer; (also zāo, to experience)][skt.saṅgama; abhigamana; (also "to suffer" = prāpnoti)]

162.185 遮 [zhē][eng.to cover; to conceal; to obstruct; (also zhē, to block)][skt.ācchādana; āvaraṇa; (also "to obstruct" = pratibandha)]

162.186 遯 [dùn][eng.variant of 遁 (to flee); rare][skt.palāyate]

162.187 遰 [dì][eng.ancient term; (also dì); rare]

162.188 遱 [lóu][eng.ancient term; (also lóu); rare]

162.189 遲 [chí][eng.late; slow; traditional of 迟][skt.vilambita; manda]

162.190 遳 [cuō][eng.ancient term; (also cuō); rare]

162.191 遴 [lín][eng.to select; to choose; (also lín, to pick)][skt.varayati; (also "to choose" = cayana)]

162.192 遵 [zūn][eng.to follow; to comply with; to observe; (also zūn, to obey)][skt.anudhāvati; (also "to obey" = anuvartate)]

162.193 遶 [rào][eng.to surround; to coil; (also rào, to go around)][skt.pradakṣiṇa; (also "to circumambulate" = pradakṣiṇī-kṛtya)]

162.194 遷 [qiān][eng.to move; to transfer; to change; traditional of 迁][skt.saṃkrāmati; paryāvṛtti]

162.195 選 [xuǎn][eng.to choose; to select; traditional of 选][skt.varayati; cayana; parīkṣā]

162.196 遹 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù); rare]

162.197 遺 [yí / wèi][eng.to lose; to leave behind; to abandon; (also wèi, to bestow)][skt.utsṛjati; (also "to abandon" = parityāga; "to bestow" = dāna)]

162.198 遻 [wù][eng.ancient term; to meet; (also wù); rare][skt.saṅgama]

162.199 遼 [liáo][eng.distant; far; traditional of 辽][skt.dūra]

162.200 遽 [jù][eng.hastily; suddenly; (also jù, urgent)][skt.tvarā; (also "sudden" = sahasā)]

162.201 遾 [shì][eng.ancient term; (also shì); rare]

162.202 避 [bì][eng.to avoid; to shun; to hide; (also bì, to evade)][skt.parivarjana; (also "to avoid" = apasarpaṇa)]

162.203 邀 [yāo][eng.to invite; to request; to intercept; (also yāo, to summon)][skt.nimitta; (also "to invite" = āmantrayati)]

162.204 邁 [mài][eng.to stride; to pass; (also mài, to be old)][skt.akramata; (also "to go beyond" = utkramaṇa)]

162.205 邂 [xiè][eng.to meet; (used in 邂逅, xièhòu, to meet by chance)][skt.saṅgama; (also "to encounter" = upasaṃkramaṇa)]

162.206 邃 [suì][eng.deep; profound; (also suì, far)][skt.gambhīra; (also "profound" = gūḍha)]

162.207 還 [huán][eng.to return; (also huán, still; yet)][skt.nivartate; punar; (also "to return" = pratipadyate)]

162.208 邅 [zhān][eng.ancient term; (also zhān); rare]

162.209 邆 [téng][eng.ancient term; (also téng); rare]

162.210 邇 [ěr][eng.near; close; traditional of 迩][skt.samīpa; antika]

162.211 邈 [miǎo][eng.far; remote; (also miǎo, distant)][skt.dūra; (also "remote" = viprakṛṣṭa)]

162.212 邉 [biān][eng.Japanese variant of 邊 (border); rare][skt.anta; paryanta]

162.213 邊 [biān][eng.edge; border; side; (also biān, margin)][skt.anta; paryanta; (also "border" = sīmā)]

162.214 邋 [lā][eng.to drag; to wander; (also lā, to roam)][skt.bhramana]

162.215 邌 [lí][eng.ancient term; (also lí); rare]

162.216 邍 [yuán][eng.ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

162.217 邎 [yáo][eng.ancient term; (also yáo); rare]

162.218 邏 [luó][eng.to patrol; to inspect; traditional of 逻][skt.avalokana; parīkṣā]

162.219 邐 [lǐ][eng.to go around; (also lǐ, winding)][skt.vakratā; (also "meandering" = vṛjina)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 162

Radical 162 (辶/辵, chuò) — "walk" — is one of the most extensive and semantically rich radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #162). It encompasses the entire semantic field of movement: walking, going, coming, returning, fleeing, pursuing, crossing, penetrating, and by extension, the metaphorical movement of thought, time, and spiritual progress. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of paramount significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Path (道, mārga / pratipad) — the central metaphor of the Buddhist spiritual journey. The Noble Eightfold Path (八正道, āryāṣṭāṅgika-mārga) is the way to the cessation of suffering. 道 is one of the most common characters in the canon, appearing in compounds like 道場 (bodhi-maṇḍa, place of awakening), 道人 (dharma-pāla, a spiritual person), and 道士 (dharma-svāmī, master of the Dharma).

Reaching and Attaining (達/达, prāpnoti / prapadyate) — the culmination of the path. 達 appears in the compound 通達 (pratyavagacchati, to understand thoroughly) and 到達 (prāpti, attainment).

Returning (還/还, nivartate) — the turning back from saṃsāra, the return to one’s true nature, and the reversal of the stream of craving.

Advancing and Entering (進/进, praviśati / abhigamana) — progress on the path, entering the stream of the Dharma.

Escape and Liberation (逸, 逃, 遁, palāyate / mokṣa) — escaping from saṃsāra, though these characters more commonly denote literal fleeing in narrative contexts.

Following and Pursuing (追, 逐, 遵, anudhāvati / anuvartate) — following the teachings, pursuing enlightenment, observing the precepts.

Circumambulation (遶, pradakṣiṇa) — the ritual of walking around a shrine or stupa, a key act of devotion.

Obstruction and Covering (遮, āvaraṇa / pratibandha) — the hindrances that obstruct the path, and the act of covering or concealing.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extensive (辶/辵 as radical, 过/過, 进/進, 远/遠, 还/還, 达/達, 运/運, 连/連, 迟/遲, 迁/遷, 选/選, 逊/遜, 递/遞, 边/邊, 辽/遼, 逻/邏, 遗/遺, 适/適, 遥/遙, 迈/邁, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

162.220 162.1 辶 (chuò) [skt.gacchati; calati] — The radical form for "walk." Not used independently in Buddhist texts.

162.221 162.4/162.213 边/邊 (biān) [skt.anta; paryanta; sīmā] — Edge/border. Anta is end/border; paryanta is boundary; sīmā is a boundary (used in Vinaya for monastic boundaries). In Vinaya, the 邊界 (sīmā) defines the area where monastic activities (such as the Pāṭimokkha recitation) take place. Also appears in the compound 無邊 (ananta, endless/infinite), describing the Buddha’s compassion or the vastness of the Dharma.

162.222 162.9/162.159 达/達 (dá) [skt.prāpnoti; āgacchati; prapadyate] — To reach/arrive/attain. Prāpnoti is to reach/obtain; āgacchati is to arrive/come; prapadyate is to enter/attain (as in 到達, prāpti, attainment). Appears in the compound 通達 (pratyavagacchati, to understand thoroughly, to be proficient). In Mahāyāna, 達摩 (dharma) is the name of Bodhidharma (達摩), using 達 as a phonetic component.

162.223 162.12/162.194 迁/遷 (qiān) [skt.saṃkrāmati; paryāvṛtti] — To move/transfer. Saṃkrāmati is to move/change (also used for the transfer of merit, 迴向, pariṇāmanā). In Buddhist contexts, 遷 may appear in descriptions of the movement of beings through the realms of rebirth, or the "transfer" of merit from one to another.

162.224 162.18/162.153 过/過 (guò) [skt.atikramaṇa; atīta] — To cross/pass/exceed. Atikramaṇa is transgressing/exceeding; atīta is past/gone beyond. Appears in the compound 過失 (doṣa, fault/defect) — a key term in Vinaya and moral psychology. Also appears in 過去 (atīta, the past), one of the three times (past, present, future). In Buddhist cosmology, the Buddha transcends all three times.

162.225 162.27/162.150 运/運 (yùn) [skt.parivahati; parivartate] — To move/transport. Parivahati is to convey/transport; parivartate is to turn/circulate. Appears in the compound 運命 (daiva, destiny), though Buddhism prefers karma over fate. Also appears in 運転 (turning/operation).

162.226 162.28 近 (jìn) [skt.samīpa; antika; upasaṃkramaṇa] — Near/close. Samīpa is proximity; antika is near; upasaṃkramaṇa is approaching. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s proximity — his "nearness" to beings through compassion. Also appears in the compound 近道 (the near path, upāya). In Vinaya, the "near" vs. "far" distinctions appear in rules about proximity to villages and allowable distances.

162.227 162.31 返 (fǎn) [skt.nivartate; pratipadyate; āvṛtti] — To return/reverse. Nivartate is to turn back/return; pratipadyate is to enter/attain; āvṛtti is turning. Appears in the compound 返本 (returning to the source), a key metaphor in Mahāyāna for realizing one’s true nature.

162.228 162.38/162.125 进/進 (jìn) [skt.praviśati; abhigamana; pratipatti] — To advance/enter. Praviśati is to enter; abhigamana is approaching; pratipatti is practice/attainment. Appears in the compound 進步 (progress), and in the spiritual sense of "entering the stream" (入流, srota-āpanna). In Vinaya, 進 may appear in the sense of "advancing" in the path or "entering" the monastic community.

162.229 162.39/162.171 远/遠 (yuǎn) [skt.dūra; viprakṛṣṭa] — Far/distant. Dūra is far; viprakṛṣṭa is distant/remote. Appears in the compound 遠離 (viveka, seclusion/renunciation), a key term for the monastic life and meditative practice. Also appears in 遠行 (a long journey), which may refer to the Buddha’s travels or the spiritual journey.

162.230 162.40/162.160 违/違 (wéi) [skt.viruddha; atikramaṇa] — To violate/disobey. Viruddha is opposed/contrary; atikramaṇa is transgression. Appears in Vinaya as 違犯 (transgression of the precepts, śīla-atikramaṇa), a key term for monastic discipline.

162.231 162.41/162.110 连/連 (lián) [skt.saṃyoga; anubandha; yojayati] — To connect/link. Saṃyoga is connection; anubandha is a link/connection; yojayati is to join/unite. Appears in the compound 連續 (continuity, santāna), describing the continuity of the mind-stream (citta-santāna) through rebirth.

162.232 162.42/162.170/162.189 迟/遟/遲 (chí) [skt.vilambita; manda; śanaiḥ] — Late/slow. Vilambita is delayed/slow; manda is slow/dull; śanaiḥ is slowly/gently. Appears in warnings against "hesitation" or "delay" in practicing the Dharma (since the opportunity of human birth is precious and fleeting). In the compound 遲鈍 (dull/slow-witted), it describes mental qualities to be overcome.

162.233 162.52/162.210 迩/邇 (ěr) [skt.samīpa; antika] — Near/close. Similar to 近.

162.234 162.54 迫 (pò / pǎi) [skt.ākramati; saṃbādha; piḍayati] — To compel/force/oppress. Ākramati is to tread on/oppress; saṃbādha is crowding/oppression; piḍayati is to press/oppress. Appears in descriptions of the pressures of saṃsāra and the urgency of spiritual practice. In Vinaya, 迫 may refer to the "pressure" of monastic discipline or the "crowding" of a confined space.

162.235 162.59 述 (shù) [skt.vivaraṇa; kathā; vyākhyāna] — To narrate/state/explain. Vivaraṇa is explanation; kathā is discourse; vyākhyāna is exposition. Appears in the compound 述說 (to narrate/describe), used for reciting the Buddha’s teachings. Also appears in 述而不作 (to transmit without creating), a key concept in Confucian and Buddhist transmission of scripture.

162.236 162.66 迷 (mí) [skt.moha; bhrama; saṃmoha] — To be confused/lost/bewildered. Moha is delusion/confusion; bhrama is error/wandering; saṃmoha is complete confusion. One of the three unwholesome roots (greed, hatred, delusion). 迷 is the standard term for "delusion" — the fundamental ignorance (avidyā) that keeps beings trapped in saṃsāra. The compound 迷悟 (delusion and awakening, moha-bodhi) describes the polarity that the practitioner overcomes. Also appears in 迷失 (to lose one’s way), metaphorically for losing the path.

162.237 162.72 追 (zhuī) [skt.anudhāvati; anugacchati] — To pursue/chase. Anudhāvati is to run after/pursue; anugacchati is to follow. Appears in the compound 追求 (to pursue/seek), which in a Buddhist context may refer to the pursuit of enlightenment or the pursuit of worldly desires (which is to be abandoned). In Vinaya, pursuing someone (e.g., a thief) may be allowed in certain circumstances.

162.238 162.75 退 (tuì) [skt.nivartate; pratyāhāra; apakramaṇa] — To retreat/withdraw/decline. Nivartate is to turn back; pratyāhāra is withdrawal (of the senses); apakramaṇa is stepping back. Appears in the compound 退轉 (backsliding, parihāṇi), a key term in Mahāyāna — the bodhisattva must not backslide from the path. Also appears in the sense of "withdrawing" the senses from external objects (pratyāhāra, a limb of yoga).

162.239 162.78 逃 (táo) [skt.palāyate; apasarpaṇa; mokṣa] — To flee/escape. Palāyate is to flee; apasarpaṇa is slipping away; mokṣa is liberation/escape. In Vinaya, fleeing from monastic responsibilities is a disciplinary matter. Metaphorically, "escaping" saṃsāra is the goal of practice.

162.240 162.81 逆 (nì) [skt.pratibandha; vi-rudh] — To go against/oppose/rebel. Pratibandha is obstruction/opposition; vi-rudh is to oppose. Appears in the compound 逆緣 (adverse conditions, pratikūla), the obstacles that arise on the spiritual path. The Buddha taught that one should not oppose others but practice patience. Also appears in 逆流 (going against the stream), a metaphor for going against the stream of craving and ignorance.

162.241 162.85/162.167 逊/遜 (xùn) [skt.namra; mārdava] — Humble/modest; to yield. Namra is humble; mārdava is gentleness/softness. Modesty and humility are valued virtues in Buddhism, especially in the context of the monastic community (where junior monks should be humble towards seniors). The compound 謙遜 (humble/modest) appears in ethical teachings.

162.242 162.90 透 (tòu) [skt.ākramati; prativedha; abhini-√viś] — To penetrate/pass through. Prativedha is penetration/insight (a key term for wisdom). Abhini-√viś is to enter thoroughly. 透 appears in the compound 透徹 (thorough penetration), used to describe the highest wisdom that sees through the illusions of the world.

162.243 162.91 逐 (zhú) [skt.anudhāvati; anugacchati] — To pursue/chase/expel. Similar to 追. In Vinaya, expelling a monk from the community is the most serious form of punishment (寮逐, ucchedana).

162.244 162.95 途 (tú) [skt.mārga; panthā; adhvan] — Way/road/journey. Mārga is the path; panthā is a road; adhvan is a journey. Appears in the compound 路途 (the road), and in the sense of "the way" (synonymous with 道). In Buddhist similes, the "road" is the path to enlightenment, and the "traveler" is the practitioner.

162.245 162.101 通 (tōng) [skt.āgacchati; pratyavagacchati; avagama] — To go through/connect/understand. Pratyavagacchati is to understand/thoroughly know; avagama is understanding. Appears in the compound 通達 (pratyavagacchati, to be proficient/thoroughly understand) and 神通 (abhijñā, supernatural knowledge/power). In Buddhist epistemology, "understanding" is not just intellectual but experiential — knowing the Dharma through direct realization.

162.246 162.104 逝 (shì) [skt.apagacchati; kāla-kriyā] — To pass/flow/die. Apagacchati is to pass away/go away; kāla-kriyā is "the act of time" — a common euphemism for death. 逝 appears in the compound 逝去 (to pass away), and in the famous opening of the Dhammapada: "All conditioned things are impermanent" (諸行無常, sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā), where "passing" is the nature of all phenomena.

162.247 162.106 速 (sù) [skt.śīghra; tvarā] — Speed/rapid. Śīghra is fast; tvarā is haste. In Buddhist practice, there is a distinction between "hasty" progress (which may be reckless) and "diligent" progress (which is steady). The admonition "do not be hasty" appears in some contexts.

162.248 162.107 造 (zào) [skt.karoti; nirmāṇa] — To create/construct. Karoti is to do/make; nirmāṇa is creation/construction. Appears in the compound 造業 (karma-kṛta, the creation of karma), a central concept in Buddhist ethics. The compound 造作 (saṃskāra, formations) is the key term for the second aggregate. Also appears in 人造 (artificial) and 創造 (creation).

162.249 162.109 逢 (féng) [skt.saṅgama; abhigamana] — To meet/encounter. Saṅgama is meeting/coming together; abhigamana is approaching. Appears in narratives where someone "meets" the Buddha — a pivotal moment of spiritual transformation. The compound 逢遇 (to encounter) appears in sūtras describing the good fortune of meeting the Buddha and hearing the Dharma.

162.250 162.115 逨 (lái) [skt.āgacchati] — To come. Rare variant of 來. Āgacchati is to come/arrive.

162.251 162.121 逮 (dài / dǎi) [skt.gṛhṇāti; bandhana; upalabdhi] — To arrest/catch/seize. Gṛhṇāti is to take/seize; bandhana is binding/arrest; upalabdhi is perception/cognition. Appears in Vinaya in the context of arresting thieves or in similes for the "seizing" of the mind by defilements.

162.252 162.131 逸 (yì) [skt.apasarpaṇa; vihāra; viśrāma] — To flee/escape; to be at ease. Apasarpaṇa is slipping away (escaping); vihāra is dwelling/leisure; viśrāma is rest. In Buddhist contexts, 逸 may appear in the compound 安逸 (comfort/ease), which is sometimes a warning against complacency. It can also mean "to be unrestrained" — the opposite of mindfulness.

162.253 162.140 遁 (dùn) [skt.palāyate; gūḍha; nigūhana] — To flee/escape/hide. Palāyate is to flee; gūḍha is hidden; nigūhana is concealment. Appears in Vinaya when a monk "flees" from responsibility or hides an offence. The compound 遁世 (to withdraw from the world) appears in descriptions of renunciation.

162.254 162.141 遂 (suì) [skt.siddhi; pūraṇa] — To fulfill/accomplish. Siddhi is accomplishment/perfection; pūraṇa is completion. Appears in the compound 成就 (siddhi, accomplishment), a key term for the fruits of Buddhist practice — the bodhisattva "accomplishes" perfect enlightenment.

162.255 162.146 遇 (yù) [skt.saṅgama; abhigamana] — To meet/encounter. Similar to 逢 and 逅. Appears in the compound 遇見 (to meet/see), often in the context of encountering the Buddha or the Dharma.

162.256 162.149 遊 (yóu) [skt.vihāra; bhramana; caraṇa] — To travel/wander/swim. Vihāra is dwelling/roaming; bhramana is wandering; caraṇa is moving/traveling. In Buddhist contexts, 遊 appears in the compound 遊化 (to wander and teach), describing the Buddha’s peregrinations to spread the Dharma. Also appears in 遊行 (to wander), describing the monks’ wandering lifestyle.

162.257 162.152 遍 (biàn) [skt.sarvatra; vyāpana] — Everywhere/all over. Sarvatra is everywhere; vyāpana is pervasion. Appears in the compound 遍知 (parijñā, full knowledge/understanding), a key term for the Buddha’s omniscience. Also appears in 遍行 (sarvatraga, universal mental factors), a term in Abhidharma.

162.258 162.154 遏 (è) [skt.niruddha; pratibandha] — To stop/check/restrain. Niruddha is stopped/restrained; pratibandha is obstruction. Appears in the compound 遏止 (to check/restrain), describing the restraint of defilements through mindfulness and discipline.

162.259 162.156 遑 (huáng) [skt.avakāśa; kṣānti] — Leisure. Avakāśa is opportunity/leisure; kṣānti is patience/forbearance. Appears in the compound 遑暇 (leisure), often in the context of "having no leisure" — a warning that one should not waste the opportunity for practice.

162.260 162.157 遒 (qiú) [skt.bala; vīrya; dṛḍha] — Strong/vigorous. Bala is strength; vīrya is energy (one of the five faculties); dṛḍha is firm/strong. Vīrya (精進, vīrya) is the fourth perfection and the faculty of effort and energy. 遒 appears in descriptions of vigorous practice.

162.261 162.158 道 (dào) [skt.mārga; pratipad; dharma; vacana] — One of the most important characters in the entire lexicon.

As mārga: the path — the Noble Eightfold Path (八正道), the path to liberation.

As pratipad: the path/way of practice.

As dharma: the teaching (e.g., 道法, the Dharma).

As vacana: to say/speak (as in 道說).

The compound 道場 (bodhi-maṇḍa, place of awakening) is the site of the Buddha’s enlightenment. 道人 (dharma-pāla or dharma-svāmī) is a spiritual person or a monk. 道 is also used in the compound 無上道 (anuttara-bodhi, unsurpassed awakening). In Mahāyāna, the 一乘道 (eka-yāna-mārga, the one-vehicle path) leads all beings to Buddhahood. The character is also used to mean "to say" (as in "thus have I heard," 如是我聞, "I heard it thus said").

162.262 162.162/162.197 遗/遺 (yí / wèi) [skt.utsṛjati; parityāga; dāna] — To lose/leave behind/abandon; to bestow. Utsṛjati is to let go/abandon; parityāga is renunciation/abandonment; dāna is giving/bestowing. In the compound 遺棄 (to abandon), it appears in descriptions of renouncing worldly attachments. In the sense of "to bestow" (reading wèi), it appears in the context of leaving behind teachings for future generations.

162.263 162.163 遘 (gòu) [skt.saṅgama; abhigamana] — To meet/encounter. Similar to 逢 and 遇.

162.264 162.164/162.176 遙/遥 (yáo) [skt.dūra] — Distant/far. Similar to 遠. Appears in the compound 遙遠 (far away), describing the vast distance between worldly beings and enlightenment, or the Buddha’s compassion reaching across vast distances.

162.265 162.174 遣 (qiǎn) [skt.preṣayati; vi-√sṛj] — To send/dispatch/dismiss. Preṣayati is to send; vi-√sṛj is to release/send out. Appears in Vinaya when a monk is "sent" on a mission or "dismissed" from a community. In the compound 遣除 (to remove/dispel), it appears in the context of dispelling doubts or defilements.

162.266 162.180 適 (shì / dí) [skt.anuṣajjati; gacchati] — To fit/suit/go. Anuṣajjati is to suit/fit; gacchati is to go. Appears in the compound 適宜 (suitable), and in the sense of "going" to a place. Also appears in 適應 (to adapt), which in a Buddhist context may refer to skillful means (upāya).

162.267 162.184 遭 (zāo) [skt.saṅgama; abhigamana] — To encounter/suffer. Saṅgama is meeting; abhigamana is approaching. Appears in the compound 遭遇 (to encounter/suffer), describing the suffering that beings encounter in saṃsāra. Also appears in 遭難 (to encounter difficulty), a common theme in narratives of the Buddha’s life and the struggles of practitioners.

162.268 162.185 遮 (zhē) [skt.ācchādana; āvaraṇa; pratibandha] — To cover/conceal/obstruct.

As āvaraṇa: covering/obstruction — the five hindrances (五蓋, pañca-nīvaraṇa) are the coverings that obstruct the mind.

As ācchādana: covering literally (as in a robe covering the body).

As pratibandha: obstruction.

In Vinaya, 遮 appears in the context of rules that "prohibit" or "prevent" certain actions (遮戒, nairantarya-śīla, prohibitive precepts). The compound 遮止 (to prevent/obstruct) appears in ethical contexts.

162.269 162.192 遵 (zūn) [skt.anudhāvati; anuvartate] — To follow/comply/observe. Anudhāvati is to follow/run after; anuvartate is to follow/obey. Appears in the compound 遵行 (to follow/practice), describing the observance of precepts and the following of the Buddha’s teachings. The term 遵奉 (to observe reverently) appears in descriptions of the disciples who follow the Buddha’s rules.

162.270 162.193 遶 (rào) [skt.pradakṣiṇa; pradakṣiṇī-kṛtya] — To surround/coil/circumambulate. Pradakṣiṇa is the act of circumambulating a sacred object with the right side facing it (a key act of devotion). The compound 遶塔 (circumambulating a stupa) is a common practice of merit-making. In the sūtras, beings often circumambulate the Buddha three times as a mark of respect before asking a question.

162.271 162.202 避 (bì) [skt.parivarjana; apasarpaṇa] — To avoid/shun/hide. Parivarjana is abandonment/avoidance; apasarpaṇa is slipping away/hiding. Appears in the compound 避世 (to withdraw from the world), describing the monastic life of renunciation. Also appears in 避難 (to take refuge), which is related to the Three Refuges (三皈依, tri-śaraṇa).

162.272 162.203 邀 (yāo) [skt.nimitta; āmantrayati] — To invite/request/intercept. Āmantrayati is to invite/call; nimitta is a sign/cause (in the sense of "requesting" something for a purpose). In Vinaya, inviting a layperson to give a meal is regulated. In sūtras, "inviting" the Buddha to teach is a common theme.

162.273 162.204 邁 (mài) [skt.akramata; utkramaṇa] — To stride/pass/go beyond. Akramata is to step/stride; utkramaṇa is going beyond. Appears in the compound 邁進 (to stride forward/advance), describing progress on the path.

162.274 162.205 邂 (xiè) [skt.saṅgama] — To meet by chance. Appears only in the compound 邂逅 (xièhòu, to meet by chance), which may be used in narratives of unexpectedly encountering the Dharma.

162.275 162.206 邃 (suì) [skt.gambhīra; gūḍha] — Deep/profound. Gambhīra is deep; gūḍha is hidden/secret. Appears in descriptions of the profound nature of the Dharma and the Buddha’s wisdom. The compound 邃深 (profound) is used in verses praising the depth of the teachings.

162.276 162.207 還 (huán) [skt.nivartate; punar; pratipadyate] — To return; still/yet. Nivartate is to turn back/return; punar is again/still; pratipadyate is to enter/attain (in the sense of "returning" to the true source). In Buddhist contexts, 還 appears in:

還源 (returning to the source), a metaphor for realizing one’s true nature;

還家 (returning home), a metaphor for attaining enlightenment;

還俗 (to return to lay life), which is a serious matter in Vinaya when a monk disrobes.

In the compound 迴向 (還向 in some texts, pariṇāmanā, dedication/transfer of merit), 還 is the earlier form of 迴.

162.277 162.211 邈 (miǎo) [skt.dūra; viprakṛṣṭa] — Far/remote. Similar to 遠. Appears in the compound 邈遠 (remote), describing the vastness of time and space in Buddhist cosmology, or the "remoteness" of enlightenment for ordinary beings.

162.278 162.213 邊 (biān) [skt.anta; paryanta; sīmā] — See entry 162.4 above. The compound 無邊 (ananta, endless) is used for the Buddha’s compassion and the vastness of space. In Vinaya, 邊界 (sīmā) is the monastic boundary, a key concept for determining the validity of monastic acts.

162.279 162.218 邏 (luó) [skt.avalokana; parīkṣā] — To patrol/inspect. Avalokana is looking/observing (as in Avalokiteśvara, 觀世音, the Buddha who observes the sounds of the world). Parīkṣā is investigation/examination. Appears in the compound 邏輯 (logic), though this is a modern coinage. In Buddhist epistemology, "observing" and "investigating" are key aspects of practice.

163 邑

163.1 邑 [chn.yì][eng.town; city; (also yì, a county)][skt.nagara; grāma; maṇḍala]

163.2 邒 [tíng][eng.ancient term; (also tíng); rare]

163.3 邓 [dèng][eng.a surname; simplified of 鄧]

163.4 邔 [qǐ][eng.an ancient place name; (also qǐ); rare]

163.5 邕 [yōng][eng.harmonious; (also yōng, an ancient place name)][skt.sāmagrī; (also "harmony" = samanvaya)]

163.6 邖 [shān][eng.an ancient place name; (also shān); rare]

163.7 邗 [hán][eng.an ancient place name; (also hán); rare]

163.8 邘 [yú][eng.an ancient place name; (also yú); rare]

163.9 邙 [máng][eng.an ancient place name; (also máng, a mountain); rare]

163.10 邚 [rú][eng.an ancient place name; (also rú); rare]

163.11 邛 [qióng][eng.an ancient place name; (also qióng, a hill); rare]

163.12 邜 [xì][eng.ancient term; (also xì); rare]

163.13 邝 [kuàng][eng.a surname; simplified of 鄺]

163.14 邞 [fū][eng.an ancient place name; (also fū); rare]

163.15 邟 [kàng][eng.an ancient place name; (also kàng); rare]

163.16 邠 [bīn][eng.an ancient place name; (also bīn); rare]

163.17 邡 [fāng][eng.an ancient place name; (also fāng); rare]

163.18 邢 [xíng][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; (also Xíng); rare]

163.19 那 [nā / nà][eng.that; (also nā, a phonetic character)][skt.na; (also "that" = tad)]

163.20 邤 [xīn][eng.an ancient place name; (also xīn); rare]

163.21 邥 [shěn][eng.an ancient place name; (also shěn); rare]

163.22 邦 [bāng][eng.nation; state; (also bāng, a country)][skt.rāṣṭra; janapada; (also "kingdom" = rājya)]

163.23 邧 [yuán][eng.an ancient place name; (also yuán); rare]

163.24 邨 [cūn][eng.ancient variant of 村 (village); rare][skt.grāma; (also "village" = grāma)]

163.25 邩 [huǒ][eng.ancient term; (also huǒ); rare]

163.26 邪 [xié / yé][eng.evil; heterodox; (also yé, a particle)][skt.pāpa; mithyā; (also "wrong" = viparyaya; "heterodox" = tīrthika)]

163.27 邫 [bāng][eng.ancient variant of 邦 (state); rare][skt.rāṣṭra]

163.28 邬 [wū][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; simplified of 鄔]

163.29 邭 [jù][eng.an ancient place name; (also jù); rare]

163.30 邮 [yóu][eng.postal; (also yóu, a post station)][skt.lekhā; (also "courier" = dūta)]

163.31 邯 [hán][eng.an ancient place name; (also hán); rare]

163.32 邰 [tái][eng.an ancient place name; (also tái); rare]

163.33 邱 [qiū][eng.a mound; a hill; (also Qiū, a surname)][skt.parvata; (also "hill" = giri)]

163.34 邲 [bì][eng.an ancient place name; (also bì); rare]

163.35 邳 [pī][eng.an ancient place name; (also pī); rare]

163.36 邴 [bǐng][eng.an ancient place name; (also bǐng); rare]

163.37 邵 [shào][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; (also Shào); rare]

163.38 邶 [bèi][eng.an ancient place name; (also bèi); rare]

163.39 邷 [wǎ][eng.an ancient place name; (also wǎ); rare]

163.40 邸 [dǐ][eng.a residence; an official residence; (also dǐ, a mansion)][skt.veśma; (also "dwelling" = ālaya)]

163.41 邹 [zōu][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; simplified of 鄒]

163.42 邺 [yè][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 鄴]

163.43 邻 [lín][eng.neighbor; neighboring; simplified of 鄰][skt.prativāsī; (also "neighbor" = samīpa-vāsin)]

163.44 邼 [kuāng][eng.an ancient place name; (also kuāng); rare]

163.45 邽 [guī][eng.an ancient place name; (also guī); rare]

163.46 邾 [zhū][eng.an ancient place name; (also zhū); rare]

163.47 邿 [shī][eng.an ancient place name; (also shī); rare]

163.48 郀 [kū][eng.an ancient place name; (also kū); rare]

163.49 郁 [yù][eng.fragrant; luxuriant; (also yù, melancholy)][skt.surabhi; (also "fragrant" = gandha)]

163.50 郂 [gāi][eng.an ancient place name; (also gāi); rare]

163.51 郃 [hé][eng.an ancient place name; (also hé); rare]

163.52 郄 [qiè / xì][eng.an ancient place name; (also xì, a surname); rare]

163.53 郅 [zhì][eng.an ancient place name; (also zhì); rare]

163.54 郆 [jí][eng.an ancient place name; (also jí); rare]

163.55 郇 [huán / xún][eng.an ancient place name; (also xún); rare]

163.56 郈 [hòu][eng.an ancient place name; (also hòu); rare]

163.57 郉 [xíng][eng.variant of 邢 (place name); rare]

163.58 郊 [jiāo][eng.suburb; outskirts; (also jiāo, the city’s edge)][skt.upaśākhā; (also "suburb" = upanagara)]

163.59 郋 [xí][eng.an ancient place name; (also xí); rare]

163.60 郌 [guī][eng.an ancient place name; (also guī); rare]

163.61 郍 [nuó][eng.an ancient place name; (also nuó); rare]

163.62 郎 [láng / làng][eng.a youth; an officer; (also Láng, a surname)][skt.dūta; (also "young man" = yuvā)]

163.63 郏 [jiá][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 郟]

163.64 郐 [kuài][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 鄶]

163.65 郑 [zhèng][eng.an ancient state; a surname; simplified of 鄭]

163.66 郒 [láng][eng.ancient variant of 郎 (young man); rare][skt.dūta]

163.67 郓 [yùn][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 鄆]

163.68 郔 [yán][eng.an ancient place name; (also yán); rare]

163.69 郕 [chéng][eng.an ancient place name; (also chéng); rare]

163.70 郖 [dòu][eng.an ancient place name; (also dòu); rare]

163.71 郗 [xī / chī][eng.an ancient place name; (also chī, a surname); rare]

163.72 郘 [lǚ][eng.an ancient place name; (also lǚ); rare]

163.73 郙 [fǔ][eng.an ancient place name; (also fǔ); rare]

163.74 郚 [wú][eng.an ancient place name; (also wú); rare]

163.75 郛 [fú][eng.the outer wall of a city; (also fú, a suburb)][skt.prakāra; (also "wall" = prākāra)]

163.76 郜 [gào][eng.an ancient place name; (also gào); rare]

163.77 郝 [hǎo][eng.a surname; (also Hǎo); rare]

163.78 郞 [láng][eng.variant of 郎 (young man); rare][skt.dūta]

163.79 郟 [jiá][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 郏]

163.80 郠 [gěng][eng.an ancient place name; (also gěng); rare]

163.81 郡 [jùn][eng.a prefecture; a county; (also jùn, an administrative division)][skt.maṇḍala; (also "district" = viṣaya)]

163.82 郢 [yǐng][eng.an ancient place name; (also yǐng, a city); rare]

163.83 郣 [bó][eng.an ancient place name; (also bó); rare]

163.84 郤 [xì][eng.a cleft; a gap; (also xì, a surname); rare]

163.85 郥 [bèi][eng.an ancient place name; (also bèi); rare]

163.86 郦 [lì][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 酈]

163.87 郧 [yún][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 鄖]

163.88 部 [bù][eng.part; section; department; (also bù, a ministry)][skt.bhāga; vibhāga; (also "group" = gaṇa)]

163.89 郩 [xiáo][eng.an ancient place name; (also xiáo); rare]

163.90 郪 [qī][eng.an ancient place name; (also qī); rare]

163.91 郫 [pí][eng.an ancient place name; (also pí); rare]

163.92 郬 [qīng][eng.an ancient place name; (also qīng); rare]

163.93 郭 [guō][eng.the outer wall of a city; a surname; (also guō, a suburb)][skt.prakāra; (also "city wall" = prākāra)]

163.94 郮 [zhōu][eng.an ancient place name; (also zhōu); rare]

163.95 郯 [tán][eng.an ancient place name; (also tán); rare]

163.96 郰 [zōu][eng.an ancient place name; (also zōu); rare]

163.97 郱 [píng][eng.an ancient place name; (also píng); rare]

163.98 郲 [lái][eng.an ancient place name; (also lái); rare]

163.99 郳 [ní][eng.an ancient place name; (also ní); rare]

163.100 郴 [chēn][eng.an ancient place name; (also chēn); rare]

163.101 郵 [yóu][eng.postal; a post station; traditional of 邮][skt.lekhā; (also "courier" = dūta)]

163.102 郶 [bù][eng.ancient variant of 部 (part; section); rare][skt.bhāga]

163.103 郷 [xiāng][eng.ancient variant of 鄉 (village; hometown); rare][skt.grāma; janapada]

163.104 郸 [dān][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 鄲]

163.105 郹 [jú][eng.an ancient place name; (also jú); rare]

163.106 郺 [yōng][eng.ancient term; (also yōng); rare]

163.107 郻 [qiāo][eng.an ancient place name; (also qiāo); rare]

163.108 郼 [yī][eng.an ancient place name; (also yī); rare]

163.109 都 [dū / dōu][eng.capital city; (also dōu, all)][skt.rajadhānī; nagara; (also "capital" = rāja-dhānī)]

163.110 郾 [yǎn][eng.an ancient place name; (also yǎn); rare]

163.111 郿 [méi][eng.an ancient place name; (also méi); rare]

163.112 鄀 [ruò][eng.an ancient place name; (also ruò); rare]

163.113 鄁 [bèi][eng.an ancient place name; (also bèi); rare]

163.114 鄂 [è][eng.a surname; an ancient place name; (also E); rare]

163.115 鄃 [shū][eng.an ancient place name; (also shū); rare]

163.116 鄄 [juàn][eng.an ancient place name; (also juàn); rare]

163.117 鄅 [yǔ][eng.an ancient place name; (also yǔ); rare]

163.118 鄆 [yùn][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 郓]

163.119 鄇 [hóu][eng.an ancient place name; (also hóu); rare]

163.120 鄈 [kuí][eng.an ancient place name; (also kuí); rare]

163.121 鄉 [xiāng][eng.village; hometown; traditional of 乡][skt.grāma; janapada]

163.122 鄊 [xiāng][eng.ancient variant of 鄉 (village); rare][skt.grāma]

163.123 鄋 [sōu][eng.an ancient place name; (also sōu); rare]

163.124 鄌 [táng][eng.an ancient place name; (also táng); rare]

163.125 鄍 [míng][eng.an ancient place name; (also míng); rare]

163.126 鄎 [xī][eng.an ancient place name; (also xī); rare]

163.127 鄏 [rǔ][eng.an ancient place name; (also rǔ); rare]

163.128 鄐 [chù][eng.an ancient place name; (also chù); rare]

163.129 鄑 [zī][eng.an ancient place name; (also zī); rare]

163.130 鄒 [zōu][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 邹]

163.131 鄓 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

163.132 鄔 [wū][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 邬]

163.133 鄕 [xiāng][eng.variant of 鄉 (village); rare][skt.grāma]

163.134 鄖 [yún][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 郧]

163.135 鄗 [hào][eng.an ancient place name; (also hào); rare]

163.136 鄘 [yōng][eng.an ancient place name; (also yōng); rare]

163.137 鄙 [bǐ][eng.base; mean; vulgar; to despise; (also bǐ, a remote place)][skt.kutsita; avamāna; (also "base" = hīna)]

163.138 鄚 [mò][eng.an ancient place name; (also mò); rare]

163.139 鄛 [cháo][eng.an ancient place name; (also cháo); rare]

163.140 鄜 [fū][eng.an ancient place name; (also fū); rare]

163.141 鄝 [liǎo][eng.an ancient place name; (also liǎo); rare]

163.142 鄞 [yín][eng.an ancient place name; (also yín); rare]

163.143 鄟 [zhuān][eng.an ancient place name; (also zhuān); rare]

163.144 鄠 [hù][eng.an ancient place name; (also hù); rare]

163.145 鄡 [qiāo][eng.an ancient place name; (also qiāo); rare]

163.146 鄢 [yān][eng.an ancient place name; (also yān); rare]

163.147 鄣 [zhāng][eng.an ancient place name; (also zhāng); rare]

163.148 鄤 [màn][eng.an ancient place name; (also màn); rare]

163.149 鄥 [qiāo][eng.an ancient place name; (also qiāo); rare]

163.150 鄦 [xǔ][eng.an ancient place name; (also xǔ); rare]

163.151 鄧 [dèng][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; traditional of 邓]

163.152 鄨 [bì][eng.an ancient place name; (also bì); rare]

163.153 鄩 [xún][eng.an ancient place name; (also xún); rare]

163.154 鄪 [bì][eng.an ancient place name; (also bì); rare]

163.155 鄫 [zēng][eng.an ancient place name; (also zēng); rare]

163.156 鄬 [wéi][eng.an ancient place name; (also wéi); rare]

163.157 鄭 [zhèng][eng.an ancient state; a surname; traditional of 郑]

163.158 鄮 [mào][eng.an ancient place name; (also mào); rare]

163.159 鄯 [shàn][eng.an ancient place name; (also shàn); rare]

163.160 鄰 [lín][eng.neighbor; neighboring; traditional of 邻][skt.prativāsī; (also "neighbor" = samīpa-vāsin)]

163.161 鄱 [pó][eng.an ancient place name; (also pó); rare]

163.162 鄲 [dān][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 郸]

163.163 鄳 [méng][eng.an ancient place name; (also méng); rare]

163.164 鄴 [yè][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 邺]

163.165 鄵 [cào][eng.an ancient place name; (also cào); rare]

163.166 鄶 [kuài][eng.an ancient place name; traditional of 郐]

163.167 鄷 [fēng][eng.an ancient place name; (also fēng); rare]

163.168 鄸 [méng][eng.an ancient place name; (also méng); rare]

163.169 鄹 [zōu][eng.an ancient place name; (also zōu); rare]

163.170 鄺 [kuàng][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; traditional of 邝]

163.171 鄻 [liǎn][eng.an ancient place name; (also liǎn); rare]

163.172 鄼 [zàn][eng.an ancient place name; (also zàn); rare]

163.173 鄽 [chán][eng.ancient term; (also chán); rare]

163.174 鄾 [yōu][eng.an ancient place name; (also yōu); rare]

163.175 鄿 [qí][eng.an ancient place name; (also qí); rare]

163.176 酀 [yàn][eng.an ancient place name; (also yàn); rare]

163.177 酁 [chán][eng.an ancient place name; (also chán); rare]

163.178 酂 [zàn / cuán][eng.an ancient place name; (also cuán); rare]

163.179 酃 [líng][eng.an ancient place name; (also líng); rare]

163.180 酄 [huān][eng.an ancient place name; (also huān); rare]

163.181 酅 [xī][eng.an ancient place name; (also xī); rare]

163.182 酆 [fēng][eng.an ancient place name; (also fēng); rare]

163.183 酇 [zàn / cuán][eng.an ancient place name; (also cuán); rare]

163.184 酈 [lì][eng.an ancient place name; a surname; traditional of 郦]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 163

Radical 163 (邑, yì) — "town" or "city" — is one of the two radical forms for place names and administrative divisions (Kangxi #163). Its semantic field encompasses cities, towns, villages, states, and by extension, the political and social structures of human settlement. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Its primary relevance lies in:

The appearance of place names in sūtras, Vinaya, and historical records — identifying the locations where the Buddha taught, where monastic communities were established, and where Buddhist kingdoms flourished;

The concept of the city or town (nagara, grāma) as a setting for the Buddha’s teachings — he often taught in cities and towns, and the Vinaya contains many rules about monastic residence in urban and rural areas;

The administrative divisions (郡, maṇḍala, prefecture; 邑, grāma, town; 鄉/乡, janapada, village/region) that appear in descriptions of Buddhist monastic boundaries and jurisdiction;

The compound 國邑 (state and city, rāṣṭra-nagara) describing the political geography of ancient India;

The character 都 (dū, capital city; rāja-dhānī) appearing in descriptions of royal cities such as Rājagṛha, Śrāvastī, and Vaiśālī.

Critical characters include: 邑 itself (town; nagara), 邦/邦 (state; rāṣṭra), 郡 (prefecture; maṇḍala), 都 (capital; rāja-dhānī), 鄉/乡 (village; grāma), 鄰/邻 (neighbor; prativāsī), 部 (section; bhāga), 邪 (heterodox; mithyā/tīrthika), 鄙 (base/mean; kutsita), and 邕 (harmonious; sāmagrī).

Text-critical note: the vast majority of characters under this radical are ancient place names (mostly from the pre-Qin and Han periods) with no Sanskrit correlates. These characters appear in Buddhist texts primarily as historical references, in colophons, or in translations of Indian place names (using Chinese phonetics). The simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extensive (邓/鄧, 邻/鄰, 乡/鄉, 郑/鄭, 邹/鄒, 邺/鄴, 郏/郟, 郐/鄶, 郸/鄲, 郓/鄆, 郦/酈, 邬/鄔, 郧/鄖, 鄞, 鄯, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

163.185 163.1 邑 (yì) [skt.nagara; grāma; maṇḍala] — Town/city. Nagara is a town/city; grāma is a village; maṇḍala is a district/administered area. In Vinaya, the rules concerning monastic residence in towns and villages are numerous (e.g., the types of allowable dwellings). In sūtras, the Buddha often teaches in cities, and the names of cities (e.g., Śrāvastī, Rājagṛha) are key geographical markers. 邑 also appears in the compound 邑落 (village, grāma).

163.186 163.5 邕 (yōng) [skt.sāmagrī; samanvaya] — Harmonious. Sāmagrī is harmony/unity; samanvaya is concord. In Buddhist contexts, 邕 appears in compounds like 邕穆 (harmonious and reverent), describing the unity of the monastic community (saṅgha-sāmagrī). The harmony of the saṅgha is highly prized in Vinaya — monks should not cause schisms.

163.187 163.19 那 (nā / nà) [skt.na; tad] — That; phonetic character. As a phonetic, 那 appears in numerous Buddhist transliterations: 那伽 (nāga, serpent/dragon), 那羅 (nāra, man), 那爛陀 (Nālandā, the great monastic university), 阿那含 (anāgāmin, the third stage of awakening). The reading nà (that) is a demonstrative pronoun, unrelated to Buddhist technical terminology.

163.188 163.22 邦 (bāng) [skt.rāṣṭra; janapada; rājya] — Nation/state. Rāṣṭra is a kingdom/country; janapada is a region/territory; rājya is a kingdom/realm. Appears in the compound 邦國 (state, rāṣṭra), describing the political geography of ancient India. In Buddhist texts, 邦 is often used to translate rāṣṭra in descriptions of the countries where the Buddha traveled.

163.189 163.24 邨 (cūn) [skt.grāma] — Village. Variant of 村. Grāma is a village. The village is a key setting in the Vinaya — monks are allowed to stay in villages (with the permission of the villagers) and to beg for alms there.

163.190 163.26 邪 (xié / yé) [skt.pāpa; mithyā; viparyaya; tīrthika] — This character has two distinct meanings.

As mithyā (evil/wrong/heterodox): the compound 邪見 (mithyā-dṛṣṭi, wrong view) is one of the fundamental Buddhist concepts — it is one of the ten unwholesome courses of action and a cause of suffering. 邪 also appears in 邪淫 (mithyā-kāma, sexual misconduct), one of the five precepts.

As tīrthika (heterodox teacher/non-Buddhist), 邪 is used to describe non-Buddhist sects (外道, tīrthika) that are considered "erroneous" in their views.

The reading yé is a particle and is unrelated.

163.191 163.40 邸 (dǐ) [skt.veśma; ālaya] — Residence/official dwelling. Veśma is a dwelling/house; ālaya is a dwelling/abode (as in 阿賴耶識, ālaya-vijñāna, storehouse consciousness). Appears in the compound 官邸 (official residence) and in descriptions of the dwellings of wealthy laypeople who were patrons of the saṅgha.

163.192 163.43/163.160 邻/鄰 (lín) [skt.prativāsī; samīpa-vāsin] — Neighbor/neighboring. Prativāsī is a neighbor (one who dwells nearby); samīpa-vāsin is one who dwells close. In Vinaya, rules about relationships with neighbors (laypeople who live near the monastery) are important for maintaining harmonious relations. In sūtras, 邻 is used in the sense of "neighboring" regions or cities.

163.193 163.49 郁 (yù) [skt.surabhi; gandha] — Fragrant/luxuriant. Surabhi is fragrant; gandha is fragrance/smell. Appears in the compound 郁馥 (fragrant), describing the fragrance of a Buddha or the scents of a pure land. In the sense of "luxuriant" (flourishing), it may appear in descriptions of flourishing Dharma communities.

163.194 163.58 郊 (jiāo) [skt.upaśākhā; upanagara] — Suburb/outskirts. Upanagara is a suburb (near the city). Appears in Vinaya in the context of where monks may wander (they are often permitted to go to the outskirts of villages for solitude and meditation).

163.195 163.62 郎 (láng / làng) [skt.dūta; yuvā] — A young man/officer; courier. Dūta is a messenger/courier; yuvā is a young man. Appears in historical contexts or in the compound 郎君 (young master). In Buddhist texts, 郎 may appear in colophons as part of a title, or in the context of the "young man" in parables.

163.196 163.75 郛 (fú) [skt.prakāra; prākāra] — The outer wall of a city. Prakāra is a wall/enclosure; prākāra is a surrounding wall. Appears in descriptions of cities in sūtras (e.g., the walled cities of ancient India) and in Vinaya rules concerning city boundaries and monastic areas.

163.197 163.81 郡 (jùn) [skt.maṇḍala; viṣaya] — Prefecture/administrative district. Maṇḍala is a district/territory; viṣaya is a region/territory. Appears in descriptions of the administrative geography of kingdoms where Buddhism flourished, and in the compound 郡縣 (prefectures and counties). In Buddhist texts, this character is primarily historical or geographical.

163.198 163.88 部 (bù) [skt.bhāga; vibhāga; gaṇa] — Part/section/department. Bhāga is a part/portion; vibhāga is division; gaṇa is a group. Appears in the compound 分部 (division/section), describing the divisions of the Buddhist canon (e.g., the Nikāyas or Āgamas). In Vinaya, 部 is used for the different monastic lineages (部派, nikāya). The compound 全部 (the whole/all) appears in discussions of the complete Dharma.

163.199 163.93 郭 (guō) [skt.prakāra; prākāra] — Outer wall of a city. Similar to 郛. Appears in city descriptions. Also a common surname.

163.200 163.101 郵 (yóu) [skt.lekhā; dūta] — Postal/post station. Lekhā is a letter/writing; dūta is a courier/messenger. Appears in the compound 郵遞 (postal delivery). In Buddhist contexts, 郵 may appear in historical accounts of the spread of the Dharma through correspondence.

163.201 163.103/163.121/163.133 郷/鄉/鄕 (xiāng) [skt.grāma; janapada] — Village/hometown. Grāma is a village; janapada is a region/territory. Appears in the compound 鄉村 (village, grāma). In Buddhist texts, 鄉 is often used for the "hometown" of a monk or layperson, or for the "village" where people live. The multiple variants are orthographic; back-translators should treat them as equivalent.

163.202 163.109 都 (dū / dōu) [skt.rāja-dhānī; nagara] — Capital city. Rāja-dhānī is the royal capital; nagara is a city. Key Buddhist cities such as Śrāvastī, Rājagṛha, and Vaiśālī are referred to as 都城 (capital city) in many texts. The reading dōu (all) is a function word unrelated to Buddhist terminology.

163.203 163.114 鄂 (è) — An ancient place name and surname. Appears in historical contexts. In Buddhist texts, 鄂 is typically a location in China, not India.

163.204 163.137 鄙 (bǐ) [skt.kutsita; avamāna; hīna] — Base/mean/vulgar; to despise. Kutsita is despicable; avamāna is contempt/disdain; hīna is low/inferior. Appears in the compound 鄙夷 (to despise), and in the sense of "base" as opposed to "noble." In Buddhist ethics, the "base" mind (characterized by greed, hatred, and delusion) is to be abandoned.

163.205 163.160 鄰 (lín) [skt.prativāsī; samīpa-vāsin] — See entry 163.43 above.

163.206 163.184 酈 (lì) — An ancient place name and surname. No Sanskrit correlate. Appears in historical contexts.

164 酉

164.1 酉 [chn.yǒu][eng.wine; alcohol; (also yǒu, the 10th terrestrial branch)][skt.surā; madya; (also "alcohol" = surā)]

164.2 酊 [chn.dǐng / dīng][eng.drunk; (also dīng, a medical tincture)][skt.matta; (also "drunk" = pramatta)]

164.3 酋 [chn.qiú][eng.chieftain; (also qiú, a tribal leader)][skt.pati; (also "chief" = pradhāna)]

164.4 酌 [zhuó][eng.to pour wine; to consider; (also zhuó, to drink)][skt.pāna; (also "to consider" = vicāra)]

164.5 配 [pèi][eng.to match; to blend; to deserve; (also pèi, to pair)][skt.yoga; yojana; (also "to join" = saṃyoga)]

164.6 酎 [zhòu][eng.double-fermented wine; (also zhòu); rare][skt.surā]

164.7 酏 [yǐ][eng.a thin wine; (also yǐ, a sweet drink); rare][skt.madya]

164.8 酐 [gān][eng.anhydride; (also gān); rare]

164.9 酑 [yú][eng.ancient term; (also yú); rare]

164.10 酒 [jiǔ][eng.alcohol; wine; liquor; (also jiǔ, to drink)][skt.surā; madya; (also "intoxicating drink" = surā-meraya)]

164.11 酓 [yǎn][eng.ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

164.12 酔 [zuì][eng.Japanese variant of 醉 (drunk); rare][skt.matta; pramatta]

164.13 酕 [máo][eng.drunk; (also máo); rare][skt.matta]

164.14 酖 [dān][eng.a poison; (also dān, to indulge)][skt.viṣa; (also "poison" = garala)]

164.15 酗 [xù][eng.to drink excessively; to be addicted to alcohol; (also xù, violent)][skt.pāna; (also "addiction" = pramāda)]

164.16 酘 [dòu][eng.to ferment again; (also dòu); rare]

164.17 酙 [zhēn][eng.ancient variant of 斟 (to pour wine); rare][skt.pāna]

164.18 酚 [fēn][eng.phenol; (also fēn); rare]

164.19 酛 [yuán][eng.ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

164.20 酜 [fū][eng.ancient term; (also fū); rare]

164.21 酝 [yùn][eng.to brew; (also yùn, to ferment)][skt.saṃyoga; (also "to brew" = pācayati)]

164.22 酞 [tài][eng.a chemical compound; (also tài); rare]

164.23 酟 [tiān][eng.ancient term; (also tiān); rare]

164.24 酠 [kǎ][eng.ancient term; (also kǎ); rare]

164.25 酡 [tuó][eng.a flushed face from drinking; (also tuó); rare][skt.rakta-mukha]

164.26 酢 [cù / zuò][eng.vinegar; (also zuò, to exchange)][skt.sukta; (also "vinegar" = āmla)]

164.27 酣 [hān][eng.drunk; to be intoxicated; (also hān, to enjoy)][skt.matta; (also "to revel" = ramate)]

164.28 酤 [gū][eng.to buy or sell wine; (also gū, to trade)][skt.pāna-vāṇijya]

164.29 酥 [sū][eng.a butter-like food; (also sū, ghee)][skt.sarpis; (also "ghee" = ghṛta)]

164.30 酦 [pō][eng.to ferment; (also pō)][skt.pācayati]

164.31 酧 [chóu][eng.to toast; (also chóu, to thank); rare][skt.pāna; (also "to respond" = pratidāna)]

164.32 酨 [zài][eng.ancient term; (also zài); rare]

164.33 酩 [mǐng][eng.drunk; intoxicated; (also mǐng); rare][skt.matta; pramatta]

164.34 酪 [lào][eng.cheese; yoghurt; (also lào, a dairy product)][skt.dadhi; (also "curds" = dadhi)]

164.35 酫 [chā][eng.ancient term; (also chā); rare]

164.36 酬 [chóu][eng.to compensate; to repay; to toast; (also chóu, to entertain)][skt.pratidāna; (also "to respond" = pratipatti)]

164.37 酭 [yòu][eng.ancient term; (also yòu); rare]

164.38 酮 [tóng][eng.ketone; (also tóng); rare]

164.39 酯 [zhǐ][eng.ester; (also zhǐ); rare]

164.40 酰 [xiān][eng.acyl; (also xiān); rare]

164.41 酱 [jiàng][eng.sauce; jam; (also jiàng, a paste)]

164.42 酲 [chéng][eng.to be drunk; a hangover; (also chéng, to be intoxicated)][skt.matta; (also "hangover" = śiras)]

164.43 酳 [yìn][eng.to rinse the mouth with wine; (also yìn); rare]

164.44 酴 [tú][eng.a leaven; (also tú, fermented wine); rare][skt.surā]

164.45 酵 [jiào][eng.to ferment; yeast; (also jiào, leaven)][skt.pācayati; (also "ferment" = kāṣṭha)]

164.46 酶 [méi][eng.enzyme; (also méi); rare]

164.47 酷 [kù][eng.cruel; harsh; very; (also kù, extreme)][skt.caṇḍa; (also "cruel" = krūra)]

164.48 酸 [suān][eng.sour; acid; (also suān, to be grieved)][skt.āmla; (also "sour" = amla)]

164.49 酹 [lèi][eng.to pour wine on the ground as a libation; (also lèi); rare]

164.50 酺 [pú][eng.a feast; (also pú, to drink); rare][skt.bhojana; (also "feast" = bhakṣa)]

164.51 酻 [zuì][eng.ancient variant of 醉 (drunk); rare][skt.matta]

164.52 酼 [hǎi][eng.ancient term; (also hǎi); rare]

164.53 酽 [yàn][eng.strong (of tea/wine); (also yàn, concentrated)][skt.sāra; (also "concentrated" = tīkṣṇa)]

164.54 酾 [shāi][eng.to strain wine; (also shāi, to filter); rare]

164.55 酿 [niàng][eng.to brew; to ferment; (also niàng, to concoct)][skt.pācayati; (also "to brew" = saṃyoga)]

164.56 醀 [wéi][eng.ancient term; (also wéi); rare]

164.57 醁 [lù][eng.a fine wine; (also lù); rare][skt.surā]

164.58 醂 [lǎn][eng.to soak fruit in wine; (also lǎn); rare]

164.59 醃 [yān][eng.to preserve; to pickle; (also yān, to salt)][skt.lavaṇa; (also "to preserve" = rakṣaṇa)]

164.60 醄 [táo][eng.drunk; (also táo); rare][skt.matta]

164.61 醅 [pēi][eng.unstrained wine; (also pēi); rare][skt.surā]

164.62 醆 [zhǎn][eng.a wine cup; (also zhǎn)][skt.pātra; (also "cup" = bhājana)]

164.63 醇 [chún][eng.pure; mellow; (also chún, unadulterated)][skt.śuddha; (also "pure" = viśuddha)]

164.64 醈 [tán][eng.ancient term; (also tán); rare]

164.65 醉 [zuì][eng.drunk; intoxicated; (also zuì, to be drunk)][skt.matta; pramatta; (also "drunk" = pramada)]

164.66 醊 [zhuì][eng.to pour a libation; (also zhuì); rare]

164.67 醋 [cù][eng.vinegar; (also cù, jealousy)][skt.sukta; (also "vinegar" = āmla)]

164.68 醌 [kūn][eng.quinone; (also kūn); rare]

164.69 醍 [tí][eng.ghee; (used in 醍醐, tíhú, butter/ghee)][skt.sarpis; (also "ghee" = ghṛta)]

164.70 醎 [xián][eng.salty; (also xián, a chemical compound); rare][skt.lavaṇa]

164.71 醏 [dū][eng.ancient term; (also dū); rare]

164.72 醐 [hú][eng.ghee; (used in 醍醐, tíhú, butter/ghee)][skt.sarpis]

164.73 醑 [xǔ][eng.to strain wine; (also xǔ); rare]

164.74 醒 [xǐng][eng.to wake up; to be sober; (also xǐng, to be awake)][skt.pratibuddha; (also "to awaken" = bodhati)]

164.75 醓 [tǎn][eng.ancient term; (also tǎn); rare]

164.76 醔 [chóu][eng.ancient term; (also chóu); rare]

164.77 醕 [chún][eng.ancient variant of 醇 (pure); rare][skt.śuddha]

164.78 醖 [yùn][eng.to brew; traditional of 酝][skt.pācayati]

164.79 醗 [pō][eng.to ferment; (also pō); rare][skt.pācayati]

164.80 醘 [kē][eng.ancient term; (also kē); rare]

164.81 醙 [sōu][eng.ancient term; (also sōu); rare]

164.82 醚 [mí][eng.ether; (also mí); rare]

164.83 醛 [quán][eng.aldehyde; (also quán); rare]

164.84 醜 [chǒu][eng.ugly; disgraceful; (also chǒu, a clown)][skt.avara; (also "ugly" = virūpa)]

164.85 醝 [cuō][eng.an ancient term; (also cuō); rare]

164.86 醞 [yùn][eng.to brew; (also yùn)][skt.pācayati]

164.87 醟 [yòng][eng.drunk; (also yòng, to indulge); rare][skt.matta]

164.88 醠 [àng][eng.a wine; (also àng); rare][skt.surā]

164.89 醡 [zhà][eng.wine; (also zhà); rare][skt.surā]

164.90 醢 [hǎi][eng.a sauce of meat; (also hǎi, a paste); rare]

164.91 醣 [táng][eng.carbohydrate; (also táng, sugar); rare]

164.92 醤 [jiàng][eng.Japanese variant of 醬 (sauce); rare]

164.93 醥 [piǎo][eng.a clear wine; (also piǎo); rare][skt.surā]

164.94 醦 [chǎn][eng.ancient term; (also chǎn); rare]

164.95 醧 [yù][eng.an ancient wine vessel; (also yù); rare][skt.pātra]

164.96 醨 [lí][eng.thin wine; (also lí); rare][skt.surā]

164.97 醩 [zāo][eng.dregs; (also zāo); rare]

164.98 醪 [láo][eng.a wine with dregs; (also láo, a thick wine); rare][skt.surā]

164.99 醫 [yī][eng.medicine; to heal; (also yī, a doctor)][skt.vaidya; bhaiṣajya; (also "medicine" = cikitsā)]

164.100 醬 [jiàng][eng.sauce; jam; traditional of 酱]

164.101 醭 [bú][eng.mould; (also bú, a film on wine); rare]

164.102 醮 [jiào][eng.to perform a sacrifice; (also jiào, a ritual)][skt.yajña; (also "to offer" = bali)]

164.103 醯 [xī][eng.vinegar; (also xī)][skt.sukta; (also "vinegar" = āmla)]

164.104 醰 [tán][eng.ancient term; (also tán); rare]

164.105 醱 [pō][eng.to ferment; (also pō)][skt.pācayati]

164.106 醲 [nóng][eng.strong wine; (also nóng, thick); rare][skt.surā; (also "concentrated" = sāra)]

164.107 醳 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

164.108 醴 [lǐ][eng.a sweet wine; (also lǐ, a kind of wine)][skt.madya; (also "sweet wine" = madhu)]

164.109 醵 [jù][eng.to collect money for a feast; (also jù)][skt.saṅghaṭṭana]

164.110 醶 [yàn][eng.ancient term; (also yàn); rare]

164.111 醷 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

164.112 醸 [niàng][eng.Japanese variant of 釀 (to brew); rare][skt.pācayati]

164.113 醹 [rú][eng.thick wine; (also rú); rare][skt.surā]

164.114 醺 [xūn][eng.drunk; intoxicated; (also xūn, to be tipsy)][skt.matta; pramatta]

164.115 醻 [chóu][eng.ancient variant of 酬 (to toast; to repay); rare][skt.pratidāna]

164.116 醼 [yàn][eng.ancient variant of 宴 (to feast); rare][skt.bhojana]

164.117 醽 [líng][eng.a fine wine; (also líng); rare][skt.surā]

164.118 醾 [mí][eng.an ancient wine; (also mí); rare][skt.surā]

164.119 醿 [mí][eng.an ancient wine; variant of 醾; rare][skt.surā]

164.120 釀 [niàng][eng.to brew; to ferment; traditional of 酿][skt.pācayati]

164.121 釁 [xìn][eng.blood sacrifice; to smear with blood; (also xìn, a quarrel)][skt.bali; (also "sacrifice" = yajña)]

164.122 釂 [jiào][eng.to drink up; (also jiào); rare][skt.pāna]

164.123 釃 [shāi][eng.to strain wine; (also shāi); rare]

164.124 釄 [mí][eng.an ancient wine; (also mí); rare][skt.surā]

164.125 釅 [yàn][eng.strong (of tea/wine); (also yàn)][skt.sāra; (also "concentrated" = tīkṣṇa)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 164

Radical 164 (酉, yǒu) — "wine" or "alcohol" — is one of the most culturally and ethically significant radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #164). Its semantic field encompasses alcohol, fermentation, brewing, vinegar, and by extension, chemical and culinary terminology. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of considerable significance for:

The Fifth Precept — the prohibition against intoxicants (surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhāna) — which is one of the five precepts for lay Buddhists and a foundational Vinaya rule for monastics. The root of heedlessness (pamāda) is the reason intoxicants are prohibited;

The compound 醍醐 (tíhú, ghee/clarified butter), which is one of the most famous similes in Mahāyāna literature — the "ghee" that represents the highest and most refined teaching of the Buddha (as in the Lotus Sūtra’s famous metaphor);

The compound 酒 (alcohol) appears in numerous Vinaya contexts describing the prohibition, consumption (as medicine in some cases), and the consequences of intoxication;

The compound 醉 (drunk, matta / pramatta) is used metaphorically for the delusion and heedlessness that bind beings to saṃsāra;

The compound 醫 (medicine, vaidya / bhaiṣajya) — the radical contains 酉 because fermentation and distillation were important in traditional medicine;

The character 釁 (xìn, blood sacrifice) has pre-Buddhist ritual significance but appears occasionally in early Chinese Buddhist translations of non-Buddhist rituals.

Critical characters include: 酒 (alcohol; surā), 醉 (drunk; matta/pramatta), 醒 (sober/awake; pratibuddha), 酵 (ferment; pācayati), 醋 (vinegar; sukta), 酢 (vinegar; sukta), 醍醐 (ghee; sarpis), and 醫 (medicine; vaidya/bhaiṣajya).

Text-critical note: many characters under this radical are modern chemical and culinary terms (酚, 酮, 酯, 酰, 醚, 醛, 醣, 酶, etc.) that have no Buddhist doctrinal significance — they appear in the Unihan list as modern Chinese characters but are irrelevant for back-translation. The simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 酿/釀, 酝/醖/醞, 医/醫, 酱/醬, 酦/醱, 酾/釃, 酽/釅, and must be unified in back-translation when encountered.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

164.126 164.1 酉 (yǒu) [skt.surā; madya] — The root character for wine/alcohol. Surā is the generic term for wine/intoxicating drink; madya is an intoxicating beverage. In the Buddhist precepts, 酒 (the full form) is prohibited. The radical itself is a component in many characters related to fermentation and alcohol.

164.127 164.10 酒 (jiǔ) [skt.surā; madya; surā-meraya] — Alcohol/intoxicating drink. This is the key character for the Fifth Precept (不飲酒, surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhāna, the precept against intoxicants that cause heedlessness). In Vinaya, alcohol is prohibited for monastics except for medicinal purposes (with specific allowances for fermented medicines). The compound 飲酒 (drinking alcohol) is a serious offence in Vinaya. In sūtras, the Buddha often compares intoxication to delusion — both lead to heedlessness (pamāda) and suffering. The compound 酒肉 (wine and meat) appears in Vinaya contexts where both are prohibited.

164.128 164.14 酖 (dān) [skt.viṣa; garala] — Poison. Viṣa is poison. Appears in the compound 酖酒 (poisoned wine), sometimes in Jātaka tales or Vinaya narratives of attempts on the Buddha’s life. Metaphorically, the "poison" of attachment and anger is discussed in sūtras.

164.129 164.15 酗 (xù) [skt.pāna; pramāda] — To drink excessively; addiction to alcohol. Pāna is drinking; pramāda is heedlessness. The Buddhist precept is not just about alcohol consumption but about pamāda — the heedlessness that arises from intoxication. 酗 represents the extreme case of this heedlessness.

164.130 164.26/164.67 酢/醋 (cù / zuò) [skt.sukta; āmla] — Vinegar. Sukta is vinegar; āmla is sour/acid. Vinegar is mentioned in Vinaya as a permissible food item (and sometimes as a condiment). The reading zuò (to exchange) is unrelated.

164.131 164.27 酣 (hān) [skt.matta; ramate] — Drunk/intoxicated; to revel. Matta is drunk/inebriated; ramate is to enjoy/take pleasure in. In Buddhist contexts, excessive enjoyment is a form of attachment to worldly pleasures.

164.132 164.28 酤 (gū) [skt.pāna-vāṇijya] — To buy or sell wine. Pāna-vāṇijya is "alcohol-trade." In Vinaya, selling alcohol is a prohibited occupation for monastics (and for lay Buddhists, it is considered a wrong livelihood).

164.133 164.29 酥 (sū) [skt.sarpis; ghṛta] — Ghee/butter-like food. Sarpis is clarified butter/ghee; ghṛta is ghee. Ghee is one of the four requisites in some traditions and is an allowable food for monastics. The compound 醍醐 (tíhú) is the "fine ghee" that is used as the ultimate simile for the highest Dharma.

164.134 164.34 酪 (lào) [skt.dadhi] — Cheese/yoghurt/curds. Dadhi is curds/yoghurt. In Vinaya, dairy products are generally allowable foods. The compound 乳酪 (milk and cheese) appears in descriptions of food offerings to monastics.

164.135 164.38 酮 (tóng) / 164.39 酯 (zhǐ) / 164.40 酰 (xiān) / 164.46 酶 (méi) / 164.68 醌 (kūn) / 164.82 醚 (mí) / 164.83 醛 (quán) / 164.91 醣 (táng) — Modern chemical and biochemical terms. No Buddhist significance. These characters are included in the Unihan list but are irrelevant for Buddhist back-translation. They are modern coinages.

164.136 164.45 酵 (jiào) [skt.pācayati] — To ferment/leaven. Pācayati is to cook/ripen (by fermentation). Fermentation was important for brewing and food preservation. In Vinaya, fermented foods (if not intoxicating) are generally permissible.

164.137 164.47 酷 (kù) [skt.caṇḍa; krūra] — Cruel/harsh/extreme. Caṇḍa is fierce/harsh; krūra is cruel. In Buddhist ethics, cruelty (krūra) is a quality of the mind that leads to unwholesome actions. The compound 残酷 (cruel) appears in descriptions of kings or beings who harm others.

164.138 164.48 酸 (suān) [skt.āmla] — Sour/acid. Āmla is sour. Sour is one of the six tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, pungent, astringent) mentioned in Buddhist texts. Sour foods are permissible. The compound 酸楚 (sour and painful) is used for emotional pain.

164.139 164.53/164.125 酽/釅 (yàn) [skt.sāra; tīkṣṇa] — Strong/concentrated (of tea/wine). Sāra is essence/strength; tīkṣṇa is sharp/strong. In Vinaya, the "strength" of alcoholic beverages is a factor in determining whether they are intoxicating. The strength of tea (which is not an intoxicant) is mentioned in later Chinese Buddhist contexts.

164.140 164.55/164.78/164.86/164.112/164.120 酿/醖/醞/醸/釀 (niàng / yùn) [skt.pācayati; saṃyoga] — To brew/ferment. Pācayati is to cook/ripen (by fermentation); saṃyoga is joining/combining. Brewing is a worldly activity; monastics are generally prohibited from brewing alcohol but may consume fermented foods that are not intoxicating. The multiple variants are orthographic.

164.141 164.59 醃 (yān) [skt.lavaṇa; rakṣaṇa] — To preserve/pickle. Lavaṇa is salt; rakṣaṇa is protecting/preserving. Pickled and preserved foods are mentioned in Vinaya as allowable (if not spoiled).

164.142 164.62 醆 (zhǎn) [skt.pātra; bhājana] — A wine cup/vessel. Pātra is a bowl/cup; bhājana is a vessel. In Vinaya, the use of luxurious vessels (including ornate cups) is prohibited. Monastics are allowed only simple bowls (pātra) for alms-food.

164.143 164.63/164.77 醇/醕 (chún) [skt.śuddha; viśuddha] — Pure/mellow/unadulterated. Śuddha is pure; viśuddha is purified. In Buddhist contexts, 醇 appears in the compound 醇淨 (pure and clean), describing the purity of the Dharma or the qualities of a virtuous person. The mellow flavour of aged wine is used metaphorically for the mature wisdom of a long-time practitioner.

164.144 164.65 醉 (zuì) [skt.matta; pramatta; pramada] — Drunk/intoxicated. Matta is drunk; pramatta is heedless; pramada is intoxication (also means carelessness). The compound 醉心 (fascinated/bewitched, literally "drunken heart") describes the mind that is "intoxicated" by worldly desires. In meditation, the mind that is "drunk" on sensations is not mindful. The opposite of pramatta is apramatta (heedfulness), which is essential for practice.

164.145 164.69/164.72 醍/醐 (tí / hú) [skt.sarpis; ghṛta] — The two characters form the compound 醍醐 (tíhú), which means "fine ghee" (the highest quality of clarified butter). In the Buddhist tradition, this is one of the most famous and important similes. The compound appears in the Lotus Sūtra (法華經), where the Buddha teaches that the Dharma is like "ghee" — the highest and most refined teaching, surpassing all previous teachings. The progression of teachings is compared to: milk (乳, kṣīra) → curds (酪, dadhi) → butter (酥, sarpis) → ghee (醍醐, sarpis-uttama). 醍醐 is the culmination, representing the ultimate teaching — the One Vehicle (eka-yāna). This metaphor is also used in other Mahāyāna texts to describe the highest truth. In some contexts, 醍醐 is also a metaphor for amṛta (the nectar of immortality), the elixir of the Dharma.

164.146 164.74 醒 (xǐng) [skt.pratibuddha; bodhati] — To wake up/be sober. Pratibuddha is awake/enlightened; bodhati is to awaken. This character is a direct metaphor for enlightenment — as the drunk person wakes from intoxication, the enlightened being wakes from the intoxication of delusion. The compound 醒悟 (to wake up and realize) describes the moment of spiritual awakening. The opposite of 醉 (drunk) is 醒 (sober) — and the opposite of delusion (moha) is awakening (bodhi). This is one of the most powerful metaphors in the entire lexicon.

164.147 164.84 醜 (chǒu) [skt.avara; virūpa] — Ugly/disgraceful. Avara is inferior/low; virūpa is deformed/ugly. In Buddhist contexts, 醜 appears in the compound 醜陋 (ugly), which may appear in Jātaka tales describing the consequences of karma (e.g., ugliness as a result of anger). The compound 醜行 (disgraceful conduct) appears in Vinaya.

164.148 164.99 醫 (yī) [skt.vaidya; bhaiṣajya; cikitsā] — Medicine/doctor. Vaidya is a physician; bhaiṣajya is medicine; cikitsā is therapy/treatment. In Buddhism, medicine appears in:

the Bhaiṣajya-skandha (醫藥章, the chapter on medicine) in the Vinaya, which describes what medicines are allowable for monastics;

the figure of the Buddha as the "Great Physician" (大醫王, mahā-vaidya-rāja) who cures the disease of suffering with the medicine of the Dharma;

the compound 醫王 (Vaidya-rāja, the King of Physicians), an epithet of the Buddha.

The Buddha’s teachings are often compared to medicine, and the Four Noble Truths are framed as a medical diagnosis: the illness is suffering (duḥkha), the cause is craving (tṛṣṇā), the cure is cessation (nirvāṇa), and the medicine is the path (mārga).

164.149 164.100 醬 (jiàng) — Sauce. No specific Sanskrit correlate. Appears in Vinaya as a condiment (fermented sauces) that are permissible. The compound 醬油 (soy sauce) is common in later Chinese Buddhist cuisine, though it is not mentioned in early Vinaya.

164.150 164.102 醮 (jiào) [skt.yajña; bali] — To perform a sacrifice/ritual. Yajña is a Vedic sacrifice; bali is an offering. In Buddhist texts, 醮 appears in descriptions of non-Buddhist rituals (such as Brahmanical sacrifices), which the Buddha criticizes. The compound 祭祀 (sacrifice) is often replaced with 供養 (pūjā, offering) in Buddhist contexts.

164.151 164.103 醯 (xī) [skt.sukta; āmla] — Vinegar. Similar to 醋. Vinegar is a common condiment.

164.152 164.121 釁 (xìn) [skt.bali; yajña] — Blood sacrifice; to smear with blood; quarrel. This character appears in early Chinese Buddhist translations when describing pre-Buddhist rituals (e.g., the sacrifices of Brahmins). The compound 血釁 (blood sacrifice) is criticized in Buddhist texts as a form of violence. In Vinaya, animal sacrifice is strictly forbidden.

164.153 164.122 釂 (jiào) [skt.pāna] — To drink up. The act of drinking. In Vinaya, the rules about drinking are clear — the act itself is not prohibited, but the substance is (if intoxicating). The verb "to drink" is pāna.

165 釆

165.1 釆 [chn.biàn][eng.to distinguish; to choose; (also biàn, to differentiate)][skt.viveka; vicāra; (also "to choose" = varayati)]

165.2 采 [chn.cǎi / cài][eng.to gather; to pick; to adopt; (also cài, a feudal estate)][skt.saṅgraha; (also "to gather" = ādāna)]

165.3 釈 [chn.shì][eng.Japanese simplified variant of 釋 (to explain; to release)][skt.vyākhyāna; (also "to explain" = nirukti)]

165.4 釉 [yòu][eng.glaze; enamel; (also yòu, a ceramic coating); rare]

165.5 释 [chn.shì][eng.to explain; to interpret; to release; simplified of 釋][skt.vyākhyāna; (also "to explain" = nirukti; "to release" = mocana)]

165.6 釋 [chn.shì][eng.to explain; to interpret; to release; to set free; (also shì, to elucidate)][skt.vyākhyāna; nirukti; mocana; (also "to explain" = viveka)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 165

Radical 165 (釆, biàn) — "distinguish" or "choose" — is a compact but significant radical (Kangxi #165). Its original meaning is "to distinguish" or "to differentiate," and it is represented by a pictograph of an animal’s footprint, indicating tracking or distinguishing marks. In the Buddhist context, this radical’s significance is concentrated almost entirely on the character 釋 (shì), which is of paramount importance. 釋 is the standard term for:

Explanation and interpretation (釋義, vyākhyāna, explanation of meaning) — used in the titles of commentaries and in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching;

Release and liberation (解脫, mokṣa, though 釋 is less common than 解 in this sense, it appears in compounds like 釋放, mocana, release);

The compound 釋迦 (Śākya), the clan name of the Buddha — Siddhārtha Gautama is known as Śākyamuni (釋迦牟尼), the Sage of the Śākya clan.

The character 采 (cǎi) — "to gather" or "to pick" — appears in compounds like 采集 (to gather/collect) and is used in the context of collecting alms or gathering the Dharma. 釉 (yòu) — "glaze" — is a ceramic term with no Buddhist significance.

Text-critical note: 釋 is the traditional form; 释 is the simplified form; 釈 is the Japanese simplified form. The radical 釆 must be distinguished from 米 (rice) — they are visually similar but distinct. The simplified and traditional variants must be unified in back-translation.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

165.7 165.1 釆 (biàn) [skt.viveka; vicāra; varayati] — To distinguish/choose. Viveka is discrimination/discernment; vicāra is investigation; varayati is to choose/select. This radical is rarely used independently in Buddhist texts; its primary function is as a component in 釋. The concept of discrimination (viveka) is a key faculty in Buddhist epistemology and practice — discernment between what is wholesome and unwholesome, real and unreal.

165.8 165.2 采 (cǎi / cài) [skt.saṅgraha; ādāna] — To gather/pick/adopt. Saṅgraha is collection/gathering; ādāna is taking/acquiring. In Buddhist contexts, 采 appears in the compound 采集 (to gather/collect), which may refer to collecting alms (行乞, piṇḍapāta) or to gathering the Dharma. Also appears in 采擇 (to pick/select), used in the context of selecting teachings or choosing a practice. The reading cài (feudal estate) is unrelated.

165.9 165.3/165.5/165.6 釈/释/釋 (shì) [skt.vyākhyāna; nirukti; mocana; viveka] — One of the most important characters in the Buddhist lexicon.

As vyākhyāna: explanation/interpretation — the compound 註釋 (commentary, ṭīkā) is used for exegetical works that explain the sūtras. 釋 is also used in the titles of commentaries: e.g., 中觀論釋 (Madhyamaka-śāstra-vyākhyāna, Explanation of the Mādhyamika Treatise).

As nirukti: etymology/interpretation of words — a key branch of Buddhist scholasticism.

As mocana: release/setting free — appears in compounds like 釋放 (to release), which may refer to releasing beings from suffering or releasing from bondage.

The compound 釋迦 (Śākya) — the clan name of the Buddha. Śākyamuni (釋迦牟尼) means "the Sage of the Śākya clan." This is arguably the most common occurrence of 釋 in Buddhist texts, and it is used as a phonetic transcription of Śākya.

The simplified form (释) and the Japanese form (釈) are orthographic variants; back-translators should treat them as equivalent to 釋. In some contexts, 釋 also appears in the sense of "to explain" the Dharma — the Buddha’s teaching is an "explanation" of the truth.

165.10 165.4 釉 (yòu) — Glaze/enamel. A ceramic term. No Sanskrit correlate. No Buddhist doctrinal significance. If encountered, it is in a non-Buddhist context (e.g., describing a decorative object). May appear in Vinaya in the context of bowls or other ceramic vessels, but the specific term is not standard.

166 里

166.1 里 [chn.lǐ][eng.village; mile; (also lǐ, a unit of length)][skt.grāma; (also "village" = grāma; "measure" = māna)]

166.2 重 [chn.zhòng / chóng][eng.heavy; important; (also chóng, to repeat)][skt.guru; (also "heavy" = guru; "repetition" = punar)]

166.3 野 [chn.yě][eng.field; open country; wild; (also yě, rustic)][skt.araṇya; (also "forest/hermitage" = araṇya)]

166.4 量 [chn.liàng / liáng][eng.to measure; quantity; capacity; (also liáng, to estimate)][skt.pramāṇa; (also "measure" = parimāṇa; "to measure" = māti)]

166.5 釐 [chn.xī / lí][eng.a unit of length; (also lí, to govern)][skt.pramāṇa; (also "a small measure" = aṇu)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 166

Radical 166 (里, lǐ) — "village" or "mile" — represents the semantic field of settlement, distance, and measurement (Kangxi #166). Its pictographic origin shows a field (田) and a village. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Its primary relevance lies in:

里 as "village" (grāma) — the village is the fundamental unit of lay settlement in the Vinaya, where monastics beg for alms and establish relations with lay communities.

里 as a measure of distance — the li (approx. 500 metres) appears in descriptions of distances between monasteries, of the Buddha’s travels, and of the boundaries of monastic territories.

野 (yě, field/wilderness) — the term araṇya (forest/hermitage) is central to Buddhist monasticism: the "forest-dweller" (araṇyaka) is a type of ascetic practice.

量 (liàng, measure/quantity) — pramāṇa is a key epistemological term in Buddhist logic, meaning "valid cognition" or "measure of knowledge."

重 (zhòng, heavy/important) — guru (heavy, weighty) appears in the compound 尊重 (respect, honour). The compound 重量 (weight, gurutva) appears in the context of karma — "weighty karma" that leads to immediate results.

Text-critical note: 釐 is a small unit of measure (1/1000 of a Chinese foot) and is sometimes used as a variant of 厘 (small, trivial). The simplified/traditional forms are minimal in this radical.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

166.6 166.1 里 (lǐ) [skt.grāma; māna] — Village or mile. Grāma is a village — the standard term for a rural settlement in Vinaya and sūtras. The Buddha often taught in villages and relied on villages for alms. The "distance" sense (māna, measure) appears in descriptions of the distances the Buddha traveled or the distances between monastic boundaries. In the compound 里居 (dwelling place), it refers to one’s hometown. In the Vinaya, the distance of one li (a Chinese mile) is sometimes used as a measure for allowable travel distances.

166.7 166.2 重 (zhòng / chóng) [skt.guru; punar] — This is a critical and multifaceted character.

As guru (heavy): 重 is used in the sense of "weighty" or "important" — e.g., 重罪 (guru-aparādha, heavy offence, a grave transgression in Vinaya); 重視 (guru-kāra, to value/respect); 尊重 (satkāra, to honour/respect).

As guru in the sense of "weighty karma" — actions that are heavy in their consequences (e.g., the five heinous crimes, 五逆罪, pañca-anantarya-karman).

As punar (again/repetition): the reading chóng appears in the compound 重複 (repetition, punar-ukti) and 重生 (to be reborn again, punar-janman). In Buddhist cosmology, the concept of "repeated" births (rebirth, punarbhava) is central to the doctrine of saṃsāra. The compound 重重 (repeatedly, aneka-varṣa) appears in descriptions of the many lives of a bodhisattva.

166.8 166.3 野 (yě) [skt.araṇya] — Field/open country/wild. Araṇya is a forest or wilderness — and by extension, a hermitage. The term 野居 (araṇya-vāsa, forest-dwelling) is one of the ascetic practices (dhūta-guṇa) in Buddhism. The Buddha often retreated to forests and wilderness areas for meditation. In Vinaya, there are specific rules for monastics living in the forest (e.g., more exposure to dangers, more strictness about boundaries). The compound 田野 (fields, kṣetra) appears in agricultural similes. The reading "wild" (野性, wild nature) is not central to Buddhist texts.

166.9 166.4 量 (liàng / liáng) [skt.pramāṇa; parimāṇa; māti] — One of the most important epistemological characters in Buddhist philosophy.

As pramāṇa: valid cognition/means of knowledge — the key term in Buddhist logic and epistemology (pramāṇa-vāda). Pramāṇa is the instrument of knowing, the standard by which knowledge is validated. The four pramāṇas (perception, inference, analogy, testimony) are discussed in some schools.

As parimāṇa: measure/quantity — appears in descriptions of dimensions (e.g., the measurements of the Buddha’s body, the dimensions of a monastery).

As māti: to measure/estimate — the verb form of "to measure."

The compound 衡量 (to measure/weigh) appears in the context of "weighing" the Dharma or "measuring" one’s practice. The compound 無量 (amita, immeasurable) is famously used in the name of Amitābha (無量光, Immeasurable Light) and Amitāyus (無量壽, Immeasurable Life). In the Perfection of Wisdom literature, 無量 (immeasurable) describes the vastness of the Buddha’s qualities. The compound 數量 (number and measure, saṃkhyā) appears in Abhidharma discussions of categorizing phenomena.

166.10 166.5 釐 (xī / lí) [skt.pramāṇa; aṇu] — A unit of length (1/1000 of a Chinese foot), also meaning "small" or "trivial." As pramāṇa (measure), it appears in very precise measurements — usually in architectural descriptions (e.g., the dimensions of a stūpa) or in medical Vinaya (e.g., measurements of wounds or medicine). As aṇu (small/minute), it appears in the sense of "tiny" or "trivial." In the compound 毫釐 (the smallest measure), it is used in similes for "not a hair’s breadth" of difference. In Buddhist philosophy, the concept of "small" vs. "large" is used to illustrate the relativity of perception. The reading xī (to govern) is archaic and unrelated to Buddhist usage.

167 金

167.1 金 [chn.jīn][eng.gold; metal; (also jīn, precious)][skt.suvarna; (also "gold" = suvarṇa; "metal" = loha)]

167.2 釒 [jīn][eng.gold radical; (also jīn)][skt.suvarna]

167.3 釓 [gá][eng.gadolinium; (also gá); rare]

167.4 釔 [yǐ][eng.yttrium; (also yǐ); rare]

167.5 釕 [liǎo][eng.ruthenium; (also liǎo); rare]

167.6 釖 [dāo][eng.ancient variant of 刀 (knife); rare][skt.khaḍga]

167.7 釗 [zhāo][eng.to encourage; (also zhāo, a surname)][skt.samāśvāsa]

167.8 釘 [dīng / dìng][eng.nail; to nail; (also dìng, to sew)][skt.śaṅku; (also "nail" = śaṅkuka)]

167.9 釙 [pō][eng.polonium; (also pō); rare]

167.10 釚 [qiú][eng.ancient term; (also qiú); rare]

167.11 釛 [hé][eng.ancient term; (also hé); rare]

167.12 釜 [fǔ][eng.a cauldron; a cooking pot; (also fǔ, a kettle)][skt.sthālī; (also "pot" = kumbha)]

167.13 針 [zhēn][eng.needle; injection; (also zhēn, a pin)][skt.sūcī; (also "needle" = sūcī)]

167.14 釞 [zhí][eng.ancient term; (also zhí); rare]

167.15 釟 [bā][eng.ancient term; (also bā); rare]

167.16 釠 [luàn][eng.ancient term; (also luàn); rare]

167.17 釡 [fǔ][eng.variant of 釜 (cauldron); rare][skt.sthālī]

167.18 釢 [nǎi][eng.ancient term; (also nǎi); rare]

167.19 釣 [diào][eng.to fish; to angle; (also diào, to lure)][skt.matsya-bandha; (also "to fish" = bandhayati)]

167.20 釤 [shān / shàn][eng.samarium; (also shàn, a sickle); rare]

167.21 釥 [qiǎo][eng.fine; (also qiǎo, exquisite); rare][skt.sūkṣma]

167.22 釦 [kòu][eng.a button; (also kòu, a buckle); rare]

167.23 釧 [chuàn][eng.a bracelet; (also chuàn, a ring)][skt.aṅgada; (also "bracelet" = keyūra)]

167.24 釨 [zǐ][eng.ancient term; (also zǐ); rare]

167.25 釩 [fán][eng.vanadium; (also fán); rare]

167.26 釪 [yú][eng.ancient term; (also yú); rare]

167.27 釫 [huá][eng.ancient term; (also huá); rare]

167.28 釬 [hàn][eng.to solder; to weld; (also hàn, a shield)][skt.saṃyoga]

167.29 釭 [gāng][eng.a hub of a wheel; (also gāng, a lamp)][skt.akṣa]

167.30 釮 [qí][eng.ancient term; (also qí); rare]

167.31 釯 [máng][eng.ancient term; (also máng); rare]

167.32 釰 [rì][eng.ancient term; (also rì); rare]

167.33 釱 [dài][eng.ancient term; (also dài); rare]

167.34 釲 [yí][eng.ancient term; (also yí); rare]

167.35 釳 [xì][eng.a hook; (also xì)][skt.aṅkuśa]

167.36 釴 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

167.37 釵 [chāi][eng.a hairpin; (also chāi, a jeweled ornament)][skt.aṅgada; (also "ornament" = bhūṣaṇa)]

167.38 釶 [shī][eng.ancient term; (also shī); rare]

167.39 釷 [tǔ][eng.thorium; (also tǔ); rare]

167.40 釸 [xī][eng.ancient term; (also xī); rare]

167.41 釹 [nǚ][eng.neodymium; (also nǚ); rare]

167.42 釺 [qiān][eng.ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

167.43 釻 [qiú][eng.ancient term; (also qiú); rare]

167.44 釼 [rì][eng.Japanese variant of 劍 (sword); rare][skt.khaḍga]

167.45 釽 [pī][eng.ancient term; (also pī); rare]

167.46 釾 [yé][eng.ancient term; (also yé); rare]

167.47 釿 [jīn][eng.ancient term; (also jīn); rare]

167.48 鈀 [bǎ / pá][eng.palladium; (also pá, a harrow); rare]

167.49 鈁 [fāng][eng.an ancient vessel; (also fāng); rare]

167.50 鈂 [chén][eng.ancient term; (also chén); rare]

167.51 鈃 [xíng][eng.an ancient vessel; (also xíng); rare][skt.pātra]

167.52 鈄 [dǒu][eng.an ancient term; (also dǒu); rare]

167.53 鈅 [yuè][eng.ancient term; (also yuè); rare]

167.54 鈆 [qiān][eng.ancient variant of 鉛 (lead); rare][skt.sīsaka]

167.55 鈇 [fū][eng.an axe; (also fū)][skt.paraśu; (also "axe" = khaḍga)]

167.56 鈈 [bù][eng.plutonium; (also bù); rare]

167.57 鈉 [nà][eng.sodium; (also nà); rare]

167.58 鈊 [xīn][eng.ancient term; (also xīn); rare]

167.59 鈋 [é][eng.ancient term; (also é); rare]

167.60 鈌 [jué][eng.ancient term; (also jué); rare]

167.61 鈍 [dùn][eng.blunt; dull; (also dùn, slow)][skt.manda; (also "dull" = śithila)]

167.62 鈎 [gōu][eng.variant of 鉤 (hook); rare][skt.aṅkuśa]

167.63 鈏 [yǐn][eng.ancient term; (also yǐn); rare]

167.64 鈐 [qián][eng.a clamp; a seal; (also qián, to seal)][skt.mudrā; (also "seal" = mudrā)]

167.65 鈑 [bǎn][eng.a metal plate; (also bǎn, a sheet)][skt.paṭṭa]

167.66 鈒 [sà][eng.an ancient term; (also sà); rare]

167.67 鈓 [rèn][eng.ancient term; (also rèn); rare]

167.68 鈔 [chāo][eng.banknote; (also chāo, to copy)][skt.lekhā]

167.69 鈕 [niǔ][eng.a button; (also niǔ, a knob)]

167.70 鈖 [fēn][eng.ancient term; (also fēn); rare]

167.71 鈗 [yǔn][eng.ancient term; (also yǔn); rare]

167.72 鈘 [yǐ][eng.ancient term; (also yǐ); rare]

167.73 鈙 [qín][eng.ancient term; (also qín); rare]

167.74 鈚 [pī][eng.ancient term; (also pī); rare]

167.75 鈛 [guō][eng.ancient term; (also guō); rare]

167.76 鈜 [hóng][eng.ancient term; (also hóng); rare]

167.77 鈝 [yín][eng.ancient term; (also yín); rare]

167.78 鈞 [jūn][eng.ancient unit of weight; (also jūn, a surname)][skt.tulā; (also "measure" = māna)]

167.79 鈟 [diào][eng.ancient term; (also diào); rare]

167.80 鈠 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

167.81 鈡 [zhōng][eng.Japanese variant of 鐘 (bell); rare][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kāṃsyā)]

167.82 鈢 [xǐ][eng.ancient term; (also xǐ); rare]

167.83 鈣 [gài][eng.calcium; (also gài); rare]

167.84 鈤 [rì][eng.ancient term; (also rì); rare]

167.85 鈥 [huǒ][eng.holmium; (also huǒ); rare]

167.86 鈦 [tài][eng.titanium; (also tài); rare]

167.87 鈧 [kàng][eng.scandium; (also kàng); rare]

167.88 鈨 [yuán][eng.ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

167.89 鈩 [lú][eng.ancient term; (also lú); rare]

167.90 鈪 [è][eng.ancient term; (also è); rare]

167.91 鈫 [qín][eng.ancient term; (also qín); rare]

167.92 鈬 [duó][eng.ancient term; (also duó); rare]

167.93 鈭 [zī][eng.ancient term; (also zī); rare]

167.94 鈮 [ní][eng.niobium; (also ní); rare]

167.95 鈯 [tú][eng.ancient term; (also tú); rare]

167.96 鈰 [shì][eng.cerium; (also shì); rare]

167.97 鈱 [mín][eng.ancient term; (also mín); rare]

167.98 鈲 [gū][eng.ancient term; (also gū); rare]

167.99 鈳 [kē][eng.ancient term; (also kē); rare]

167.100 鈴 [líng][eng.a bell; (also líng, a chime)][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kaṃsya)]

167.101 鈵 [bǐng][eng.ancient term; (also bǐng); rare]

167.102 鈶 [sì][eng.ancient term; (also sì); rare]

167.103 鈷 [gǔ][eng.cobalt; (also gǔ); rare]

167.104 鈸 [bó][eng.cymbals; (also bó, a percussion instrument)][skt.tāla; (also "cymbals" = jhallarī)]

167.105 鈹 [pí][eng.beryllium; (also pí); rare]

167.106 鈺 [yù][eng.gold; a jewel; (also yù, precious)][skt.suvarna; ratna]

167.107 鈻 [sì][eng.ancient term; (also sì); rare]

167.108 鈼 [zuó][eng.ancient term; (also zuó); rare]

167.109 鈽 [bù][eng.plutonium; (also bù); rare]

167.110 鈾 [yóu][eng.uranium; (also yóu); rare]

167.111 鈿 [diàn / tián][eng.gold inlaid; (also tián, a coin)]

167.112 鉀 [jiǎ][eng.potassium; (also jiǎ); rare]

167.113 鉁 [zhēn][eng.ancient term; (also zhēn); rare]

167.114 鉂 [shǐ][eng.ancient term; (also shǐ); rare]

167.115 鉃 [shì][eng.ancient term; (also shì); rare]

167.116 鉄 [tiě][eng.Japanese variant of 鐵 (iron); rare][skt.loha; (also "iron" = ayas)]

167.117 鉅 [jù][eng.huge; great; (also jù, a hook)][skt.mahā; (also "great" = mahat)]

167.118 鉆 [zuān / qián][eng.to drill; (also qián, a tool)][skt.nirbheda; (also "to pierce" = nirbheda)]

167.119 鉇 [shī][eng.ancient term; (also shī); rare]

167.120 鉈 [tā / shī][eng.thallium; (also shī, an axe); rare]

167.121 鉉 [xuàn][eng.a hook; (also xuàn, a ring)][skt.aṅkuśa; (also "hook" = aṅkura)]

167.122 鉊 [zhāo][eng.ancient term; (also zhāo); rare]

167.123 鉋 [bào][eng.a plane (tool); (also bào, to plane); rare]

167.124 鉌 [hé][eng.ancient term; (also hé); rare]

167.125 鉍 [bì][eng.bismuth; (also bì); rare]

167.126 鉎 [shēng][eng.ancient term; (also shēng); rare]

167.127 鉏 [chú][eng.a hoe; (also chú, to hoe)]

167.128 鉐 [shí][eng.ancient term; (also shí); rare]

167.129 鉑 [bó][eng.platinum; (also bó); rare]

167.130 鉒 [zhù][eng.ancient term; (also zhù); rare]

167.131 鉓 [chì][eng.ancient term; (also chì); rare]

167.132 鉔 [zā][eng.ancient term; (also zā); rare]

167.133 鉕 [pō][eng.promethium; (also pō); rare]

167.134 鉖 [tóng][eng.ancient term; (also tóng); rare]

167.135 鉗 [qián][eng.forceps; tongs; (also qián, to clamp)][skt.saṃdarśana; (also "tongs" = kaṅkāla)]

167.136 鉘 [fú][eng.ancient term; (also fú); rare]

167.137 鉙 [zhǎi][eng.ancient term; (also zhǎi); rare]

167.138 鉚 [mǎo][eng.rivet; (also mǎo, to rivet); rare]

167.139 鉛 [qiān][eng.lead (metal); (also qiān, a pencil)][skt.sīsaka; (also "lead" = sīsa)]

167.140 鉜 [fú][eng.ancient term; (also fú); rare]

167.141 鉝 [lì][eng.ancient term; (also lì); rare]

167.142 鉞 [yuè][eng.a battle-axe; (also yuè, a halberd)][skt.paraśu; (also "axe" = khaḍga)]

167.143 鉟 [pī][eng.ancient term; (also pī); rare]

167.144 鉠 [yāng][eng.ancient term; (also yāng); rare]

167.145 鉡 [bàn][eng.ancient term; (also bàn); rare]

167.146 鉢 [bō][eng.a bowl; an alms bowl; (also bō, a pot)][skt.pātra; (also "alms bowl" = pātra)]

167.147 鉣 [jié][eng.ancient term; (also jié); rare]

167.148 鉤 [gōu][eng.a hook; (also gōu, to hook)][skt.aṅkuśa; (also "hook" = aṅkura)]

167.149 鉥 [shù][eng.a needle; (also shù)][skt.sūcī]

167.150 鉦 [zhēng][eng.an ancient bell; a gong; (also zhēng)][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kaṃsya)]

167.151 鉧 [mǔ][eng.ancient term; (also mǔ); rare]

167.152 鉨 [nǐ][eng.nihonium; (also nǐ); rare]

167.153 鉩 [xǐ][eng.ancient term; (also xǐ); rare]

167.154 鉪 [dì][eng.ancient term; (also dì); rare]

167.155 鉫 [jiā][eng.ancient term; (also jiā); rare]

167.156 鉬 [mù][eng.molybdenum; (also mù); rare]

167.157 鉭 [tǎn][eng.tantalum; (also tǎn); rare]

167.158 鉮 [shén][eng.ancient term; (also shén); rare]

167.159 鉯 [yǐ][eng.ancient term; (also yǐ); rare]

167.160 鉰 [sī][eng.ancient term; (also sī); rare]

167.161 鉱 [kuàng][eng.Japanese variant of 礦 (ore); rare][skt.ākara]

167.162 鉲 [kǎ][eng.cadmium; (also kǎ); rare]

167.163 鉳 [běi][eng.ancient term; (also běi); rare]

167.164 鉴 [jiàn][eng.to reflect; to inspect; to appraise; simplified of 鑑][skt.ādarśa; (also "mirror" = ādarśa)]

167.165 鉵 [tóng][eng.ancient term; (also tóng); rare]

167.166 鉶 [xíng][eng.an ancient vessel; (also xíng)][skt.pātra]

167.167 鉷 [hóng][eng.ancient term; (also hóng); rare]

167.168 鉸 [jiǎo][eng.scissors; to cut; (also jiǎo, a hinge)]

167.169 鉹 [chǐ][eng.ancient term; (also chǐ); rare]

167.170 鉺 [ěr][eng.erbium; (also ěr); rare]

167.171 鉻 [gè][eng.chromium; (also gè); rare]

167.172 鉼 [bǐng][eng.ancient term; (also bǐng); rare]

167.173 鉽 [shì][eng.ancient term; (also shì); rare]

167.174 鉾 [máo][eng.an ancient weapon; a halberd; (also máo)][skt.śula; (also "spear" = śūla)]

167.175 鉿 [hā / jiā][eng.hafnium; (also jiā, a metal tool); rare]

167.176 銀 [yín][eng.silver; (also yín, money)][skt.rūpya; (also "silver" = rajata)]

167.177 銁 [jūn][eng.ancient term; (also jūn); rare]

167.178 銂 [zhōu][eng.ancient term; (also zhōu); rare]

167.179 銃 [chòng][eng.a gun; a musket; (also chòng, a firearm)]

167.180 銄 [xiǎng][eng.ancient term; (also xiǎng); rare]

167.181 銅 [tóng][eng.copper; (also tóng, bronze)][skt.tāmra; (also "copper" = loha)]

167.182 銆 [mò][eng.ancient term; (also mò); rare]

167.183 銇 [lèi][eng.ancient term; (also lèi); rare]

167.184 銈 [jī][eng.ancient term; (also jī); rare]

167.185 銉 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù); rare]

167.186 銊 [xù][eng.ancient term; (also xù); rare]

167.187 銋 [rén][eng.ancient term; (also rén); rare]

167.188 銌 [zùn][eng.ancient term; (also zùn); rare]

167.189 銍 [zhì][eng.a sickle; (also zhì)][skt.dātra; (also "sickle" = dāṭrā)]

167.190 銎 [qióng][eng.a hole for an axe handle; (also qióng); rare]

167.191 銏 [shàn][eng.ancient term; (also shàn); rare]

167.192 銐 [chì][eng.ancient term; (also chì); rare]

167.193 銑 [xiǎn][eng.a milling tool; (also xiǎn, to mill)]

167.194 銒 [xíng][eng.an ancient vessel; variant of 鈃; rare][skt.pātra]

167.195 銓 [quán][eng.to weigh; to judge; to select; (also quán, a scale)][skt.tulā; (also "to weigh" = māti)]

167.196 銔 [pī][eng.ancient term; (also pī); rare]

167.197 銕 [tiě][eng.variant of 鐵 (iron); rare][skt.loha; (also "iron" = ayas)]

167.198 銖 [zhū][eng.an ancient unit of weight; (also zhū, a coin)][skt.māṣaka; (also "weight" = tulā)]

167.199 銗 [xiàng / hóu][eng.ancient term; (also hóu); rare]

167.200 銘 [míng][eng.to inscribe; an inscription; (also míng, to engrave)][skt.lekha; (also "inscription" = śilā-lekha)]

167.201 銙 [kuǎ][eng.ancient term; (also kuǎ); rare]

167.202 銚 [diào / yáo][eng.a pot; a pan; (also yáo, a small pot)][skt.sthālī; (also "vessel" = pātra)]

167.203 銛 [xiān / kuò][eng.a spear; (also kuò, a tool)][skt.śula; (also "spear" = śūla)]

167.204 銜 [xián][eng.to hold in the mouth; to carry; (also xián, a title)][skt.dhāraṇa; (also "to carry" = ādhāra)]

167.205 銝 [xiū][eng.ancient term; (also xiū); rare]

167.206 銞 [jūn][eng.ancient term; (also jūn); rare]

167.207 銟 [chā][eng.ancient term; (also chā); rare]

167.208 銠 [lǎo][eng.rhodium; (also lǎo); rare]

167.209 銡 [jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí); rare]

167.210 銢 [pǐ][eng.ancient term; (also pǐ); rare]

167.211 銣 [rú][eng.rubidium; (also rú); rare]

167.212 銤 [mǐ][eng.ancient term; (also mǐ); rare]

167.213 銥 [yī][eng.iridium; (also yī); rare]

167.214 銦 [yīn][eng.indium; (also yīn); rare]

167.215 銧 [guāng][eng.ancient term; (also guāng); rare]

167.216 銨 [ǎn][eng.ammonium; (also ǎn); rare]

167.217 銩 [diū][eng.thulium; (also diū); rare]

167.218 銪 [yǒu][eng.europium; (also yǒu); rare]

167.219 銫 [sè][eng.cesium; (also sè); rare]

167.220 銬 [kào][eng.manacles; (also kào, handcuffs)][skt.bandhana; (also "shackle" = śṛṅkhala)]

167.221 銭 [qián][eng.Japanese variant of 錢 (money); rare][skt.artha; (also "money" = dravya)]

167.222 銮 [luán][eng.a bell; (also luán, a royal carriage)][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.223 銯 [sī][eng.ancient term; (also sī); rare]

167.224 銰 [āi][eng.ancient term; (also āi); rare]

167.225 銱 [diào][eng.ancient term; (also diào); rare]

167.226 銲 [hàn][eng.ancient variant of 焊 (to weld); rare][skt.saṃyoga]

167.227 銳 [ruì][eng.sharp; acute; (also ruì, keen)][skt.tīkṣṇa; (also "sharp" = tīkṣṇa)]

167.228 銴 [shì][eng.ancient term; (also shì); rare]

167.229 銵 [kēng][eng.ancient term; (also kēng); rare]

167.230 銶 [qiú][eng.a chisel; (also qiú)]

167.231 銷 [xiāo][eng.to melt; to vanish; to sell; (also xiāo, to consume)][skt.vilīyate; (also "to melt" = drāvayati)]

167.232 銸 [zhé][eng.ancient term; (also zhé); rare]

167.233 銹 [xiù][eng.variant of 鏽 (rust); rare]

167.234 銺 [zàng][eng.ancient term; (also zàng); rare]

167.235 銻 [tī][eng.antimony; (also tī); rare]

167.236 銼 [cuò][eng.a file (tool); to file; (also cuò, a rasp)]

167.237 銽 [xiān][eng.ancient term; (also xiān); rare]

167.238 銾 [hòng][eng.ancient term; (also hòng); rare]

167.239 銿 [zhōng][eng.ancient variant of 鐘 (bell); rare][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.240 鋀 [tōu][eng.ancient term; (also tōu); rare]

167.241 鋁 [lǚ][eng.aluminum; (also lǚ); rare]

167.242 鋂 [méi][eng.ancient term; (also méi); rare]

167.243 鋃 [láng][eng.ancient term; (also láng, a chain)][skt.śṛṅkhala]

167.244 鋄 [wàn][eng.ancient term; (also wàn); rare]

167.245 鋅 [xīn][eng.zinc; (also xīn); rare]

167.246 鋆 [yún][eng.an ancient term; (also yún); rare]

167.247 鋇 [bèi][eng.barium; (also bèi); rare]

167.248 鋈 [wù][eng.an ancient term; (also wù); rare]

167.249 鋉 [sù][eng.ancient term; (also sù); rare]

167.250 鋊 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù); rare]

167.251 鋋 [yán][eng.an ancient spear; (also yán)][skt.śula]

167.252 鋌 [tǐng][eng.a bar of metal; (also tǐng)][skt.paṭṭa; (also "ingot" = loha)]

167.253 鋍 [bó][eng.ancient term; (also bó); rare]

167.254 鋎 [huàn][eng.ancient term; (also huàn); rare]

167.255 鋏 [jiá][eng.forceps; (also jiá, tongs)][skt.saṃdarśana]

167.256 鋐 [hóng][eng.an ancient weapon; (also hóng)]

167.257 鋑 [juān][eng.ancient term; (also juān); rare]

167.258 鋒 [fēng][eng.the point of a sword; sharp; (also fēng, a spear)][skt.agra; (also "sharp point" = śūla)]

167.259 鋓 [lì][eng.ancient term; (also lì); rare]

167.260 鋔 [wǎn][eng.ancient term; (also wǎn); rare]

167.261 鋕 [zhì][eng.to record; (also zhì, a surname)][skt.lekhā]

167.262 鋖 [sī][eng.ancient term; (also sī); rare]

167.263 鋗 [xuān][eng.an ancient vessel; (also xuān)][skt.pātra]

167.264 鋘 [huá][eng.ancient term; (also huá); rare]

167.265 鋙 [wú][eng.an ancient tool; (also wú)]

167.266 鋚 [tiáo][eng.ancient term; (also tiáo); rare]

167.267 鋛 [kuàng][eng.ancient term; (also kuàng); rare]

167.268 鋜 [zhuó][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuó)]

167.269 鋝 [lüè][eng.an ancient unit of weight; (also lüè)][skt.tulā]

167.270 鋞 [xíng][eng.an ancient term; (also xíng)]

167.271 鋟 [qǐn][eng.to carve; to engrave; (also qǐn)][skt.utkīrṇa; (also "to engrave" = lekha)]

167.272 鋠 [shèn][eng.ancient term; (also shèn); rare]

167.273 鋡 [hán][eng.an ancient vessel; (also hán)][skt.pātra]

167.274 鋢 [lüè][eng.ancient term; (also lüè); rare]

167.275 鋣 [yé][eng.an ancient sword; (also yé)][skt.khaḍga]

167.276 鋤 [chú][eng.a hoe; to hoe; (also chú, a weeding tool)]

167.277 鋥 [zèng][eng.to polish; (also zèng, a tool)]

167.278 鋦 [jū / jú][eng.curium; (also jú, a tool); rare]

167.279 鋧 [xiàn][eng.ancient term; (also xiàn); rare]

167.280 鋨 [é][eng.osmium; (also é); rare]

167.281 鋩 [máng][eng.the point of a sword; (also máng)][skt.agra]

167.282 鋪 [pū / pù][eng.to spread; to arrange; (also pù, a shop)][skt.ācchādana; (also "to spread" = prabhūta)]

167.283 鋫 [lí][eng.ancient term; (also lí); rare]

167.284 鋬 [pàn][eng.a handle; (also pàn, a loop)]

167.285 鋭 [ruì][eng.Japanese variant of 銳 (sharp); rare][skt.tīkṣṇa]

167.286 鋮 [chéng][eng.a surname; (also chéng)]

167.287 鋯 [gào][eng.zirconium; (also gào); rare]

167.288 鋰 [lǐ][eng.lithium; (also lǐ); rare]

167.289 鋱 [tè][eng.terbium; (also tè); rare]

167.290 鋲 [bīng][eng.ancient term; (also bīng); rare]

167.291 鋳 [zhù][eng.Japanese variant of 鑄 (to cast metal); rare][skt.ḍhāla; (also "to cast" = ḍhālana)]

167.292 鋴 [zhèn][eng.ancient term; (also zhèn); rare]

167.293 鋵 [tū][eng.ancient term; (also tū); rare]

167.294 鋶 [liǔ][eng.ancient term; (also liǔ); rare]

167.295 鋷 [zuì][eng.ancient term; (also zuì); rare]

167.296 鋸 [jù][eng.a saw; (also jù, to saw)][skt.karapattra; (also "saw" = karapatra)]

167.297 鋹 [chǎng][eng.an ancient tool; (also chǎng)]

167.298 鋺 [yuǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yuǎn); rare]

167.299 鋻 [jiàn][eng.an ancient term; (also jiàn); rare]

167.300 鋼 [gāng][eng.steel; (also gāng, strong)][skt.loha; (also "steel" = kānta-loha)]

167.301 鋽 [diào][eng.ancient term; (also diào); rare]

167.302 鋾 [táo][eng.ancient term; (also táo); rare]

167.303 鋿 [shǎng][eng.ancient term; (also shǎng); rare]

167.304 錀 [lún][eng.ancient term; (also lún); rare]

167.305 錁 [kè][eng.ancient term; (also kè); rare]

167.306 錂 [líng][eng.ancient term; (also líng); rare]

167.307 錃 [pī][eng.ancient term; (also pī); rare]

167.308 錄 [lù][eng.to record; to copy; (also lù, a register)][skt.lekhā; (also "to record" = lipi)]

167.309 錅 [lí][eng.ancient term; (also lí); rare]

167.310 錆 [qiāng][eng.the color of a metal; (also qiāng)]

167.311 錇 [péi][eng.ancient term; (also péi); rare]

167.312 錈 [juǎn][eng.to curl; to bend; (also juǎn)][skt.āvṛtta]

167.313 錉 [mín][eng.ancient term; (also mín); rare]

167.314 錊 [zuì][eng.ancient term; (also zuì); rare]

167.315 錋 [péng][eng.ancient term; (also péng); rare]

167.316 錌 [àn][eng.ancient term; (also àn); rare]

167.317 錍 [pī][eng.ancient term; (also pī); rare]

167.318 錎 [xiàn][eng.ancient term; (also xiàn); rare]

167.319 錏 [yā][eng.an ancient term; (also yā); rare]

167.320 錐 [zhuī][eng.a cone; a drill; an awl; (also zhuī, to bore)][skt.śalākā; (also "awl" = ārā)]

167.321 錑 [lèi][eng.ancient term; (also lèi); rare]

167.322 錒 [ā][eng.actinium; (also ā); rare]

167.323 錓 [kōng][eng.ancient term; (also kōng); rare]

167.324 錔 [tà][eng.a metal sleeve; (also tà)]

167.325 錕 [kūn][eng.an ancient sword; (also kūn)][skt.khaḍga]

167.326 錖 [dú][eng.ancient term; (also dú); rare]

167.327 錗 [nèi][eng.ancient term; (also nèi); rare]

167.328 錘 [chuí][eng.a hammer; a weight; (also chuí, to hammer)][skt.mudgara; (also "hammer" = muśala)]

167.329 錙 [zī][eng.an ancient unit of weight; (also zī)][skt.tulā]

167.330 錚 [zhēng][eng.the sound of metal; (also zhēng, a gong)][skt.śabda; (also "clang" = khaṇḍa)]

167.331 錛 [bēn][eng.a carpenter’s adze; (also bēn)]

167.332 錜 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè); rare]

167.333 錝 [cóng][eng.ancient term; (also cóng); rare]

167.334 錞 [chún][eng.a shield; (also chún, a musical instrument)][skt.śarīra; (also "shield" = phalaka)]

167.335 錟 [tán][eng.an ancient spear; (also tán)][skt.śula]

167.336 錠 [dìng][eng.an ingot; (also dìng, a tablet)][skt.piṇḍa; (also "ingot" = loha)]

167.337 錡 [qí][eng.a tool; (also qí, a surname)]

167.338 錢 [qián][eng.money; coin; (also qián, a unit of weight)][skt.artha; (also "money" = dravya; "coin" = varāṭaka)]

167.339 錣 [zhuì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuì); rare]

167.340 錤 [jī][eng.an ancient tool; (also jī)]

167.341 錥 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

167.342 錦 [jǐn][eng.brocade; (also jǐn, a splendid color)][skt.paṭṭa; (also "brocade" = citra-paṭṭa)]

167.343 錧 [guǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also guǎn); rare]

167.344 錨 [máo][eng.anchor; (also máo)][skt.laṅgala; (also "anchor" = nāva-bandhana)]

167.345 錩 [chāng][eng.an ancient term; (also chāng); rare]

167.346 錪 [tiǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also tiǎn); rare]

167.347 錫 [xí][eng.tin; (also xí, a gift)][skt.trapu; (also "tin" = tīkṣṇa)]

167.348 錬 [liàn][eng.Japanese variant of 鍊 (to refine); rare][skt.nirmāṇa; (also "to refine" = śodhana)]

167.349 錭 [diāo][eng.an ancient term; (also diāo); rare]

167.350 錮 [gù][eng.to imprison; to restrict; (also gù, to obstruct)][skt.bandhana; (also "to confine" = nigraha)]

167.351 錯 [cuò][eng.error; to interlock; to polish; (also cuò, a file)][skt.bhrama; (also "error" = viparyaya; "to polish" = śodhana)]

167.352 錰 [shù][eng.ancient term; (also shù); rare]

167.353 錱 [zhēn][eng.ancient variant of 珍 (treasure); rare][skt.ratna; (also "treasure" = nidhi)]

167.354 録 [lù][eng.Japanese variant of 錄 (to record); rare][skt.lekhā]

167.355 錳 [měng][eng.manganese; (also měng); rare]

167.356 錴 [lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù); rare]

167.357 錵 [huā][eng.ancient term; (also huā); rare]

167.358 錶 [biǎo][eng.watch; (also biǎo, a meter)]

167.359 錷 [gá][eng.ancient term; (also gá); rare]

167.360 錸 [lái][eng.rhenium; (also lái); rare]

167.361 錹 [kěng][eng.ancient term; (also kěng); rare]

167.362 錺 [fāng][eng.ancient term; (also fāng); rare]

167.363 錻 [wū][eng.ancient term; (also wū); rare]

167.364 錼 [nài][eng.niton; (also nài); rare]

167.365 錽 [wàn][eng.ancient term; (also wàn); rare]

167.366 錾 [zàn][eng.a chisel; to engrave; (also zàn)][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.367 錿 [hǔ][eng.ancient term; (also hǔ); rare]

167.368 鍀 [dé][eng.technetium; (also dé); rare]

167.369 鍁 [xiān][eng.an ancient spade; (also xiān)]

167.370 鍂 [piān][eng.ancient term; (also piān); rare]

167.371 鍃 [huò][eng.an ancient tool; (also huò)]

167.372 鍄 [liàng][eng.ancient term; (also liàng); rare]

167.373 鍅 [fǎ][eng.ancient term; (also fǎ); rare]

167.374 鍆 [mén][eng.mendelevium; (also mén); rare]

167.375 鍇 [kǎi][eng.calcium; (also kǎi); rare]

167.376 鍈 [yāng][eng.ancient term; (also yāng); rare]

167.377 鍉 [chí / dī][eng.an ancient tool; (also dī, a key)]

167.378 鍊 [liàn][eng.to refine; to smelt; (also liàn, to practice)][skt.nirmāṇa; (also "to refine" = śodhana)]

167.379 鍋 [guō][eng.a pot; a pan; (also guō, a cauldron)][skt.sthālī; (also "pot" = kumbha)]

167.380 鍌 [xiǎn][eng.ancient term; (also xiǎn); rare]

167.381 鍍 [dù][eng.to plate (with metal); (also dù, to coat)][skt.lepana; (also "to coat" = dhātu)]

167.382 鍎 [tú][eng.ancient term; (also tú); rare]

167.383 鍏 [wéi][eng.ancient term; (also wéi); rare]

167.384 鍐 [zōng][eng.an ancient term; (also zōng); rare]

167.385 鍑 [fù][eng.an ancient cauldron; (also fù)][skt.sthālī]

167.386 鍒 [róu][eng.ancient term; (also róu); rare]

167.387 鍓 [jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí); rare]

167.388 鍔 [è][eng.the edge of a sword; (also è)][skt.dhārā; (also "blade" = dhārā)]

167.389 鍕 [jūn][eng.ancient term; (also jūn); rare]

167.390 鍖 [chěn][eng.ancient term; (also chěn); rare]

167.391 鍗 [tí][eng.ancient term; (also tí); rare]

167.392 鍘 [zhá][eng.a knife; (also zhá, a cutter)][skt.khaḍga]

167.393 鍙 [hù][eng.ancient term; (also hù); rare]

167.394 鍚 [yáng][eng.ancient term; (also yáng); rare]

167.395 鍛 [duàn][eng.to forge; to hammer; (also duàn, to temper)][skt.nirmāṇa; (also "to forge" = khaṇḍa)]

167.396 鍜 [xiá][eng.an ancient tool; (also xiá)]

167.397 鍝 [yú][eng.ancient term; (also yú); rare]

167.398 鍞 [kēng][eng.ancient term; (also kēng); rare]

167.399 鍟 [shēng][eng.ancient term; (also shēng); rare]

167.400 鍠 [huáng][eng.the sound of a bell; (also huáng)][skt.ghoṣa; (also "sound" = śabda)]

167.401 鍡 [wěi][eng.ancient term; (also wěi); rare]

167.402 鍢 [fù][eng.ancient term; (also fù); rare]

167.403 鍣 [zhāo][eng.ancient term; (also zhāo); rare]

167.404 鍤 [chā][eng.a spade; a shovel; (also chā)]

167.405 鍥 [qiè][eng.to cut; to carve; (also qiè, to engrave)][skt.utkīrṇa; (also "to carve" = lekha)]

167.406 鍦 [shī][eng.an ancient spear; (also shī)][skt.śula]

167.407 鍧 [hōng][eng.the sound of metal; (also hōng)][skt.śabda]

167.408 鍨 [kuí][eng.ancient term; (also kuí); rare]

167.409 鍩 [nuò][eng.nobelium; (also nuò); rare]

167.410 鍪 [móu][eng.a helmet; (also móu)][skt.siras-trāṇa; (also "helmet" = kavaca)]

167.411 鍫 [qiāo][eng.a spade; (also qiāo)]

167.412 鍬 [qiāo][eng.a shovel; (also qiāo, a spade)]

167.413 鍭 [hóu][eng.an ancient arrow; (also hóu)][skt.śara; (also "arrow" = iṣu)]

167.414 鍮 [tōu][eng.brass; (also tōu)][skt.ārakūṭa; (also "brass" = kāṃsya)]

167.415 鍯 [cōng][eng.ancient term; (also cōng); rare]

167.416 鍰 [huán][eng.an ancient unit of weight; (also huán)][skt.tulā]

167.417 鍱 [yè][eng.ancient term; (also yè); rare]

167.418 鍲 [mín][eng.ancient term; (also mín); rare]

167.419 鍳 [jiàn][eng.ancient variant of 鑑 (mirror); rare][skt.ādarśa]

167.420 鍴 [duān][eng.an ancient term; (also duān); rare]

167.421 鍵 [jiàn][eng.a key; (also jiàn, a lock)][skt.kuñcikā; (also "key" = argalā)]

167.422 鍶 [sī][eng.strontium; (also sī); rare]

167.423 鍷 [kuí][eng.ancient term; (also kuí); rare]

167.424 鍸 [hú][eng.ancient term; (also hú); rare]

167.425 鍹 [xuān][eng.ancient term; (also xuān); rare]

167.426 鍺 [zhě][eng.germanium; (also zhě); rare]

167.427 鍻 [jié][eng.ancient term; (also jié); rare]

167.428 鍼 [zhēn][eng.ancient variant of 針 (needle); rare][skt.sūcī]

167.429 鍽 [biān][eng.ancient term; (also biān); rare]

167.430 鍾 [zhōng][eng.a bell; a clock; (also zhōng, to gather)][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kaṃsya)]

167.431 鍿 [zī][eng.an ancient unit of weight; (also zī)][skt.tulā]

167.432 鎀 [xiū][eng.ancient term; (also xiū); rare]

167.433 鎁 [yé][eng.an ancient sword; (also yé)][skt.khaḍga]

167.434 鎂 [měi][eng.magnesium; (also měi); rare]

167.435 鎃 [pài][eng.ancient term; (also pài); rare]

167.436 鎄 [āi][eng.einsteinium; (also āi); rare]

167.437 鎅 [jiè][eng.ancient term; (also jiè); rare]

167.438 鎆 [qián][eng.ancient term; (also qián); rare]

167.439 鎇 [méi][eng.americium; (also méi); rare]

167.440 鎈 [chā][eng.ancient term; (also chā); rare]

167.441 鎉 [tà][eng.ancient term; (also tà); rare]

167.442 鎊 [bàng][eng.pound; (also bàng, a currency)]

167.443 鎋 [xiá][eng.an ancient term; (also xiá); rare]

167.444 鎌 [lián][eng.a sickle; (also lián, a curved blade)][skt.dātra; (also "sickle" = dāṭrā)]

167.445 鎍 [suǒ][eng.ancient term; (also suǒ); rare]

167.446 鎎 [kài][eng.ancient term; (also kài); rare]

167.447 鎏 [liú][eng.gold plating; (also liú)][skt.suvarna-lepana]

167.448 鎐 [yáo][eng.ancient term; (also yáo); rare]

167.449 鎑 [yè][eng.ancient term; (also yè); rare]

167.450 鎒 [nòu][eng.a hoe; (also nòu)]

167.451 鎓 [wēng][eng.ancient term; (also wēng); rare]

167.452 鎔 [róng][eng.to melt; to fuse; (also róng, to smelt)][skt.drāvayati; (also "to melt" = vilīyate)]

167.453 鎕 [táng][eng.an ancient term; (also táng); rare]

167.454 鎖 [suǒ][eng.a lock; (also suǒ, to lock)][skt.argalā; (also "lock" = kuñcikā)]

167.455 鎗 [qiāng][eng.ancient variant of 槍 (spear); rare][skt.śula]

167.456 鎘 [gé][eng.cadmium; (also gé); rare]

167.457 鎙 [shuò][eng.an ancient spear; (also shuò)][skt.śula]

167.458 鎚 [chuí][eng.a hammer; variant of 錘; rare][skt.mudgara]

167.459 鎛 [bó][eng.an ancient musical instrument; (also bó)]

167.460 鎜 [pán][eng.an ancient term; (also pán); rare]

167.461 鎝 [dā][eng.ancient term; (also dā); rare]

167.462 鎞 [bì][eng.a hairpin; (also bì)][skt.aṅgada]

167.463 鎟 [sǎng][eng.ancient term; (also sǎng); rare]

167.464 鎠 [gāng][eng.ancient term; (also gāng); rare]

167.465 鎡 [zī][eng.a hoe; (also zī)]

167.466 鎢 [wū][eng.tungsten; (also wū); rare]

167.467 鎣 [yíng][eng.ancient term; (also yíng); rare]

167.468 鎤 [huàng][eng.ancient term; (also huàng); rare]

167.469 鎥 [tiáo][eng.ancient term; (also tiáo); rare]

167.470 鎦 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú)]

167.471 鎧 [kǎi][eng.armor; (also kǎi, a coat of mail)][skt.sannāha; (also "armor" = kavaca)]

167.472 鎨 [sǔn][eng.ancient term; (also sǔn); rare]

167.473 鎩 [shā][eng.to kill; to destroy; (also shā, a spear)][skt.ghāta; (also "to kill" = vadha)]

167.474 鎪 [sōu][eng.an ancient term; (also sōu); rare]

167.475 鎫 [wàn][eng.ancient term; (also wàn); rare]

167.476 鎬 [hào][eng.a bright light; (also hào, a place name)][skt.prakāśa; (also "bright" = jyotis)]

167.477 鎭 [zhèn][eng.ancient variant of 鎮 (to suppress); rare][skt.nigraha; (also "to suppress" = damana)]

167.478 鎮 [zhèn][eng.to suppress; to guard; (also zhèn, a town)][skt.nigraha; (also "to guard" = rakṣā)]

167.479 鎯 [láng][eng.ancient term; (also láng); rare]

167.480 鎰 [yì][eng.an ancient unit of weight; (also yì)][skt.tulā]

167.481 鎱 [yuán][eng.ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

167.482 鎲 [tǎng][eng.ancient term; (also tǎng); rare]

167.483 鎳 [niè][eng.nickel; (also niè); rare]

167.484 鎴 [xí][eng.strontium; (also xí); rare]

167.485 鎵 [jiā][eng.gallium; (also jiā); rare]

167.486 鎶 [gē][eng.ancient term; (also gē); rare]

167.487 鎷 [mǎ][eng.ancient term; (also mǎ); rare]

167.488 鎸 [juān][eng.ancient variant of 鐫 (to engrave); rare][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.489 鎹 [sòng][eng.ancient term; (also sòng); rare]

167.490 鎺 [zǔ][eng.ancient term; (also zǔ); rare]

167.491 鎻 [suǒ][eng.ancient variant of 鎖 (lock); rare][skt.argalā]

167.492 鎼 [xià][eng.ancient term; (also xià); rare]

167.493 鎽 [fēng][eng.ancient variant of 鋒 (sharp point); rare][skt.agra]

167.494 鎾 [wēn][eng.ancient term; (also wēn); rare]

167.495 鎿 [ná][eng.neptunium; (also ná); rare]

167.496 鏀 [lǔ][eng.ancient term; (also lǔ); rare]

167.497 鏁 [suǒ][eng.ancient variant of 鎖 (lock); rare][skt.argalā]

167.498 鏂 [ōu][eng.an ancient term; (also ōu); rare]

167.499 鏃 [zú][eng.an arrowhead; (also zú)][skt.śara-agra; (also "arrowhead" = iṣu)]

167.500 鏄 [tuán][eng.an ancient term; (also tuán); rare]

167.501 鏅 [xiū][eng.ancient term; (also xiū); rare]

167.502 鏆 [guàn][eng.an ancient term; (also guàn); rare]

167.503 鏇 [xuàn][eng.to spin; to turn; (also xuàn, a tool)][skt.āvṛtta; (also "to spin" = parivartate)]

167.504 鏈 [liàn][eng.a chain; (also liàn, to chain)][skt.śṛṅkhala; (also "chain" = bandhana)]

167.505 鏉 [shòu][eng.an ancient term; (also shòu); rare]

167.506 鏊 [ào][eng.a griddle; (also ào)]

167.507 鏋 [mǎn][eng.ancient term; (also mǎn); rare]

167.508 鏌 [mò][eng.an ancient sword; (also mò)][skt.khaḍga]

167.509 鏍 [luó][eng.an ancient term; (also luó); rare]

167.510 鏎 [bì][eng.ancient term; (also bì); rare]

167.511 鏏 [wèi][eng.an ancient term; (also wèi); rare]

167.512 鏐 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

167.513 鏑 [dí][eng.an arrowhead; (also dí, a dart)][skt.śara-agra]

167.514 鏒 [sēn][eng.ancient term; (also sēn); rare]

167.515 鏓 [cōng][eng.ancient term; (also cōng); rare]

167.516 鏔 [yí][eng.ancient term; (also yí); rare]

167.517 鏕 [lù][eng.an ancient term; (also lù); rare]

167.518 鏖 [áo][eng.to fight fiercely; (also áo, a fierce battle)][skt.yuddha; (also "battle" = saṅgrāma)]

167.519 鏗 [kēng][eng.the sound of metal; (also kēng, a clang)][skt.śabda; (also "clang" = khaṇḍa)]

167.520 鏘 [qiāng][eng.the sound of jade or metal; (also qiāng, a clang)][skt.śabda; (also "tinkling" = jhaṇajhaṇā)]

167.521 鏙 [cuī][eng.ancient term; (also cuī); rare]

167.522 鏚 [qī][eng.an ancient term; (also qī); rare]

167.523 鏛 [cháng][eng.ancient term; (also cháng); rare]

167.524 鏜 [tāng][eng.the sound of a drum; (also tāng, a clang)][skt.śabda; (also "drum" = paṭaha)]

167.525 鏝 [màn][eng.a trowel; (also màn, to plaster)]

167.526 鏞 [yōng][eng.a large bell; (also yōng)][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kaṃsya)]

167.527 鏟 [chǎn][eng.a spade; to shovel; (also chǎn, a tool)]

167.528 鏠 [fēng][eng.an ancient term; (also fēng); rare]

167.529 鏡 [jìng][eng.a mirror; (also jìng, a lens)][skt.ādarśa; (also "mirror" = darpana)]

167.530 鏢 [biāo][eng.a dart; (also biāo, a javelin)][skt.śula]

167.531 鏣 [shù][eng.ancient term; (also shù); rare]

167.532 鏤 [lòu][eng.to engrave; to carve; (also lòu, a carving)][skt.utkīrṇa; (also "to carve" = lekha)]

167.533 鏥 [xiù][eng.ancient term; (also xiù); rare]

167.534 鏦 [cōng][eng.an ancient weapon; (also cōng)]

167.535 鏧 [lóng][eng.ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

167.536 鏨 [zàn][eng.a chisel; to engrave; (also zàn)][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.537 鏩 [jiàn][eng.ancient term; (also jiàn); rare]

167.538 鏪 [cáo][eng.ancient term; (also cáo); rare]

167.539 鏫 [lí][eng.ancient term; (also lí); rare]

167.540 鏬 [xià][eng.ancient term; (also xià); rare]

167.541 鏭 [xī][eng.ancient term; (also xī); rare]

167.542 鏮 [kāng][eng.ancient term; (also kāng); rare]

167.543 鏯 [shuǎng][eng.ancient term; (also shuǎng); rare]

167.544 鏰 [bèng][eng.an ancient term; (also bèng); rare]

167.545 鏱 [zhāng][eng.ancient term; (also zhāng); rare]

167.546 鏲 [qiān][eng.ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

167.547 鏳 [zhēng][eng.ancient term; (also zhēng); rare]

167.548 鏴 [lù][eng.ancient term; (also lù); rare]

167.549 鏵 [huá][eng.a plow; (also huá)]

167.550 鏶 [jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí); rare]

167.551 鏷 [pú][eng.protactinium; (also pú); rare]

167.552 鏸 [huì][eng.an ancient term; (also huì); rare]

167.553 鏹 [qiǎng][eng.ancient term; (also qiǎng); rare]

167.554 鏺 [pō][eng.an ancient term; (also pō); rare]

167.555 鏻 [lín][eng.phosphorus; (also lín); rare]

167.556 鏼 [sè][eng.ancient term; (also sè); rare]

167.557 鏽 [xiù][eng.rust; (also xiù, to corrode)]

167.558 鏾 [sǎn][eng.ancient term; (also sǎn); rare]

167.559 鏿 [chēng][eng.ancient term; (also chēng); rare]

167.560 鐀 [guì][eng.an ancient term; (also guì); rare]

167.561 鐁 [sī][eng.ancient term; (also sī); rare]

167.562 鐂 [liú][eng.ancient term; (also liú); rare]

167.563 鐃 [náo][eng.a cymbal; a gong; (also náo, a musical instrument)][skt.tāla; (also "cymbals" = jhallarī)]

167.564 鐄 [huáng][eng.ancient term; (also huáng); rare]

167.565 鐅 [piě][eng.ancient term; (also piě); rare]

167.566 鐆 [suì][eng.ancient term; (also suì); rare]

167.567 鐇 [fán][eng.ancient term; (also fán); rare]

167.568 鐈 [qiáo][eng.ancient term; (also qiáo); rare]

167.569 鐉 [quān][eng.ancient term; (also quān); rare]

167.570 鐊 [yáng][eng.ancient term; (also yáng); rare]

167.571 鐋 [tàng][eng.an ancient term; (also tàng); rare]

167.572 鐌 [xiàng][eng.ancient term; (also xiàng); rare]

167.573 鐍 [jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué); rare]

167.574 鐎 [jiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also jiāo); rare]

167.575 鐏 [zūn][eng.an ancient term; (also zūn); rare]

167.576 鐐 [liáo][eng.shackles; (also liáo, fetters)][skt.śṛṅkhala; (also "shackles" = bandhana)]

167.577 鐑 [qiè][eng.ancient term; (also qiè); rare]

167.578 鐒 [láo][eng.lawrencium; (also láo); rare]

167.579 鐓 [duī][eng.an ancient term; (also duī); rare]

167.580 鐔 [tán][eng.the hilt of a sword; (also tán)][skt.muṣṭi; (also "hilt" = khaḍga-pāda)]

167.581 鐕 [zān][eng.an ancient term; (also zān); rare]

167.582 鐖 [jī][eng.an ancient term; (also jī); rare]

167.583 鐗 [jiǎn][eng.an ancient weapon; (also jiǎn)][skt.śula]

167.584 鐘 [zhōng][eng.a bell; a clock; (also zhōng, a timepiece)][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kaṃsya)]

167.585 鐙 [dèng][eng.a stirrup; (also dèng, a lamp)][skt.pāda-bandha; (also "lamp" = dīpa)]

167.586 鐚 [yā][eng.ancient term; (also yā); rare]

167.587 鐛 [yǐng][eng.ancient term; (also yǐng); rare]

167.588 鐜 [duī][eng.ancient term; (also duī); rare]

167.589 鐝 [jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué); rare]

167.590 鐞 [nòu][eng.ancient term; (also nòu); rare]

167.591 鐟 [zān][eng.ancient term; (also zān); rare]

167.592 鐠 [pǔ][eng.praseodymium; (also pǔ); rare]

167.593 鐡 [tiě][eng.ancient variant of 鐵 (iron); rare][skt.loha; (also "iron" = ayas)]

167.594 鐢 [fán][eng.ancient term; (also fán); rare]

167.595 鐣 [zhǎng][eng.ancient term; (also zhǎng); rare]

167.596 鐤 [dǐng][eng.an ancient cauldron; (also dǐng)][skt.sthālī]

167.597 鐥 [shàn][eng.ancient term; (also shàn); rare]

167.598 鐦 [kāi][eng.californium; (also kāi); rare]

167.599 鐧 [jiǎn][eng.an ancient weapon; (also jiǎn)][skt.śula]

167.600 鐨 [fèi][eng.fermium; (also fèi); rare]

167.601 鐩 [suì][eng.an ancient term; (also suì); rare]

167.602 鐪 [lǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also lǔ); rare]

167.603 鐫 [juān][eng.to carve; to engrave; (also juān, to inscribe)][skt.utkīrṇa; (also "to engrave" = lekha)]

167.604 鐬 [huì][eng.ancient term; (also huì); rare]

167.605 鐭 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù); rare]

167.606 鐮 [lián][eng.a sickle; (also lián, a scythe)][skt.dātra; (also "sickle" = dāṭrā)]

167.607 鐯 [zhuō][eng.ancient term; (also zhuō); rare]

167.608 鐰 [qiāo][eng.ancient term; (also qiāo); rare]

167.609 鐱 [qiàn][eng.ancient term; (also qiàn); rare]

167.610 鐲 [zhuó][eng.a bracelet; (also zhuó, a bangle)][skt.aṅgada; (also "bracelet" = keyūra)]

167.611 鐳 [léi][eng.radium; (also léi); rare]

167.612 鐴 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

167.613 鐵 [tiě][eng.iron; (also tiě, a tool)][skt.loha; (also "iron" = ayas)]

167.614 鐶 [huán][eng.a ring; (also huán, a link)][skt.aṅgada; (also "ring" = valaya)]

167.615 鐷 [yè][eng.an ancient term; (also yè); rare]

167.616 鐸 [duó][eng.a large bell; (also duó, a chime)][skt.ghaṇṭā; (also "bell" = kaṃsya)]

167.617 鐹 [guò][eng.an ancient term; (also guò); rare]

167.618 鐺 [dāng / chēng][eng.a pan; a pot; (also chēng, a tool)][skt.sthālī]

167.619 鐻 [jù][eng.an ancient term; (also jù); rare]

167.620 鐼 [fén][eng.an ancient term; (also fén); rare]

167.621 鐽 [dá][eng.darmstadtium; (also dá); rare]

167.622 鐾 [bèi][eng.to sharpen (a knife); (also bèi)]

167.623 鐿 [yì][eng.ytterbium; (also yì); rare]

167.624 鑀 [ài][eng.ancient term; (also ài); rare]

167.625 鑁 [zōng][eng.ancient term; (also zōng); rare]

167.626 鑂 [xùn][eng.ancient term; (also xùn); rare]

167.627 鑃 [diào][eng.ancient term; (also diào); rare]

167.628 鑄 [zhù][eng.to cast (metal); to forge; (also zhù, to mint)][skt.ḍhāla; (also "to cast" = ḍhālana)]

167.629 鑅 [héng][eng.ancient term; (also héng); rare]

167.630 鑆 [zhuì][eng.ancient term; (also zhuì); rare]

167.631 鑇 [jī][eng.ancient term; (also jī); rare]

167.632 鑈 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè); rare]

167.633 鑉 [hé][eng.ancient term; (also hé); rare]

167.634 鑊 [huò][eng.a cauldron; (also huò, a large pot)][skt.sthālī; (also "cauldron" = kumbha)]

167.635 鑋 [qīng][eng.ancient term; (also qīng); rare]

167.636 鑌 [bīn][eng.a fine metal; (also bīn)]

167.637 鑍 [yīng][eng.ancient term; (also yīng); rare]

167.638 鑎 [kuì][eng.ancient term; (also kuì); rare]

167.639 鑏 [níng][eng.ancient term; (also níng); rare]

167.640 鑐 [xū][eng.ancient term; (also xū); rare]

167.641 鑑 [jiàn][eng.a mirror; (also jiàn, to reflect)][skt.ādarśa; (also "mirror" = darpana)]

167.642 鑒 [jiàn][eng.to observe; to inspect; (also jiàn, a mirror)][skt.avalokana; (also "to inspect" = parīkṣā)]

167.643 鑓 [qiǎn][eng.ancient term; (also qiǎn); rare]

167.644 鑔 [chǎ][eng.ancient term; (also chǎ); rare]

167.645 鑕 [zhì][eng.ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

167.646 鑖 [miè][eng.ancient term; (also miè); rare]

167.647 鑗 [lí][eng.ancient term; (also lí); rare]

167.648 鑘 [léi][eng.ancient term; (also léi); rare]

167.649 鑙 [jǐ][eng.ancient term; (also jǐ); rare]

167.650 鑚 [zuān][eng.ancient variant of 鑽 (to drill); rare][skt.nirbheda]

167.651 鑛 [kuàng][eng.ore; (also kuàng, a mine)][skt.ākara; (also "mine" = dhātu)]

167.652 鑜 [shǎng][eng.ancient term; (also shǎng); rare]

167.653 鑝 [péng][eng.ancient term; (also péng); rare]

167.654 鑞 [là][eng.solder; (also là, a metal)]

167.655 鑟 [dú][eng.ancient term; (also dú); rare]

167.656 鑠 [shuò][eng.to melt; to glisten; (also shuò, bright)][skt.drāvayati; (also "to glisten" = prakāśa)]

167.657 鑡 [chuò][eng.ancient term; (also chuò); rare]

167.658 鑢 [lǜ][eng.an ancient term; (also lǜ); rare]

167.659 鑣 [biāo][eng.a bit for a horse; (also biāo, a bridle)][skt.raśmi; (also "bridle" = laguḍa)]

167.660 鑤 [bào][eng.an ancient term; (also bào); rare]

167.661 鑥 [lǔ][eng.lutetium; (also lǔ); rare]

167.662 鑦 [xián][eng.ancient term; (also xián); rare]

167.663 鑧 [kuān][eng.ancient term; (also kuān); rare]

167.664 鑨 [lóng][eng.ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

167.665 鑩 [è][eng.ancient term; (also è); rare]

167.666 鑪 [lú][eng.a stove; a furnace; (also lú, a hearth)][skt.ulūkā; (also "furnace" = agni-sthālī)]

167.667 鑫 [xīn][eng.prosperous; (also xīn, gold)][skt.suvarna; (also "prosperity" = samṛddhi)]

167.668 鑬 [jiàn][eng.ancient term; (also jiàn); rare]

167.669 鑭 [lán][eng.lanthanum; (also lán); rare]

167.670 鑮 [bó][eng.an ancient term; (also bó); rare]

167.671 鑯 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

167.672 鑰 [yào / yuè][eng.a key; (also yuè, a lock)][skt.kuñcikā; (also "key" = argalā)]

167.673 鑱 [chán][eng.an ancient spear; (also chán)][skt.śula]

167.674 鑲 [xiāng][eng.to inlay; to set; (also xiāng, to insert)][skt.ākīrṇa; (also "to inlay" = lepana)]

167.675 鑳 [jiàn][eng.ancient term; (also jiàn); rare]

167.676 鑴 [xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī); rare]

167.677 鑵 [guàn][eng.an ancient term; (also guàn); rare]

167.678 鑶 [cāng][eng.ancient term; (also cāng); rare]

167.679 鑷 [niè][eng.forceps; tweezers; (also niè)][skt.saṃdarśana; (also "tweezers" = aṅgula)]

167.680 鑸 [lěi][eng.ancient term; (also lěi); rare]

167.681 鑹 [cuān][eng.ancient term; (also cuān); rare]

167.682 鑺 [qú][eng.an ancient term; (also qú); rare]

167.683 鑻 [pàn][eng.ancient term; (also pàn); rare]

167.684 鑼 [luó][eng.a gong; (also luó, a percussion instrument)][skt.tāla; (also "gong" = jhallarī)]

167.685 鑽 [zuān / zuàn][eng.to drill; a drill; (also zuàn, to bore)][skt.nirbheda; (also "to pierce" = nirbheda)]

167.686 鑾 [luán][eng.a royal carriage; a bell; (also luán, a phoenix)][skt.ratha; (also "carriage" = yāna)]

167.687 鑿 [záo][eng.a chisel; to bore; (also záo, a tool)][skt.nirbheda; (also "chisel" = takṣaṇī)]

167.688 钀 [niè][eng.ancient term; (also niè); rare]

167.689 钁 [jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué); rare]

167.690 钂 [tǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also tǎng); rare]

167.691 钃 [zhǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also zhǔ); rare]

167.692 钄 [lán][eng.an ancient term; (also lán); rare]

167.693 钅 [jīn][eng.gold radical; simplified of 釒][skt.suvarna]

167.694 钆 [gá][eng.gadolinium; simplified of 釓; rare]

167.695 钇 [yǐ][eng.yttrium; simplified of 釔; rare]

167.696 针 [zhēn][eng.needle; simplified of 針][skt.sūcī]

167.697 钉 [dīng / dìng][eng.nail; simplified of 釘][skt.śaṅku]

167.698 钊 [zhāo][eng.to encourage; simplified of 釗][skt.samāśvāsa]

167.699 钋 [pō][eng.polonium; simplified of 釙; rare]

167.700 钌 [liǎo][eng.ruthenium; simplified of 釕; rare]

167.701 钍 [tǔ][eng.thorium; simplified of 釷; rare]

167.702 钎 [qiān][eng.ancient term; simplified of 釺; rare]

167.703 钏 [chuàn][eng.bracelet; simplified of 釧][skt.aṅgada]

167.704 钐 [shān / shàn][eng.samarium; simplified of 釤; rare]

167.705 钑 [sà][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鈒; rare]

167.706 钒 [fán][eng.vanadium; simplified of 釩; rare]

167.707 钓 [diào][eng.to fish; simplified of 釣][skt.matsya-bandha]

167.708 钔 [mén][eng.mendelevium; simplified of 鍆; rare]

167.709 钕 [nǚ][eng.neodymium; simplified of 釹; rare]

167.710 钖 [yáng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鍚; rare]

167.711 钗 [chāi][eng.hairpin; simplified of 釵][skt.aṅgada]

167.712 钘 [xíng][eng.an ancient vessel; simplified of 鈃][skt.pātra]

167.713 钙 [gài][eng.calcium; simplified of 鈣; rare]

167.714 钚 [bù][eng.plutonium; simplified of 鈈; rare]

167.715 钛 [tài][eng.titanium; simplified of 鈦; rare]

167.716 钜 [jù][eng.huge; simplified of 鉅][skt.mahā]

167.717 钝 [dùn][eng.blunt; simplified of 鈍][skt.manda]

167.718 钞 [chāo][eng.banknote; simplified of 鈔][skt.lekhā]

167.719 钟 [zhōng][eng.bell; simplified of 鐘][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.720 钠 [nà][eng.sodium; simplified of 鈉; rare]

167.721 钡 [bèi][eng.barium; simplified of 鋇; rare]

167.722 钢 [gāng][eng.steel; simplified of 鋼][skt.loha]

167.723 钣 [bǎn][eng.metal plate; simplified of 鈑][skt.paṭṭa]

167.724 钤 [qián][eng.seal; simplified of 鈐][skt.mudrā]

167.725 钥 [yào / yuè][eng.key; simplified of 鑰][skt.kuñcikā]

167.726 钦 [qīn][eng.to respect; simplified of 欽][skt.satkāra; (also "to respect" = pūjā)]

167.727 钧 [jūn][eng.unit of weight; simplified of 鈞][skt.tulā]

167.728 钨 [wū][eng.tungsten; simplified of 鎢; rare]

167.729 钩 [gōu][eng.hook; simplified of 鉤][skt.aṅkuśa]

167.730 钪 [kàng][eng.scandium; simplified of 鈧; rare]

167.731 钫 [fāng][eng.francium; (also fāng); rare]

167.732 钬 [huǒ][eng.holmium; simplified of 鈥; rare]

167.733 钭 [dǒu][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鈄; rare]

167.734 钮 [niǔ][eng.button; simplified of 鈕]

167.735 钯 [bǎ / pá][eng.palladium; simplified of 鈀; rare]

167.736 钰 [yù][eng.gold; simplified of 鈺][skt.suvarna; ratna]

167.737 钱 [qián][eng.money; simplified of 錢][skt.artha; dravya]

167.738 钲 [zhēng][eng.gong; simplified of 鉦][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.739 钳 [qián][eng.forceps; simplified of 鉗][skt.saṃdarśana]

167.740 钴 [gǔ][eng.cobalt; simplified of 鈷; rare]

167.741 钵 [bō][eng.alms bowl; simplified of 鉢][skt.pātra]

167.742 钶 [kē][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鈳; rare]

167.743 钷 [pǒ][eng.promethium; simplified of 鉕; rare]

167.744 钸 [bù][eng.plutonium; simplified of 鈽; rare]

167.745 钹 [bó][eng.cymbals; simplified of 鈸][skt.tāla]

167.746 钺 [yuè][eng.battle-axe; simplified of 鉞][skt.paraśu]

167.747 钻 [zuān / zuàn][eng.to drill; simplified of 鑽][skt.nirbheda]

167.748 钼 [mù][eng.molybdenum; simplified of 鉬; rare]

167.749 钽 [tǎn][eng.tantalum; simplified of 鉭; rare]

167.750 钾 [jiǎ][eng.potassium; simplified of 鉀; rare]

167.751 钿 [diàn / tián][eng.gold inlaid; simplified of 鈿]

167.752 铀 [yóu][eng.uranium; simplified of 鈾; rare]

167.753 铁 [tiě][eng.iron; simplified of 鐵][skt.loha; (also "iron" = ayas)]

167.754 铂 [bó][eng.platinum; simplified of 鉑; rare]

167.755 铃 [líng][eng.bell; simplified of 鈴][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.756 铄 [shuò][eng.to melt; simplified of 鑠][skt.drāvayati]

167.757 铅 [qiān][eng.lead; simplified of 鉛][skt.sīsaka]

167.758 铆 [mǎo][eng.rivet; simplified of 鉚; rare]

167.759 铇 [bào][eng.plane; simplified of 鉋; rare]

167.760 铈 [shì][eng.cerium; simplified of 鈰; rare]

167.761 铉 [xuàn][eng.hook; simplified of 鉉][skt.aṅkuśa]

167.762 铊 [tā][eng.thallium; simplified of 鉈; rare]

167.763 铋 [bì][eng.bismuth; simplified of 鉍; rare]

167.764 铌 [ní][eng.niobium; simplified of 鈮; rare]

167.765 铍 [pí][eng.beryllium; simplified of 鈹; rare]

167.766 铎 [duó][eng.bell; simplified of 鐸][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.767 铏 [xíng][eng.ancient vessel; simplified of 鉶][skt.pātra]

167.768 铐 [kào][eng.handcuffs; simplified of 銬][skt.bandhana]

167.769 铑 [lǎo][eng.rhodium; simplified of 銠; rare]

167.770 铒 [ěr][eng.erbium; simplified of 鉺; rare]

167.771 铓 [máng][eng.sword point; simplified of 鋩][skt.agra]

167.772 铔 [yā][eng.ancient term; simplified of 錏; rare]

167.773 铕 [yǒu][eng.europium; simplified of 銪; rare]

167.774 铖 [chéng][eng.surname; simplified of 鋮]

167.775 铗 [jiá][eng.forceps; simplified of 鋏][skt.saṃdarśana]

167.776 铘 [yé][eng.ancient sword; simplified of 鋣][skt.khaḍga]

167.777 铙 [náo][eng.cymbal; simplified of 鐃][skt.tāla]

167.778 铚 [zhì][eng.sickle; simplified of 銍][skt.dātra]

167.779 铛 [dāng / chēng][eng.pan; simplified of 鐺][skt.sthālī]

167.780 铜 [tóng][eng.copper; simplified of 銅][skt.tāmra]

167.781 铝 [lǚ][eng.aluminum; simplified of 鋁; rare]

167.782 铞 [diào][eng.ancient term; simplified of 銱; rare]

167.783 铟 [yīn][eng.indium; simplified of 銦; rare]

167.784 铠 [kǎi][eng.armor; simplified of 鎧][skt.sannāha]

167.785 铡 [zhá][eng.cutter; simplified of 鍘][skt.khaḍga]

167.786 铢 [zhū][eng.unit of weight; simplified of 銖][skt.māṣaka]

167.787 铣 [xiǎn][eng.milling tool; simplified of 銑]

167.788 铤 [tǐng][eng.ingot; simplified of 鋌][skt.paṭṭa]

167.789 铥 [diū][eng.thulium; simplified of 銩; rare]

167.790 铦 [xiān][eng.spear; simplified of 銛][skt.śula]

167.791 铧 [huá][eng.plow; simplified of 鏵]

167.792 铨 [quán][eng.to weigh; simplified of 銓][skt.tulā]

167.793 铩 [shā][eng.to kill; simplified of 鎩][skt.ghāta]

167.794 铪 [hā][eng.hafnium; simplified of 鉿; rare]

167.795 铫 [diào][eng.pot; simplified of 銚][skt.sthālī]

167.796 铬 [gè][eng.chromium; simplified of 鉻; rare]

167.797 铭 [míng][eng.inscription; simplified of 銘][skt.lekha]

167.798 铮 [zhēng][eng.gong; simplified of 錚][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.799 铯 [sè][eng.cesium; simplified of 銫; rare]

167.800 铰 [jiǎo][eng.scissors; simplified of 鉸]

167.801 铱 [yī][eng.iridium; simplified of 銥; rare]

167.802 铲 [chǎn][eng.spade; simplified of 鏟]

167.803 铳 [chòng][eng.gun; simplified of 銃]

167.804 铴 [tāng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鐋; rare]

167.805 铵 [ǎn][eng.ammonium; simplified of 銨; rare]

167.806 银 [yín][eng.silver; simplified of 銀][skt.rūpya; (also "silver" = rajata)]

167.807 铷 [rú][eng.rubidium; simplified of 銣; rare]

167.808 铸 [zhù][eng.to cast; simplified of 鑄][skt.ḍhāla]

167.809 铹 [láo][eng.lawrencium; simplified of 鐒; rare]

167.810 铺 [pū / pù][eng.to spread; simplified of 鋪][skt.ācchādana]

167.811 铻 [wú][eng.ancient tool; simplified of 鋙]

167.812 铼 [lái][eng.rhenium; simplified of 錸; rare]

167.813 铽 [tè][eng.terbium; simplified of 鋱; rare]

167.814 链 [liàn][eng.chain; simplified of 鏈][skt.śṛṅkhala]

167.815 铿 [kēng][eng.clang; simplified of 鏗][skt.śabda]

167.816 销 [xiāo][eng.to melt; simplified of 銷][skt.vilīyate]

167.817 锁 [suǒ][eng.lock; simplified of 鎖][skt.argalā]

167.818 锂 [lǐ][eng.lithium; simplified of 鋰; rare]

167.819 锃 [zèng][eng.to polish; simplified of 鋥]

167.820 锄 [chú][eng.hoe; simplified of 鋤]

167.821 锅 [guō][eng.pot; simplified of 鍋][skt.sthālī]

167.822 锆 [gào][eng.zirconium; simplified of 鋯; rare]

167.823 锇 [é][eng.osmium; simplified of 鋨; rare]

167.824 锈 [xiù][eng.rust; simplified of 鏽]

167.825 锉 [cuò][eng.file; simplified of 銼]

167.826 锊 [lüè][eng.unit of weight; simplified of 鋝][skt.tulā]

167.827 锋 [fēng][eng.sharp point; simplified of 鋒][skt.agra]

167.828 锌 [xīn][eng.zinc; simplified of 鋅; rare]

167.829 锍 [liǔ][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鋶; rare]

167.830 锎 [kāi][eng.californium; simplified of 鐦; rare]

167.831 锏 [jiǎn][eng.weapon; simplified of 鐧][skt.śula]

167.832 锐 [ruì][eng.sharp; simplified of 銳][skt.tīkṣṇa]

167.833 锑 [tī][eng.antimony; simplified of 銻; rare]

167.834 锒 [láng][eng.chain; simplified of 鋃][skt.śṛṅkhala]

167.835 锓 [qǐn][eng.to engrave; simplified of 鋟][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.836 锔 [jū][eng.curium; simplified of 鋦; rare]

167.837 锕 [ā][eng.actinium; simplified of 錒; rare]

167.838 锖 [qiāng][eng.metal color; simplified of 錆]

167.839 锗 [zhě][eng.germanium; simplified of 鍺; rare]

167.840 锘 [nuò][eng.nobelium; simplified of 鍩; rare]

167.841 错 [cuò][eng.error; simplified of 錯][skt.bhrama]

167.842 锚 [máo][eng.anchor; simplified of 錨][skt.laṅgala]

167.843 锛 [bēn][eng.adze; simplified of 錛]

167.844 锜 [qí][eng.tool; simplified of 錡]

167.845 锝 [dé][eng.technetium; simplified of 鍀; rare]

167.846 锞 [kè][eng.ancient term; simplified of 錁; rare]

167.847 锟 [kūn][eng.ancient sword; simplified of 錕][skt.khaḍga]

167.848 锠 [chāng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 錩; rare]

167.849 锡 [xí][eng.tin; simplified of 錫][skt.trapu]

167.850 锢 [gù][eng.to imprison; simplified of 錮][skt.bandhana]

167.851 锣 [luó][eng.gong; simplified of 鑼][skt.tāla]

167.852 锤 [chuí][eng.hammer; simplified of 錘][skt.mudgara]

167.853 锥 [zhuī][eng.cone; simplified of 錐][skt.śalākā]

167.854 锦 [jǐn][eng.brocade; simplified of 錦][skt.paṭṭa]

167.855 锧 [zhì][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鑕; rare]

167.856 锨 [xiān][eng.spade; simplified of 鍁]

167.857 锩 [juǎn][eng.to curl; simplified of 錈][skt.āvṛtta]

167.858 锪 [huò][eng.ancient tool; simplified of 鍃]

167.859 锫 [péi][eng.ancient term; simplified of 錇; rare]

167.860 锬 [tán][eng.spear; simplified of 錟][skt.śula]

167.861 锭 [dìng][eng.ingot; simplified of 錠][skt.piṇḍa]

167.862 键 [jiàn][eng.key; simplified of 鍵][skt.kuñcikā]

167.863 锯 [jù][eng.saw; simplified of 鋸][skt.karapattra]

167.864 锰 [měng][eng.manganese; simplified of 錳; rare]

167.865 锱 [zī][eng.unit of weight; simplified of 錙][skt.tulā]

167.866 锲 [qiè][eng.to carve; simplified of 鍥][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.867 锳 [yāng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鍈; rare]

167.868 锴 [kǎi][eng.calcium; simplified of 鍇; rare]

167.869 锵 [qiāng][eng.clang; simplified of 鏘][skt.śabda]

167.870 锶 [sī][eng.strontium; simplified of 鍶; rare]

167.871 锷 [è][eng.sword edge; simplified of 鍔][skt.dhārā]

167.872 锸 [chā][eng.spade; simplified of 鍤]

167.873 锹 [qiāo][eng.shovel; simplified of 鍬]

167.874 锺 [zhōng][eng.bell; simplified of 鍾][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.875 锻 [duàn][eng.to forge; simplified of 鍛][skt.nirmāṇa]

167.876 锼 [sōu][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鎪; rare]

167.877 锽 [huáng][eng.sound of bell; simplified of 鍠][skt.ghoṣa]

167.878 锾 [huán][eng.unit of weight; simplified of 鍰][skt.tulā]

167.879 锿 [āi][eng.einsteinium; simplified of 鎄; rare]

167.880 镀 [dù][eng.to plate; simplified of 鍍][skt.lepana]

167.881 镁 [měi][eng.magnesium; simplified of 鎂; rare]

167.882 镂 [lòu][eng.to engrave; simplified of 鏤][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.883 镃 [zī][eng.hoe; simplified of 鎡]

167.884 镄 [fèi][eng.fermium; simplified of 鐨; rare]

167.885 镅 [méi][eng.americium; simplified of 鎇; rare]

167.886 镆 [mò][eng.ancient sword; simplified of 鏌][skt.khaḍga]

167.887 镇 [zhèn][eng.to guard; simplified of 鎮][skt.nigraha]

167.888 镈 [bó][eng.ancient instrument; simplified of 鎛]

167.889 镉 [gé][eng.cadmium; simplified of 鎘; rare]

167.890 镊 [niè][eng.forceps; simplified of 鑷][skt.saṃdarśana]

167.891 镋 [tǎng][eng.ancient weapon; simplified of 钂; rare]

167.892 镌 [juān][eng.to engrave; simplified of 鐫][skt.utkīrṇa]

167.893 镍 [niè][eng.nickel; simplified of 鎳; rare]

167.894 镎 [ná][eng.neptunium; simplified of 鎿; rare]

167.895 镏 [liú][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鎦]

167.896 镐 [hào][eng.bright; simplified of 鎬][skt.prakāśa]

167.897 镑 [bàng][eng.pound; simplified of 鎊]

167.898 镒 [yì][eng.unit of weight; simplified of 鎰][skt.tulā]

167.899 镓 [jiā][eng.gallium; simplified of 鎵; rare]

167.900 镔 [bīn][eng.fine metal; simplified of 鑌]

167.901 镕 [róng][eng.to melt; simplified of 鎔][skt.drāvayati]

167.902 镖 [biāo][eng.dart; simplified of 鏢][skt.śula]

167.903 镗 [tāng][eng.sound of drum; simplified of 鏜][skt.śabda]

167.904 镘 [màn][eng.trowel; simplified of 鏝]

167.905 镙 [luó][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鏍; rare]

167.906 镚 [bèng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鏰; rare]

167.907 镛 [yōng][eng.large bell; simplified of 鏞][skt.ghaṇṭā]

167.908 镜 [jìng][eng.mirror; simplified of 鏡][skt.ādarśa]

167.909 镝 [dí][eng.arrowhead; simplified of 鏑][skt.śara-agra]

167.910 镞 [zú][eng.arrowhead; simplified of 鏃][skt.śara-agra]

167.911 镟 [xuàn][eng.to spin; simplified of 鏇][skt.āvṛtta]

167.912 镠 [liú][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鏐; rare]

167.913 镡 [tán][eng.sword hilt; simplified of 鐔][skt.muṣṭi]

167.914 镢 [jué][eng.ancient tool; simplified of 鐝; rare]

167.915 镣 [liáo][eng.shackles; simplified of 鐐][skt.śṛṅkhala]

167.916 镤 [pú][eng.protactinium; simplified of 鏷; rare]

167.917 镥 [lǔ][eng.lutetium; simplified of 鑥; rare]

167.918 镦 [duī][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鐓; rare]

167.919 镧 [lán][eng.lanthanum; simplified of 鑭; rare]

167.920 镨 [pǔ][eng.praseodymium; simplified of 鐠; rare]

167.921 镩 [cuān][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鑹; rare]

167.922 镪 [qiǎng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鏹; rare]

167.923 镫 [dèng][eng.stirrup; simplified of 鐙][skt.pāda-bandha]

167.924 镬 [huò][eng.cauldron; simplified of 鑊][skt.sthālī]

167.925 镭 [léi][eng.radium; simplified of 鐳; rare]

167.926 镮 [huán][eng.ring; simplified of 鐶][skt.aṅgada]

167.927 镯 [zhuó][eng.bracelet; simplified of 鐲][skt.aṅgada]

167.928 镰 [lián][eng.sickle; simplified of 鐮][skt.dātra]

167.929 镱 [yì][eng.ytterbium; simplified of 鐿; rare]

167.930 镲 [chǎ][eng.ancient term; simplified of 鑔; rare]

167.931 镳 [biāo][eng.bridle; simplified of 鑣][skt.raśmi]

167.932 镴 [là][eng.solder; simplified of 鑞]

167.933 镵 [chán][eng.spear; simplified of 鑱][skt.śula]

167.934 镶 [xiāng][eng.to inlay; simplified of 鑲][skt.ākīrṇa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 167

Radical 167 (金, jīn) — "gold" or "metal" — is one of the most extensive radicals in the lexicon, encompassing everything related to metals, tools, weapons, and by extension, wealth and preciousness (Kangxi #167). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of profound significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Gold as a symbol of the incorruptible — The Buddha’s body is often described as having a golden hue (suvarna-kāya), representing purity, radiance, and the incorruptibility of enlightenment. The compound 金色 (suvarna-varṇa, golden-colored) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical marks.

The alms bowl (鉢, pātra) — This is one of the most important monastic requisites. The alms bowl is a simple, functional vessel, and its regulation in Vinaya is extensive: the material (clay or iron), the size, the colour (not to be polished or ornamented), and the care of it are all specified.

Mirrors (鑑/鉴, 鏡/镜, ādarśa) — The mirror is a powerful metaphor in Mahāyāna Buddhism: the mind is like a mirror that reflects all phenomena without attachment (the "mirror-like wisdom," ādarśa-jñāna, one of the five wisdoms of Buddhahood). The character 鑑 also means "to inspect" or "to appraise," appearing in the compound 鑑定 (to appraise/authenticate), which is used in the context of discerning true teachings from false.

Bells and gongs (鐘/钟, 鈴/铃, 鐸/铎, ghaṇṭā) — In Buddhist ritual, bells are used to mark the beginning and end of chanting, to summon the saṅgha, and as offerings to the Buddha. The bell is also a symbol of the Buddha’s voice, which is said to be like a beautiful sound that reaches all beings.

Weapons — The radical contains numerous characters for weapons (劍/剑, knife; 槍/枪, spear; 矛, halberd). In Buddhism, weapons appear in (a) Vinaya rules prohibiting monastics from carrying weapons; (b) Jātaka tales where weapons are used; and (c) the compound 武器 (weapons, śastra), which is sometimes used metaphorically for the "weapons" of wisdom that cut through ignorance.

Metal and mining — The character 礦/矿 (ore/mine, ākara) appears in Vinaya in the context of mining, which is prohibited for monastics (as it disturbs the earth and involves worldliness). The compound 金礦 (gold mine) is rarely mentioned in Buddhist texts but appears in similes.

Text-critical note: this radical contains an extraordinary number of modern chemical element names (鈣/钙, potassium; 鈉/钠, sodium; 鎂/镁, magnesium; etc.) that have no Buddhist doctrinal significance. These characters are modern coinages and should be ignored for back-translation purposes unless they appear in anachronistic contexts. The simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extremely numerous and must be carefully unified in back-translation (e.g., 金/钅 as radical, 錢/钱, 銀/银, 銅/铜, 鐵/铁, 鋼/钢, 鐘/钟, 鈴/铃, 鏡/镜, 鑑/鉴, 鑰/钥, 鑄/铸, 鑽/钻, etc.).

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

167.935 167.1 金 (jīn) [skt.suvarna; loha] — The foundational character. Suvarna is "gold" (literally "good color"); loha is "metal" (a generic term). In Vinaya, the handling of gold and silver is prohibited for monastics. In sūtras, the Buddha’s golden body is one of the marks of a great being (三十二相, dvātriṃśan-mahā-puruṣa-lakṣaṇa). In Pure Land Buddhism, the ground of Sukhāvatī is described as golden. In the compound 金剛 (vajra, diamond/thunderbolt), 金 is the Chinese rendering of vajra (via the phonetic "jingang"), which represents the indestructible, diamond-like wisdom that cuts through all delusion.

167.936 167.12/167.17 釜/釡 (fǔ) [skt.sthālī; kumbha] — A cauldron/cooking pot. Sthālī is a large pot/cauldron; kumbha is a pot. In Vinaya, cooking utensils are mentioned in the context of permissible possessions. Monastics may use simple cooking pots, but luxurious or ornate pots are prohibited.

167.937 167.13/167.696 針/针 (zhēn) [skt.sūcī] — Needle. A basic monastic tool for repairing robes. In Vinaya, the needle is one of the allowable possessions of a monk. The compound 針線 (needle and thread, sūcī-sūtra) appears in discussions of mending robes. The needle is also used in a famous simile: the mind, like a needle, can penetrate the Dharma.

167.938 167.19/167.707 釣/钓 (diào) [skt.matsya-bandha; bandhayati] — To fish/angle. Fishing is generally prohibited for monastics (as it involves killing beings). In the Mahāyāna tradition, fishing is one of the "wrong livelihoods" (mithyā-ājīva). The compound 釣魚 (fishing) appears in Vinaya as a prohibited activity.

167.939 167.23/167.703 釧/钏 (chuàn) [skt.aṅgada; keyūra] — Bracelet. Ornaments such as bracelets are prohibited for monastics (as they are worldly adornments). Lay Buddhists may wear them, but monastics are expected to be simple and unattached to jewelry.

167.940 167.37/167.711 釵/钗 (chāi) [skt.aṅgada; bhūṣaṇa] — Hairpin. An ornament worn by women. In Buddhist texts, hairpins appear in narratives of laywomen who donate their ornaments, or in Jātaka tales where ornaments are used as gifts.

167.941 167.55 鈇 (fū) [skt.paraśu; khaḍga] — Axe. Appears in Vinaya as a tool that may be used for clearing paths or building. The compound 斧頭 (axe) is sometimes used in similes for cutting away ignorance.

167.942 167.61/167.717 鈍/钝 (dùn) [skt.manda; śithila] — Blunt/dull. In Buddhist psychology, a "dull" mind is the opposite of a sharp, discerning mind. The compound 鈍根 (manda-indriya, dull faculties) refers to those who have difficulty understanding the Dharma. 鈍 is contrasted with 利 (sharp) in discussions of spiritual capacity.

167.943 167.64/167.724 鈐/钤 (qián) [skt.mudrā] — A clamp; a seal. Mudrā is a seal (also a gesture). In Buddhist contexts, 鈐 appears in the compound 印鑑 (seal). The seal is used in Vinaya for official documents.

167.944 167.78/167.727 鈞/钧 (jūn) [skt.tulā; māna] — A unit of weight. Tulā is a balance; māna is a measure. Appears in the compound 權衡 (to weigh/measure), used metaphorically for evaluating Dharma teachings.

167.945 167.100/167.755 鈴/铃 (líng) [skt.ghaṇṭā; kaṃsya] — A bell (handbell). In Buddhist ritual, the bell (ghaṇṭā) is an essential implement, along with the vajra (vajra). The bell represents the feminine principle, wisdom (prajñā), and the sound of the Dharma. In Tibetan Buddhism, the bell and vajra are used together in rituals. In East Asian Buddhism, bells are used in chanting and to signal the beginning of ceremonies.

167.946 167.104/167.745 鈸/钹 (bó) [skt.tāla; jhallarī] — Cymbals. A percussion instrument used in Buddhist ritual music (especially in tantric contexts). Cymbals are also used in some ceremonies to mark rhythm.

167.947 167.106/167.736 鈺/钰 (yù) [skt.suvarna; ratna] — Gold/jewel. Similar to 金. Appears in compounds meaning "precious." Not a standard Buddhist term.

167.948 167.117/167.716 鉅/钜 (jù) [skt.mahā] — Huge/great. In Buddhist contexts, 鉅 appears in compounds meaning "great" (e.g., 鉅富, great wealth). Also used as a phonetic component in names.

167.949 167.139/167.757 鉛/铅 (qiān) [skt.sīsaka; sīsa] — Lead (metal). Appears in Vinaya in the context of lead being an allowable metal for certain utensils (though iron is preferred). Lead is also mentioned in descriptions of alchemy.

167.950 167.142/167.746 鉞/钺 (yuè) [skt.paraśu] — Battle-axe. A symbol of authority. In Buddhist texts, the axe appears in Jātaka tales and in Vinaya as a weapon (which monastics are prohibited from carrying). Metaphorically, the axe of wisdom cuts down the tree of ignorance.

167.951 167.146/167.741 鉢/钵 (bō) [skt.pātra] — The alms bowl. One of the four requisites (niśraya) of a monk. The alms bowl is a symbol of monastic simplicity and dependence on the lay community for food. In Vinaya, the bowl is strictly regulated: its material (clay or iron), size, colour, and care are specified. The bowl is also a symbol of the Dharma itself — the Buddha’s bowl represents the teaching that sustains beings. In the Lotus Sūtra, the Buddha’s bowl is a symbol of his compassion. The bowl is also used in similes for the mind: the mind is like a bowl that can hold the Dharma, but if it is turned upside down (careless or heedless), it cannot receive it.

167.952 167.148/167.729 鉤/钩 (gōu) [skt.aṅkuśa; aṅkura] — A hook. The hook (aṅkuśa) is the implement of the elephant-goad used in some Buddhist iconography (e.g., the hook in the hand of a wrathful deity). In meditation, the hook is used as a symbol for pulling the mind back from distraction, like an elephant-goad pulling an elephant back onto the path.

167.953 167.176/167.806 銀/银 (yín) [skt.rūpya; rajata] — Silver. Rūpya is silver (also "money"). In Vinaya, silver is prohibited for monastics (along with gold) as a form of currency. The compound 金銀 (gold and silver, suvarna-rūpya) appears in descriptions of wealth and offerings.

167.954 167.181/167.780 銅/铜 (tóng) [skt.tāmra; loha] — Copper. Copper is an allowable metal for some monastic utensils. The compound 銅器 (copper vessels) appears in Vinaya. In some Pure Land descriptions, the ground is made of copper in the lesser Pure Lands.

167.955 167.189/167.778 銍/铚 (zhì) [skt.dātra; dāṭrā] — A sickle. Used in Vinaya as a tool (for cutting grass for thatching). Appears in agricultural similes.

167.956 167.195/167.792 銓/铨 (quán) [skt.tulā; māti] — To weigh/judge/select. Tulā is a balance; māti is to measure. In Buddhist epistemology, "weighing" the Dharma means evaluating teachings with discernment. The compound 權衡 (to weigh/measure) appears in the context of discernment.

167.957 167.200/167.797 銘/铭 (míng) [skt.lekha; śilā-lekha] — Inscription. In Buddhist texts, 銘 appears in the context of inscriptions on stūpas, statues, or bells. The compound 銘文 (inscription, lekha) is used for the dedication of Buddhist monuments.

167.958 167.204 銜 (xián) [skt.dhāraṇa; ādhāra] — To hold in the mouth; to carry; a title. In Buddhist contexts, 銜 appears in the compound 銜持 (to hold), sometimes used for "holding" the Dharma. Also appears in titles (官銜, official title).

167.959 167.227/167.832 銳/锐 (ruì) [skt.tīkṣṇa] — Sharp/acute. Tīkṣṇa is sharp. In Buddhist psychology, the compound 銳根 (tīkṣṇa-indriya, sharp faculties) refers to those who understand the Dharma quickly. 銳 is contrasted with 鈍 (dull). The "sharpness" of wisdom cuts through ignorance.

167.960 167.258/167.827 鋒/锋 (fēng) [skt.agra; śūla] — The point of a sword; sharp. Agra is the point/tip; śūla is a spear. In Buddhist similes, the sharp point of a sword represents penetrating wisdom. The compound 鋒利 (sharp) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s wisdom.

167.961 167.300/167.722 鋼/钢 (gāng) [skt.loha; kānta-loha] — Steel. Appears in Vinaya in the context of tools. Steel is an allowable material for certain monastic implements (e.g., needles). Also used metaphorically for strength.

167.962 167.320/167.853 錐/锥 (zhuī) [skt.śalākā; ārā] — Cone/drill/awl. Śalākā is a sharp stick/needle; ārā is an awl. In Buddhist similes, the awl is used to represent penetrating insight. The compound 錐形 (conical shape) appears in architectural descriptions of stūpas.

167.963 167.328/167.852 錘/锤 (chuí) [skt.mudgara; muśala] — Hammer. Mudgara is a hammer/mallet. In Buddhist iconography, the hammer is the weapon of some wrathful deities, representing the power to destroy obstacles. In Vinaya, hammers are tools for building and repairs.

167.964 167.338/167.737 錢/钱 (qián) [skt.artha; dravya; varāṭaka] — Money/coin. Artha is wealth; dravya is money/property; varāṭaka is a cowrie coin. In Vinaya, the handling of money is strictly prohibited for monastics. The compound 金錢 (money, dravya) is prohibited. In the Buddha’s time, coins were in use, and the Buddha laid down specific rules about monastics not touching money. The compound 錢財 (wealth) is a worldly concern.

167.965 167.347/167.849 錫/锡 (xí) [skt.trapu; tīkṣṇa] — Tin. An allowable metal for utensils. In Vinaya, tin bowls are sometimes permitted (though clay is preferred). The compound 錫杖 (khakkhara, monk’s staff) uses 錫 as a phonetic component — the monk’s staff with metal rings.

167.966 167.350/167.850 錮/锢 (gù) [skt.bandhana; nigraha] — To imprison/restrict. Bandhana is bondage/imprisonment; nigraha is restraint/control. Appears in the compound 禁锢 (to imprison), which in Vinaya may be used metaphorically for the "imprisonment" of the mind by defilements.

167.967 167.351/167.841 錯/错 (cuò) [skt.bhrama; viparyaya; śodhana] — Error; to interlock; to polish. (1) As bhrama: error/mistake — the compound 錯誤 (error) appears in epistemological contexts. (2) As śodhana: to polish — the compound 錯磨 (to polish) appears in similes for refining the mind. (3) In Vinaya, 錯 (to interlock) may appear in descriptions of building materials.

167.968 167.378/167.875 鍊/锻 (liàn / duàn) [skt.nirmāṇa; śodhana] — To refine/smelt. Nirmāṇa is production/creation; śodhana is purification. In Buddhism, the refinement of metal is a metaphor for the refinement of the mind through practice. The compound 鍛鍊 (to forge/practice) is a common term for spiritual training.

167.969 167.379/167.821 鍋/锅 (guō) [skt.sthālī; kumbha] — Pot/cauldron. Similar to 釜. In Vinaya, cooking pots are permissible for monastic communities (though individual monks may not own them).

167.970 167.381/167.880 鍍/镀 (dù) [skt.lepana; dhātu] — To plate (with metal). Lepana is coating/plastering; dhātu is metal. In Vinaya, "plating" may refer to ornamental work, which is prohibited for monastic utensils.

167.971 167.388/167.871 鍔/锷 (è) [skt.dhārā] — The edge of a sword. Dhārā is an edge/blade. In Buddhist similes, the edge of a sword represents the sharpness of wisdom that cuts through all illusions. The compound 劍鍔 (sword edge) appears in descriptions of fierce beings.

167.972 167.395/167.875 鍛/锻 (duàn) [skt.nirmāṇa; khaṇḍa] — To forge/hammer. Nirmāṇa is creation; khaṇḍa is a piece (of forged metal). In Buddhist contexts, "forging" the mind means disciplining it through practice. The compound 鍛煉 (to temper/practice) appears in descriptions of the discipline required for enlightenment.

167.973 167.400/167.877 鍠/锽 (huáng) [skt.ghoṣa; śabda] — The sound of a bell. Ghoṣa is sound/voice; śabda is sound. Appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s voice, which is like the sound of a beautiful bell reaching all beings.

167.974 167.405/167.866 鍥/锲 (qiè) [skt.utkīrṇa; lekha] — To cut/carve. In Buddhist contexts, 鍥 appears in the compound 鍥而不捨 (to carve unceasingly), which describes the persistent effort required for enlightenment — like carving wood with a knife, one must persevere.

167.975 167.410 鍪 (móu) [skt.siras-trāṇa; kavaca] — Helmet. In Vinaya, armour and weapons are prohibited for monastics. The compound 甲冑 (armor) appears in descriptions of kings, not monks.

167.976 167.413 鍭 (hóu) [skt.śara; iṣu] — Arrow. Appears in Jātaka tales where arrows are used as weapons. In Buddhist similes, the arrow represents the "arrow of craving" that pierces the heart. The famous "Arrow Sūtra" (Cūḷamālukya Sutta) uses the metaphor of the arrow to describe the urgency of the spiritual life.

167.977 167.421/167.862 鍵/键 (jiàn) [skt.kuñcikā; argalā] — Key. Kuñcikā is a key; argalā is a lock/key. In Buddhist similes, the key is used for the "key to liberation" — the key that opens the door of the Dharma. The compound 關鍵 (the key/pivot) appears in discussions of the essential points of the Dharma.

167.978 167.430/167.719 鍾/钟 (zhōng) [skt.ghaṇṭā; kaṃsya] — Bell/clock. Similar to 鐘 (below). The character 鍾 is a variant of 鐘 and is used in many contexts. In Buddhist ritual, bells are used to mark time and to signal the beginning and end of chanting.

167.979 167.444/167.928 鎌/镰 (lián) [skt.dātra; dāṭrā] — Sickle. Similar to 銍. Used in agricultural metaphors for harvesting the fruits of practice.

167.980 167.452/167.901 鎔/镕 (róng) [skt.drāvayati; vilīyate] — To melt/fuse. In Buddhist similes, "melting" is used for the dissolution of the ego or the "melting" of the heart through compassion. The compound 熔爐 (furnace) appears in similes for the "furnace" of saṃsāra.

167.981 167.454/167.817 鎖/锁 (suǒ) [skt.argalā; kuñcikā] — Lock. Argala is a bolt/lock; kuñcikā is a key. In Buddhist similes, the "lock" of ignorance binds beings to saṃsāra. The "key" of wisdom opens the lock. The compound 枷鎖 (shackles) appears in similes for the bonds of saṃsāra.

167.982 167.471/167.784 鎧/铠 (kǎi) [skt.sannāha; kavaca] — Armor. In Vinaya, armor is prohibited for monastics. In sūtras, the compound 鎧甲 (armor) appears in similes for the "armor" of mindfulness that protects the practitioner from the arrows of defilement. The compound 戒鎧 (the armor of precepts) is a common metaphor.

167.983 167.478/167.887 鎮/镇 (zhèn) [skt.nigraha; rakṣā] — To suppress/guard/town. Nigraha is restraint/control; rakṣā is protection/guard. In Buddhist contexts, 鎮 appears in the compound 鎮護 (to protect and guard), which is used for the Buddha’s protection of beings or for the guardians of the Dharma.

167.984 167.480/167.898 鎰/镒 (yì) [skt.tulā] — An ancient unit of weight. Appears in Vinaya in the context of measurements.

167.985 167.499/167.910 鏃/镞 (zú) [skt.śara-agra; iṣu] — Arrowhead. Śara-agra means "arrow-tip." Appears in similes for the sharpness of wisdom. The compound 箭鏃 (arrowhead) appears in descriptions of weapons.

167.986 167.504/167.814 鏈/链 (liàn) [skt.śṛṅkhala; bandhana] — Chain. Śṛṅkhala is a chain; bandhana is binding. In Buddhist similes, the "chain" of karma binds beings to saṃsāra. The compound 鎖鏈 (chains) appears in descriptions of the bonds that must be broken.

167.987 167.513/167.909 鏑/镝 (dí) [skt.śara-agra] — Arrowhead. Similar to 鏃.

167.988 167.518 鏖 (áo) [skt.yuddha; saṅgrāma] — To fight fiercely/battle. In Buddhist contexts, the "fierce battle" is the battle against one’s own defilements. The compound 鏖戰 (fierce battle) appears in descriptions of the struggle of practice.

167.989 167.519/167.815 鏗/铿 (kēng) [skt.śabda; khaṇḍa] — The sound of metal; a clang. Used in the compound 鏗鏘 (the sound of metal), sometimes used to describe the resounding sound of the Dharma.

167.990 167.520/167.869 鏘/锵 (qiāng) [skt.śabda; jhaṇajhaṇā] — The sound of jade or metal; a clang. Similar to 鏗. The sound of jade represents elegance and refinement. In Buddhist contexts, it may describe the beautiful sound of the Dharma.

167.991 167.529/167.908 鏡/镜 (jìng) [skt.ādarśa; darpana] — Mirror. One of the most important Buddhist metaphors. The compound 鏡像 (mirror image, ādarśa-pratibimba) appears in the Diamond Sūtra and in Mahāyāna philosophy: phenomena are like reflections in a mirror — they appear but have no inherent existence. The "mirror-like wisdom" (大圓鏡智, mahā-ādarśa-jñāna) is one of the five wisdoms of Buddhahood, representing the mind that reflects all phenomena without distortion. In meditation, the mind is often compared to a mirror: it reflects what comes before it but remains unaffected and unchanged. The Buddha’s teaching is also compared to a mirror — it shows beings their true nature.

167.992 167.530/167.902 鏢/镖 (biāo) [skt.śula] — Dart/javelin. Appears in Vinaya as a weapon (prohibited). In sūtras, the dart is used as a metaphor for the "dart" of craving that pierces the heart.

167.993 167.532/167.882 鏤/镂 (lòu) [skt.utkīrṇa; lekha] — To engrave/carve. Utkīrṇa is engraved/carved; lekha is writing/inscription. In Buddhist contexts, "carving" is used for the inscription of the Dharma on the mind. The compound 雕鏤 (to carve/engrave) appears in descriptions of art and craftsmanship.

167.994 167.563/167.777 鐃/铙 (náo) [skt.tāla; jhallarī] — Cymbal/gong. Used in Buddhist ritual music. The cymbal is an important instrument in Buddhist chanting and ceremonies.

167.995 167.576/167.915 鐐/镣 (liáo) [skt.śṛṅkhala; bandhana] — Shackles. In Buddhist similes, the "shackles" of attachment bind beings to saṃsāra. The compound 鐐銬 (shackles) appears in descriptions of the bonds of ignorance.

167.996 167.584/167.719 鐘/钟 (zhōng) [skt.ghaṇṭā; kaṃsya] — Bell/clock. The large bell used in Buddhist temples to mark the time, to call the monks to assembly, and to produce a sound that awakens beings. The sound of the bell is a symbol of the Buddha’s voice, reaching all beings in all directions. In Tibetan Buddhism, the bell (ghaṇṭā) is paired with the vajra (dorje) and represents wisdom (prajñā). In East Asian Buddhism, the temple bell is struck 108 times at the New Year to represent the 108 defilements. The compound 鐘聲 (bell sound, ghaṇṭā-śabda) is used in similes for the pervasive and awakening sound of the Dharma.

167.997 167.585/167.923 鐙/镫 (dèng) [skt.pāda-bandha; dīpa] — Stirrup; lamp. Pāda-bandha is a foot-binding (stirrup); dīpa is a lamp. In Vinaya, stirrups are not mentioned. The "lamp" sense (鐙 as a variant of 燈) appears in similes for the "lamp" of wisdom that lights the way in the darkness of ignorance.

167.998 167.603/167.892 鐫/镌 (juān) [skt.utkīrṇa; lekha] — To carve/engrave. Similar to 鏤. Used for the "engraving" of the Dharma on the mind or heart.

167.999 167.606 鐮 (lián) [skt.dātra; dāṭrā] — Sickle. See 鎌 above.

167.1000 167.610/167.927 鐲/镯 (zhuó) [skt.aṅgada; keyūra] — Bracelet/bangle. Similar to 釧. An ornament prohibited for monastics.

167.1001 167.613/167.753 鐵/铁 (tiě) [skt.loha; ayas] — Iron. Loha is metal (generic); ayas is iron specifically. Iron is the most common material for monastic utensils, especially the alms bowl (iron bowls are one of the four types allowed). The compound 鐵製 (made of iron) appears in Vinaya descriptions of allowable bowls. Iron is also used in the compound 鐵圍山 (cakravāḍa, the iron mountain surrounding the universe), which appears in Buddhist cosmology.

167.1002 167.616/167.766 鐸/铎 (duó) [skt.ghaṇṭā; kaṃsya] — A large bell/chime. Used in Buddhist ritual to produce sound. The sound of the bell is a symbol of the Dharma.

167.1003 167.628/167.808 鑄/铸 (zhù) [skt.ḍhāla; ḍhālana] — To cast (metal). Ḍhāla is to cast metal (in the sense of founding). In Vinaya, casting metal objects is a worldly activity, not performed by monastics (though they may use the resulting objects). The compound 鑄造 (to cast/create) appears in similes for the "casting" of the mind.

167.1004 167.634/167.924 鑊/镬 (huò) [skt.sthālī; kumbha] — Cauldron/large pot. Similar to 釜. Appears in Vinaya as a cooking utensil.

167.1005 167.641 鑑 (jiàn) [skt.ādarśa; avalokana] — Mirror; to observe/inspect. Ādarśa is a mirror; avalokana is looking/observing (as in Avalokiteśvara). In Buddhist contexts, 鑑 appears in the compound 鑑別 (to differentiate/discern), which is a key aspect of wisdom. The "mirror" (鑑) is also a term for the mind that reflects all phenomena without distortion.

167.1006 167.642 鑒 (jiàn) [skt.avalokana; parīkṣā] — To observe/inspect; a mirror. Similar to 鑑. Avalokana is looking/observing; parīkṣā is investigation. In Buddhist epistemology, "observing" and "inspecting" are key aspects of practice.

167.1007 167.651 鑛 (kuàng) [skt.ākara; dhātu] — Ore/mine. Ākara is a mine; dhātu is metal (also "element"). In Vinaya, mining is prohibited for monastics (as it harms beings and is a worldly occupation). The compound 金礦 (gold mine) is sometimes used in similes for the mind: the mind is like a mine of wisdom, but one must dig for it.

167.1008 167.656/167.756 鑠/铄 (shuò) [skt.drāvayati; prakāśa] — To melt; to glisten. Drāvayati is to melt/liquefy; prakāśa is light/radiance. In Buddhist similes, the "melting" of the heart through compassion or the "glistening" of wisdom appears in poetry.

167.1009 167.659/167.931 鑣/镳 (biāo) [skt.raśmi; laguḍa] — A bit for a horse; a bridle. In Buddhist similes, the "bridle" represents discipline that controls the wild mind. The compound 轡勒 (reins and bridle) appears in similes for the control of the mind.

167.1010 167.666 鑪 (lú) [skt.ulūkā; agni-sthālī] — Stove/furnace. Ulūkā is an owl (not relevant); agni-sthālī is a fire-pot/furnace. Furnaces appear in Vinaya in the context of heating water.

167.1011 167.667 鑫 (xīn) [skt.suvarna; samṛddhi] — Prosperous. A modern character meaning "prosperity" (three golds). No Buddhist significance, but it may appear in temple names or dedications.

167.1012 167.672/167.725 鑰/钥 (yào / yuè) [skt.kuñcikā; argalā] — Key. Kuñcikā is a key; argalā is a lock/key. In Buddhist similes, the "key" to liberation is wisdom. The compound 鑰匙 (key) appears in the context of "opening" the door of the Dharma.

167.1013 167.685/167.747 鑽/钻 (zuān / zuàn) [skt.nirbheda; takṣaṇī] — To drill; a drill. Nirbheda is piercing/penetration (a key term for insight); takṣaṇī is a chisel. In Buddhist similes, "drilling" or "penetrating" the mind means seeing through illusions.

167.1014 167.686 鑾 (luán) [skt.ratha; yāna] — Royal carriage; a bell. Appears in historical contexts, not in core Buddhist texts.

167.1015 167.687 鑿 (záo) [skt.nirbheda; takṣaṇī] — Chisel; to bore. Similar to 鑽. In Buddhist similes, the "chisel" of wisdom carves away ignorance.

168 長

168.1 長 [chn.cháng / zhǎng][eng.long; length; to grow; to be in charge; (also zhǎng, elder; leader)][skt.dīrgha; (also "long" = dīrgha; "to grow" = vṛddhi; "elder" = jyeṣṭha)]

168.2 镸 [chn.cháng][eng.long radical; (also cháng)][skt.dīrgha]

168.3 镹 [chn.jiǔ][eng.ancient term; long; (also jiǔ); rare][skt.dīrgha]

168.4 镺 [ǎo][eng.ancient term; (also ǎo); rare]

168.5 镻 [dié][eng.ancient term; (also dié); rare]

168.6 镼 [qū][eng.ancient term; (also qū); rare]

168.7 镽 [liáo][eng.ancient term; (also liáo); rare]

168.8 镾 [mí][eng.ancient term; (also mí); rare]

168.9 长 [cháng / zhǎng][eng.long; simplified of 長][skt.dīrgha; vṛddhi; jyeṣṭha]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 168

Radical 168 (長, cháng) — "long" — represents the semantic field of length, duration, growth, and seniority (Kangxi #168). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate but significant importance. Its primary relevance lies in:

Duration and impermanence — The concept of "long" (dīrgha) appears in descriptions of time: long aeons (kalpa), long periods of practice, and the long duration of saṃsāra. The Buddha’s teachings emphasize that while saṃsāra is long, the path to liberation can be traversed. The compound 長久 (long duration) appears in similes for the vastness of time.

Growth and cultivation — The reading zhǎng (to grow) appears in the compound 生長 (to grow, vṛddhi). In Buddhist practice, the mind grows through cultivation (修行, bhāvanā). The compound 長養 (to nourish/grow) is used for the cultivation of wholesome qualities. In meditation, the mind is "grown" through mindfulness.

Elder and respect — The reading zhǎng (elder, leader) is used in the compound 長者 (jyeṣṭha, elder, householder, noble). In the sūtras, jyeṣṭha is often translated as 長者, referring to wealthy and respected lay followers. The term also appears in the Vinaya, where respect for elders (長幼, elder and younger) is emphasized in monastic hierarchy. The compound 長老大德 (elder and virtuous one) is used for senior monks.

Buddha’s epithets — The Buddha is sometimes described as "long" in the sense of his wisdom and compassion extending far: 長久大悲 (long-lasting great compassion). The compound 長夜 (long night) appears in sūtras as a metaphor for the long night of saṃsāra, which the Buddha awakens beings from.

Text-critical note: the radical has the alternate form 镸 when used as a component in other characters. The simplified form (长) is the standard in modern Chinese; the traditional form (長) appears in canonical texts. Most characters under this radical are rare or archaic.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

168.10 168.1/168.9 長/长 (cháng / zhǎng) [skt.dīrgha; vṛddhi; jyeṣṭha] — The foundational character.

As dīrgha: long — appears in the compound 長短 (long and short, dīrgha-hrasva), used in similes for the range of phenomena.

As vṛddhi: growth/increase — appears in the compound 增長 (to increase/grow, vṛddhi), a key term in Buddhist practice: 信根增長 (śraddhā-vṛddhi, growth of faith).

As jyeṣṭha: elder/chief — the compound 長者 (jyeṣṭha, elder, householder) is a common term for wealthy lay supporters of the Buddha. In Vinaya, elders are given respect, and the hierarchy of ordination is based on seniority.

The compound 長久 (ciran, long duration) appears in descriptions of saṃsāra and the long period of practice.

168.11 168.2 镸 (cháng) [skt.dīrgha] — The radical form of 長. Not used independently in Buddhist texts.

168.12 168.3 镹 (jiǔ) [skt.dīrgha] — An ancient term meaning "long." No significant Buddhist usage.

168.13 168.4 镺 (ǎo) — An ancient term. No Buddhist significance.

168.14 168.5 镻 (dié) — An ancient term. No Buddhist significance.

168.15 168.6 镼 (qū) — An ancient term. No Buddhist significance.

168.16 168.7 镽 (liáo) — An ancient term. No Buddhist significance.

168.17 168.8 镾 (mí) — An ancient term. No Buddhist significance.

169 門

169.1 門 [chn.mén][eng.gate; door; (also mén, a family)][skt.dvāra; (also "door" = dvāra; "gate" = dvāra)]

169.2 閁 [mà][eng.ancient term; (also mà); rare]

169.3 閂 [shuān][eng.a bolt; to fasten; (also shuān, a latch)][skt.argalā; (also "bolt" = argalā)]

169.4 閃 [shǎn][eng.to flash; to dodge; (also shǎn, lightning)][skt.vidyut; (also "lightning" = vidyut)]

169.5 閄 [huò][eng.ancient term; (also huò); rare]

169.6 閅 [mén][eng.variant of 門 (gate); rare][skt.dvāra]

169.7 閆 [yán][eng.a surname; (also Yán); rare]

169.8 閇 [bì][eng.ancient variant of 閉 (to close); rare][skt.niruddha; (also "to close" = pidhāna)]

169.9 閈 [hàn][eng.a village gate; (also hàn, a wall)][skt.dvāra; (also "gate" = dvāra)]

169.10 閉 [bì][eng.to close; to shut; (also bì, to obstruct)][skt.niruddha; pidhāna; (also "to close" = āvṛtta)]

169.11 閊 [shān][eng.ancient term; (also shān); rare]

169.12 開 [kāi][eng.to open; to start; (also kāi, to unfold)][skt.vivṛta; udghāṭayati; (also "to open" = prakāśana)]

169.13 閌 [kàng][eng.an ancient place name; (also kàng); rare]

169.14 閍 [bēng][eng.ancient term; (also bēng); rare]

169.15 閎 [hóng][eng.a gate; (also hóng, grand)][skt.dvāra; (also "great" = mahā)]

169.16 閏 [rùn][eng.intercalary; leap (year); (also rùn, a surplus)][skt.adhimāsa; (also "intercalary" = adhika)]

169.17 閐 [sàn][eng.ancient term; (also sàn); rare]

169.18 閑 [xián][eng.leisure; idle; to be at ease; (also xián, a fence)][skt.avakāśa; (also "leisure" = kṣānti)]

169.19 閒 [xián / jiān][eng.leisure; idle; between; (also jiān, a gap)][skt.avakāśa; antara; (also "gap" = vivara)]

169.20 間 [jiān / jiàn][eng.between; among; interval; (also jiàn, to separate)][skt.antara; madhya; (also "interval" = vivara)]

169.21 閔 [mǐn][eng.to pity; to grieve; (also Mǐn, a surname)][skt.karuṇā; (also "compassion" = anukampā)]

169.22 閕 [xiā][eng.ancient term; (also xiā); rare]

169.23 閖 [shuì][eng.ancient term; (also shuì); rare]

169.24 閗 [dòu][eng.ancient variant of 鬥 (to fight); rare][skt.yuddha; (also "to fight" = yudh)]

169.25 閘 [zhá][eng.a sluice; a lock; (also zhá, a gate)][skt.dvāra; (also "lock" = argalā)]

169.26 閙 [nào][eng.ancient variant of 鬧 (noisy; to disturb); rare][skt.kalaha; (also "uproar" = ākula)]

169.27 閚 [zhān][eng.ancient term; (also zhān); rare]

169.28 閛 [pēng][eng.ancient term; (also pēng); rare]

169.29 閜 [xiá][eng.ancient term; (also xiá); rare]

169.30 閝 [líng][eng.ancient term; (also líng); rare]

169.31 閞 [biàn][eng.ancient term; (also biàn); rare]

169.32 閟 [bì][eng.to shut; to close; (also bì, secret)][skt.niruddha; guhya; (also "secret" = rahasya)]

169.33 閠 [rùn][eng.variant of 閏 (intercalary); rare][skt.adhimāsa]

169.34 閡 [hé][eng.to obstruct; to block; (also hé, a barrier)][skt.pratibandha; (also "obstacle" = āvaraṇa)]

169.35 関 [guān][eng.Japanese variant of 關 (to close; a pass); rare][skt.dvāra; (also "to close" = pidhāna)]

169.36 閣 [gé][eng.a pavilion; a cabinet; (also gé, to shelve)][skt.kūṭāgāra; (also "tower" = prāsāda)]

169.37 閤 [hé][eng.a gate; (also hé, a small door)][skt.dvāra; (also "door" = dvāra)]

169.38 閥 [fá][eng.a clan; a clique; (also fá, a faction)][skt.vaṃśa; (also "lineage" = gotra)]

169.39 閦 [chù][eng.ancient term; (also chù); rare]

169.40 閧 [hòng][eng.ancient variant of 鬨 (uproar); rare][skt.kalaha]

169.41 閨 [guī][eng.a boudoir; (also guī, a woman’s chamber)][skt.antaḥpura; (also "women’s quarters" = gṛha)]

169.42 閩 [mǐn][eng.an ancient kingdom; (also Mǐn, a place name); rare]

169.43 閪 [xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī); rare]

169.44 閫 [kǔn][eng.the gate of a palace; (also kǔn, a threshold)][skt.dvāra; (also "threshold" = dvāra)]

169.45 閬 [làng][eng.a gate; (also làng, empty)][skt.dvāra; (also "empty" = śūnya)]

169.46 閭 [lǘ][eng.a village gate; (also lǘ, a lane)][skt.dvāra; (also "alley" = rathyā)]

169.47 閮 [tíng][eng.ancient term; (also tíng); rare]

169.48 閯 [shà][eng.ancient term; (also shà); rare]

169.49 閰 [jú][eng.ancient term; (also jú); rare]

169.50 閱 [yuè][eng.to read; to inspect; (also yuè, to review)][skt.pāṭha; (also "to read" = vācayati; "to inspect" = parīkṣā)]

169.51 閲 [yuè][eng.ancient variant of 閱 (to read); rare][skt.pāṭha]

169.52 閳 [chǎn][eng.ancient variant of 闡 (to explain); rare][skt.vyākhyāna; (also "to explain" = prakāśayati)]

169.53 閴 [qù][eng.ancient variant of 闃 (quiet); rare][skt.śānta; (also "quiet" = upaśānta)]

169.54 閵 [lìn][eng.ancient term; (also lìn); rare]

169.55 閶 [chāng][eng.a gate; (also chāng, a heavenly gate)][skt.dvāra; (also "sky gate" = svarga-dvāra)]

169.56 閷 [shā][eng.ancient variant of 殺 (to kill); rare][skt.vadha; (also "to kill" = ghāta)]

169.57 閸 [kǔn][eng.ancient variant of 閫 (threshold); rare][skt.dvāra]

169.58 閹 [yān][eng.a eunuch; (also yān, to castrate); rare]

169.59 閺 [mín][eng.ancient term; (also mín); rare]

169.60 閻 [yán][eng.a village gate; (also Yán, a surname; used in 閻羅, Yama)][skt.dvāra; (also Yama = Yama-rāja)]

169.61 閼 [è / yān][eng.to block; to obstruct; (also yān, an ancient tribe)][skt.pratibandha; (also "to obstruct" = āvaraṇa)]

169.62 閽 [hūn][eng.a gatekeeper; (also hūn, a doorkeeper)][skt.dvārapāla; (also "gatekeeper" = dvārapa)]

169.63 閾 [yù][eng.a threshold; (also yù, a limit)][skt.dvāra; (also "threshold" = dvāra)]

169.64 閿 [wén][eng.an ancient place name; (also wén); rare]

169.65 闀 [hòng][eng.ancient term; (also hòng); rare]

169.66 闁 [bāo][eng.ancient term; (also bāo); rare]

169.67 闂 [hòng][eng.ancient term; (also hòng); rare]

169.68 闃 [qù][eng.quiet; still; (also qù, silent)][skt.śānta; (also "quiet" = upaśānta)]

169.69 闄 [yǎo][eng.ancient term; (also yǎo); rare]

169.70 闅 [wén][eng.ancient term; (also wén); rare]

169.71 闆 [bǎn][eng.a board; (also bǎn, a plank)][skt.paṭṭa]

169.72 闇 [àn][eng.dark; (also àn, to be dim)][skt.tamas; (also "darkness" = tamas)]

169.73 闈 [wéi][eng.a gate; (also wéi, a palace gate)][skt.dvāra; (also "gate" = dvāra)]

169.74 闉 [yīn][eng.a gate; (also yīn, a village gate)][skt.dvāra]

169.75 闊 [kuò][eng.wide; broad; (also kuò, vast)][skt.vistīrṇa; (also "broad" = pṛthu)]

169.76 闋 [què][eng.to end; to stop; (also què, a closure)][skt.samāpti; (also "to end" = niṣṭhā)]

169.77 闌 [lán][eng.to end; a railing; (also lán, a banister)][skt.samāpti; (also "railing" = vedikā)]

169.78 闍 [dū / shé][eng.a gate; (also shé, a monk; a surname)][skt.dvāra; (also "monk" = ācārya in some transliterations)]

169.79 闎 [quán][eng.ancient term; (also quán); rare]

169.80 闏 [fēng][eng.ancient term; (also fēng); rare]

169.81 闐 [tián][eng.crowded; filled; (also tián, a gate)][skt.ākīrṇa; (also "filled" = pūrṇa)]

169.82 闑 [niè][eng.the threshold; (also niè, a door)][skt.dvāra]

169.83 闒 [tà][eng.to crowd; (also tà, a gate)][skt.saṅghaṭṭana]

169.84 闓 [kǎi][eng.to open; (also kǎi, a gate)][skt.udghāṭayati; (also "to open" = vivṛta)]

169.85 闔 [hé][eng.to close; (also hé, a gate)][skt.niruddha; (also "to close" = pidhāna)]

169.86 闕 [què][eng.a gate; a palace; to lack; (also què, a deficiency)][skt.dvāra; (also "to lack" = hāni; "palace" = prāsāda)]

169.87 闖 [chuǎng][eng.to rush; to break through; (also chuǎng, to storm)][skt.ākramati; (also "to break in" = pra-√viś)]

169.88 闗 [guān][eng.ancient variant of 關 (to close; a pass); rare][skt.dvāra; (also "to close" = pidhāna)]

169.89 闘 [dòu][eng.Japanese variant of 鬥 (to fight); rare][skt.yuddha]

169.90 闙 [qǐ][eng.ancient term; (also qǐ); rare]

169.91 闚 [kuī][eng.to spy; to peep; (also kuī, to observe)][skt.avalokana; (also "to peep" = nirīkṣaṇa)]

169.92 闛 [tāng / chāng][eng.a gate; (also chāng, a sound)][skt.dvāra]

169.93 關 [guān][eng.to close; a pass; a barrier; (also guān, to connect)][skt.dvāra; pidhāna; (also "to close" = āvṛtta; "pass" = parvatadvāra)]

169.94 闝 [piáo][eng.ancient term; (also piáo); rare]

169.95 闞 [kàn / hǎn][eng.to roar; (also hǎn, a gate)][skt.garjana; (also "roar" = nāda)]

169.96 闟 [xī / sà][eng.ancient term; (also sà, a spear); rare]

169.97 闠 [huì][eng.a gate; (also huì, a market gate)][skt.dvāra]

169.98 闡 [chǎn][eng.to explain; to open; (also chǎn, to expound)][skt.vyākhyāna; (also "to explain" = prakāśayati; "to open" = udghāṭayati)]

169.99 闢 [pì][eng.to open; to develop; to refute; (also pì, a door)][skt.udghāṭayati; vivṛta; (also "to refute" = nirākaraṇa)]

169.100 闣 [dāng][eng.ancient term; (also dāng); rare]

169.101 闤 [huán][eng.a market gate; (also huán, a wall)][skt.dvāra; (also "market" = āpaṇa)]

169.102 闥 [tà][eng.a gate; (also tà, a door)][skt.dvāra]

169.103 闦 [wén][eng.ancient term; (also wén); rare]

169.104 闧 [tā][eng.ancient term; (also tā); rare]

169.105 门 [mén][eng.gate; simplified of 門][skt.dvāra]

169.106 闩 [shuān][eng.a bolt; simplified of 閂][skt.argalā]

169.107 闪 [shǎn][eng.to flash; simplified of 閃][skt.vidyut]

169.108 闫 [yán][eng.a surname; simplified of 閆; rare]

169.109 闬 [hàn][eng.a village gate; simplified of 閈][skt.dvāra]

169.110 闭 [bì][eng.to close; simplified of 閉][skt.niruddha]

169.111 问 [wèn][eng.to ask; simplified of 問][skt.pṛcchā; (also "to ask" = paripṛcchā)]

169.112 闯 [chuǎng][eng.to rush; simplified of 闖][skt.ākramati]

169.113 闰 [rùn][eng.intercalary; simplified of 閏][skt.adhimāsa]

169.114 闱 [wéi][eng.a palace gate; simplified of 闈][skt.dvāra]

169.115 闲 [xián][eng.leisure; simplified of 閑][skt.avakāśa]

169.116 闳 [hóng][eng.a gate; simplified of 閎][skt.dvāra]

169.117 间 [jiān / jiàn][eng.between; simplified of 間][skt.antara; madhya]

169.118 闵 [mǐn][eng.to pity; simplified of 閔][skt.karuṇā]

169.119 闶 [kàng][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 閌; rare]

169.120 闷 [mèn / mēn][eng.bored; depressed; simplified of 悶][skt.udvigna; (also "depressed" = viṣādita)]

169.121 闸 [zhá][eng.a sluice; simplified of 閘][skt.dvāra]

169.122 闹 [nào][eng.noisy; simplified of 鬧][skt.kalaha]

169.123 闺 [guī][eng.a boudoir; simplified of 閨][skt.antaḥpura]

169.124 闻 [wén][eng.to hear; simplified of 聞][skt.śṛṇoti; (also "to hear" = śruta)]

169.125 闼 [tà][eng.a gate; simplified of 闥][skt.dvāra]

169.126 闽 [mǐn][eng.an ancient kingdom; simplified of 閩; rare]

169.127 闾 [lǘ][eng.a village gate; simplified of 閭][skt.dvāra]

169.128 闿 [kǎi][eng.to open; simplified of 闓][skt.udghāṭayati]

169.129 阀 [fá][eng.a clan; simplified of 閥][skt.vaṃśa]

169.130 阁 [gé][eng.a pavilion; simplified of 閣][skt.kūṭāgāra]

169.131 阂 [hé][eng.to obstruct; simplified of 閡][skt.pratibandha]

169.132 阃 [kǔn][eng.a threshold; simplified of 閫][skt.dvāra]

169.133 阄 [jiū][eng.to draw lots; simplified of 鬮]

169.134 阅 [yuè][eng.to read; simplified of 閱][skt.pāṭha]

169.135 阆 [làng][eng.a gate; simplified of 閬][skt.dvāra]

169.136 阇 [dū / shé][eng.a gate; simplified of 闍][skt.dvāra; (also "monk" = ācārya in some transliterations)]

169.137 阈 [yù][eng.a threshold; simplified of 閾][skt.dvāra]

169.138 阉 [yān][eng.a eunuch; simplified of 閹; rare]

169.139 阊 [chāng][eng.a gate; simplified of 閶][skt.dvāra]

169.140 阋 [xì][eng.to quarrel; simplified of 鬩][skt.kalaha; (also "quarrel" = vivāda)]

169.141 阌 [wén][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 閿; rare]

169.142 阍 [hūn][eng.a gatekeeper; simplified of 閽][skt.dvārapāla]

169.143 阎 [yán][eng.a village gate; simplified of 閻][skt.dvāra; (also Yama = Yama-rāja)]

169.144 阏 [è / yān][eng.to block; simplified of 閼][skt.pratibandha]

169.145 阐 [chǎn][eng.to explain; simplified of 闡][skt.vyākhyāna]

169.146 阑 [lán][eng.to end; simplified of 闌][skt.samāpti]

169.147 阒 [qù][eng.quiet; simplified of 闃][skt.śānta]

169.148 阓 [huì][eng.a gate; simplified of 闠][skt.dvāra]

169.149 阔 [kuò][eng.wide; simplified of 闊][skt.vistīrṇa]

169.150 阕 [què][eng.to end; simplified of 闋][skt.samāpti]

169.151 阖 [hé][eng.to close; simplified of 闔][skt.niruddha]

169.152 阗 [tián][eng.crowded; simplified of 闐][skt.ākīrṇa]

169.153 阘 [tà][eng.to crowd; simplified of 闒][skt.saṅghaṭṭana]

169.154 阙 [quē / què][eng.to lack; simplified of 闕][skt.hāni; (also "gate" = dvāra)]

169.155 阚 [kàn / hǎn][eng.to roar; simplified of 闞][skt.garjana]

169.156 阛 [huán][eng.a market gate; simplified of 闤][skt.dvāra]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 169

Radical 169 (門, mén) — "gate" — is one of the most metaphorically and doctrinally significant radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #169). Its semantic field encompasses doors, gates, openings, closings, barriers, passages, and by extension, the concepts of entrance, exit, access, obstruction, and transition. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of profound importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Gate of the Dharma (法門, dharma-dvāra) — The most significant compound in this radical. "Dharma-gate" refers to the teachings of the Buddha as the entrance to liberation. Each teaching or practice is a "gate" through which one can enter the path. The compound 不二法門 (advaya-dharma-dvāra, the gate of non-duality) is a key term in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The Buddha’s teaching is described as a gate that opens to the deathless.

Opening and Closing (開/开, vivṛta; 閉/闭, niruddha) — These verbs are used both literally and metaphorically. The opening of the Dharma-gate is the Buddha’s compassion; the closing of the gates of the senses is the practice of sense-restraint (indriya-saṃvara). The compound 開示 (to open and show) is used for the Buddha’s teaching — he "opens" the truth and "shows" it to beings. The compound 閉關 (to close one’s gates; to retreat) is a later term for solitary meditation retreat.

The Gate of Birth and Death (生死門, saṃsāra-dvāra) — The gate of saṃsāra, through which beings enter and exit the cycle of birth and death. Liberation is the "opening" of the gate to nirvāṇa.

The Gatekeeper (門人, disciple; 門下, under a teacher) — The disciple who stands at the teacher’s gate. The term 門徒 (disciple) appears in Buddhist contexts for followers of a teacher.

Hearing and Learning — The character 聞/闻 (hear) and 問/问 (ask) are critical: the disciple "asks" and "hears" the Dharma at the gate of the teacher’s presence. 聞 is the standard translation for śruta (what is heard, the learning from hearing). 問 is the standard translation for pṛcchā (questioning).

The Gate of the Senses (根門, indriya-dvāra) — The sense faculties are gates through which the world enters the mind. The practice of mindfulness is guarding the gates of the senses (indriya-saṃvara).

Darkness and Light — The character 闇 (darkness, tamas) is contrasted with 明 (light). In Buddhist cosmology, the "dark gate" is the gate to the lower realms. The opposite is the "light" of wisdom.

The Gate of Yama (閻羅門, Yama-dvāra) — The gate of the lord of death, a metaphor for death and the afterlife. The character 閻 appears in the transliteration of Yama (閻羅, Yama-rāja), the king of the dead.

Explanation and Exposition — The character 闡 (to explain/expound, vyākhyāna) is critical for commentarial literature. The compound 闡明 (to clarify/explain) describes the act of illuminating the meaning of the scriptures.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extensive and must be carefully unified (門/门, 關/关, 開/开, 閉/闭, 問/问, 聞/闻, 間/间, 閱/阅, 闡/阐, 闌/阑, 闊/阔, 閣/阁, 闔/阖, 闕/阙, etc.). The character 門 appears in countless compounds in the canon, and its metaphorical usage is pervasive.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

169.157 169.1/169.105 門/门 (mén) [skt.dvāra] — The foundational character. The compound 法門 (dharma-dvāra, gate of the Dharma) is perhaps the most important. The compound 三昧門 (samādhi-dvāra, gate of concentration) appears in meditation texts. The compound 無量門 (ananta-dvāra, immeasurable gates) describes the infinite ways to enter the Dharma. In Vinaya, the gate of the monastery is a defined boundary for monastic activities.

169.158 169.4/169.107 閃/闪 (shǎn) [skt.vidyut] — To flash/lightning. Appears in similes for the fleeting nature of phenomena (like lightning). Also in the compound 閃電 (lightning, vidyut). In meditation, the flash of insight is like lightning.

169.159 169.10/169.110 閉/闭 (bì) [skt.niruddha; pidhāna; āvṛtta] — To close/shut. Niruddha is stopped/closed; pidhāna is covering/closing; āvṛtta is turned back/enclosed. In Buddhist practice, 閉關 (closing the gate) is a retreat. The "closing" of the gates of the senses (indriya-saṃvara) is a key aspect of mindfulness practice. In Vinaya, the closing of a door or gate is regulated.

169.160 169.12 開 (kāi) [skt.vivṛta; udghāṭayati; prakāśana] — To open. Vivṛta is open/uncovered; udghāṭayati is to open; prakāśana is revealing/illuminating. The compound 開示 (to open and show, prakāśayati) describes the Buddha’s act of teaching. The compound 開悟 (to open and awaken, bodhi) is a key term for enlightenment — the "opening" of wisdom. The compound 開通 (to open and connect) appears in the context of spreading the Dharma.

169.161 169.18/169.115 閑/闲 (xián) [skt.avakāśa; kṣānti] — Leisure/idle. Avakāśa is opportunity/leisure; kṣānti is patience (in the sense of having time). In Buddhist contexts, 閑 appears in the compound 閑暇 (leisure), which is the precious opportunity for practice. The Buddha often says that beings who have leisure to practice are fortunate.

169.162 169.19/169.20/169.117 閒/間/间 (xián / jiān / jiàn) [skt.avakāśa; antara; madhya; vivara] — This character has two meanings.

As antara: between/interval — appears in the compound 空間 (ākāśa, space) and 時間 (kāla, time).

As avakāśa: leisure (the reading xián, variant of 閑).

In Buddhist texts, 間 is used in the compound 世間 (loka, the world), literally "between" (the world of the senses). The compound 中間 (in the middle, madhya) appears in descriptions of the Middle Way.

169.163 169.21/169.118 閔/闵 (mǐn) [skt.karuṇā; anukampā] — To pity/grieve. Karuṇā is compassion; anukampā is pity/compassion. In Buddhist contexts, 閔 is used in the compound 閔憐 (to pity), describing the Buddha’s compassionate concern for beings. The compound 大悲 (great compassion) is more common.

169.164 169.25/169.121 閘/闸 (zhá) [skt.dvāra; argalā] — A sluice/lock/gate. In Vinaya, the term is used literally for water gates or floodgates.

169.165 169.26/169.122 鬧/闹 (nào) [skt.kalaha; ākula] — Noisy/uproar. Kalaha is quarrel/uproar; ākula is agitation/confusion. In Buddhist contexts, noise is a disturbance to meditation and monastic life. The compound 鬧市 (noisy market) is contrasted with quiet forest retreats.

169.166 169.34/169.131 閡/阂 (hé) [skt.pratibandha; āvaraṇa] — To obstruct/block. Pratibandha is obstruction; āvaraṇa is covering/obstacle. In Buddhist psychology, 閡 appears in the compound 障礙 (obstacle, āvaraṇa), the hindrances that obstruct the path.

169.167 169.36/169.130 閣/阁 (gé) [skt.kūṭāgāra; prāsāda] — A pavilion/cabinet. Kūṭāgāra is a peaked house/pavilion; prāsāda is a palace/tower. In Buddhist texts, 閣 appears in descriptions of monasteries and temples. The compound 樓閣 (tower, prāsāda) is used for the celestial palaces of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.

169.168 169.38/169.129 閥/阀 (fá) [skt.vaṃśa; gotra] — A clan/faction. Vaṃśa is lineage; gotra is family/clan. In Buddhist contexts, 閥 appears in the compound 門閥 (aristocratic family), which is sometimes contrasted with the universality of the Dharma — the Dharma does not discriminate by birth.

169.169 169.41/169.123 閨/闺 (guī) [skt.antaḥpura; gṛha] — A boudoir/women’s chamber. Antaḥpura is the women’s quarters (palace). In Buddhist texts, 閨 may appear in Vinaya narratives about the Buddha’s life before renunciation (when he was in the palace).

169.170 169.44/169.132 閫/阃 (kǔn) [skt.dvāra] — A threshold. Dvāra is a gate/threshold. Appears in Vinaya in the context of the threshold of a monastic cell or temple.

169.171 169.45/169.135 閬/阆 (làng) [skt.dvāra; śūnya] — A gate; empty. In Buddhist contexts, 閬 (reading làng) appears in the compound 閬苑 (the gate of a garden), but the reading "empty" (śūnya) may appear in some contexts.

169.172 169.46/169.127 閭/闾 (lǘ) [skt.dvāra; rathyā] — A village gate; a lane. Rathyā is a street/lane. Appears in descriptions of village life in Vinaya.

169.173 169.50/169.134 閱/阅 (yuè) [skt.pāṭha; vācayati; parīkṣā] — To read/inspect/review. Pāṭha is reading/recitation; vācayati is to cause to read (to read aloud); parīkṣā is investigation/examination. In Buddhist contexts, 閱 appears in the compound 閱讀 (to read) and 閱藏 (to read the canon). The reading and recitation of scriptures is a core monastic activity. 閱 is also used for "inspecting" the state of the mind or the body.

169.174 169.60/169.143 閻/阎 (yán) [skt.dvāra; Yama] — A village gate; the gate of Yama. The compound 閻羅 (Yama-rāja) is the king of the dead in Buddhist cosmology. Yama judges beings after death and sends them to appropriate realms. The compound 閻王 (Yama-rāja) is a common term for the lord of death. In the sūtras, Yama’s gate is a metaphor for death itself.

169.175 169.61/169.144 閼/阏 (è / yān) [skt.pratibandha; āvaraṇa] — To block/obstruct. Similar to 閡. In Buddhist contexts, 閼 appears in the compound 閼止 (to stop), used for the cessation of defilements.

169.176 169.62/169.142 閽/阍 (hūn) [skt.dvārapāla; dvārapa] — A gatekeeper. Dvārapāla is a gatekeeper. In Vinaya, a lay gatekeeper may be employed by the monastery. The gatekeeper also appears in similes for mindfulness guarding the gates of the senses.

169.177 169.63/169.137 閾/阈 (yù) [skt.dvāra] — A threshold. In Vinaya, the threshold is a boundary marker. In similes, the threshold represents the boundary between the mundane and the supramundane.

169.178 169.72 闇 (àn) [skt.tamas] — Darkness. Tamas is darkness/obscurity. In Buddhist texts, 闇 is often contrasted with 明 (light). The compound 闇冥 (darkness, tamas) describes the darkness of ignorance. The Buddha’s teachings are the light that dispels the darkness.

169.179 169.73/169.114 闈/闱 (wéi) [skt.dvāra] — A palace gate. Dvāra is a gate. In Buddhist texts, 闈 appears in the compound 闈門 (palace gate), referring to the royal court.

169.180 169.75/169.149 闊/阔 (kuò) [skt.vistīrṇa; pṛthu] — Wide/broad. Vistīrṇa is broad/spacious; pṛthu is broad. In Buddhist contexts, 闊 appears in the compound 廣闊 (vast, vistīrṇa), used to describe the vastness of the Buddha’s compassion or the spaciousness of the mind in meditation.

169.181 169.76/169.150 闋/阕 (què) [skt.samāpti; niṣṭhā] — To end/stop. Samāpti is completion; niṣṭhā is end. In Buddhist contexts, 闋 appears in the compound 終闋 (ending), used for the conclusion of a teaching or a ceremony.

169.182 169.77/169.146 闌/阑 (lán) [skt.samāpti; vedikā] — To end; a railing. Vedikā is a railing/balustrade. In Buddhist architecture, railings appear around stūpas. The compound 闌干 (railing, vedikā) is used in descriptions of stūpa architecture.

169.183 169.78/169.136 闍/阇 (dū / shé) [skt.dvāra; ācārya] — A gate; a monk. In Buddhist transliteration, 闍 appears in the compound 闍黎 (ācārya, a teacher/mentor in Vinaya). The term ācārya is translated as 闍黎 or 阿闍黎.

169.184 169.81/169.152 闐/阗 (tián) [skt.ākīrṇa; pūrṇa] — Crowded/filled. Ākīrṇa is crowded/thronged; pūrṇa is full. Appears in descriptions of crowds listening to the Buddha’s teachings.

169.185 169.84/169.128 闓/闿 (kǎi) [skt.udghāṭayati; vivṛta] — To open. Similar to 開. In Buddhist contexts, 闓 appears in the compound 闓門 (opening the gate), used for the beginning of the Dharma.

169.186 169.85/169.151 闔/阖 (hé) [skt.niruddha; pidhāna] — To close. Similar to 閉. In Buddhist contexts, 闔 appears in the compound 闔門 (to close the gate), used for the end of a teaching or the closing of the senses.

169.187 169.86/169.154 闕/阙 (quē / què) [skt.dvāra; hāni; prāsāda] — A gate; to lack. As dvāra: a palace gate (闕門). As hāni: to lack/deficient. In Buddhist contexts, the "lack" of wisdom is the cause of suffering. The compound 闕失 (deficiency, hāni) appears in Vinaya in the context of incomplete requisites.

169.188 169.87/169.112 闖/闯 (chuǎng) [skt.ākramati; pra-√viś] — To rush/storm/break through. Ākramati is to tread on/attack; pra-√viś is to enter (forcefully). In Buddhist contexts, 闖 appears in the compound 闖入 (to burst in), which is a Vinaya violation (entering someone’s cell without permission).

169.189 169.91 闚 (kuī) [skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa] — To spy/peep. Nirīkṣaṇa is looking/observing. In Vinaya, peeping into another monk’s cell is prohibited.

169.190 169.93 關/关 (guān) [skt.dvāra; pidhāna; āvṛtta; parvatadvāra] — To close; a pass; a barrier. Pidhāna is closing/covering; āvṛtta is turned back/enclosed; parvatadvāra is a mountain pass. The compound 關門 (to close the gate) is used for the closing of the Dharma gate. The compound 關隘 (a pass/checkpoint) appears in Vinaya in the context of travel (monks need permission to pass through). The compound 關閉 (to close, nivṛtti) is used for the cessation of defilements. In Mahāyāna, the compound 關鎖 (to lock) appears in similes for the "locking" of the mind in saṃsāra.

169.191 169.95/169.155 闞/阚 (kàn / hǎn) [skt.garjana; nāda] — To roar. Garjana is roaring; nāda is sound. The compound 闞吼 (to roar) appears in similes for the Buddha’s "lion’s roar" (siṃha-nāda).

169.192 169.98/169.145 闡/阐 (chǎn) [skt.vyākhyāna; prakāśayati; udghāṭayati] — To explain/expound/open. Vyākhyāna is explanation/exposition; prakāśayati is to make clear; udghāṭayati is to open. In Buddhist contexts, 闡 appears in the compound 闡明 (to clarify/explain), which is used for the Buddha’s teaching and for commentaries. The compound 闡揚 (to promote/propagate) appears in descriptions of spreading the Dharma.

169.193 169.99 闢 (pì) [skt.udghāṭayati; vivṛta; nirākaraṇa] — To open/develop; to refute. Nirākaraṇa is refutation. In Buddhist contexts, 闢 appears in the compound 開闢 (to open up, to develop), used for the creation of the monastic order or the development of the path. The compound 闢妄 (to refute false views) appears in scholastic debates.

169.194 169.102/169.125 闥/闼 (tà) [skt.dvāra] — A gate. Similar to 門. Used in the compound 門闥 (gate). In Vinaya, it is used literally.

169.195 169.111 问/問 (wèn) [skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā] — To ask. Pṛcchā is a question; paripṛcchā is a detailed inquiry. In Buddhist texts, the format of many sūtras is a question-and-answer session (問答, pṛcchā-vyākaraṇa). The Buddha often asks questions to guide disciples, and disciples ask the Buddha for clarification.

169.196 169.120 闷/悶 (mèn / mēn) [skt.udvigna; viṣādita] — Depressed/bored. Udvigna is agitated/distressed; viṣādita is depressed. In Buddhist psychology, depression and boredom are states of mind that hinder practice. The compound 悶絕 (to faint, unconscious) appears in descriptions of beings overwhelmed by suffering.

169.197 169.124 闻/聞 (wén) [skt.śṛṇoti; śruta] — To hear. Śṛṇoti is to hear; śruta is that which is heard. The compound 聞法 (hearing the Dharma, dharma-śruta) is a key term for the first stage of learning. The compound 聞思修 (hearing, thinking, practicing, śruta-cintā-bhāvanā) is the classic sequence of practice. The compound 聞慧 (śruta-mayī-prajñā, wisdom from hearing) is one of the three kinds of wisdom.

169.198 169.140 阋/鬩 (xì) [skt.kalaha; vivāda] — To quarrel. Kalaha is quarrel; vivāda is dispute. In Buddhist texts, quarrelling within the saṅgha is a serious offence. The compound 鬩牆 (quarrelling in the family) appears as a warning against division.

169.199 169.143 阎/閻 (yán) [skt.dvāra; Yama] — See entry 169.60 above. The compound 閻羅王 (Yama-rāja) is the lord of death in Buddhist cosmology. Yama’s gate is the gate of death.

169.200 169.156 阛/闤 (huán) [skt.dvāra] — A market gate. Dvāra is a gate. Appears in descriptions of city gates and marketplaces. In Buddhist contexts, the market is a place where monastics may go for alms, but it is also a place of worldly distractions.

170 阜/阝

170.1 阜 [chn.fù][eng.mound; hill; abundant; (also fù, a dam)][skt.giri; (also "hill" = giri; "abundant" = prabhūta)]

170.2 阝 [fù][eng.mound radical; (also fù)][skt.giri]

170.3 阞 [lè][eng.a vein in a mountain; (also lè); rare]

170.4 队 [duì][eng.team; (also duì, a line)][skt.gaṇa; (also "to fall" = patati)]

170.5 阠 [xìn][eng.an ancient term; (also xìn); rare]

170.6 阡 [qiān][eng.a path between fields; (also qiān, a road)][skt.patha; (also "path" = mārga)]

170.7 阢 [wù][eng.an ancient term; (also wù); rare]

170.8 阣 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

170.9 阤 [zhì][eng.a slope; (also zhì, a hillside)][skt.parvata; (also "slope" = vrajati)]

170.10 阥 [yīn][eng.ancient variant of 陰 (yin; dark); rare][skt.andhakāra; (also "dark" = tamas)]

170.11 阦 [yáng][eng.ancient variant of 陽 (yang; bright); rare][skt.prakāśa; (also "bright" = jyotis)]

170.12 阧 [dǒu][eng.ancient variant of 陡 (steep); rare][skt.ākṛṣṇa; (also "steep" = kṛṣṇa)]

170.13 阨 [è][eng.a narrow pass; to block; (also è, a barrier)][skt.pratibandha; (also "obstacle" = āvaraṇa)]

170.14 阩 [shēng][eng.ancient variant of 陞 (to rise); rare][skt.ārohaṇa; (also "to rise" = utthāna)]

170.15 阪 [bǎn][eng.a slope; (also bǎn, a hillside)][skt.parvata; (also "slope" = vrajati)]

170.16 阫 [péi][eng.an ancient term; (also péi); rare]

170.17 阬 [kēng][eng.a pit; (also kēng, to bury)][skt.kuṭa; (also "pit" = garta)]

170.18 阭 [yǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔn); rare]

170.19 阮 [ruǎn][eng.a surname; (also Ruǎn); rare]

170.20 阯 [zhǐ][eng.a site; (also zhǐ, a foundation)][skt.sthāna; (also "foundation" = pratīṣṭhā)]

170.21 阰 [pí][eng.an ancient term; (also pí); rare]

170.22 阱 [jǐng][eng.a pitfall; a trap; (also jǐng, a snare)][skt.kuṭa; (also "trap" = pāśa)]

170.23 防 [fáng][eng.to protect; to guard; (also fáng, a dam)][skt.rakṣā; (also "to guard" = gopana; "dam" = setu)]

170.24 阳 [yáng][eng.sun; bright; positive; simplified of 陽][skt.sūrya; (also "sun" = sūrya; "bright" = prakāśa)]

170.25 阴 [yīn][eng.dark; negative; shaded; simplified of 陰][skt.andhakāra; (also "dark" = tamas; "shade" = chāyā)]

170.26 阵 [zhèn][eng.a battle array; simplified of 陣][skt.vyūha; (also "array" = vyūha)]

170.27 阶 [jiē][eng.stairs; rank; simplified of 階][skt.sopāna; (also "rank" = bhūmi; "step" = pāda)]

170.28 阷 [chēng][eng.an ancient term; (also chēng); rare]

170.29 阸 [è][eng.ancient variant of 阨 (a narrow pass); rare][skt.pratibandha]

170.30 阹 [qū][eng.a valley; (also qū, a pass)][skt.guhā; (also "pass" = parvatadvāra)]

170.31 阺 [dǐ][eng.a hill; (also dǐ, a mound)][skt.giri]

170.32 阻 [zǔ][eng.to obstruct; to hinder; (also zǔ, a barrier)][skt.pratibandha; (also "obstacle" = āvaraṇa)]

170.33 阼 [zuò][eng.the steps to the throne; (also zuò, a throne)][skt.sopāna; (also "throne" = āsana)]

170.34 阽 [diàn][eng.to be in danger; (also diàn, a cliff)][skt.bhaya; (also "danger" = saṃsarga)]

170.35 阾 [lǐng][eng.an ancient term; (also lǐng); rare]

170.36 阿 [ā / ē][eng.a prefix; a particle; (also ē, a hill; a corner)][skt.a; (also "prefix" = a; "phonation" = akṣara)]

170.37 陀 [tuó][eng.a steep hill; (also tuó, a surname; used in 佛陀, Buddha)][skt.dhvaja; (also "Buddha" = buddha; "steep" = kṛṣṇa)]

170.38 陁 [tuó][eng.ancient variant of 陀 (hill); rare][skt.dhvaja]

170.39 陂 [bēi / pō][eng.a slope; a pond; (also pō, a bank)][skt.parvata; (also "pond" = hrada; "slope" = vrajati)]

170.40 陃 [bǐng][eng.an ancient term; (also bǐng); rare]

170.41 附 [fù][eng.to attach; to append; (also fù, to adhere)][skt.anuṣajjati; (also "to attach" = saṃyoga)]

170.42 际 [jì][eng.border; boundary; simplified of 際][skt.anta; (also "boundary" = sīmā; "occasion" = samaya)]

170.43 陆 [lù][eng.land; continent; simplified of 陸][skt.sthala; (also "land" = bhūmi; "continent" = dvīpa)]

170.44 陇 [lǒng][eng.a mountain; simplified of 隴][skt.giri; (also "mountain" = parvata)]

170.45 陈 [chén][eng.to display; to arrange; simplified of 陳][skt.prakāśa; (also "to display" = upanayana)]

170.46 陉 [xíng][eng.a mountain pass; (also xíng, a road)][skt.guhā; (also "pass" = parvatadvāra)]

170.47 陊 [duò][eng.to fall; (also duò, a collapse)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati)]

170.48 陋 [lòu][eng.ugly; humble; (also lòu, narrow)][skt.hīna; (also "humble" = avara; "narrow" = saṃkīrṇa)]

170.49 陌 [mò][eng.a path; a road; (also mò, a field path)][skt.patha; (also "road" = mārga)]

170.50 降 [jiàng / xiáng][eng.to descend; to fall; (also xiáng, to subdue)][skt.avataraṇa; (also "to descend" = avatīrya; "to subdue" = damana)]

170.51 陎 [shū][eng.an ancient term; (also shū); rare]

170.52 陏 [duò][eng.an ancient term; (also duò); rare]

170.53 限 [xiàn][eng.a limit; a boundary; (also xiàn, to restrict)][skt.pariccheda; (also "limit" = maryādā; "boundary" = sīmā)]

170.54 陑 [ér][eng.a high mountain; (also ér)][skt.giri]

170.55 陒 [guǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also guǐ); rare]

170.56 陓 [yū][eng.an ancient term; (also yū); rare]

170.57 陔 [gāi][eng.a step; a staircase; (also gāi, a terrace)][skt.sopāna; (also "step" = pāda)]

170.58 陕 [shǎn][eng.an ancient place name; simplified of 陝; rare]

170.59 陖 [jùn][eng.an ancient term; (also jùn); rare]

170.60 陗 [qiào][eng.a steep hill; (also qiào)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "steep" = vrajati)]

170.61 陘 [xíng][eng.a mountain pass; (also xíng, a road)][skt.guhā; (also "pass" = parvatadvāra)]

170.62 陙 [chún][eng.an ancient term; (also chún); rare]

170.63 陚 [fù][eng.an ancient term; (also fù); rare]

170.64 陛 [bì][eng.a flight of steps; (also bì, a throne)][skt.sopāna; (also "steps" = pāda)]

170.65 陜 [xiá][eng.narrow; (also xiá, a gorge)][skt.saṃkīrṇa; (also "narrow" = kṛṣṇa)]

170.66 陝 [shǎn][eng.an ancient place name; (also Shǎn); rare]

170.67 陞 [shēng][eng.to rise; (also shēng, to ascend)][skt.ārohaṇa; (also "to rise" = utthāna)]

170.68 陟 [zhì][eng.to ascend; (also zhì, to climb)][skt.ārohaṇa; (also "to climb" = utthāna)]

170.69 陠 [bū][eng.an ancient term; (also bū); rare]

170.70 陡 [dǒu][eng.steep; (also dǒu, abrupt)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "steep" = vrajati)]

170.71 院 [yuàn][eng.a courtyard; an institution; (also yuàn, a college)][skt.prākāra; (also "compound" = saṅgha-ārāma)]

170.72 陣 [zhèn][eng.a battle array; (also zhèn, a formation)][skt.vyūha; (also "array" = vyūha)]

170.73 除 [chú][eng.to remove; to eliminate; (also chú, to get rid of)][skt.apaharaṇa; (also "to remove" = viyojana; "to eliminate" = prahāṇa)]

170.74 陥 [xiàn][eng.Japanese variant of 陷 (to fall into; to entrap); rare][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati)]

170.75 陦 [dǎo][eng.Japanese variant of 島 (island); rare][skt.dvīpa; (also "island" = dvīpa)]

170.76 陧 [niè][eng.a mountain; simplified of 隉?; rare][skt.giri]

170.77 陨 [yǔn][eng.to fall; (also yǔn, a meteorite)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati)]

170.78 险 [xiǎn][eng.dangerous; (also xiǎn, perilous)][skt.bhaya; (also "danger" = saṃsarga)]

170.79 陪 [péi][eng.to accompany; to double; (also péi, to assist)][skt.anugacchati; (also "to accompany" = pārśva)]

170.80 陫 [fěi][eng.an ancient term; (also fěi); rare]

170.81 陬 [zōu][eng.a corner; a nook; (also zōu, a foothill)][skt.koṇa; (also "corner" = koṇa)]

170.82 陭 [qī][eng.an ancient term; (also qī); rare]

170.83 陮 [duì][eng.an ancient term; (also duì); rare]

170.84 陯 [lún][eng.an ancient term; (also lún); rare]

170.85 陰 [yīn][eng.dark; negative; shaded; traditional of 阴][skt.andhakāra; (also "dark" = tamas; "shade" = chāyā)]

170.86 陱 [jū][eng.an ancient term; (also jū); rare]

170.87 陲 [chuí][eng.a border; a frontier; (also chuí, the edge)][skt.anta; (also "border" = sīmā)]

170.88 陳 [chén][eng.to display; to arrange; (also Chén, a surname)][skt.prakāśa; (also "to display" = upanayana)]

170.89 陴 [pí][eng.a city wall; (also pí, a parapet)][skt.prākāra; (also "wall" = prakāra)]

170.90 陵 [líng][eng.a hill; a mausoleum; (also líng, to rise)][skt.giri; (also "mausoleum" = stūpa; "hill" = parvata)]

170.91 陶 [táo][eng.ceramics; (also Táo, a surname)][skt.kumbhakāra; (also "potter" = kumbhakāra)]

170.92 陷 [xiàn][eng.to fall into; to entrap; (also xiàn, a pit)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati; "pit" = kuṭa)]

170.93 陸 [lù][eng.land; continent; traditional of 陆][skt.sthala; (also "land" = bhūmi)]

170.94 陹 [shēng][eng.ancient variant of 陞 (to rise); rare][skt.ārohaṇa]

170.95 険 [xiǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 險 (dangerous); rare][skt.bhaya]

170.96 陻 [yīn][eng.ancient variant of 陻?; rare][skt.andhakāra]

170.97 陼 [zhǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also zhǔ); rare]

170.98 陽 [yáng][eng.sun; bright; positive; traditional of 阳][skt.sūrya; (also "sun" = sūrya; "bright" = prakāśa)]

170.99 陾 [réng][eng.an ancient term; (also réng); rare]

170.100 陿 [xiá][eng.narrow; (also xiá, a gorge)][skt.saṃkīrṇa]

170.101 隀 [chóng][eng.an ancient term; (also chóng); rare]

170.102 隁 [yàn][eng.an ancient term; (also yàn); rare]

170.103 隂 [yīn][eng.ancient variant of 陰 (dark); rare][skt.andhakāra]

170.104 隃 [yú / shù][eng.to exceed; (also shù, to surpass)][skt.atikramaṇa; (also "to surpass" = utkramaṇa)]

170.105 隄 [dī][eng.a dam; a dike; (also dī, to block)][skt.setu; (also "dam" = setu)]

170.106 隅 [yú][eng.a corner; a nook; (also yú, a niche)][skt.koṇa; (also "corner" = koṇa)]

170.107 隆 [lóng][eng.grand; prosperous; (also lóng, to rise)][skt.unnati; (also "prosperous" = samṛddhi; "grand" = mahat)]

170.108 隇 [wēi][eng.an ancient term; (also wēi); rare]

170.109 隈 [wēi][eng.a bend; a nook; (also wēi, a corner)][skt.koṇa; (also "bend" = vrajati)]

170.110 隉 [niè][eng.an ancient term; (also niè); rare]

170.111 隊 [duì][eng.team; to fall; (also duì, a line)][skt.gaṇa; (also "to fall" = patati)]

170.112 隋 [suí][eng.a dynasty; (also Suí, a surname); rare]

170.113 隌 [àn][eng.dark; (also àn, obscure)][skt.andhakāra]

170.114 隍 [huáng][eng.a dry moat; (also huáng, a ditch)]

170.115 階 [jiē][eng.stairs; rank; (also jiē, a step)][skt.sopāna; (also "rank" = bhūmi; "step" = pāda)]

170.116 随 [suí][eng.to follow; simplified of 隨][skt.anugacchati; (also "to follow" = anuvartate)]

170.117 隐 [yǐn][eng.to hide; secret; (also yǐn, concealed)][skt.gūḍha; (also "to hide" = nigūhana; "secret" = rahasya)]

170.118 隑 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

170.119 隒 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

170.120 隓 [huī][eng.an ancient term; (also huī); rare]

170.121 隔 [gé][eng.to separate; to divide; (also gé, a partition)][skt.vicāra; (also "to separate" = pṛthak; "partition" = pradeśa)]

170.122 隕 [yǔn][eng.to fall; (also yǔn, a meteorite)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati)]

170.123 隖 [wù][eng.an ancient term; (also wù); rare]

170.124 隗 [wěi / kuí][eng.towering; (also kuí, a surname); rare]

170.125 隘 [ài][eng.narrow; (also ài, a defile)][skt.saṃkīrṇa; (also "narrow" = kṛṣṇa)]

170.126 隙 [xì][eng.a crack; a gap; (also xì, an interval)][skt.vivara; (also "gap" = chidra; "interval" = antara)]

170.127 隚 [táng][eng.an ancient term; (also táng); rare]

170.128 際 [jì][eng.border; boundary; (also jì, an occasion)][skt.anta; (also "boundary" = sīmā; "occasion" = samaya)]

170.129 障 [zhàng][eng.to obstruct; a barrier; (also zhàng, an obstacle)][skt.āvaraṇa; (also "obstacle" = pratibandha; "hindrance" = nīvaraṇa)]

170.130 隝 [dǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also dǎo); rare]

170.131 隞 [áo][eng.an ancient term; (also áo); rare]

170.132 隟 [xì][eng.ancient variant of 隙 (a crack); rare][skt.vivara]

170.133 隠 [yǐn][eng.ancient variant of 隱 (to hide); rare][skt.gūḍha]

170.134 隡 [sà][eng.an ancient term; (also sà); rare]

170.135 隢 [rǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also rǎo); rare]

170.136 隣 [lín][eng.ancient variant of 鄰 (neighbor); rare][skt.prativāsī; (also "neighbor" = samīpa-vāsin)]

170.137 隤 [tuí][eng.to fall; (also tuí, a collapse)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati)]

170.138 隥 [dèng][eng.a step; (also dèng, a foothold)][skt.sopāna; (also "step" = pāda)]

170.139 隦 [pí][eng.an ancient term; (also pí); rare]

170.140 隧 [suì][eng.a tunnel; (also suì, a passage)][skt.kaṭi; (also "tunnel" = mārga)]

170.141 隨 [suí][eng.to follow; to comply; (also suí, to accompany)][skt.anugacchati; (also "to follow" = anuvartate)]

170.142 隩 [ào][eng.a deep bay; (also ào, a corner)][skt.koṇa; (also "bay" = upakoṇa)]

170.143 險 [xiǎn][eng.dangerous; (also xiǎn, perilous)][skt.bhaya; (also "danger" = saṃsarga)]

170.144 隫 [fén][eng.an ancient term; (also fén); rare]

170.145 隬 [nǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also nǐ); rare]

170.146 隭 [ér][eng.an ancient term; (also ér); rare]

170.147 隮 [jī][eng.to ascend; (also jī, to rise)][skt.ārohaṇa; (also "to rise" = utthāna)]

170.148 隯 [dǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also dǎo); rare]

170.149 隰 [xí][eng.a low-lying place; (also xí, a marsh)]

170.150 隱 [yǐn][eng.to hide; secret; (also yǐn, concealed)][skt.gūḍha; (also "to hide" = nigūhana; "secret" = rahasya)]

170.151 隲 [zhì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

170.152 隳 [huī][eng.to destroy; (also huī, to ruin)][skt.nāśa; (also "to destroy" = vināśa)]

170.153 隴 [lǒng][eng.a mountain; (also Lǒng, a place name)][skt.giri; (also "mountain" = parvata)]

170.154 隵 [xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 170

Radical 170 (阜, fù) — "mound" or "dam" — is one of the most semantically rich radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #170). Its pictographic origin shows a hill or a mound, and it came to represent elevation, obstacles, boundaries, steps, and by extension, the concepts of rising, falling, obstructing, protecting, and separating. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of profound importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Obstacles and Hindrances (障, āvaraṇa; 阻, pratibandha) — This is perhaps the most significant doctrinal use of the radical. The compound 障礙 (āvaraṇa, obstruction/hindrance) is a key term in Buddhist psychology. The five hindrances (五蓋, pañca-nīvaraṇa) are the mental factors that obstruct progress in meditation: sensual desire, ill-will, sloth-and-torpor, restlessness-and-worry, and doubt. The compound 業障 (karmāvaraṇa, karmic obstruction) refers to the obstacles created by past negative actions. The compound 煩惱障 (kleśāvaraṇa, defilement-obstruction) and 所知障 (jñeyāvaraṇa, knowable-obstruction) are key terms in Mahāyāna epistemology.

Boundaries and Limits (際, anta; 限, pariccheda; 界, dhātu) — The concept of boundaries is central to Vinaya (monastic boundaries, sīmā) and to Buddhist cosmology (the limits of the world). The compound 實際 (tattva, reality) uses 際 in the sense of "the ultimate boundary" or "the limit of reality."

Rising and Falling (陞/升, ārohaṇa; 降, avataraṇa) — These verbs are used metaphorically for spiritual progress and decline. The compound 上升 (to rise up) is used for the ascent of the mind in meditation or the rise to higher realms. The compound 下降 (to descend) is used for descending into hell or for the descent of a bodhisattva to help beings.

Protection and Defense (防, rakṣā) — The compound 防護 (rakṣā, protection) is key in the context of sense-restraint — guarding the gates of the senses (根門, indriya-dvāra). The compound 防惡 (to guard against evil) appears in ethical contexts.

The Yin-Yang Cosmology — The characters 陽/阳 (yang, bright/sun) and 陰/阴 (yin, dark/shadow) are foundational to Chinese cosmology and are used extensively in Buddhist texts that have been sinicized. They appear in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance (陽), the darkness of ignorance (陰), and in the compound 陰陽 (the two cosmic principles). In Buddhist Abhidharma, the concept of "positive" and "negative" is sometimes mapped to 陽/陰.

The Steps and Stages of the Path (階, bhūmi; 級, pāda) — The compound 階位 (stage/level) is used for the ten stages of a bodhisattva (十地, daśa-bhūmi). The path of practice is a staircase of progressively higher levels of realization.

The Prefix "A" (阿, a) — The character 阿 is used as a phonetic prefix in countless Buddhist transliterations: 阿彌陀 (Amitābha), 阿羅漢 (Arhat), 阿難 (Ānanda), 阿修羅 (Asura), 阿耨多羅三藐三菩提 (Anuttarā Samyaksaṃbodhi). The character 阿 is one of the most common characters in the canon, second only to 不 and perhaps 我.

Buddha and the Bhagavān — The character 陀 appears in the transliteration of Buddha (佛陀, buddha) and in many other terms: 菩提薩埵 (Bodhisattva), 達摩 (Dharma), 僧伽 (Saṅgha). The radical 阜 in 陀 gives it the meaning of "a steep hill," but its primary function is phonetic.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extensive (阜/阝 as radical, 陽/阳, 陰/阴, 隊/队, 陣/阵, 階/阶, 際/际, 陸/陆, 隴/陇, 陳/陈, 陝/陕, 隱/隐, 隨/随, 隕/陨, 險/险, 隔, 障, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

170.155 170.1 阜 (fù) [skt.giri; prabhūta] — Mound/hill; abundant. Giri is a hill/mountain. Prabhūta is abundant/excellent. The radical itself is used in the sense of a hill or elevation. The compound 阜盛 (flourishing, samṛddhi) is rare in Buddhist texts.

170.156 170.22 阱 (jǐng) [skt.kuṭa; pāśa] — Pitfall/trap. In Buddhist similes, the "trap" of saṃsāra ensnares beings in suffering. The compound 陷阱 (trap, pāśa) appears in descriptions of the dangers of attachment.

170.157 170.23 防 (fáng) [skt.rakṣā; gopana; setu] — To protect/guard; a dam. The compound 防護 (protection, rakṣā) is a key term for guarding the mind. In Vinaya, monks are expected to "guard" (gopana) the gates of the senses. Setu is a dam/bridge — the "bridge" of the Dharma that protects from the flood of defilements.

170.158 170.24/170.98 阳/陽 (yáng) [skt.sūrya; prakāśa; jyotis] — Sun/bright/positive. Sūrya is the sun; prakāśa is light/radiance; jyotis is light. In Buddhist contexts, 陽 appears in the compound 陽明 (bright illumination), used for wisdom. The sun is a metaphor for the Buddha’s radiance that illuminates the world. In Pure Land Buddhism, the Buddha’s light is like the sun that shines everywhere.

170.159 170.25/170.85 阴/陰 (yīn) [skt.andhakāra; tamas; chāyā] — Dark/negative/shaded. Andhakāra is darkness; tamas is darkness/obscurity; chāyā is shade. In Buddhist contexts, 陰 appears in the compound 陰暗 (darkness, tamas), describing the darkness of ignorance. The compound 五陰 (pañca-skandha, five aggregates) uses a different character (蘊), but 陰 is also sometimes used as a translation for skandha in earlier texts — though this is rare.

170.160 170.27/170.115 阶/階 (jiē) [skt.sopāna; bhūmi; pāda] — Stairs/rank/step. Sopāna is a staircase; bhūmi is a ground/level (the ten stages of a bodhisattva); pāda is a foot/step. The compound 階級 (rank) is used for the stages of spiritual development. The compound 階梯 (staircase) is used as a metaphor for the path to enlightenment.

170.161 170.32 阻 (zǔ) [skt.pratibandha; āvaraṇa] — To obstruct/hinder. Pratibandha is obstruction; āvaraṇa is covering/obstacle. In Buddhist texts, 阻 appears in the compound 阻礙 (obstruction), synonymous with 障礙.

170.162 170.36 阿 (ā / ē) [skt.a; akṣara] — This character is one of the most common in the Buddhist canon, primarily as a phonetic prefix. It represents the Sanskrit vowel "a." The compound 阿彌陀 (Amitābha), 阿羅漢 (Arhat), 阿難 (Ānanda), 阿修羅 (Asura), 阿耨多羅三藐三菩提 (Anuttarā Samyaksaṃbodhi) are all transliterations. The character 阿 also appears in the compound 阿字 (akṣara-a), the sacred syllable in the A-un syllable of Japanese Buddhism, representing the primordial sound of the Dharma. In the Heart Sūtra, the syllable "a" is the beginning of the mantra. The reading ē (a hill/corner) is unrelated to Buddhist usage.

170.163 170.37/170.38 陀/陁 (tuó) [skt.dhvaja; buddha] — A steep hill. The character is primarily used in transliterations. The compound 佛陀 (buddha, the Buddha) uses 陀 as the second syllable. The compound 菩提薩埵 (bodhisattva) uses 埵 (a variant with the earth radical) and 菩薩. The compound 達摩 (dharma) uses 達 and 摩. The compound 彌陀 (mita, as in Amitābha) uses 彌 and 陀. The meaning of "steep hill" is almost never relevant; the character’s primary function is phonetic. The variant 陁 is simply an orthographic variant.

170.164 170.39 陂 (bēi / pō) [skt.parvata; hrada; vrajati] — A slope/pond. Hrada is a pond/lake. In Buddhist texts, 陂 may appear in Vinaya in the context of water bodies (monks are allowed to bathe in ponds). The compound 陂池 (ponds, hrada) appears in descriptions of parks.

170.165 170.41 附 (fù) [skt.anuṣajjati; saṃyoga] — To attach/append. Anuṣajjati is to attach to; saṃyoga is connection. In Buddhist texts, 附 appears in the compound 附屬 (to be attached to; a dependency). In Vinaya, monastics are "attached" to their preceptor. The compound 附法 (to attach to the Dharma) appears in the sense of "following" the Dharma.

170.166 170.42/170.128 际/際 (jì) [skt.anta; sīmā; samaya] — Border/boundary/occasion. Anta is end/boundary; sīmā is a boundary (used in Vinaya for monastic boundaries); samaya is an occasion/time. The compound 實際 (tattva, reality) is a key philosophical term — literally "the boundary of reality." The compound 國際 (international, bahu-rāṣṭra) appears in modern texts. In Vinaya, the sīmā (boundary) determines the validity of monastic acts.

170.167 170.43/170.93 陆/陸 (lù) [skt.sthala; bhūmi] — Land/continent. Sthala is land (as opposed to water); bhūmi is ground/earth. In Buddhist texts, 陸 appears in the compound 陸地 (land, sthala). In Vinaya, monks may travel by land. In the cosmological context, the "continent" is dvīpa.

170.168 170.45/170.88 陈/陳 (chén) [skt.prakāśa; upanayana] — To display/arrange. Prakāśa is light/revelation; upanayana is bringing forward/offering. In Buddhist texts, 陳 appears in the compound 陳述 (to state/narrate), used for recounting the Dharma. The compound 陳列 (to display) appears in descriptions of offerings.

170.169 170.48 陋 (lòu) [skt.hīna; avara; saṃkīrṇa] — Ugly/humble/narrow. Hīna is low/inferior; avara is low; saṃkīrṇa is narrow/crowded. In Buddhist contexts, 陋 appears in the compound 陋劣 (inferior/humble), describing a humble state. The compound 醜陋 (ugly) appears in Jātaka tales describing the consequences of karma.

170.170 170.49 陌 (mò) [skt.patha; mārga] — A path/road. Appears in the compound 陌路 (a road), which is sometimes used for the "path" of practice. In Vinaya, the road is a literal place where monks travel.

170.171 170.50 降 (jiàng / xiáng) [skt.avataraṇa; avatīrya; damana] — To descend; to subdue. (1) As avataraṇa: descent — the compound 降世 (to descend into the world) describes the Buddha’s descent from Tusita heaven to be born as the Buddha. (2) As damana: to subdue/tame — the compound 降伏 (to subdue, damana) is a key term for conquering the defilements. The Buddha is often called the "Tamer" (damana). The compound 降魔 (to subdue Māra) describes the Buddha’s victory over the demon Māra before enlightenment.

170.172 170.53 限 (xiàn) [skt.pariccheda; maryādā; sīmā] — A limit/boundary. Pariccheda is a limit/determination; maryādā is a boundary; sīmā is a monastic boundary. In Vinaya, the sīmā determines the extent of a monastic territory. In Buddhist philosophy, "limit" is the limit of knowledge or the limit of the knowable. The compound 無限 (ananta, infinite) is used for the Buddha’s compassion.

170.173 170.64 陛 (bì) [skt.sopāna; pāda] — A flight of steps. Appears in the compound 陛階 (steps). In Vinaya, steps are part of monastery architecture.

170.174 170.67 陞 (shēng) [skt.ārohaṇa; utthāna] — To rise. Ārohaṇa is ascent; utthāna is rising. In Buddhist contexts, 陞 appears in the compound 陞座 (to ascend the seat), which describes a teacher taking the seat to teach. The compound 陞進 (to rise/advance) describes progress on the path.

170.175 170.68 陟 (zhì) [skt.ārohaṇa; utthāna] — To ascend/climb. Similar to 陞. In Buddhist contexts, 陟 appears in the compound 陟降 (to ascend and descend), describing the cosmic cycles.

170.176 170.71 院 (yuàn) [skt.prākāra; saṅgha-ārāma] — A courtyard/institution. Prākāra is an enclosure/wall; saṅgha-ārāma is a monastery (literally "the garden of the community"). In Buddhist contexts, 院 appears in the compound 寺院 (a temple/monastery, ārāma), the center of monastic life.

170.177 170.72 陣 (zhèn) [skt.vyūha] — A battle array/formation. Vyūha is an arrangement/array (also used for the "array" of a Buddha-field, as in 莊嚴). In Buddhist contexts, 陣 appears in the compound 陣列 (array), and in descriptions of Māra’s armies.

170.178 170.73 除 (chú) [skt.apaharaṇa; viyojana; prahāṇa] — To remove/eliminate. (1) As apaharaṇa: removal — the compound 除去 (to remove) is used for the removal of defilements. (2) As prahāṇa: abandonment — the compound 斷除 (to cut off and remove) is used for the destruction of the defilements. (3) In Vinaya, "removing" an offence is part of the confession process.

170.179 170.77/170.122 陨/隕 (yǔn) [skt.patati; bhraśyati] — To fall. Patati is to fall; bhraśyati is to fall/drop. In Buddhist contexts, 隕 appears in the compound 隕落 (to fall) and in descriptions of the "fall" from the path (退轉, parihāṇi). The compound 隕石 (meteorite) is a modern term.

170.180 170.78/170.143 险/險 (xiǎn) [skt.bhaya; saṃsarga] — Dangerous/perilous. Bhaya is fear/danger; saṃsarga is contact/danger. In Buddhist texts, 險 appears in the compound 危險 (danger, bhaya) — the dangers of saṃsāra. The compound 險道 (dangerous path) appears in similes for the path through saṃsāra. In the Saṃyutta Nikāya, the Buddha speaks of the "dangerous path" of saṃsāra that the wise cross over.

170.181 170.79 陪 (péi) [skt.anugacchati; pārśva] — To accompany. Anugacchati is to follow/accompany; pārśva is the side. In Buddhist contexts, 陪 appears in the compound 陪侍 (to attend). In Vinaya, monks may accompany each other on journeys.

170.182 170.90 陵 (líng) [skt.giri; parvata; stūpa] — A hill/mausoleum. Stūpa is a funerary mound/monument. In Buddhist contexts, 陵 appears in the compound 陵墓 (mausoleum), and in the compound 丘陵 (hills, giri). The Buddhist stūpa is the burial mound of the Buddha’s relics.

170.183 170.91 陶 (táo) [skt.kumbhakāra] — Ceramics/potter. Kumbhakāra is a potter. In Vinaya, pottery is mentioned as a craft, though monastics are generally prohibited from engaging in crafts. In the Lotus Sūtra, the potter is used as a simile for the Buddha who shapes beings. The compound 陶器 (ceramics) appears in Vinaya.

170.184 170.92 陷 (xiàn) [skt.patati; bhraśyati; kuṭa] — To fall into/entrap. Patati is to fall; bhraśyati is to fall; kuṭa is a pit. In Buddhist similes, the "pit" of saṃsāra ensnares beings. The compound 陷井 (pitfall) appears in Vinaya warnings.

170.185 170.105 隄 (dī) [skt.setu] — A dam/dike. Setu is a dam/bridge. In Buddhist texts, the "bridge" of the Dharma protects beings from the flood of defilements. The compound 堤防 (dam/protection) is used for the protection offered by the teachings.

170.186 170.106 隅 (yú) [skt.koṇa] — A corner/nook. Koṇa is a corner/angle. Appears in the compound 隅角 (corner), and in Vinaya as a corner of a room.

170.187 170.107 隆 (lóng) [skt.unnati; samṛddhi; mahat] — Grand/prosperous. Unnati is rising/prosperity; samṛddhi is prosperity; mahat is great. In Buddhist contexts, 隆 appears in the compound 隆盛 (prosperous), describing the flourishing of the Dharma or a kingdom.

170.188 170.109 隈 (wēi) [skt.koṇa; vrajati] — A bend/nook. Koṇa is a corner. Appears in descriptions of geography.

170.189 170.111 隊 (duì) [skt.gaṇa; patati] — A team/line; to fall. Gaṇa is a group/team. In Buddhist contexts, 隊 appears in the compound 隊伍 (a formation). The reading "to fall" (rare) maps to patati.

170.190 170.116 随/隨 (suí) [skt.anugacchati; anuvartate] — To follow/comply. Anugacchati is to follow; anuvartate is to follow/obey. In Buddhist texts, 隨 appears in: (1) 隨喜 (anumodana, rejoicing) — a key practice of accumulating merit by rejoicing in others’ good deeds; (2) 隨緣 (pratyaya, conditioned) — in the sense of "following conditions," a term in later Chinese Buddhism; (3) 隨法 (to follow the Dharma, dharma-anudhāvati). The compound 隨順 (to follow/be in accordance with) appears in descriptions of disciples following the Buddha’s teachings.

170.191 170.117/170.150 隐/隱 (yǐn) [skt.gūḍha; nigūhana; rahasya] — To hide/secret. Gūḍha is hidden; nigūhana is concealment; rahasya is a secret. In Buddhist contexts, 隱 appears in: (1) 隱藏 (to conceal, nigūhana) — the concealment of offences is a serious Vinaya transgression; (2) 隱士 (a hermit) — the wandering ascetic lifestyle; (3) 隱約 (obscure) — describing the subtle nature of the Dharma. The compound 隱沒 (to disappear/hide) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa.

170.192 170.121 隔 (gé) [skt.vicāra; pṛthak; pradeśa] — To separate/divide. Pṛthak is separate; pradeśa is a part/region; vicāra is investigation (in some contexts, "distinguishing" or "separating" is the function of investigation). In Buddhist contexts, 隔 appears in the compound 隔離 (to isolate), which in Vinaya may refer to the separation of quarrelling monks. The compound 間隔 (interval) appears in the context of time and distance.

170.193 170.125 隘 (ài) [skt.saṃkīrṇa; kṛṣṇa] — Narrow/defile. Saṃkīrṇa is narrow/crowded; kṛṣṇa is narrow (also "black"). In Buddhist texts, 隘 appears in the compound 狹隘 (narrow-minded), describing a limited view. The compound 隘路 (narrow pass) appears in descriptions of dangerous roads.

170.194 170.126 隙 (xì) [skt.vivara; chidra; antara] — A crack/gap/interval. Vivara is a gap; chidra is a hole/gap; antara is interval. In Buddhist similes, the "gap" is used for the interval between two thoughts, the moment of insight. The compound 空隙 (empty space, ākāśa) appears in descriptions of the void. In Vinaya, the "gap" in a wall or fence is relevant to boundaries.

170.195 170.129 障 (zhàng) [skt.āvaraṇa; pratibandha; nīvaraṇa] — One of the most important doctrinal characters. Āvaraṇa is covering/obstruction — the standard term for obstacles to enlightenment. The compound 障礙 (obstacle, āvaraṇa) is a key term in Buddhist psychology. The five hindrances (五蓋, pañca-nīvaraṇa) are the primary obstacles to meditation. The compound 業障 (karmāvaraṇa, karmic obstruction) refers to obstacles created by past karma. The compound 煩惱障 (kleśāvaraṇa, defilement-obstruction) and 所知障 (jñeyāvaraṇa, knowable-obstruction) are critical in Yogācāra and Mādhyamika. The compound 障眼 (to block the eye) is used for the "blocking" of vision by ignorance. In Vinaya, 障 appears in the context of "obstructions" to ordination (e.g., a person who is in debt or has a disease may be excluded).

170.196 170.140 隧 (suì) [skt.kaṭi; mārga] — A tunnel/passage. Mārga is a path. Appears in descriptions of tunnels or underground passages. In Buddhist similes, the "tunnel" of ignorance leads to the darkness of saṃsāra.

170.197 170.141 隨 (suí) [skt.anugacchati; anuvartate] — See entry 170.116 above. The traditional form of 随.

170.198 170.152 隳 (huī) [skt.nāśa; vināśa] — To destroy/ruin. Nāśa is destruction; vināśa is ruin. In Buddhist texts, 隳 appears in the compound 隳壞 (to destroy), describing the destruction of saṃsāra or the overcoming of defilements.

170.199 170.153 隴 (lǒng) [skt.giri; parvata] — A mountain. Similar to 阜. Appears in place names and in the compound 隴山 (Mount Long), which appears in some Chinese Buddhist texts.

171 隶

171.1 隶 [chn.lì / dài][eng.slave; to capture; to reach; (also dài, to attain)][skt.dāsa; (also "slave" = dāsa; "to capture" = bandhana)]

171.2 隷 [chn.lì][eng.slave; servant; (also lì, a clerk)][skt.dāsa; (also "servant" = bhṛtya)]

171.3 隸 [chn.lì][eng.slave; servant; to be attached to; a style of script; (also lì, a scribe)][skt.dāsa; (also "to attach" = anubandha)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 171

Radical 171 (隶, lì) — "slave" or "to capture" — is a small radical with limited Buddhist significance (Kangxi #171). Its primary meaning is "slave" (dāsa), "servant" (bhṛtya), or "to attach to" (anubandha). In Buddhist texts, the concept of slavery appears in Vinaya (monastics are prohibited from owning slaves) and in similes for the mind being enslaved by defilements. The compound 奴隸 (slave, dāsa) is a term for those in bondage. The concept of "attachment" (隸, anubandha) appears in the context of clinging to saṃsāra. The style of script called 隸書 (clerical script) is a Chinese calligraphic style and has no Buddhist doctrinal relevance. Text-critical note: 隷 is a variant of 隸; both mean "slave" or "servant." The simplified form 隶 is the same as the radical. The character 隸 also appears in the compound 隸屬 (to be attached to), which is used in Vinaya for a novice’s relationship to their preceptor.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

171.4 171.1 隶 (lì / dài) [skt.dāsa; bandhana] — Slave; to capture. Dāsa is slave/servant; bandhana is binding/capturing. In Buddhist texts, the "capture" of beings by defilements is a key metaphor. The compound 奴隸 (slave, dāsa) appears in Vinaya. The reading dài (to reach/attain) is rare and unrelated to Buddhist usage.

171.5 171.2 隷 (lì) [skt.dāsa; bhṛtya] — Slave/servant. Bhṛtya is a servant. Appears in Vinaya as a prohibited possession (monastics may not own slaves). The compound 隷屬 (to be subordinate to) appears in Vinaya contexts.

171.6 171.3 隸 (lì) [skt.dāsa; anubandha] — Slave; to attach; a script style. Anubandha is connection/attachment. In the compound 附隸 (to attach to), it appears in the sense of "attaching" to a teacher or a lineage. In Vinaya, a novice (沙彌, śrāmaṇera) is "attached" to their preceptor. The clerical script (隸書) is a Chinese calligraphic style with no Buddhist significance.

172 隹

172.1 隹 [chn.zhuī][eng.short-tailed bird; (also zhuī, a bird)][skt.pakṣin; (also "bird" = vihaga)]

172.2 隺 [hè][eng.ancient term; (also hè); rare]

172.3 隻 [zhī][eng.a single; one of a pair; a measure word for birds; (also zhī, alone)][skt.eka; (also "single" = eka)]

172.4 隼 [sǔn][eng.a falcon; (also sǔn, a hawk)][skt.śyena; (also "falcon" = śyena)]

172.5 隽 [juàn / jùn][eng.witty; (also jùn, handsome)][skt.mañju; (also "witty" = mañjulā)]

172.6 难 [nán / nàn][eng.difficult; disaster; simplified of 難][skt.duṣkara; (also "difficult" = duṣkara; "disaster" = vipatti)]

172.7 隿 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

172.8 雀 [què / qiāo][eng.a sparrow; (also qiāo, a bird)][skt.caṭaka; (also "sparrow" = caṭaka)]

172.9 雁 [yàn][eng.a wild goose; (also yàn, a swan)][skt.haṃsa; (also "goose" = haṃsa)]

172.10 雂 [qín][eng.an ancient term; (also qín); rare]

172.11 雃 [yán / qiān][eng.an ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

172.12 雄 [xióng][eng.male; heroic; grand; (also xióng, brave)][skt.puṃ; (also "male" = puṃ; "heroic" = vīra)]

172.13 雅 [yǎ][eng.elegant; refined; proper; (also yǎ, correct)][skt.śānta; (also "elegant" = lalita; "refined" = ślakṣṇa)]

172.14 集 [jí][eng.to collect; to gather; to assemble; a collection; (also jí, an anthology)][skt.samavāya; (also "to gather" = saṅgraha; "collection" = saṃcaya)]

172.15 雇 [gù][eng.to hire; to employ; (also gù, a wage)][skt.bhṛti; (also "to hire" = bhṛtya)]

172.16 雈 [huán][eng.an ancient term; (also huán); rare]

172.17 雉 [zhì][eng.a pheasant; (also zhì, a bird)][skt.tittira; (also "pheasant" = tittira)]

172.18 雊 [gòu][eng.the call of a pheasant; (also gòu); rare]

172.19 雋 [juàn][eng.witty; handsome; (also juàn, a measure word)][skt.mañju]

172.20 雌 [cí][eng.female; (also cí, feminine)][skt.strī; (also "female" = strī)]

172.21 雍 [yōng][eng.harmonious; (also Yōng, a place name)][skt.sāmagrī; (also "harmony" = samanvaya)]

172.22 雎 [jū][eng.a kind of bird; (also jū); rare]

172.23 雏 [chú][eng.a chick; a nestling; (also chú, an infant)][skt.śiśu; (also "young" = śiśu)]

172.24 雐 [hū][eng.an ancient term; (also hū); rare]

172.25 雑 [zá][eng.Japanese variant of 雜 (mixed; varied); rare][skt.miśra; (also "mixed" = saṃkīrṇa)]

172.26 雒 [luò][eng.a river name; (also luò, a bird); rare]

172.27 雓 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

172.28 雔 [chóu][eng.a pair; (also chóu)][skt.yugala; (also "pair" = yamala)]

172.29 雕 [diāo][eng.to carve; to engrave; a vulture; (also diāo, to sculpt)][skt.utkīrṇa; (also "to carve" = lekha; "vulture" = gṛdhra)]

172.30 雖 [suī][eng.although; (also suī, a kind of animal)]

172.31 雗 [hàn][eng.an ancient term; (also hàn); rare]

172.32 雘 [wò][eng.to color; (also wò, a paint); rare]

172.33 雙 [shuāng][eng.a pair; double; both; (also shuāng, two)][skt.yugala; (also "pair" = yamala; "double" = dviguṇa)]

172.34 雚 [guàn][eng.a heron; (also guàn, a bird)][skt.baka; (also "heron" = baka)]

172.35 雛 [chú][eng.a chick; a nestling; traditional of 雏][skt.śiśu]

172.36 雜 [zá][eng.mixed; varied; assorted; (also zá, miscellaneous)][skt.miśra; (also "mixed" = saṃkīrṇa; "varied" = nānā)]

172.37 雝 [yōng][eng.harmonious; variant of 雍][skt.sāmagrī]

172.38 雞 [jī][eng.chicken; (also jī, a fowl)][skt.kukkuṭa; (also "chicken" = kukkuṭa)]

172.39 雟 [guī / xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī); rare]

172.40 雠 [chóu][eng.to answer; to repay; to correct; (also chóu, a counterpart)][skt.pratidāna; (also "to answer" = prativacana)]

172.41 雡 [liù][eng.an ancient term; (also liù); rare]

172.42 離 [lí][eng.to leave; to depart; to separate; without; (also lí, to be apart from)][skt.viyoga; (also "to leave" = apagacchati; "separation" = viraha)]

172.43 難 [nán / nàn][eng.difficult; disaster; (also nàn, calamity)][skt.duṣkara; (also "difficult" = duṣkara; "disaster" = vipatti)]

172.44 雤 [xué][eng.an ancient term; (also xué); rare]

172.45 雥 [zá][eng.an ancient term; (also zá); rare]

172.46 雦 [jí][eng.an ancient term; (also jí); rare]

172.47 雧 [jí][eng.an ancient variant of 集 (to collect); rare][skt.samavāya]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 172

Radical 172 (隹, zhuī) — "short-tailed bird" — is one of the most significant radicals for Buddhist textual studies (Kangxi #172). Its primary meaning is a small bird, but by extension it has come to represent concepts critical to Buddhist literature and practice. The radical contains a rich collection of characters that appear throughout the canon:

集 (jí) — "to gather/assemble" — is the most important character in this radical. It translates samavāya (collection/assembly), saṅgraha (gathering), and saṃcaya (accumulation). 集 appears in the compound 集會 (assembly, saṃnāma), describing the formal gathering of the saṅgha for Vinaya acts (such as the Pāṭimokkha recitation). The compound 編集 (to compile/edit) is used for the compilation of the canonical collections (三藏, tripiṭaka). The compound 集積 (accumulation) describes the accumulation of merit and wisdom required for enlightenment. In the context of the "four assemblies" (四衆, catur-pariṣad), 集 describes the gathering of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen.

雄 (xióng) — "male/heroic" — translates puṃ (male) and vīra (hero). The compound 大雄 (mahā-vīra, great hero) is an epithet of the Buddha, emphasizing his heroic conquest of the defilements and his bravery in teaching the Dharma. The compound 雄辯 (eloquent) describes the Buddha’s powerful speech.

雅 (yǎ) — "elegant/refined" — translates śānta (peaceful), lalita (graceful), and ślakṣṇa (smooth/refined). The compound 文雅 (elegant speech) describes the refined language of the Buddha’s teachings. The compound 雅集 (elegant gathering) describes assemblies of monastics or learned laypeople.

難 (nán) — "difficult" — translates duṣkara (difficult) and durlabha (hard to obtain). The compound 難行 (duṣkara-caryā, difficult practices) describes the austerities of a bodhisattva. The compound 難得 (durlabha, hard to obtain) describes the precious opportunity of human birth and of encountering the Dharma. The compound 苦難 (duḥkha, suffering) appears in descriptions of saṃsāra. The compound 難度 (difficult to save) describes beings with strong karmic obstructions.

離 (lí) — "to leave/separate" — translates viyoga (separation), apagacchati (to depart), and viraha (separation/loss). The compound 離別 (separation) appears in narratives of the Buddha leaving his family. The compound 離世 (to leave the world) describes the monastic life of renunciation. The compound 離欲 (vairāgya, non-attachment) is a key term in Buddhist ethics — the overcoming of desire. The compound 不離 (not leaving) is a standard term for "inseparable," used in the context of the inseparability of practice and wisdom, or of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa in Mādhyamika.

雙 (shuāng) — "pair/double" — translates yugala (pair) and yamala (couple). The compound 雙運 (the union of two) appears in tantric Buddhism for the union of method and wisdom. The compound 一雙 (a pair) appears in descriptions of offerings.

雜 (zá) — "mixed/varied" — translates miśra (mixed), saṃkīrṇa (crowded/mixed), and nānā (various). The compound 雜染 (saṃkleśa, defilement) is a key term for the afflictions that obscure the mind. The compound 雜阿含 (Saṃyutta-āgama, the Connected Discourses) is one of the four Āgamas, using 雜 in the sense of "connected" or "varied." The compound 雜行 (mixed practices) appears in Pure Land Buddhism.

Bird Names in Jātakas — The radical contains numerous bird names: 隼 (falcon, śyena), 雀 (sparrow, caṭaka), 雁 (goose, haṃsa), 雉 (pheasant, tittira), 雕 (vulture, gṛdhra), 雚 (heron, baka), 雞 (chicken, kukkuṭa). Birds appear frequently in Jātaka tales (the birth stories of the Buddha), in similes for the mind’s flight, and in Vinaya contexts (e.g., the vulture of Vulture Peak, Gṛdhrakūṭa).

Vulture Peak — The character 雕 (vulture) is part of the compound 耆闍崛山 (Gṛdhrakūṭa, Vulture Peak), the hill near Rājagṛha where the Buddha gave many important teachings, including the Lotus Sūtra and the Heart Sūtra.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 難/难, 雜/杂, 離/离, 雙/双, 雞/鸡, 雖/虽, 雛/雏, 雋/隽, 雠/仇 (in some contexts), and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The character 雖 is a functional particle with no doctrinal significance but appears frequently in Chinese translations. Many characters under this radical are rare or classical bird names with no Sanskrit correlates.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

172.48 172.1 隹 (zhuī) [skt.pakṣin; vihaga] — A short-tailed bird. The radical form. Pakṣin is a bird (having wings); vihaga is a bird (sky-goer). Appears as a component in many bird-related characters.

172.49 172.3 隻 (zhī) [skt.eka] — A single/one of a pair. Eka is one. In Buddhist texts, 隻 appears in the compound 隻手 (one hand), used in similes for the impossibility of attaining enlightenment without effort. Also appears in the compound 一隻 (one, a single one).

172.50 172.4 隼 (sǔn) [skt.śyena] — Falcon. Śyena is a falcon. Falcons appear in Jātaka tales and in similes for swiftness or keen vision. In the Śyena Jātaka, the falcon is a character in a tale of sacrifice.

172.51 172.5/172.19 隽/雋 (juàn / jùn) [skt.mañju; mañjulā] — Witty/handsome. Mañju means beautiful/pleasing (as in Mañjuśrī, 文殊師利, the bodhisattva of wisdom). The compound 雋永 (witty/profound) appears in the context of the Dharma’s profound and pleasing nature.

172.52 172.6/172.43 难/難 (nán / nàn) [skt.duṣkara; vipatti] — This character is critical. (1) As duṣkara: difficult — the compound 難行 (duṣkara-caryā, difficult practices) describes the austerities of a bodhisattva. The compound 難得 (durlabha, hard to obtain) describes the precious opportunity of human birth and encountering the Dharma. (2) As vipatti: disaster/adversity — the compound 苦難 (duḥkha, suffering) appears in descriptions of saṃsāra. The compound 難度 (difficult to save) describes beings with strong karmic obstructions. In Vinaya, the term 難事 (difficult matter) appears in the context of difficult decisions facing the saṅgha.

172.53 172.8 雀 (què / qiāo) [skt.caṭaka] — Sparrow. Caṭaka is a sparrow. Appears in Jātaka tales (e.g., the sparrow and the hawk) and in similes for the small, insignificant being that can still attain awakening.

172.54 172.9 雁 (yàn) [skt.haṃsa] — Wild goose. Haṃsa is a goose/swan. The goose is a symbol in Buddhist cosmology and appears in the compound 雁行 (the flight of geese), used in similes for the orderliness of the saṅgha and the beauty of the Buddha’s teaching.

172.55 172.12 雄 (xióng) [skt.puṃ; vīra] — Male/heroic. Puṃ is male; vīra is hero/brave. In Buddhist contexts, 雄 appears in the compound 大雄 (mahā-vīra, great hero), an epithet of the Buddha. The compound 雄辯 (eloquent) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching. The compound 雄猛 (heroic) describes the Buddha’s fearless qualities.

172.56 172.13 雅 (yǎ) [skt.śānta; lalita; ślakṣṇa] — Elegant/refined. Śānta is peaceful; lalita is graceful; ślakṣṇa is smooth/refined. In Buddhist contexts, 雅 appears in the compound 文雅 (elegant speech), describing the Buddha’s refined language. The compound 雅集 (an elegant gathering) describes the assembly of monastics or laypeople. The compound 雅正 (proper/correct) appears in the context of correct understanding.

172.57 172.14 集 (jí) [skt.samavāya; saṅgraha; saṃcaya] — One of the most important characters in this radical. (1) As samavāya: collection/assembly — the compound 集會 (assembly, saṃnāma) describes the formal gathering of the saṅgha for Vinaya acts. (2) As saṅgraha: collection/gathering — the compound 編集 (to edit/compile) is used for the compilation of the canon. (3) As saṃcaya: accumulation — the compound 集積 (accumulation) appears in the context of accumulating merit and wisdom. The compound 四衆集 (the four assemblies gather) describes the gathering of monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen. 集 is also the root of the compound 集經 (the collection of sūtras). In Vinaya, the "gathering" of the community is required for certain official acts (e.g., the Pāṭimokkha recitation). In Buddhist philosophy, the "collection" of phenomena is the basis for the concept of aggregates (skandha).

172.58 172.15 雇 (gù) [skt.bhṛti; bhṛtya] — To hire/employ. Bhṛti is wages/hire; bhṛtya is a hired servant. In Vinaya, hiring servants is not a monastic activity (monastics are expected to perform their own menial tasks). The compound 雇傭 (to hire) appears in Vinaya narratives about laypeople.

172.59 172.17 雉 (zhì) [skt.tittira] — Pheasant. Tittira is a pheasant (also the name of a bird in Buddhist texts). Appears in Jātaka tales and in similes for the sound of the Dharma.

172.60 172.20 雌 (cí) [skt.strī] — Female. Strī is woman/female. In Buddhist contexts, 雌 appears in the compound 雌雄 (male and female), used in similes for duality and the overcoming of dualistic perception.

172.61 172.21/172.37 雍/雝 (yōng) [skt.sāmagrī; samanvaya] — Harmonious. Sāmagrī is harmony/unity; samanvaya is concord. In Buddhist contexts, 雍 appears in the compound 雍穆 (harmonious), describing the unity of the saṅgha. The harmony of the community is prized in Vinaya — schism is a grave offence. The compound 雍容 (graceful/elegant) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s comportment.

172.62 172.23/172.35 雏/雛 (chú) [skt.śiśu] — A chick/nestling/young. Śiśu is young/child. In Buddhist similes, the young bird represents the fragile beginner on the path, dependent on the mother bird (the teacher) for sustenance. The compound 雛形 (embryonic form) appears in the context of the early stages of practice.

172.63 172.28 雔 (chóu) [skt.yugala; yamala] — A pair. Similar to 雙. Appears in the compound 雔偶 (a pair), used for paired offerings.

172.64 172.29 雕 (diāo) [skt.utkīrṇa; lekha; gṛdhra] — To carve/engrave; a vulture. Utkīrṇa is carved/engraved; lekha is writing/inscription; gṛdhra is a vulture. In Buddhist contexts, 雕 appears in the compound 雕刻 (to carve), describing the carving of stūpas and statues. The vulture appears in the compound 雕鷲 (vulture), which is the name of Vulture Peak (耆闍崛山, Gṛdhrakūṭa, the hill of the vultures), where the Buddha gave many important teachings, including the Lotus Sūtra and the Heart Sūtra. The compound 雕畫 (to paint/carve) appears in descriptions of temple art.

172.65 172.30 雖 (suī) — Although. A functional particle. No doctrinal significance, but appears frequently in Chinese translations as a conjunctive. Back-translators should treat it as a grammatical marker rather than a semantic term.

172.66 172.33 雙 (shuāng) [skt.yugala; yamala; dviguṇa] — A pair/double. Yugala is a pair; yamala is a couple; dviguṇa is double. In Buddhist contexts, 雙 appears in the compound 一雙 (a pair), used for pairs of items (e.g., robes, shoes). The compound 雙運 (the union of two) appears in tantric Buddhism for the union of method and wisdom. The compound 雙雙 (in pairs) appears in descriptions of offerings.

172.67 172.34 雚 (guàn) [skt.baka] — Heron. Baka is a heron (also a crane). Appears in Jātaka tales (e.g., the heron and the crab, where the heron’s treachery is revealed). In some similes, the heron represents cunning or deception.

172.68 172.36 雜 (zá) [skt.miśra; saṃkīrṇa; nānā] — Mixed/varied. Miśra is mixed; saṃkīrṇa is crowded/mixed; nānā is various. In Buddhist contexts, 雜 appears in the compound 雜染 (saṃkleśa, defilement), a key term for the afflictions. The compound 雜阿含 (Saṃyutta-āgama, the Connected Discourses) uses 雜 in the sense of "varied" or "connected." The compound 雜行 (mixed practices) appears in Pure Land Buddhism. The compound 雜亂 (confused/muddled) describes the chaotic mind of the ordinary being.

172.69 172.38 雞 (jī) [skt.kukkuṭa] — Chicken. Kukkuṭa is a rooster/chicken. Appears in Vinaya as a food item (chicken is generally not forbidden, but it must be properly prepared). Also appears in the compound 雞足山 (Mount Kukkuṭapāda), where the great arhat Mahākāśyapa is said to be awaiting the arrival of Maitreya. The chicken also appears in similes for the "rooster" of worldly attachments.

172.70 172.40 雠 (chóu) [skt.pratidāna; prativacana] — To answer/repay. Pratidāna is repayment; prativacana is a response. In Buddhist contexts, 雠 appears in the compound 酬答 (to reply/answer), describing the Buddha’s responses to questions. In Vinaya, 雠 also appears in the sense of "to correct" or "to amend" (an offence).

172.71 172.42 離 (lí) [skt.viyoga; apagacchati; viraha] — One of the most important characters in this radical. (1) As viyoga: separation — the compound 離別 (separation) appears in narratives of the Buddha leaving his family. (2) As apagacchati: to leave/depart — the compound 離世 (to leave the world) describes the monastic life. (3) As viraha: separation/loss. The compound 離欲 (vairāgya, non-attachment) is a key term in Buddhist ethics — the overcoming of desire. The compound 離垢 (viraja, free from dust) is an epithet of the Buddha. The compound 不離 (not leaving) is a standard term for "inseparable" — the inseparability of practice and wisdom, or of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa in Mādhyamika. In Vinaya, "leaving" the community (disrobing) is a serious matter. The compound 離戲論 (prapañca-viyoga, free from conceptual proliferation) is used in Mādhyamika philosophy.

172.72 172.46/172.47 雦/雧 (jí) [skt.samavāya] — Ancient variants of 集 (to collect). Functionally identical. The triple bird component emphasizes the gathering of many birds, and by extension, the gathering of beings or the collection of teachings.

173 雨

173.1 雨 [chn.yǔ / yù][eng.rain; (also yù, to rain)][skt.varṣa; (also "rain" = varṣā; "to rain" = varṣati)]

173.2 雩 [yú][eng.to pray for rain; (also yú, a ritual)]

173.3 雪 [xuě][eng.snow; (also xuě, to wipe away)][skt.hima; (also "snow" = hima)]

173.4 雫 [nǎ][eng.Japanese term; (also nǎ); rare]

173.5 雬 [fǔ][eng.ancient term; (also fǔ); rare]

173.6 雭 [sè][eng.ancient term; (also sè); rare]

173.7 雮 [mù][eng.ancient term; (also mù); rare]

173.8 雯 [wén][eng.cloud patterns; (also wén, colorful clouds)]

173.9 雰 [fēn][eng.atmosphere; (also fēn, fog)]

173.10 雱 [pāng][eng.heavy rain; (also pāng, a downpour)][skt.varṣā; (also "rainstorm" = mahā-varṣa)]

173.11 雲 [yún][eng.cloud; (also yún, to say)][skt.megha; (also "cloud" = megha)]

173.12 雳 [lì][eng.thunder; simplified of 靂][skt.vajra; (also "thunder" = vajra)]

173.13 雴 [chì][eng.ancient term; (also chì); rare]

173.14 雵 [yāng][eng.ancient term; (also yāng); rare]

173.15 零 [líng][eng.zero; to fall; to scatter; (also líng, a remnant)][skt.śūnya; (also "zero" = śūnya; "to scatter" = vikīrṇa)]

173.16 雷 [léi][eng.thunder; (also léi, a rumble)][skt.megha-garjana; (also "thunder" = vajra-nirghoṣa)]

173.17 雸 [án][eng.ancient term; (also án); rare]

173.18 雹 [báo][eng.hail; (also báo, hailstone)]

173.19 雺 [wù][eng.mist; (also wù, fog)]

173.20 電 [diàn][eng.lightning; electricity; (also diàn, a telegram)][skt.vidyut; (also "lightning" = vidyut)]

173.21 雼 [dàng][eng.ancient term; (also dàng); rare]

173.22 雽 [hū][eng.ancient term; (also hū); rare]

173.23 雾 [wù][eng.fog; mist; simplified of 霧]

173.24 雿 [diào][eng.ancient term; (also diào); rare]

173.25 需 [xū][eng.to need; to require; necessary; (also xū, essential)][skt.prayojana; (also "need" = āśraya; "necessary" = āvaśyaka)]

173.26 霁 [jì][eng.to clear up (after rain); (also jì, to be bright)]

173.27 霂 [mù][eng.drizzle; (also mù, a light rain)]

173.28 霃 [chén][eng.long rain; (also chén)]

173.29 霄 [xiāo][eng.sky; clouds; (also xiāo, the heavens)][skt.ākāśa; (also "sky" = nabhas)]

173.30 霅 [zhà / shà][eng.ancient term; (also shà); rare]

173.31 霆 [tíng][eng.thunderbolt; (also tíng, a clap of thunder)][skt.vajra; (also "thunderbolt" = vajra)]

173.32 震 [zhèn][eng.to shake; to quake; (also zhèn, a shock)][skt.kampati; (also "to shake" = kampana; "thunder" = vajra)]

173.33 霈 [pèi][eng.heavy rain; (also pèi, a downpour)][skt.varṣā]

173.34 霉 [méi][eng.mold; mildew; (also méi, to be musty)]

173.35 霊 [líng][eng.Japanese variant of 靈 (spirit; numinous); rare][skt.ātman; (also "spirit" = jīva; "numinous" = adbhuta)]

173.36 霋 [qī][eng.an ancient term; (also qī); rare]

173.37 霌 [zhōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zhōu); rare]

173.38 霍 [huò][eng.quickly; suddenly; (also huò, a place name)][skt.tvarā; (also "quickly" = śīghra)]

173.39 霎 [shà][eng.a short while; (also shà, a brief moment)][skt.kṣaṇa; (also "moment" = kṣaṇa)]

173.40 霏 [fēi][eng.falling snow; (also fēi, drifting clouds)][skt.hima; (also "snow" = hima)]

173.41 霐 [hóng][eng.an ancient term; (also hóng); rare]

173.42 霑 [zhān][eng.to moisten; to soak; (also zhān, to wet)][skt.parivarṣa; (also "to moisten" = ārdrayati)]

173.43 霒 [yīn][eng.an ancient term; (also yīn); rare]

173.44 霓 [ní][eng.rainbow; (also ní, a secondary rainbow)][skt.indradhanus; (also "rainbow" = indra-dhanu)]

173.45 霔 [zhù][eng.an ancient term; (also zhù); rare]

173.46 霕 [tún][eng.an ancient term; (also tún); rare]

173.47 霖 [lín][eng.a long rain; (also lín, continuous rain)][skt.varṣā]

173.48 霗 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng); rare]

173.49 霘 [dòng][eng.an ancient term; (also dòng); rare]

173.50 霙 [yīng][eng.snow; (also yīng, a snowflake)][skt.hima]

173.51 霚 [wù][eng.ancient variant of 霧 (fog); rare]

173.52 霛 [líng][eng.ancient variant of 靈 (spirit); rare][skt.ātman]

173.53 霜 [shuāng][eng.frost; (also shuāng, white)][skt.hima; (also "frost" = hima)]

173.54 霝 [líng][eng.ancient term; (also líng); rare]

173.55 霞 [xiá][eng.rosy clouds; (also xiá, mist)]

173.56 霟 [hóng][eng.ancient term; (also hóng); rare]

173.57 霠 [yīn][eng.ancient variant of 陰 (dark; shady); rare][skt.andhakāra]

173.58 霡 [mài][eng.drizzle; (also mài); rare]

173.59 霢 [mài][eng.drizzle; (also mài); rare]

173.60 霣 [yǔn][eng.to fall; thunder; (also yǔn)][skt.patati; (also "thunder" = megha-garjana)]

173.61 霤 [liù][eng.to flow; a drop of water; (also liù)][skt.dhara; (also "to flow" = sravati)]

173.62 霥 [mèng][eng.ancient term; (also mèng); rare]

173.63 霦 [bīn][eng.ancient term; (also bīn); rare]

173.64 霧 [wù][eng.fog; mist; traditional of 雾]

173.65 霨 [wèi][eng.ancient term; (also wèi); rare]

173.66 霩 [kuò][eng.ancient term; (also kuò); rare]

173.67 霪 [yín][eng.heavy rain; (also yín, prolonged rain)][skt.varṣā]

173.68 霫 [xí][eng.ancient term; (also xí); rare]

173.69 霬 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

173.70 霭 [ǎi][eng.cloudy; misty; (also ǎi, a haze)]

173.71 霮 [dàn][eng.cloudy; (also dàn)]

173.72 霯 [tèng][eng.an ancient term; (also tèng); rare]

173.73 霰 [xiàn][eng.sleet; graupel; (also xiàn, small hail)]

173.74 霱 [yù][eng.ancient term; (also yù); rare]

173.75 露 [lù / lòu][eng.dew; to expose; (also lòu, to reveal)][skt.prasrāva; (also "dew" = prasrāva; "to reveal" = prakāśana)]

173.76 霳 [lóng][eng.ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

173.77 霴 [dài][eng.ancient term; (also dài); rare]

173.78 霵 [jí][eng.ancient term; (also jí); rare]

173.79 霶 [pāng][eng.heavy rain; (also pāng)][skt.varṣā]

173.80 霷 [yáng][eng.ancient term; (also yáng); rare]

173.81 霸 [bà][eng.overlord; tyrant; (also bà, to dominate)][skt.prabhu; (also "overlord" = īśvara)]

173.82 霹 [pī][eng.thunder; (used in 霹雳, pīlì, thunderbolt)][skt.vajra; (also "thunderbolt" = vajra)]

173.83 霺 [wēi][eng.ancient term; (also wēi); rare]

173.84 霻 [fēng][eng.ancient term; (also fēng); rare]

173.85 霼 [xì][eng.ancient term; (also xì); rare]

173.86 霽 [jì][eng.to clear up; (also jì, to be bright)]

173.87 霾 [mái][eng.haze; (also mái, dust)]

173.88 霿 [méng][eng.dark; (also méng, obscure)][skt.tamas; (also "dark" = andhakāra)]

173.89 靀 [méng][eng.ancient term; (also méng); rare]

173.90 靁 [léi][eng.ancient variant of 雷 (thunder); rare][skt.megha-garjana]

173.91 靂 [lì][eng.thunder; (also lì, a clap of thunder)][skt.vajra]

173.92 靃 [huò / suǐ][eng.ancient term; (also suǐ); rare]

173.93 靄 [ǎi][eng.cloudy; misty; traditional of 霭]

173.94 靅 [fèi][eng.ancient term; (also fèi); rare]

173.95 靆 [dài][eng.ancient term; (also dài); rare]

173.96 靇 [lóng][eng.ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

173.97 靈 [líng][eng.spirit; numinous; (also líng, efficacious)][skt.ātman; (also "spirit" = jīva; "numinous" = adbhuta)]

173.98 靉 [ài][eng.ancient term; (also ài); rare]

173.99 靊 [fēng][eng.ancient term; (also fēng); rare]

173.100 靋 [lì][eng.ancient term; (also lì); rare]

173.101 靌 [bǎo][eng.ancient variant of 寶 (treasure); rare][skt.ratna; (also "treasure" = nidhi)]

173.102 靍 [hè][eng.ancient term; (also hè); rare]

173.103 靎 [hè][eng.ancient term; (also hè); rare]

173.104 靏 [hè][eng.ancient term; (also hè); rare]

173.105 靐 [bìng][eng.ancient term; (also bìng); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 173

Radical 173 (雨, yǔ) — "rain" — is one of the most visually and symbolically rich radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #173). Its pictographic origin shows rain falling from clouds, and by extension it represents all phenomena related to weather, atmosphere, and celestial phenomena. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Dharma as Rain — One of the most important metaphors in the canon. The compound 法雨 (dharma-varṣa, rain of the Dharma) describes the Buddha’s teaching as rain that nourishes all beings equally. The Lotus Sūtra famously uses the metaphor of rain falling on all plants equally, just as the Buddha’s teaching reaches all beings regardless of their capacity. The compound 甘露法雨 (amṛta-dharma-varṣa, the nectar-rain of the Dharma) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching as the source of immortality.

Clouds (雲, megha) — Clouds are a symbol of the Buddha’s compassion, which covers all beings like a cloud that rains down benefit. The compound 慈雲 (maitrī-megha, cloud of loving-kindness) describes the Buddha’s compassion. In the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, clouds are used as a metaphor for the bodhisattva’s ability to manifest in countless forms to benefit beings.

Thunder and Lightning (雷, 霆, 電, 霹靂, vajra, vidyut, megha-garjana) — The sound of thunder is used for the Buddha’s voice, which is compared to the "lion’s roar" (siṃha-nāda) and the roar of thunder. The compound 雷音 (megha-garjana, thunder-sound) is used for the Buddha’s mighty voice that awakens beings. The "thunderbolt" (vajra) is the central symbol of the Diamond Sūtra (金剛經, Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) — the indestructible wisdom that cuts through all illusions. The compound 霹靂 (vajra, thunderbolt) appears in descriptions of sudden enlightenment.

Dew (露, prasrāva) — Dew is a symbol of impermanence and the fleeting nature of life. The compound 朝露 (morning dew) appears in similes for the shortness of life. The Buddha’s teaching is also compared to dew that cools the heart.

Frost and Snow (霜, 雪, hima) — Frost and snow are symbols of purity, but also of coldness and death. The compound 雪白 (snow-white) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s pure complexion. The compound 霜露 (frost and dew) appears in similes for impermanence.

The Numinous (靈, ātman, jīva, adbhuta) — The character 靈 is of doctrinal significance. It translates ātman (self, though Buddhism denies a permanent self) in some contexts, and jīva (life principle). More frequently, it appears in the compound 靈神 (spirit, devatā) and 靈驗 (efficacious, adbhuta, wondrous). The numinous is what is beyond ordinary perception — the Buddha’s powers, the workings of karma, and the mysterious nature of reality.

Need and Necessity (需, prayojana, āvaśyaka) — The character 需 appears in the compound 需要 (to need/require). In Buddhist contexts, the "needs" of beings are what the Buddha responds to with his compassion. The compound 所需 (what is needed) appears in Vinaya in the context of the four requisites (衣, 食, 臥具, 醫藥, the four necessities of a monk: robes, food, lodging, and medicine).

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 雲/云 (simplified of 雲 is 云, though 云 has a separate meaning), 電/电, 霧/雾, 霭/霭, 靂/雳, 靈/灵, 雷/靁 (variant), and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The character 靈 is a large and complex character with significant doctrinal weight in some Buddhist contexts (especially in the context of relics and sacred objects). The radical also contains numerous rare weather and atmospheric terms with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

173.106 173.1 雨 (yǔ / yù) [skt.varṣa; varṣati] — Rain. Varṣa is rain/the rainy season; varṣati is to rain. In Buddhist texts, 雨 appears in the compound 法雨 (dharma-varṣa, rain of the Dharma), one of the most beautiful metaphors for the Buddha’s teaching. The compound 甘雨 (sweet rain, amṛta-varṣa) describes the nourishing quality of the Dharma. The compound 雨露 (rain and dew, varṣa-prasrāva) appears in similes for the Buddha’s compassionate nourishment.

173.107 173.3 雪 (xuě) [skt.hima] — Snow. Hima is snow/cold. In Buddhist contexts, 雪 appears in the compound 雪山 (Himālaya, the Snow Mountain), the mountain range where the Buddha practiced austerities and where many Buddhist texts were composed. The compound 雪白 (snow-white) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s pure complexion.

173.108 173.8 雯 (wén) — Cloud patterns. A purely aesthetic term. No doctrinal significance.

173.109 173.9 雰 (fēn) — Atmosphere/fog. In Buddhist contexts, 雰 appears in the compound 氛圍 (atmosphere), describing the environment of a teaching or meditation. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

173.110 173.10 雱 (pāng) [skt.varṣā] — Heavy rain/downpour. Appears in descriptions of the "rain" of the Dharma.

173.111 173.11 雲 (yún) [skt.megha] — Cloud. Megha is a cloud. In Buddhist texts, 雲 appears in: (1) 慈雲 (maitrī-megha, cloud of loving-kindness) — the compassion of the Buddha that covers all beings; (2) 法雲 (dharma-megha, cloud of Dharma) — the tenth stage of a bodhisattva (法雲地, dharma-megha-bhūmi), where the bodhisattva rains down the Dharma like a cloud; (3) 雲集 (to assemble like clouds) — describing the gathering of the saṅgha. The compound 雲漢 (the Milky Way) appears in cosmological descriptions.

173.112 173.12/173.91 雳/靂 (lì) [skt.vajra] — Thunder. Vajra is the thunderbolt/diamond. In Buddhist texts, 霹靂 (vajra, thunderbolt) appears in the title of the 金剛經 (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, Diamond Sūtra) and in descriptions of sudden, powerful insight.

173.113 173.15 零 (líng) [skt.śūnya; vikīrṇa] — Zero; to fall; to scatter. Śūnya is empty/zero (a key philosophical term); vikīrṇa is scattered. In Buddhist contexts, 零 appears in the compound 零散 (scattered), describing the scattered mind. The compound 零落 (to fall/wither) appears in similes for impermanence.

173.114 173.16/173.90 雷/靁 (léi) [skt.megha-garjana; vajra-nirghoṣa] — Thunder. Megha-garjana is the roar of thunder; vajra-nirghoṣa is the thunderous voice of the vajra. In Buddhist texts, 雷 appears in the compound 雷音 (vajra-nirghoṣa, thunder-sound), describing the Buddha’s mighty voice. The compound 雷震 (thunder-shake) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teachings shaking the foundations of the world.

173.115 173.18 雹 (báo) — Hail. Appears in Vinaya as a weather phenomenon. No doctrinal significance.

173.116 173.20 電 (diàn) [skt.vidyut] — Lightning. Vidyut is lightning. In Buddhist contexts, 電 appears in the compound 電光 (lightning flash, vidyut-prabhā), used in similes for the fleeting nature of phenomena (如電, like lightning). In the Diamond Sūtra, the fleeting nature of all phenomena is compared to lightning.

173.117 173.25 需 (xū) [skt.prayojana; āśraya; āvaśyaka] — To need/require. Prayojana is purpose/need; āśraya is support/need; āvaśyaka is necessary. In Buddhist contexts, 需 appears in the compound 需要 (to need, prayojana), used in Vinaya for the four requisites (衣食臥具醫藥, the four necessities of a monk: robes, food, lodging, and medicine). The compound 所需 (what is needed, āvaśyaka) appears in descriptions of the basic necessities of monastic life.

173.118 173.26/173.86 霁/霽 (jì) — To clear up (after rain). In Buddhist contexts, 霽 appears in the compound 霽月 (clearing moon), used as a metaphor for the mind that has cleared after the storm of defilements.

173.119 173.29 霄 (xiāo) [skt.ākāśa; nabhas] — Sky/clouds. Ākāśa is space/sky; nabhas is sky. In Buddhist contexts, 霄 appears in the compound 雲霄 (the clouds and the sky), used in descriptions of the Buddha’s exalted state.

173.120 173.31 霆 (tíng) [skt.vajra] — Thunderbolt. Similar to 雷. In Buddhist contexts, 霆 appears in the compound 雷霆 (thunder, vajra-nirghoṣa), describing the Buddha’s voice.

173.121 173.32 震 (zhèn) [skt.kampati; kampana; vajra] — To shake/quake. Kampati is to shake; kampana is shaking; vajra is thunderbolt (in the sense of a sudden shock). In Buddhist contexts, 震 appears in the compound 震動 (to shake, kampana), describing the shaking of the earth at the Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and teaching. The compound 震音 (shocking sound) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teachings that shake the world.

173.122 173.38 霍 (huò) [skt.tvarā; śīghra] — Quickly/suddenly. In Buddhist contexts, 霍 appears in the compound 霍然 (suddenly), describing sudden enlightenment. The compound 霍霍 (quickly flashing) appears in descriptions of lightning-like insight.

173.123 173.39 霎 (shà) [skt.kṣaṇa] — A short while/moment. Kṣaṇa is a moment. In Buddhist texts, 霎 appears in the compound 霎那 (a moment, kṣaṇa), used in similes for the fleeting nature of phenomena. The compound 一霎 (one moment) describes the speed of the mind’s movement.

173.124 173.40 霏 (fēi) [skt.hima] — Falling snow. In Buddhist similes, falling snow is used for the falling away of defilements.

173.125 173.42 霑 (zhān) [skt.parivarṣa; ārdrayati] — To moisten/soak. Parivarṣa is to rain upon; ārdrayati is to moisten. In Buddhist contexts, 霑 appears in the compound 霑潤 (to moisten, parivarṣa), used for the nourishing effect of the Dharma on the mind. The compound 霑法 (to be soaked by the Dharma) describes the complete immersion in the teachings.

173.126 173.44 霓 (ní) [skt.indradhanus] — Rainbow. Indradhanus is "Indra’s bow" — the rainbow. In Buddhist contexts, 霓 appears in similes for the fleeting beauty of the world, like a rainbow.

173.127 173.47 霖 (lín) [skt.varṣā] — Long rain. In Buddhist similes, 霖 appears in the compound 甘霖 (sweet rain), describing the nourishing rain of the Dharma.

173.128 173.53 霜 (shuāng) [skt.hima] — Frost. Hima is snow/frost. In Buddhist similes, 霜 appears in the compound 霜露 (frost and dew), used in similes for the fleeting nature of life.

173.129 173.55 霞 (xiá) — Rosy clouds. In Buddhist poetic similes, 霞 appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance.

173.130 173.64 霧 (wù) — Fog/mist. In Buddhist similes, 霧 appears in the compound 霧露 (fog and dew), used as a metaphor for the obscurations that cover the mind. The compound 迷霧 (confusing fog) appears in similes for ignorance.

173.131 173.75 露 (lù / lòu) [skt.prasrāva; prakāśana] — Dew; to expose/reveal. Prasrāva is dew/drops; prakāśana is revelation. In Buddhist contexts, 露 appears in: (1) 露珠 (dew drops, prasrāva) — used in similes for the fleeting nature of life; (2) 露出 (to reveal, prakāśana) — used for the revelation of the Dharma by the Buddha; (3) 露地 (open ground) — a term in the Lotus Sūtra, where the Buddha leads beings out of the burning house into the open air (the open ground of enlightenment). In Vinaya, 露地 refers to an open area.

173.132 173.81 霸 (bà) [skt.prabhu; īśvara] — Overlord/tyrant. Prabhu is lord/master; īśvara is sovereign. In Buddhist texts, 霸 appears in the compound 霸業 (hegemony), describing worldly power that is contrasted with the spiritual power of the Dharma.

173.133 173.82 霹 (pī) [skt.vajra] — Thunder. Vajra is thunderbolt. In Buddhist contexts, 霹 appears in the compound 霹靂 (vajra, thunderbolt), used in the title of the 金剛經 (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, Diamond Sūtra), and in descriptions of sudden enlightenment that is like a thunderbolt. The compound 霹靂聲 (thunderous sound) describes the Buddha’s voice.

173.134 173.87 霾 (mái) — Haze. In Buddhist similes, 霾 appears in the compound 陰霾 (gloomy haze), describing the obscuration of the mind by defilements.

173.135 173.88 霿 (méng) [skt.tamas; andhakāra] — Dark/obscure. Tamas is darkness; andhakāra is darkness. In Buddhist contexts, 霿 appears in the compound 霿暗 (darkness), describing the darkness of ignorance.

173.136 173.97 靈 (líng) [skt.ātman; jīva; adbhuta] — Spirit/numinous. Ātman is self/spirit (though in Buddhism, a permanent self is denied); jīva is the life principle; adbhuta is wondrous/numinous. In Buddhist contexts, 靈 appears in: (1) 靈驗 (efficacious, adbhuta) — describing the miraculous powers of the Buddha or the efficacy of the Dharma; (2) 靈魂 (soul, jīva) — though this is often contrasted with the Buddhist concept of no-self; (3) 靈山 (Lǐngshān, the Mountain of the Numinous) — used for Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture Peak) in some translations; (4) 靈骨 (śarīra, relics) — the relics of the Buddha, which are considered "numinous." The compound 神靈 (spirits, devatā) appears in descriptions of celestial beings.

173.137 173.101 靌 (bǎo) [skt.ratna; nidhi] — Treasure. Variant of 寶. Ratna is a jewel; nidhi is treasure. In Buddhist contexts, 寶 appears in the compound 三寶 (tri-ratna, the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha).

174 靑

174.1 靑 [chn.qīng][eng.green; blue; (also qīng, the color of spring)][skt.nīla; (also "blue" = nīla; "green" = harita)]

174.2 青 [chn.qīng][eng.green; blue; (also qīng, youthful)][skt.nīla; (also "blue" = nīla; "green" = harita)]

174.3 靓 [chn.jìng / liàng][eng.to adorn; (also liàng, pretty)][skt.alaṃkāra; (also "to adorn" = bhūṣaṇa)]

174.4 靔 [tiān][eng.ancient term; (also tiān); rare]

174.5 靕 [zhēn][eng.ancient term; (also zhēn); rare]

174.6 靖 [jìng][eng.peaceful; quiet; (also jìng, to pacify)][skt.śānta; (also "peaceful" = śānta; "to pacify" = śamayati)]

174.7 靗 [chēng][eng.ancient term; (also chēng); rare]

174.8 靘 [qìng][eng.ancient term; (also qìng); rare]

174.9 静 [jìng][eng.quiet; still; peaceful; (also jìng, calm)][skt.śānta; (also "quiet" = śānta; "still" = sthira)]

174.10 靚 [jìng][eng.to adorn; (also jìng, to decorate)][skt.alaṃkāra; bhūṣaṇa]

174.11 靛 [diàn][eng.indigo; (also diàn, a blue dye)][skt.nīla; (also "indigo" = nīla)]

174.12 靜 [jìng][eng.quiet; still; peaceful; traditional of 静][skt.śānta; (also "quiet" = śānta; "still" = sthira)]

174.13 靝 [tiān][eng.ancient variant of 天 (heaven); (also tiān)][skt.deva; (also "heaven" = svarga)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 174

Radical 174 (靑, qīng) — "green" or "blue" — is a small but significant radical representing colors, particularly the blue-green spectrum (Kangxi #174). Its pictographic origin shows a plant or the color of growing things. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Color Blue (青/靑, nīla) — The color blue appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical marks (lakṣaṇa). One of the thirty-two marks is the Buddha’s blue eyes (often described as "blue lotus eyes," 青蓮花眼, nīlotpala-nayana). The blue color is also associated with the Buddha’s hair, which is often described as blue-black (青縷, nīla-keśa). The compound 青蓮 (blue lotus, nīlotpala) is a common epithet for the Buddha’s eyes.

Peace and Stillness (靜/静, śānta; 靖, śānta) — The character 靜 (quiet/peaceful) is of major doctrinal significance. Śānta is the root of śamatha (tranquility meditation, 奢摩他), one of the two main meditative practices (śamatha-vipaśyanā). 靜 is used in the compound 靜坐 (to sit quietly, śamatha), describing meditation. The compound 寂靜 (śānta, peaceful/calm) is a key term for the peace of nirvāṇa — the state beyond all disturbance. 靜 is also used in the compound 靜慮 (dhyāna, meditation), literally "quiet reflection," one of the standard translations for dhyāna (禅定, meditation). The compound 靜止 (to be still, sthira) describes the mind that is no longer agitated.

Adornment (靚/靓, alaṃkāra, bhūṣaṇa) — The compound 莊嚴 (vyūha, adornment/array) is a key term in Mahāyāna Buddhism, describing the splendid adornment of the Buddha’s body, the Pure Land, and the qualities of a bodhisattva. The character 靚 (to adorn) appears less frequently, but it is related to the concept of adornment.

Heaven (靝, deva, svarga) — This character is an ancient variant of 天 (heaven). In Buddhist contexts, deva is a celestial being, and svarga is the heavenly realm (one of the six realms of rebirth). The compound 天神 (deva, heavenly spirit) and 天界 (svarga, heaven) appear throughout the canon.

Text-critical note: 靑 and 青 are essentially the same character (靑 is an older form; 青 is the standard form). The simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 静/靜, 靚/靓 (with different readings), and 靝 (an ancient variant of 天). The radical is small, but its characters appear in significant doctrinal contexts.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

174.14 174.1/174.2 靑/青 (qīng) [skt.nīla; harita] — Blue/green. Nīla is blue/dark blue (the color of a blue lotus, nīlotpala). Harita is green. In Buddhist contexts, 青 appears in: (1) 青蓮 (nīlotpala, blue lotus) — an epithet for the Buddha’s eyes; (2) 青色 (nīla-varṇa, blue color) — one of the colors mentioned in descriptions of the Buddha’s body and of Pure Lands; (3) 青面 (blue-faced) — a description of some wrathful deities; (4) 青天 (blue sky) — used in similes for the clear mind.

174.15 174.3/174.10 靓/靚 (jìng / liàng) [skt.alaṃkāra; bhūṣaṇa] — To adorn. Alaṃkāra is adornment; bhūṣaṇa is ornament. In Buddhist contexts, 靚 appears in the compound 莊嚴 (vyūha, adornment/array), describing the splendid adornment of the Buddha’s body, the Pure Land, and the qualities of a bodhisattva.

174.16 174.6 靖 (jìng) [skt.śānta; śamayati] — Peaceful/quiet; to pacify. Śānta is peaceful; śamayati is to pacify/calm. In Buddhist contexts, 靖 appears in the compound 靖靜 (peaceful and quiet), describing the state of a calm mind. The compound 靖亂 (to quell chaos) appears in narratives of kings protecting the Dharma.

174.17 174.9/174.12 静/靜 (jìng) [skt.śānta; sthira] — Quiet/still/peaceful. One of the most important characters in this radical. Śānta is peaceful/calm — the root of śamatha (tranquility meditation, 奢摩他). Sthira is steady/still. In Buddhist contexts, 靜 appears in: (1) 靜坐 (to sit quietly, śamatha), describing meditation practice; (2) 寂靜 (śānta, peaceful/calm) — a key term for the peace of nirvāṇa; (3) 靜慮 (dhyāna, meditation), literally "quiet reflection," one of the standard translations for dhyāna (禅定); (4) 靜止 (to be still, sthira) — describing the mind that is no longer agitated. The compound 靜心 (to calm the mind) is a standard term for meditation practice.

174.18 174.11 靛 (diàn) [skt.nīla] — Indigo. Nīla is blue. In Buddhist contexts, 靛 appears in descriptions of blue-colored things (e.g., the blue of the Buddha’s eyes or the blue of a Pure Land).

174.19 174.13 靝 (tiān) [skt.deva; svarga] — Heaven. Ancient variant of 天. Deva is a celestial being; svarga is the heavenly realm. In Buddhist contexts, 天 appears in: (1) 天神 (deva, heavenly spirit); (2) 天界 (svarga, heaven); (3) 天人 (deva-manuṣya, gods and humans) — the two realms that can most easily attain awakening. The compound 天道 (deva-gati, realm of the gods) is one of the six realms of rebirth.

175 非

175.1 非 [chn.fēi][eng.wrong; not; (also fēi, to oppose)][skt.na; (also "not" = na; "wrong" = mithyā)]

175.2 靟 [chn.fēi][eng.an ancient term; (also fēi); rare]

175.3 靠 [chn.kào][eng.to lean on; to rely on; to trust; (also kào, to depend on)][skt.āśraya; (also "to rely on" = āśraya; "support" = upaśraya)]

175.4 靡 [chn.mí / mǐ][eng.to waste; to be extravagant; (also mǐ, to follow; to be luxurious)][skt.vyaya; (also "to waste" = vyaya; "to follow" = anu)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 175

Radical 175 (非, fēi) — "wrong" or "not" — is a small but conceptually significant radical (Kangxi #175). Its primary function is as a negation marker, indicating "not," "wrong," or "to oppose." In the Buddhist context, this radical appears in important doctrinal and philosophical contexts:

Negation as a Philosophical Tool — The character 非 is used extensively in Buddhist philosophy, particularly in Mādhyamika, to negate false views. The compound 非有非無 (neither existence nor non-existence) is a key formulation of the Middle Way. The compound 非想非非想處 (neither perception nor non-perception) is the highest formless realm of meditation. The compound 非法 (not the Dharma, adharma) is a term for teachings that are contrary to the Buddha’s path.

Right and Wrong (是非, satya-mithyā) — The compound 是非 means "right and wrong" or "true and false." In Buddhist epistemology, the discrimination between right and wrong (samyag-mithyā) is essential for discernment (viveka). The compound 是非心 (the discriminating mind that judges right and wrong) is both necessary for practice and ultimately to be transcended.

Reliance and Refuge (靠, āśraya) — The character 靠 (to lean on/rely on) appears in the compound 依靠 (to rely on, āśraya), which is closely related to the concept of taking refuge (皈依, śaraṇa-gamana). In Buddhist practice, one "relies on" the Three Jewels (三寶, tri-ratna) as the source of guidance and protection. The compound 靠山 (a mountain to lean on) appears in similes for the support of the Dharma.

Extravagance and Following (靡, vyaya; anu) — The character 靡 has two distinct meanings. (1) As vyaya: to waste/extravagant — appears in Vinaya in the context of monastic frugality, where extravagance is prohibited. (2) As anu: to follow — appears in the compound 靡然 (to follow like the wind), used in similes for the way beings "follow" the world or "follow" the Dharma. The compound 靡不 (there is none who does not) appears in the phrase 靡不有初，鮮克有終 (there is none who does not start, but few who complete), which is used in Buddhist texts to encourage perseverance in practice.

Text-critical note: this radical is small and contains only a few characters. 靟 is an archaic term with no doctrinal significance. The simplified/traditional forms are negligible in this radical.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

175.5 175.1 非 (fēi) [skt.na; mithyā] — Not/wrong. In Buddhist philosophy, 非 appears in: (1) 非有非無 (na-asti-na-nāsti, neither existence nor non-existence) — the Middle Way; (2) 非法 (adharma, not the Dharma) — teachings contrary to the Buddha’s path; (3) 非想非非想處 (naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana, the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception) — the highest formless realm; (4) 非道 (amārga, wrong path) — the opposite of 道 (mārga, the path). The compound 是非 (satya-mithyā, right and wrong) appears in ethical and epistemological contexts.

175.6 175.2 靟 (fēi) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

175.7 175.3 靠 (kào) [skt.āśraya; upaśraya] — To lean on/rely on. Āśraya is support/basis; upaśraya is shelter/support. In Buddhist contexts, 靠 appears in: (1) 依靠 (āśraya, to rely on) — the act of taking refuge in the Three Jewels (三寶, tri-ratna); (2) 靠山 (a mountain to lean on) — used as a simile for the support of the Buddha and the Dharma. The compound 皈依 (śaraṇa-gamana, taking refuge) is the more common term, but 靠 appears in related contexts.

175.8 175.4 靡 (mí / mǐ) [skt.vyaya; anu] — To waste/extravagant; to follow. (1) As vyaya: expenditure/waste — appears in Vinaya in the context of avoiding waste and extravagance. The compound 糜費 (to waste, vyaya) is used in monastic rules about the proper use of requisites. (2) As anu: to follow — appears in the compound 靡然 (to follow like the wind, anu-vāta), used in similes for following the world or following the Dharma. The compound 靡不 (na-kaścit, there is none who does not) appears in the well-known phrase 靡不有初，鮮克有終 (there is none who does not start, but few who complete), which is used in Buddhist texts to encourage perseverance in practice.

176 面

176.1 面 [chn.miàn][eng.face; surface; side; (also miàn, to face)][skt.mukha; (also "face" = mukha; "surface" = pṛṣṭha; "to face" = abhimukha)]

176.2 靣 [chn.miàn][eng.ancient variant of 面 (face); rare][skt.mukha]

176.3 靤 [bào][eng.pimple; (also bào, a boil); rare]

176.4 靥 [yè][eng.a dimple; (also yè, to smile)]

176.5 靦 [tiǎn][eng.to be ashamed; (also tiǎn, to be shy)][skt.lajjā; (also "shame" = lajjā; "modesty" = hrī)]

176.6 靧 [huì][eng.to wash the face; (also huì); rare]

176.7 靨 [yè][eng.a dimple; (also yè, a smile)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 176

Radical 176 (面, miàn) — "face" — represents the face, surface, or front of something (Kangxi #176). Its pictographic origin shows a face with eyes, and by extension it has come to represent the idea of facing something, confronting something, or the surface of an object. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Face-to-Face Encounter with the Dharma — The compound 面對 (to face, abhimukha) is used in the sense of "facing" the Dharma or "encountering" the teaching. The compound 面見 (to see face-to-face, sākṣāt) describes seeing the Buddha directly or seeing the truth directly. The compound 面對面 (face-to-face) appears in descriptions of direct transmission from teacher to student.

Shame and Modesty (靦, lajjā, hrī) — The character 靦 (shy/ashamed) translates lajjā (shame) and hrī (moral shame). These are two of the wholesome mental factors in Buddhist psychology. Hrī is the sense of shame that prevents one from doing wrong, and lajjā is the sense of modesty that prevents one from wrongdoing in front of others. The compound 靦顏 (to blush with shame) appears in contexts of moral self-awareness.

The Face as a Symbol of Appearance — The face is often used metaphorically in Buddhist similes for the "face" of the Buddha, which is radiant and peaceful. The compound 面光 (face-light) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiant countenance. The face is also used in similes for the impermanence of the body.

Text-critical note: 靣 is an ancient variant of 面. 靤 (pimple/boil) and 靧 (to wash the face) are rare terms with no doctrinal significance. 靦 appears in the context of moral shame, and its simplified form is sometimes used in modern contexts. The radical is small but contains one doctrinally significant character (靦, shame) and the foundational character 面.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

176.8 176.1/176.2 面/靣 (miàn) [skt.mukha; pṛṣṭha; abhimukha] — Face/surface; to face. Mukha is face; pṛṣṭha is surface/back; abhimukha is facing/towards. In Buddhist contexts, 面 appears in: (1) 面對 (to face, abhimukha) — used in descriptions of facing the Dharma; (2) 面見 (to see face-to-face, sākṣāt) — direct seeing of the Buddha or the truth; (3) 面門 (the face, mukha) — appearing in descriptions of the Buddha’s features; (4) 面壁 (wall-gazing) — a term from Chan/Zen Buddhism, referring to Bodhidharma’s nine years of meditation facing a wall. The compound 四面 (four sides, catur-diś) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance illuminating all directions.

176.9 176.3 靤 (bào) — Pimple/boil. No doctrinal significance. Appears in medical sections of Vinaya.

176.10 176.4/176.7 靥/靨 (yè) — Dimple. No doctrinal significance.

176.11 176.5 靦 (tiǎn) [skt.lajjā; hrī] — To be ashamed/shy. Lajjā is shame; hrī is moral shame. In Buddhist psychology, hrī (moral shame) and ottappa (moral dread) are two of the wholesome mental factors. Hrī is the sense of shame that prevents one from doing wrong, and lajjā is the sense of modesty that prevents one from wrongdoing in front of others. The compound 靦顏 (to blush with shame) appears in contexts of moral self-awareness. In Vinaya, shame (lajjā) is considered a quality of the true monastic.

176.12 176.6 靧 (huì) — To wash the face. No doctrinal significance. Appears in Vinaya in the context of hygiene and cleanliness.

177 革

177.1 革 [chn.gé][eng.leather; hide; to change; (also gé, to reform)][skt.carma; (also "leather" = carma; "to change" = parivartana)]

177.2 靪 [dīng][eng.to mend (shoes); (also dīng); rare]

177.3 靫 [chá][eng.a quiver; (also chá)][skt.īṣīkā; (also "quiver" = tūṇa)]

177.4 靬 [qiān][eng.leather; (also qiān)][skt.carma]

177.5 靭 [rèn][eng.ancient variant of 韌 (tough; pliable); rare][skt.dṛḍha; (also "tough" = dṛḍha)]

177.6 靮 [dí][eng.a leather bridle; (also dí)][skt.raśmi; (also "bridle" = laguḍa)]

177.7 靯 [dù][eng.an ancient term; (also dù); rare]

177.8 靰 [wù][eng.an ancient term; (also wù); rare]

177.9 靱 [rèn][eng.ancient variant of 韌 (tough); rare][skt.dṛḍha]

177.10 靲 [qín][eng.leather; (also qín)][skt.carma]

177.11 靳 [jìn][eng.a cross-piece on a carriage; (also jìn, a surname); rare]

177.12 靴 [xuē][eng.boots; (also xuē, footwear)][skt.pādukā; (also "boots" = pāda-vastra)]

177.13 靵 [niǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also niǔ); rare]

177.14 靶 [bǎ / bà][eng.a target; (also bà, a handle)]

177.15 靷 [yǐn][eng.a leather cord; (also yǐn)]

177.16 靸 [sǎ][eng.a slipper; (also sǎ)][skt.pādukā]

177.17 靹 [nà][eng.an ancient term; (also nà); rare]

177.18 靺 [mò][eng.leather; (also mò)][skt.carma]

177.19 靻 [zǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also zǔ); rare]

177.20 靼 [dá][eng.leather; (also dá)][skt.carma]

177.21 靽 [bàn][eng.a leather strap; (also bàn)]

177.22 靾 [xiè][eng.leather; (also xiè)][skt.carma]

177.23 靿 [yào][eng.the upper of a boot; (also yào)]

177.24 鞀 [táo][eng.a small drum; (also táo, a hand drum)][skt.mṛdaṅga; (also "drum" = paṭaha)]

177.25 鞁 [bèi][eng.a leather harness; (also bèi)]

177.26 鞂 [jiē][eng.an ancient term; (also jiē); rare]

177.27 鞃 [hóng][eng.an ancient term; (also hóng); rare]

177.28 鞄 [páo][eng.leather; (also páo)][skt.carma]

177.29 鞅 [yāng][eng.a leather strap; (also yāng, a halter)]

177.30 鞆 [bǐng][eng.an ancient term; (also bǐng); rare]

177.31 鞇 [yīn][eng.an ancient term; (also yīn); rare]

177.32 鞈 [gé][eng.leather armor; (also gé)][skt.carma-varma; (also "armor" = kavaca)]

177.33 鞉 [táo][eng.a drum; variant of 鞀][skt.mṛdaṅga]

177.34 鞊 [jí][eng.a leather harness; (also jí)]

177.35 鞋 [xié][eng.shoes; (also xié, footwear)][skt.pādukā; (also "shoes" = pāda-vastra)]

177.36 鞌 [ān][eng.ancient variant of 鞍 (saddle); rare]

177.37 鞍 [ān][eng.a saddle; (also ān)]

177.38 鞎 [hén][eng.an ancient term; (also hén); rare]

177.39 鞏 [gǒng][eng.to bind; to consolidate; (also gǒng, firm)][skt.bandhana; (also "to bind" = bandhana)]

177.40 鞐 [qiǎ][eng.an ancient term; (also qiǎ); rare]

177.41 鞑 [dá][eng.the Tatars; simplified of 韃]

177.42 鞒 [qiáo][eng.a saddle; simplified of 韒]

177.43 鞓 [tīng][eng.a leather belt; (also tīng)]

177.44 鞔 [mán][eng.to cover; to sew; (also mán, a drum head)][skt.ācchādana; (also "to cover" = chādana)]

177.45 鞕 [biān][eng.ancient variant of 鞭 (a whip); rare][skt.aṅkuśa; (also "whip" = kāśā)]

177.46 鞖 [suī][eng.an ancient term; (also suī); rare]

177.47 鞗 [tiáo][eng.the reins of a carriage; (also tiáo)][skt.raśmi]

177.48 鞘 [qiào / shāo][eng.a scabbard; (also shāo, a whip)][skt.kośa; (also "sheath" = kośa)]

177.49 鞙 [xuàn][eng.a leather belt; (also xuàn)]

177.50 鞚 [kòng][eng.a bridle; (also kòng, a bit)][skt.raśmi]

177.51 鞛 [běng][eng.an ancient term; (also běng); rare]

177.52 鞜 [tà][eng.leather shoes; (also tà)][skt.pādukā]

177.53 鞝 [shǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also shǎng); rare]

177.54 鞞 [bǐng / pí][eng.a scabbard; (also pí, a drum)][skt.kośa; (also "sheath" = kośa)]

177.55 鞟 [kuò][eng.leather; (also kuò)][skt.carma]

177.56 鞠 [jū][eng.a ball; to interrogate; (also jū, to rear)][skt.kanduka; (also "ball" = kanduka; "to interrogate" = pṛcchā)]

177.57 鞡 [la][eng.an ancient term; (also la); rare]

177.58 鞢 [dié / xiè][eng.a leather belt; (also xiè)]

177.59 鞣 [róu][eng.to tan (leather); (also róu, to soften)]

177.60 鞤 [bāng][eng.an ancient term; (also bāng); rare]

177.61 鞥 [ēng][eng.an ancient term; (also ēng); rare]

177.62 鞦 [qiū][eng.a swing; (also qiū, a leather strap)]

177.63 鞧 [qiū][eng.a leather strap; (also qiū)]

177.64 鞨 [hé][eng.leather; (also hé)][skt.carma]

177.65 鞩 [qiào][eng.a scabbard; (also qiào)][skt.kośa]

177.66 鞪 [mù][eng.an ancient term; (also mù); rare]

177.67 鞫 [jū][eng.to interrogate; to examine; (also jū, a cross-examination)][skt.pṛcchā; (also "to interrogate" = paripṛcchā)]

177.68 鞬 [jiān][eng.a leather quiver; (also jiān)][skt.tūṇa; (also "quiver" = īṣīkā)]

177.69 鞭 [biān][eng.a whip; (also biān, to flog)][skt.aṅkuśa; (also "whip" = kāśā)]

177.70 鞮 [dī][eng.leather shoes; (also dī)][skt.pādukā]

177.71 鞯 [jiān][eng.a saddle blanket; simplified of 韉]

177.72 鞰 [wēn][eng.an ancient term; (also wēn); rare]

177.73 鞱 [tāo][eng.an ancient term; (also tāo); rare]

177.74 鞲 [gōu][eng.a leather sleeve; (also gōu)]

177.75 鞳 [tà][eng.an ancient term; (also tà); rare]

177.76 鞴 [bèi][eng.a saddle; (also bèi)]

177.77 鞵 [xié][eng.ancient variant of 鞋 (shoes); rare][skt.pādukā]

177.78 鞶 [pán][eng.a leather belt; (also pán)]

177.79 鞷 [gé][eng.an ancient term; (also gé); rare]

177.80 鞸 [bì][eng.a leather belt; (also bì)]

177.81 鞹 [kuò][eng.leather; (also kuò)][skt.carma]

177.82 鞺 [tāng][eng.the sound of a drum; (also tāng)][skt.śabda; (also "drum sound" = paṭaha-śabda)]

177.83 鞻 [lóu][eng.an ancient term; (also lóu); rare]

177.84 鞼 [guì][eng.leather; (also guì)][skt.carma]

177.85 鞽 [qiáo][eng.a saddle; (also qiáo)]

177.86 鞾 [xuē][eng.ancient variant of 靴 (boots); rare][skt.pādukā]

177.87 鞿 [jī][eng.a leather bridle; (also jī)][skt.raśmi]

177.88 韀 [jiān][eng.a saddle blanket; (also jiān)]

177.89 韁 [jiāng][eng.a leather rein; (also jiāng, a bridle)][skt.raśmi; (also "rein" = laguḍa)]

177.90 韂 [chàn][eng.a saddle blanket; (also chàn)]

177.91 韃 [dá][eng.the Tatars; traditional of 鞑]

177.92 韄 [huò][eng.an ancient term; (also huò); rare]

177.93 韅 [xiǎn][eng.leather; (also xiǎn)][skt.carma]

177.94 韆 [qiān][eng.a swing; (also qiān)]

177.95 韇 [dú][eng.an ancient term; (also dú); rare]

177.96 韈 [wà][eng.ancient variant of 襪 (socks); rare][skt.pāda-vastra]

177.97 韉 [jiān][eng.a saddle blanket; (also jiān)]

177.98 韊 [lán][eng.an ancient term; (also lán); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 177

Radical 177 (革, gé) — "leather" — is one of the most extensive radicals in the lexicon, encompassing everything related to leather, hides, and objects made from them: saddles, bridles, boots, scabbards, drums, and by extension, the concept of change or reform (Kangxi #177). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate to significant importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Leather in Vinaya — The use of leather appears in numerous Vinaya contexts: (a) Monks are permitted to use leather sandals (靴, pādukā) in certain circumstances (e.g., protection from rough terrain); (b) Leather bowls and containers are sometimes mentioned; (c) The use of leather is regulated, and the killing of animals for leather is prohibited (monastics may not use leather from animals killed specifically for them). The compound 革屣 (leather sandals) appears in Vinaya.

Change and Reform (革, parivartana) — The character 革 itself means "leather" but also "to change" or "to reform" — as in 革命 (revolution), 改革 (reform). In Buddhist contexts, 革 appears in the sense of "transformation" — the transformation of the mind through practice. The compound 革心 (to change the mind/heart) is a term for conversion or spiritual transformation. In some Mahāyāna texts, 革 is used for the "reform" of one’s views.

Drums (鞀/鞉, mṛdaṅga, paṭaha) — Drums are mentioned in Buddhist ritual contexts. The compound 法鼓 (dharma-bherī, the drum of the Dharma) is a powerful metaphor for the Buddha’s teaching that awakens beings from the sleep of ignorance. The "drum of the Dharma" is struck to call beings to the path. In Vinaya, drums are sometimes mentioned in the context of monastic life (e.g., a drum to signal the time for meals or for assembly).

The Whip (鞭, aṅkuśa) — The whip appears in similes for the "goad" of mindfulness that guides the mind. The compound 鞭策 (to spur on) is used for the encouragement of spiritual effort. In some contexts, the "whip of the Dharma" is a metaphor for the Buddha’s teaching that urges beings toward liberation.

Binding and Firmness (鞏, bandhana, dṛḍha) — The compound 鞏固 (to consolidate/strengthen) appears in descriptions of the strengthening of the mind through practice. The "binding" of the mind to wholesome objects is a key aspect of meditation.

Saddles and Horse Equipment — Many characters in this radical refer to saddles, bridles, reins, and other horse-riding equipment. In Buddhist similes, the well-trained mind is like a well-trained horse that responds to the bridle (韁, raśmi) of mindfulness. The compound 調馬 (to tame a horse) is a common simile for taming the mind. The "horse" (馬, aśva) appears in Jātaka tales and in similes for the swiftness of the mind.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are numerous and include 鞑/韃, 鞯/韉, 靴/鞾, 鞋/鞵, 鞍/鞌, 鞭/鞕 (variant), and must be carefully unified in back-translation. Many characters under this radical are rare or classical leather goods with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

177.99 177.1 革 (gé) [skt.carma; parivartana] — Leather/hide; to change. Carma is leather/hide; parivartana is change/transformation. In Buddhist contexts, 革 appears in: (1) 革屣 (leather sandals) — mentioned in Vinaya; (2) 改革 (reform) — used for the transformation of the mind; (3) 革心 (to change the heart/mind) — a term for spiritual conversion.

177.100 177.3 靫 (chá) [skt.īṣīkā; tūṇa] — A quiver. In Jātaka tales, the quiver appears in contexts of hunting (which is prohibited in Vinaya).

177.101 177.5/177.9 靭/靱 (rèn) [skt.dṛḍha] — Tough/pliable. Dṛḍha is firm/strong. In Buddhist contexts, 靭 appears in the compound 堅韌 (firm and tough), describing the strength of the mind or the resilience of the Dharma.

177.102 177.12/177.86 靴/鞾 (xuē) [skt.pādukā; pāda-vastra] — Boots. In Vinaya, monks are permitted to wear boots in cold or rough terrain. The compound 革靴 (leather boots) appears in Vinaya.

177.103 177.24/177.33 鞀/鞉 (táo) [skt.mṛdaṅga; paṭaha] — A small drum. In Buddhist contexts, drums appear in the compound 法鼓 (dharma-bherī, drum of the Dharma), a metaphor for the Buddha’s teaching that awakens beings. In Vinaya, drums signal monastic activities.

177.104 177.29 鞅 (yāng) — A leather strap. In Buddhist similes, the strap of the harness is used for the "tightening" of attention.

177.105 177.32 鞈 (gé) [skt.carma-varma; kavaca] — Leather armor. In Vinaya, armor is prohibited for monastics. Appears in Jātaka tales of warriors.

177.106 177.35/177.77 鞋/鞵 (xié) [skt.pādukā] — Shoes. In Vinaya, shoes are permitted for monastics (especially in cold climates). The compound 革鞋 (leather shoes) is mentioned in Vinaya.

177.107 177.37 鞍 (ān) — Saddle. Appears in Vinaya in descriptions of horse-riding equipment (monastics are generally not permitted to ride horses except in specific circumstances).

177.108 177.39 鞏 (gǒng) [skt.bandhana] — To bind/consolidate. Bandhana is binding/connection. In Buddhist contexts, 鞏 appears in: (1) 鞏固 (to consolidate/strengthen) — describing the strengthening of the mind through meditation; (2) 鞏持 (to maintain firmly) — describing the retention of the Dharma. The "binding" of the mind to wholesome objects is a key aspect of practice.

177.109 177.44 鞔 (mán) [skt.ācchādana; chādana] — To cover/sew. Ācchādana is covering; chādana is covering. In Vinaya, the covering of a drum with leather is a craft activity, but monastics are generally prohibited from craftwork.

177.110 177.48 鞘 (qiào / shāo) [skt.kośa] — A scabbard. Kośa is a sheath/container (also the source of the term kośa for treasury). In Jātaka tales, scabbards appear in contexts of weapons.

177.111 177.50 鞚 (kòng) [skt.raśmi] — A bridle. Raśmi is a bridle/rein. In Buddhist similes, the bridle of mindfulness controls the wild mind, like a bridle controls a horse.

177.112 177.54 鞞 (bǐng / pí) [skt.kośa; paṭaha] — A scabbard; a drum. In Buddhist contexts, 鞞 appears in the compound 鞞陀 (Veda), though this is rare. In the sense of "drum," it may appear in ritual contexts.

177.113 177.56 鞠 (jū) [skt.kanduka; pṛcchā] — A ball; to interrogate. (1) As kanduka: a ball — appears in Jātaka tales and in Vinaya (monks are prohibited from playing ball games). (2) As pṛcchā: to interrogate — appears in the compound 鞫問 (to interrogate/question), which in Vinaya is part of the process of investigating an offence.

177.114 177.62 鞦 (qiū) — A swing. No doctrinal significance.

177.115 177.67 鞫 (jū) [skt.pṛcchā; paripṛcchā] — To interrogate/examine. In Vinaya, the "interrogation" of a monk who has committed an offence is part of the disciplinary process. The compound 鞫審 (to examine/interrogate) appears in Vinaya contexts.

177.116 177.69 鞭 (biān) [skt.aṅkuśa; kāśā] — A whip. Aṅkuśa is an elephant-goad (used to guide elephants); kāśā is a whip. In Buddhist similes, the whip represents mindfulness that "spurs" the mind toward awakening. The compound 鞭策 (to spur on) is used for the encouragement of spiritual effort. In Vinaya, whips are prohibited as weapons for monastics.

177.117 177.74 鞲 (gōu) — A leather sleeve. No doctrinal significance.

177.118 177.82 鞺 (tāng) [skt.śabda; paṭaha-śabda] — The sound of a drum. In Buddhist contexts, the sound of the drum is a metaphor for the sound of the Dharma awakening beings. The compound 鞺鞺 (the sound of drums) appears in ritual descriptions.

177.119 177.89 韁 (jiāng) [skt.raśmi; laguḍa] — A leather rein/bridle. Raśmi is a bridle/rein; laguḍa is a stick/control. In Buddhist similes, the rein of mindfulness controls the "horse" of the mind. The compound 韁繩 (reins) appears in similes for the control of the mind in meditation.

177.120 177.91 韃 (dá) — The Tatars. Appears in historical contexts in the later history of Buddhism in China and Mongolia. No doctrinal significance.

177.121 177.97 韉 (jiān) — A saddle blanket. No doctrinal significance.

178 韋

178.1 韋 [chn.wéi][eng.tanned soft leather; (also wéi, a leather strap)][skt.carma; (also "leather" = carma)]

178.2 韌 [rèn][eng.tough; pliable; (also rèn, resilient)][skt.dṛḍha; (also "tough" = dṛḍha; "resilient" = sthira)]

178.3 韍 [fú][eng.a leather ceremonial garment; (also fú); rare]

178.4 韎 [mèi][eng.leather; (also mèi)][skt.carma]

178.5 韏 [quàn][eng.an ancient term; (also quàn); rare]

178.6 韐 [gé][eng.a knee cover; (also gé); rare]

178.7 韑 [wěi][eng.an ancient term; (also wěi); rare]

178.8 韒 [qiào][eng.a scabbard; (also qiào)][skt.kośa; (also "sheath" = kośa)]

178.9 韓 [hán][eng.Han (ancient state); (also Hán, a surname)]

178.10 韔 [chàng][eng.a leather quiver; (also chàng)][skt.tūṇa; (also "quiver" = īṣīkā)]

178.11 韕 [tuó][eng.an ancient term; (also tuó); rare]

178.12 韖 [rǒu][eng.an ancient term; (also rǒu); rare]

178.13 韗 [yùn][eng.an ancient term; (also yùn); rare]

178.14 韘 [shè][eng.a leather archer’s thumb ring; (also shè); rare]

178.15 韙 [wěi][eng.right; correct; (also wěi, proper)][skt.samyak; (also "correct" = samyak)]

178.16 韚 [gé][eng.an ancient term; (also gé); rare]

178.17 韛 [bài][eng.a leather bellows; (also bài); rare]

178.18 韜 [tāo][eng.to conceal; to hide; a leather case; (also tāo, a sheath)][skt.gūḍha; (also "to conceal" = nigūhana; "sheath" = kośa)]

178.19 韝 [gōu][eng.a leather armband; (also gōu); rare]

178.20 韞 [yùn][eng.to contain; to store; (also yùn, a leather bag)][skt.saṃcaya; (also "to contain" = dhāraṇa)]

178.21 韟 [gāo][eng.an ancient term; (also gāo); rare]

178.22 韠 [bì][eng.a leather knee cover; (also bì); rare]

178.23 韡 [wěi][eng.splendid; (also wěi)][skt.śrī; (also "splendid" = śobhana)]

178.24 韢 [suì][eng.an ancient term; (also suì); rare]

178.25 韣 [dú][eng.a leather quiver; (also dú)][skt.tūṇa]

178.26 韤 [wà][eng.ancient variant of 襪 (socks); rare][skt.pāda-vastra]

178.27 韥 [dú][eng.an ancient term; (also dú); rare]

178.28 韦 [wéi][eng.tanned leather; simplified of 韋][skt.carma]

178.29 韧 [rèn][eng.tough; simplified of 韌][skt.dṛḍha]

178.30 韨 [fú][eng.leather ceremonial garment; simplified of 韍]

178.31 韩 [hán][eng.Han (state); simplified of 韓]

178.32 韪 [wěi][eng.right; simplified of 韙][skt.samyak]

178.33 韫 [yùn][eng.to contain; simplified of 韞][skt.saṃcaya; dhāraṇa]

178.34 韬 [tāo][eng.to conceal; simplified of 韜][skt.gūḍha; nigūhana]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 178

Radical 178 (韋, wéi) — "tanned soft leather" — is a moderate-sized radical representing leather, leather goods, and by extension, toughness, concealment, and correctness (Kangxi #178). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Toughness and Resilience (韌, dṛḍha, sthira) — The concept of "toughness" or "resilience" is used in Buddhist similes for the mind that is firm in the face of adversity. The compound 堅韌 (firm and tough) describes the mind of a practitioner who does not waver. The compound 精進勇猛 (vigor and courage) is a standard description of the bodhisattva’s effort.

Concealment and Hiding (韜, gūḍha, nigūhana) — The character 韜 (to conceal/hide) appears in Buddhist contexts in the sense of "concealing" one’s good deeds or "hiding" one’s attainments. In Vinaya, the concealment of offences (chādanā) is a serious transgression — monks must confess their offences, not hide them. The compound 韜光養晦 (to conceal one’s light and nourish one’s obscurity) is a phrase about humility and discretion, which is related to the Buddhist value of humility.

Correctness (韙, samyak) — The character 韙 (right/correct) translates samyak (right/correct), which appears in the Noble Eightfold Path: Right View (正見, samyag-dṛṣṭi), Right Intention (正思惟, samyak-saṃkalpa), Right Speech (正語, samyag-vāc), Right Action (正業, samyak-karmanta), Right Livelihood (正命, samyag-ājīva), Right Effort (正精進, samyag-vyāyāma), Right Mindfulness (正念, samyak-smṛti), and Right Concentration (正定, samyak-samādhi). The compound 正 (correct) is more commonly used, but 韙 appears in some contexts.

The Han State (韓/韩) — This character appears in historical contexts (the Han state of the Warring States period). In Buddhist texts, it appears in colophons and in references to Chinese dynasties.

Containment and Storage (韞, saṃcaya, dhāraṇa) — The compound 韞藏 (to store/conceal) appears in the context of storing the Dharma or "containing" the teachings. The concept of "holding" the Dharma is related to dhāraṇa (the ability to hold/retain teachings). The compound 含韞 (to contain) appears in descriptions of the mind that "contains" wisdom.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 韋/韦, 韌/韧, 韍/韨, 韓/韩, 韙/韪, 韜/韬, 韞/韫, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The character 韓 appears in the compound 韓國 (Korea) in later texts.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

178.35 178.1/178.28 韋/韦 (wéi) [skt.carma] — Tanned leather. In Vinaya, leather is mentioned in the context of allowable footwear and containers. The compound 韋陀 (Veda) uses 韋 as a phonetic for Veda, though this is rare.

178.36 178.2/178.29 韌/韧 (rèn) [skt.dṛḍha; sthira] — Tough/resilient. Dṛḍha is firm/strong; sthira is steady/firm. In Buddhist contexts, 韌 appears in the compound 堅韌 (firm and tough), describing the unshakeable mind of a practitioner. The compound 韌性 (resilience) appears in descriptions of the Dharma’s strength.

178.37 178.3/178.30 韍/韨 (fú) — A leather ceremonial garment. No doctrinal significance. Appears in historical contexts.

178.38 178.8 韒 (qiào) [skt.kośa] — A scabbard. Similar to 鞘. In Jātaka tales, scabbards appear in contexts of weapons. The compound 刀韒 (scabbard) appears in Vinaya.

178.39 178.9/178.31 韓/韩 (hán) — The Han state. Appears in historical contexts in Buddhist texts (e.g., in colophons describing the location of a translation). The compound 韓國 (Korea) appears in later Buddhist history.

178.40 178.10 韔 (chàng) [skt.tūṇa; īṣīkā] — A leather quiver. Appears in Jātaka tales. In Vinaya, quivers are weapons-related and prohibited for monastics.

178.41 178.15/178.32 韙/韪 (wěi) [skt.samyak] — Right/correct. In Buddhist contexts, 韙 appears in the compound 韙正 (correct/right), used in the context of Right View and the Noble Eightfold Path. The compound 韙否 (right or wrong) appears in discussions of correct discernment.

178.42 178.18/178.34 韜/韬 (tāo) [skt.gūḍha; nigūhana; kośa] — To conceal/hide; a leather case. (1) As gūḍha: hidden/concealed — the compound 韜藏 (to conceal/store) appears in contexts of hiding one’s attainments or storing the Dharma. (2) As nigūhana: concealment — in Vinaya, the concealment of offences is a serious transgression. (3) As kośa: sheath/case — the compound 韜光 (to conceal one’s light) appears in similes for humility.

178.43 178.20/178.33 韞/韫 (yùn) [skt.saṃcaya; dhāraṇa] — To contain/store. Saṃcaya is accumulation; dhāraṇa is holding/retention. In Buddhist contexts, 韞 appears in the compound 韞藏 (to contain/conceal), used for the mind that "contains" the Dharma. The compound 含韞 (to contain) appears in descriptions of wisdom that is "stored" in the mind. In the context of dhāraṇī, the ability to "hold" the teachings is critical.

178.44 178.22 韠 (bì) — A leather knee cover. No doctrinal significance.

178.45 178.23 韡 (wěi) [skt.śrī; śobhana] — Splendid. Śrī is splendor/beauty; śobhana is beautiful/splendid. In Buddhist contexts, 韡 appears in the compound 韡韡 (splendid/brilliant), used in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance.

178.46 178.25 韣 (dú) [skt.tūṇa] — A leather quiver. Similar to 韔. Appears in Jātaka tales.

178.47 178.26 韤 (wà) [skt.pāda-vastra] — Socks. Variant of 襪. In Vinaya, socks are permitted for monastics in cold climates.

179 韭

179.1 韭 [chn.jiǔ][eng.leek; (also jiǔ, a chive-like vegetable)][skt.lata; (also "leek" = palāṇḍu; "garlic" = lashuna; "onion" = latā)]

179.2 韮 [chn.jiǔ][eng.ancient variant of 韭 (leek); rare][skt.lata]

179.3 韯 [xiān][eng.ancient term; (also xiān); rare]

179.4 韰 [xiè][eng.an ancient term; (also xiè); rare]

179.5 韱 [xiān][eng.an ancient term; (also xiān); rare]

179.6 韲 [jī][eng.an ancient variant of 齑 (to mince; a condiment); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 179

Radical 179 (韭, jiǔ) — "leek" — is a small radical representing the leek or chive plant (Kangxi #179). Its pictographic origin shows a plant with leaves above and roots below. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of limited but interesting significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Dietary Rules in Vinaya — The leek belongs to the Allium family of plants (garlic, onion, shallot, leek, chive). In Buddhism, certain pungent vegetables are prohibited for monastics in some traditions. The compound 五辛 (pañca-śuṇṭhā, the five pungent roots/vegetables) traditionally includes garlic, onion, leek, shallot, and Chinese leek (or sometimes other variations). The prohibition is primarily because these vegetables are believed to inflame the passions, produce strong odors, and attract harmful spirits. In the Brahma’s Net Sūtra (梵網經, Brahmajāla Sūtra), the consumption of five pungent roots is prohibited. In Chinese Buddhism, 韭 (leek) is one of the "five pungent roots" that monastics and strict lay practitioners avoid.

Etymology and Classical Usage — The character 韭 appears in classical Chinese texts as a plant name. Its presence in the Buddhist Vinaya context is as a prohibited food item in some traditions.

Text-critical note: the radical is very small, containing only a few characters. 韮 is an ancient variant of 韭. 韯, 韰, 韱, and 韲 are rare archaic terms with no Buddhist doctrinal significance. The simplified/traditional forms are minimal in this radical.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

179.7 179.1/179.2 韭/韮 (jiǔ) [skt.lata; palāṇḍu; latā] — Leek. The compound 五辛 (pañca-śuṇṭhā, the five pungent roots) includes the leek in some lists. In Vinaya and in the Brahma’s Net Sūtra, the consumption of leeks and other pungent vegetables is prohibited for monastics (and sometimes for strict lay practitioners). The compound 韭蒜 (leek and garlic) appears in dietary discussions.

179.8 179.3 韯 (xiān) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

179.9 179.4 韰 (xiè) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

179.10 179.5 韱 (xiān) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

179.11 179.6 韲 (jī) — An archaic variant of 齑 (to mince; a condiment). No doctrinal significance. Appears in dietary contexts but not as a Buddhist technical term.

180 音

180.1 音 [chn.yīn][eng.sound; tone; (also yīn, a note)][skt.śabda; (also "sound" = śabda; "tone" = svara)]

180.2 韴 [zá][eng.ancient term; (also zá); rare]

180.3 韵 [yùn][eng.rhyme; sound; (also yùn, charm)][skt.śabda; (also "rhyme" = gāthā; "melody" = svara)]

180.4 韶 [sháo][eng.splendid; (also sháo, music of the Shao era)][skt.gīta; (also "music" = gīta)]

180.5 韷 [lè][eng.ancient term; (also lè); rare]

180.6 韸 [péng][eng.ancient term; (also péng); rare]

180.7 韹 [huáng][eng.sound of bells; (also huáng)][skt.ghoṣa; (also "sound" = śabda)]

180.8 韺 [yīng][eng.ancient term; (also yīng); rare]

180.9 韻 [yùn][eng.rhyme; sound; (also yùn, melody)][skt.śabda; (also "rhyme" = gāthā; "melody" = svara)]

180.10 韼 [péng][eng.ancient term; (also péng); rare]

180.11 韽 [ān][eng.ancient term; (also ān); rare]

180.12 韾 [yīn][eng.ancient term; (also yīn); rare]

180.13 響 [xiǎng][eng.sound; echo; to resound; (also xiǎng, a reverberation)][skt.pratiśruti; (also "echo" = pratighoṣa; "sound" = śabda)]

180.14 頀 [hù][eng.an ancient term; (also hù); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 180

Radical 180 (音, yīn) — "sound" — is one of the most significant radicals for Buddhist textual studies (Kangxi #180). Its semantic field encompasses sound, tone, music, rhyme, and by extension, the whole domain of auditory phenomena. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of profound importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Sound as the Medium of Transmission — The Buddha’s teachings were transmitted orally for centuries before being written down. The compound 音聲 (sound, śabda) is the vehicle of the Dharma. The Buddha’s voice is described as being "of profound and beautiful sound" (深遠音聲, gambhīra-śabda), one of the attributes of a Buddha. The compound 法音 (dharma-śabda, the sound of the Dharma) appears in countless sūtras, describing the teaching as a "sound" that awakens beings.

Buddhist Epistemology — In Indian epistemology, śabda (sound/verbal testimony) is one of the means of valid knowledge (pramāṇa). The Buddha’s word (śabda) is considered a valid source of knowledge for those who trust in the Buddha. The compound 聖教量 (āgama-pramāṇa, the authority of scripture) is based on the sound of the Buddha’s teachings.

Mantra and Recitation — The use of sound in Buddhist practice is extensive. The recitation of sūtras (誦經, sūtra-pāṭha) and the chanting of mantras (真言, mantra) are based on the power of sound. The compound 音聲陀羅尼 (śabda-dhāraṇī, the dhāraṇī of sound) is a term for the retention of the Buddha’s teachings. The compound 唄音 (chanting, bhāṇaka) describes the recitation of scriptures.

The Buddha’s Voice — The Buddha’s voice is one of the thirty-two major marks of a great being (三十二相, dvātriṃśan-mahā-puruṣa-lakṣaṇa). The Buddha’s voice is said to be: (a) deep and resonant (如雷音, like thunder); (b) clear and distinct (分明音聲, clear sound); (c) infinitely powerful (遍滿音聲, pervading all directions). The compound 梵音 (brahma-svara, the voice of Brahma) is a standard epithet for the Buddha’s voice, which is said to be pure, sweet, and far-reaching.

Music and Ritual — Music (韶, gīta) is used in Buddhist ritual in many traditions. The compound 音樂 (music, gīta) appears in descriptions of celestial offerings and in the ritual context of temple ceremonies. In Vinaya, the use of music is regulated — monastics are generally prohibited from performing music, but they may listen to it in certain contexts (e.g., as offerings). The compound 伎樂 (music and dance, gīta-nṛtya) appears in descriptions of offerings to the Buddha.

Echo and Resounding (響, pratiśruti, pratighoṣa) — The compound 響應 (to echo/respond) is used metaphorically in Buddhist texts for the way beings respond to the Buddha’s teachings. The concept of "echo" is also used in Mādhyamika philosophy: phenomena are like echoes — they appear but have no inherent existence.

Rhyme and Composition (韻, gāthā) — The compound 韻文 (verse, gāthā) appears in the context of the Buddha’s teachings in verse form. Many sūtras contain both prose (散文) and verse (韻文) sections. The compound 偈頌 (gāthā, verse) is the standard term for verses in the canon.

The Silence of the Buddha — In some Mahāyāna sūtras, the Buddha’s silence is as significant as his speech. The compound 無聲 (silent, śūnya-śabda) appears in descriptions of the ineffable nature of nirvāṇa. The Buddha’s final teaching, according to some traditions, is the "silent teaching" (沉默, mauna).

Text-critical note: 韻 is the traditional form; 韵 is a variant (both mean "rhyme/sound"). 響 is the traditional form of 响 (sound/echo). The radical contains several archaic characters with no doctrinal significance. The simplified/traditional variants are minimal in this radical.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

180.15 180.1 音 (yīn) [skt.śabda; svara] — Sound/tone. Śabda is sound; svara is tone/vowel/sound. In Buddhist contexts, 音 appears in: (1) 音聲 (śabda, sound) — the medium of the Dharma; (2) 梵音 (brahma-svara, the voice of Brahma) — an epithet for the Buddha’s voice; (3) 法音 (dharma-śabda, the sound of the Dharma) — the Buddha’s teaching; (4) 音響 (śabda-pratiśruti, sound and echo) — used in similes for the nature of phenomena. The compound 觀音 (Avalokiteśvara) uses 音 in the sense of "sound" — the bodhisattva who "observes the sounds of the world."

180.16 180.3/180.9 韵/韻 (yùn) [skt.śabda; gāthā; svara] — Rhyme/sound. Gāthā is a verse; svara is tone/melody. In Buddhist contexts, 韻 appears in: (1) 韻律 (rhythm) — used in descriptions of the Buddha’s voice; (2) 韻文 (verse, gāthā) — the verse sections of sūtras; (3) 和韻 (harmonious sound) — describing the beauty of the Buddha’s voice. The compound 音韻 (sound and rhyme) is a general term for the auditory qualities of the Dharma.

180.17 180.4 韶 (sháo) [skt.gīta] — Splendid; music. Gīta is song/music. In Buddhist contexts, 韶 appears in the compound 韶樂 (music of the Shao), used in descriptions of celestial offerings to the Buddha. Music and dance are offered to the Buddha in many Pure Land descriptions. In Vinaya, music is generally prohibited for monastics, but it is permitted as an offering to the Buddha in ritual contexts.

180.18 180.7 韹 (huáng) [skt.ghoṣa; śabda] — The sound of bells. Ghoṣa is sound/voice; śabda is sound. In Buddhist contexts, 韹 appears in the compound 金韹 (the sound of metal), describing the sound of temple bells or gongs. The sound of bells is a sacred sound in Buddhism, used to mark the time and to awaken beings.

180.19 180.13 響 (xiǎng) [skt.pratiśruti; pratighoṣa] — Sound/echo. (1) As pratiśruti: echo — the compound 響應 (to echo/respond) is used metaphorically for beings responding to the Buddha’s teachings; (2) As pratighoṣa: reverberation — the compound 音響 (sound and echo) appears in similes for the impermanence of phenomena. In Mādhyamika philosophy, the "echo" is a standard simile for emptiness — phenomena appear but have no inherent existence. The compound 谷響 (the echo in a valley) is a famous simile for the empty nature of things.

180.20 180.14 頀 (hù) — An ancient term. No doctrinal significance.

181 頁

181.1 頁 [chn.yè][eng.page; leaf; (also yè, a sheet)][skt.patra; (also "leaf" = patra; "page" = patra)]

181.2 頂 [dǐng][eng.top; summit; to carry on the head; (also dǐng, to support)][skt.śiras; (also "top" = agra; "to carry on the head" = dhārayati)]

181.3 頃 [qǐng / qīng][eng.a moment; a unit of area; (also qīng, just now)][skt.kṣaṇa; (also "moment" = kṣaṇa; "a measure" = māna)]

181.4 頄 [qiú][eng.cheek; (also qiú)][skt.gaṇḍa; (also "cheek" = kapola)]

181.5 項 [xiàng][eng.neck; a term; (also xiàng, a clause)][skt.grīvā; (also "neck" = grīvā)]

181.6 順 [shùn][eng.to follow; to obey; favorable; (also shùn, along)][skt.anu; (also "to follow" = anugacchati; "favorable" = pratikūla)]

181.7 頇 [hān][eng.large; (also hān)][skt.mahat; (also "large" = mahat)]

181.8 須 [xū][eng.to need; to require; necessary; (also xū, a beard)][skt.prayojana; (also "need" = āśraya; "necessary" = āvaśyaka; "beard" = śmaśru)]

181.9 頉 [yí][eng.ancient variant of 頤 (chin); rare][skt.cibuka; (also "chin" = hanu)]

181.10 頊 [xū][eng.flustered; (also Xū, a surname); rare]

181.11 頋 [ě][eng.ancient variant of 頋?; rare]

181.12 頌 [sòng / róng][eng.to praise; a hymn; (also róng, appearance)][skt.gāthā; (also "praise" = ślāghā; "hymn" = stotra)]

181.13 頍 [kuǐ][eng.to raise the head; (also kuǐ); rare]

181.14 頎 [qí][eng.tall; (also qí)][skt.dīrgha; (also "tall" = dīrgha)]

181.15 頏 [háng][eng.throat; (also háng)][skt.kaṇṭha; (also "throat" = grīvā)]

181.16 預 [yù][eng.to prepare; to participate; (also yù, in advance)][skt.pūrva; (also "to prepare" = pratipatti; "in advance" = pūrvam)]

181.17 頑 [wán][eng.stubborn; obstinate; (also wán, foolish)][skt.dṛḍha; (also "stubborn" = dṛḍha; "foolish" = mūḍha)]

181.18 頒 [bān][eng.to promulgate; to bestow; (also bān, to issue)][skt.prakāśana; (also "to bestow" = dāna)]

181.19 頓 [dùn / dú][eng.to pause; suddenly; (also dú, a measure)][skt.sahasā; (also "suddenly" = sahasā; "to stop" = niṣṭhā)]

181.20 頔 [dí][eng.good; (also dí); rare]

181.21 頕 [dān][eng.an ancient term; (also dān); rare]

181.22 頖 [pàn][eng.to disperse; (also pàn)][skt.vikīrṇa; (also "to disperse" = vikīrṇa)]

181.23 頗 [pō / pǒ][eng.rather; (also pǒ, biased)]

181.24 領 [lǐng][eng.to receive; to lead; a collar; (also lǐng, territory)][skt.pratigṛhṇāti; (also "to receive" = pratigṛhṇāti; "to lead" = netṛ; "collar" = grīvā)]

181.25 頙 [chéng][eng.an ancient term; (also chéng); rare]

181.26 頚 [jǐng][eng.Japanese variant of 頸 (neck); rare][skt.grīvā]

181.27 頛 [lèi][eng.ancient term; (also lèi); rare]

181.28 頜 [hé / gé][eng.the chin; (also gé, a jaw)][skt.hanu; (also "chin" = cibuka)]

181.29 頝 [qiāo][eng.ancient term; (also qiāo); rare]

181.30 頞 [è][eng.the bridge of the nose; (also è)][skt.nāsā; (also "nose" = nāsā; "bridge of nose" = nāsā-agra)]

181.31 頟 [é][eng.the forehead; (also é)][skt.lalāṭa; (also "forehead" = lalāṭa)]

181.32 頠 [wěi][eng.ancient term; (also wěi); rare]

181.33 頡 [jié / xié][eng.to fly upward; (also xié, a surname)][skt.utpatana; (also "to rise" = utthāna)]

181.34 頢 [kuò][eng.ancient term; (also kuò); rare]

181.35 頣 [shěn][eng.ancient term; (also shěn); rare]

181.36 頤 [yí][eng.the chin; to nourish; (also yí, to care for)][skt.hanu; (also "chin" = cibuka; "to nourish" = poṣaṇa)]

181.37 頥 [yí][eng.ancient variant of 頤 (chin); rare][skt.hanu]

181.38 頦 [kē / hái][eng.the chin; (also hái, a cheek)][skt.hanu; (also "chin" = cibuka)]

181.39 頧 [duǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also duǐ); rare]

181.40 頨 [yǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔ); rare]

181.41 頩 [pīng][eng.an ancient term; (also pīng); rare]

181.42 頪 [lèi][eng.ancient variant of 類 (category); rare][skt.jāti; (also "category" = varṇa)]

181.43 頫 [fǔ][eng.to bend the head; (also fǔ)][skt.namra; (also "to bow" = praṇāma)]

181.44 頬 [jiá][eng.Japanese variant of 頰 (cheek); rare][skt.kapola; (also "cheek" = gaṇḍa)]

181.45 頭 [tóu][eng.head; (also tóu, a leader)][skt.śiras; (also "head" = śiras; "leader" = pradhāna)]

181.46 頮 [huì][eng.to wash the face; (also huì); rare]

181.47 頯 [kuí][eng.an ancient term; (also kuí); rare]

181.48 頰 [jiá][eng.cheek; (also jiá)][skt.kapola; (also "cheek" = gaṇḍa)]

181.49 頱 [luō][eng.an ancient term; (also luō); rare]

181.50 頲 [tǐng][eng.to straighten the neck; (also tǐng)][skt.ṛju; (also "straight" = ṛju)]

181.51 頳 [chēng][eng.red; (also chēng)][skt.rakta; (also "red" = rakta)]

181.52 頴 [yǐng][eng.Japanese variant of 穎 (pointed; clever); rare][skt.tīkṣṇa; (also "clever" = tīkṣṇa)]

181.53 頵 [jūn][eng.an ancient term; (also jūn); rare]

181.54 頶 [hú][eng.an ancient term; (also hú); rare]

181.55 頷 [hàn][eng.the chin; to nod; (also hàn, the jaw)][skt.hanu; (also "chin" = cibuka; "to nod" = śiras-kampana)]

181.56 頸 [jǐng][eng.neck; (also jǐng)][skt.grīvā; (also "neck" = grīvā)]

181.57 頹 [tuí][eng.to fall; to collapse; (also tuí, ruined)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati; "ruined" = naṣṭa)]

181.58 頺 [tuí][eng.ancient variant of 頹 (to fall); rare][skt.patati]

181.59 頻 [pín / bīn][eng.frequently; (also bīn, urgent)][skt.abhikṣṇa; (also "frequently" = abhikṣṇa; "urgent" = tvarā)]

181.60 頼 [lài][eng.Japanese variant of 賴 (to rely on); rare][skt.pratibhā; (also "to rely on" = āśraya)]

181.61 頽 [tuí][eng.variant of 頹 (to fall); rare][skt.patati]

181.62 頾 [zī][eng.the beard; (also zī)][skt.śmaśru; (also "beard" = śmaśru)]

181.63 頿 [zī][eng.variant of 頾 (beard); rare][skt.śmaśru]

181.64 顀 [chuí][eng.an ancient term; (also chuí); rare]

181.65 顁 [dìng][eng.the forehead; (also dìng)][skt.lalāṭa; (also "forehead" = lalāṭa)]

181.66 顂 [lài][eng.an ancient term; (also lài); rare]

181.67 顃 [tán][eng.an ancient term; (also tán); rare]

181.68 顄 [hàn][eng.the chin; (also hàn)][skt.hanu]

181.69 顅 [qiān][eng.an ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

181.70 顆 [kē][eng.a grain; a kernel; (also kē, a small sphere)][skt.bīja; (also "grain" = bīja; "kernel" = aṇu)]

181.71 顇 [cuì][eng.to be weary; (also cuì)][skt.klānta; (also "weary" = klānta)]

181.72 顈 [jiǒng][eng.an ancient term; (also jiǒng); rare]

181.73 顉 [qīn][eng.an ancient term; (also qīn); rare]

181.74 顊 [yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí); rare]

181.75 顋 [sāi][eng.an ancient term; (also sāi)][skt.kapola]

181.76 題 [tí][eng.a topic; a subject; (also tí, to inscribe)][skt.prakaraṇa; (also "topic" = prakaraṇa; "to inscribe" = lekha)]

181.77 額 [é][eng.the forehead; a quota; (also é, a fixed amount)][skt.lalāṭa; (also "forehead" = lalāṭa)]

181.78 顎 [è][eng.the jaw; (also è)][skt.hanu; (also "jaw" = hanu)]

181.79 顏 [yán][eng.face; color; (also yán, complexion)][skt.mukha; (also "face" = mukha; "color" = varṇa)]

181.80 顐 [wèn][eng.an ancient term; (also wèn); rare]

181.81 顑 [kǎn][eng.a sunken cheek; (also kǎn); rare]

181.82 顒 [yóng][eng.great; (also yóng, solemn)][skt.mahā; (also "great" = mahat)]

181.83 顓 [zhuān][eng.solemn; (also Zhuān, a surname)][skt.gambhīra; (also "solemn" = gambhīra)]

181.84 顔 [yán][eng.face; variant of 顏; rare][skt.mukha]

181.85 顕 [xiǎn][eng.Japanese variant of 顯 (manifest); rare][skt.prakāśa; (also "manifest" = prakāśa)]

181.86 顖 [xìn][eng.the fontanel; (also xìn); rare]

181.87 顗 [yǐ][eng.cautious; (also yǐ)][skt.apramāda; (also "cautious" = apramāda)]

181.88 願 [yuàn][eng.to wish; to desire; a vow; (also yuàn, an aspiration)][skt.praṇidhāna; (also "vow" = praṇidhāna; "desire" = chanda)]

181.89 顙 [sǎng][eng.the forehead; (also sǎng)][skt.lalāṭa; (also "forehead" = lalāṭa)]

181.90 顚 [diān][eng.variant of 顛 (to fall; summit); rare][skt.patati; (also "summit" = agra)]

181.91 顛 [diān][eng.to fall; the summit; (also diān, top)][skt.patati; (also "to fall" = bhraśyati; "summit" = agra)]

181.92 顜 [jiǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also jiǎng); rare]

181.93 顝 [kuī][eng.an ancient term; (also kuī); rare]

181.94 類 [lèi][eng.category; class; (also lèi, a kind)][skt.jāti; (also "category" = varṇa)]

181.95 顟 [láo][eng.an ancient term; (also láo); rare]

181.96 顠 [piǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also piǎo); rare]

181.97 顡 [wài][eng.an ancient term; (also wài); rare]

181.98 顢 [mán][eng.big-headed; (also mán)][skt.mahā-mukha; (also "big-headed" = mahā-śiras)]

181.99 顣 [cù][eng.to frown; (also cù)][skt.bhrukuti; (also "to frown" = bhrukuṭī)]

181.100 顤 [yáo][eng.an ancient term; (also yáo); rare]

181.101 顥 [hào][eng.bright; (also hào, white)][skt.prakāśa; (also "bright" = jyotis)]

181.102 顦 [qiáo][eng.ancient variant of 憔 (haggard); rare][skt.śrānta; (also "haggard" = glāna)]

181.103 顧 [gù][eng.to look back; to regard; to attend to; (also gù, a customer)][skt.avalokana; (also "to regard" = nirīkṣaṇa; "to attend" = upasthāna)]

181.104 顨 [xùn][eng.an ancient term; (also xùn); rare]

181.105 顩 [qín][eng.an ancient term; (also qín); rare]

181.106 顪 [huì][eng.an ancient term; (also huì); rare]

181.107 顫 [chàn / zhàn][eng.to tremble; to shiver; (also zhàn, to quiver)][skt.kampati; (also "to tremble" = kampati)]

181.108 顬 [rú][eng.an ancient term; (also rú); rare]

181.109 顭 [méng][eng.an ancient term; (also méng); rare]

181.110 顮 [bīn][eng.an ancient term; (also bīn); rare]

181.111 顯 [xiǎn][eng.manifest; to show; (also xiǎn, obvious)][skt.prakāśa; (also "manifest" = prakāśa; "to show" = darśana)]

181.112 顰 [pín][eng.to frown; (also pín, a frown)][skt.bhrukuti; (also "to frown" = bhrukuṭī)]

181.113 顱 [lú][eng.the skull; (also lú, the cranium)][skt.śiras; (also "skull" = kapāla)]

181.114 顲 [lǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also lǎn); rare]

181.115 顳 [niè][eng.the temple (of the head); (also niè)][skt.śaṅkha; (also "temple" = śaṅkha)]

181.116 顴 [quán][eng.the cheekbone; (also quán, the zygomatic)][skt.gaṇḍa; (also "cheekbone" = kapola)]

181.117 页 [yè][eng.page; simplified of 頁][skt.patra]

181.118 顶 [dǐng][eng.top; simplified of 頂][skt.śiras; agra]

181.119 顷 [qǐng][eng.a moment; simplified of 頃][skt.kṣaṇa]

181.120 顸 [hān][eng.large; simplified of 頇][skt.mahat]

181.121 项 [xiàng][eng.neck; simplified of 項][skt.grīvā]

181.122 顺 [shùn][eng.to follow; simplified of 順][skt.anu; anugacchati]

181.123 须 [xū][eng.to need; simplified of 須][skt.prayojana; āśraya]

181.124 顼 [xū][eng.flustered; simplified of 頊]

181.125 顽 [wán][eng.stubborn; simplified of 頑][skt.dṛḍha; mūḍha]

181.126 顾 [gù][eng.to look back; simplified of 顧][skt.avalokana]

181.127 顿 [dùn][eng.to pause; simplified of 頓][skt.sahasā; niṣṭhā]

181.128 颀 [qí][eng.tall; simplified of 頎][skt.dīrgha]

181.129 颁 [bān][eng.to promulgate; simplified of 頒][skt.prakāśana]

181.130 颂 [sòng][eng.to praise; simplified of 頌][skt.gāthā; ślāghā]

181.131 颃 [háng][eng.throat; simplified of 頏][skt.kaṇṭha]

181.132 预 [yù][eng.to prepare; simplified of 預][skt.pūrva; pratipatti]

181.133 颅 [lú][eng.skull; simplified of 顱][skt.śiras; kapāla]

181.134 领 [lǐng][eng.to receive; simplified of 領][skt.pratigṛhṇāti; netṛ]

181.135 颇 [pō][eng.rather; simplified of 頗]

181.136 颈 [jǐng][eng.neck; simplified of 頸][skt.grīvā]

181.137 颉 [jié][eng.to fly upward; simplified of 頡][skt.utpatana]

181.138 颊 [jiá][eng.cheek; simplified of 頰][skt.kapola; gaṇḍa]

181.139 颋 [tǐng][eng.to straighten the neck; simplified of 頲][skt.ṛju]

181.140 颌 [hé][eng.chin; simplified of 頜][skt.hanu; cibuka]

181.141 颍 [yǐng][eng.pointed; simplified of 潁][skt.tīkṣṇa]

181.142 颎 [jiǒng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 熲]

181.143 颏 [kē][eng.chin; simplified of 頦][skt.hanu]

181.144 颐 [yí][eng.chin; simplified of 頤][skt.hanu; cibuka]

181.145 频 [pín][eng.frequently; simplified of 頻][skt.abhikṣṇa]

181.146 颒 [huì][eng.to wash the face; simplified of 頮]

181.147 颓 [tuí][eng.to fall; simplified of 頹][skt.patati]

181.148 颔 [hàn][eng.chin; simplified of 頷][skt.hanu]

181.149 颕 [yǐng][eng.pointed; variant of 穎][skt.tīkṣṇa]

181.150 颖 [yǐng][eng.pointed; simplified of 穎][skt.tīkṣṇa]

181.151 颗 [kē][eng.grain; simplified of 顆][skt.bīja; aṇu]

181.152 题 [tí][eng.topic; simplified of 題][skt.prakaraṇa]

181.153 颙 [yóng][eng.great; simplified of 顒][skt.mahā]

181.154 颚 [è][eng.jaw; simplified of 顎][skt.hanu]

181.155 颛 [zhuān][eng.solemn; simplified of 顓][skt.gambhīra]

181.156 颜 [yán][eng.face; simplified of 顏][skt.mukha; varṇa]

181.157 额 [é][eng.forehead; simplified of 額][skt.lalāṭa]

181.158 颞 [niè][eng.temple; simplified of 顳][skt.śaṅkha]

181.159 颟 [mān][eng.big-headed; simplified of 顢][skt.mahā-śiras]

181.160 颠 [diān][eng.to fall; simplified of 顛][skt.patati; agra]

181.161 颡 [sǎng][eng.forehead; simplified of 顙][skt.lalāṭa]

181.162 颢 [hào][eng.bright; simplified of 顥][skt.prakāśa]

181.163 颣 [lèi][eng.category; simplified of 纇][skt.jāti]

181.164 颤 [chàn][eng.to tremble; simplified of 顫][skt.kampati]

181.165 颥 [rú][eng.ancient term; simplified of 顬]

181.166 颦 [pín][eng.to frown; simplified of 顰][skt.bhrukuti]

181.167 颧 [quán][eng.cheekbone; simplified of 顴][skt.gaṇḍa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 181

Radical 181 (頁, yè) — "leaf" or "page" — is one of the most semantically rich radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #181). Its original meaning is "head" (as the character visually depicts a head with the emphasis on the face and hair). By extension, it came to represent the "page" or "leaf" of a book, and now "page" in the modern sense. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of profound significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Head as a Symbol (頭/头, śiras) — The head is the seat of consciousness and the most important part of the body in Buddhist iconography. The compound 頂禮 (śiras-vandana, to bow with the head) is the highest form of respect, where one touches the Buddha’s feet with one’s head. The compound 頭陀 (dhūta, ascetic practice) uses 頭 as a phonetic component (from Sanskrit dhūta, meaning "shaken off" — i.e., the practices that shake off defilements). The "head" also appears in the compound 頭面頂禮 (to prostrate with head and face), a standard formula of respect.

Vows and Aspirations (願/愿, praṇidhāna) — The character 願 is one of the most important in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The compound 發願 (praṇidhāna, to make a vow) is the foundation of the Bodhisattva path. The great vows of a bodhisattva are called 大願 (mahā-praṇidhāna, great vows). The compound 本願 (pūrva-praṇidhāna, original vow) describes the original vows of a Buddha (e.g., Amitābha’s forty-eight vows). The compound 願力 (praṇidhāna-bala, the power of vows) is the force that propels the bodhisattva toward Buddhahood. The compound 願生 (to aspire to be born) is used in Pure Land Buddhism for the aspiration to be reborn in the Pure Land.

Manifestation and Showing (顯/显, prakāśa, darśana) — The compound 顯現 (prakāśa, manifestation) is used for the manifestation of the Buddha’s body, the appearance of enlightenment, and the revelation of truth. The compound 顯教 (prakāśa-śāsana, the manifest teaching) is a term for exoteric Buddhism (as opposed to esoteric). The compound 顯現 (to reveal) is used in the context of the Buddha’s teaching as a revelation of reality.

Praise and Hymns (頌, gāthā, ślāghā, stotra) — The character 頌 is used for verses of praise in the Buddhist canon. The compound 偈頌 (gāthā, verses) is a standard term for the poetic sections of sūtras. The compound 讚頌 (stotra, hymn of praise) appears in devotional literature. The Buddha is often praised in verse form.

Following and Obedience (順, anu, anugacchati) — The compound 隨順 (anu-vartana, to follow/be in accordance with) is a key term in Buddhist practice: 隨順眾生 (to follow/accord with beings) describes the bodhisattva’s skillful means. The compound 順世 (laukika, worldly) appears in some contexts.

Receiving and Leading (領, pratigṛhṇāti, netṛ) — The compound 領受 (pratigṛhṇāti, to receive) appears in the context of receiving the Dharma. The compound 領導 (to lead, netṛ) describes the Buddha as a leader of beings. The compound 衣領 (collar, grīvā) is a literal anatomical term.

Need and Necessity (須, prayojana, āśraya) — The compound 須要 (to need/require, prayojana) appears in Vinaya in the context of the four requisites of a monk. The compound 須臾 (kṣaṇa, a moment) is used for a short period of time.

Suddenness and Stopping (頓, sahasā, niṣṭhā) — The compound 頓悟 (sahasā-bodhi, sudden enlightenment) is a key term in Chan/Zen Buddhism, contrasted with gradual practice. The compound 頓止 (to stop suddenly, niṣṭhā) appears in the context of the cessation of thought.

The Face (顏/颜, mukha, varṇa) — The Buddha’s face is described as radiant and beautiful. The compound 容顏 (mukha, facial appearance) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical beauty.

Looking Back and Regarding (顧, avalokana) — The compound 顧念 (avalokana, to regard with care) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s compassionate regard for all beings. The compound 照顧 (to look after/care for) describes the compassionate care of a teacher.

Trembling and Frowning (顫, kampati; 顰, bhrukuti) — The character 顫 appears in the compound 顫動 (to tremble), describing the agitation of the mind in the face of fear or strong emotion. The compound 顰蹙 (to frown) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teaching causing consternation in some listeners.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extensive (頁/页, 頂/顶, 順/顺, 須/须, 頓/顿, 頌/颂, 領/领, 頭/头, 頸/颈, 頻/频, 題/题, 額/额, 顏/颜, 願/愿, 顯/显, 顧/顾, 顫/颤, 顰/颦, 顱/颅, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

181.168 181.1/181.117 頁/页 (yè) [skt.patra] — Page/leaf. Patra is a leaf (also a page/petal). In Buddhist contexts, 頁 appears in the compound 頁面 (page), but the term is not doctrinally significant. The radical is more important for its components.

181.169 181.2/181.118 頂/顶 (dǐng) [skt.śiras; agra] — Top/summit; to carry on the head. Śiras is head; agra is top/summit. In Buddhist contexts, 頂 appears in: (1) 頂禮 (śiras-vandana, to bow with the head) — the highest form of respect; (2) 頂戴 (to carry on the head) — used for holding the Dharma with great respect; (3) 頂門 (the crown of the head) — appearing in descriptions of the Buddha’s head. The "top" of the head is one of the thirty-two marks of a great being.

181.170 181.3/181.119 頃/顷 (qǐng / qīng) [skt.kṣaṇa; māna] — A moment/a measure. Kṣaṇa is a moment. In Buddhist contexts, 頃 appears in the compound 須臾頃 (kṣaṇa, a moment), describing the instantaneous nature of arising and falling in meditation.

181.171 181.4 頄 (qiú) [skt.gaṇḍa; kapola] — Cheek. In Buddhist descriptions of the Buddha’s body, the cheeks are among the thirty-two marks.

181.172 181.5/181.121 項/项 (xiàng) [skt.grīvā] — Neck. In Buddhist descriptions of the Buddha’s body, the neck is one of the thirty-two marks.

181.173 181.6/181.122 順/顺 (shùn) [skt.anu; anugacchati; pratikūla] — To follow/obey; favorable. Anu is "following" (a prefix); anugacchati is to follow. In Buddhist contexts, 順 appears in: (1) 隨順 (anu-vartana, to follow/accord with) — a key term in practice; (2) 順法 (to follow the Dharma, dharma-anugacchati); (3) 順境 (favorable conditions, pratikūla) — the conditions that support practice.

181.174 181.7/181.120 頇/顸 (hān) [skt.mahat] — Large. Appears in descriptions of large objects or beings. No doctrinal significance.

181.175 181.8/181.123 須/须 (xū) [skt.prayojana; āśraya; āvaśyaka; śmaśru] — To need/require; a beard. Prayojana is purpose/need; āśraya is support/need; āvaśyaka is necessary; śmaśru is a beard. In Buddhist contexts, 須 appears in: (1) 須要 (prayojana, to need) — used in Vinaya for the four requisites; (2) 須臾 (kṣaṇa, a moment) — a short period of time; (3) 須彌山 (Sumeru, Mount Meru) — the cosmic mountain at the center of the world, using 須 as a phonetic for Sumeru. In the context of "beard," it is a literal anatomical term.

181.176 181.12/181.130 頌/颂 (sòng / róng) [skt.gāthā; ślāghā; stotra] — To praise; a hymn. Gāthā is a verse; ślāghā is praise; stotra is a hymn. In Buddhist contexts, 頌 appears in: (1) 偈頌 (gāthā, verses) — the poetic sections of sūtras; (2) 讚頌 (stotra, hymn) — devotional songs; (3) 頌讚 (to praise, ślāghā) — praising the Buddha. The compound 頌詞 (a verse/hymn) appears in ritual contexts.

181.177 181.16/181.132 預/预 (yù) [skt.pūrva; pratipatti] — To prepare/participate; in advance. Pūrva is before/previous; pratipatti is practice/attainment. In Buddhist contexts, 預 appears in: (1) 預備 (to prepare, pūrva) — preparing the mind for practice; (2) 預流 (srota-āpanna, stream-enterer) — the first stage of awakening, using 預 as a phonetic for āpanna. The compound 預流 is one of the four stages of the path.

181.178 181.17/181.125 頑/顽 (wán) [skt.dṛḍha; mūḍha] — Stubborn/obstinate. Dṛḍha is firm/strong (in a negative sense); mūḍha is foolish/deluded. In Buddhist contexts, 頑 appears in the compound 頑冥 (stubborn and ignorant), describing the mind that is resistant to the Dharma.

181.179 181.18/181.129 頒/颁 (bān) [skt.prakāśana; dāna] — To promulgate/bestow. Prakāśana is making known; dāna is giving. In Buddhist contexts, 頒 appears in the compound 頒布 (to promulgate), used for the propagation of the Buddha’s teachings.

181.180 181.19/181.127 頓/顿 (dùn / dú) [skt.sahasā; niṣṭhā] — Suddenly; to stop. Sahasā is sudden; niṣṭhā is cessation/end. In Buddhist contexts, 頓 appears in: (1) 頓悟 (sahasā-bodhi, sudden enlightenment) — a key term in Chan/Zen Buddhism; (2) 頓止 (to stop suddenly) — describing the cessation of mental activity; (3) 頓漸 (sudden and gradual) — the two approaches to enlightenment.

181.181 181.23/181.135 頗/颇 (pō / pǒ) — Rather/biased. A functional particle with no doctrinal significance.

181.182 181.24/181.134 領/领 (lǐng) [skt.pratigṛhṇāti; netṛ; grīvā] — To receive; to lead; a collar. Pratigṛhṇāti is to receive; netṛ is leader; grīvā is collar/neck. In Buddhist contexts, 領 appears in: (1) 領受 (pratigṛhṇāti, to receive) — receiving the Dharma; (2) 領導 (to lead, netṛ) — the Buddha as leader of beings; (3) 領會 (to understand, avagama) — comprehending the teachings; (4) 領袖 (leader, netṛ) — a leader of the saṅgha.

181.183 181.30 頞 (è) [skt.nāsā; nāsā-agra] — The bridge of the nose. In Buddhist descriptions of the Buddha’s body, the nose is one of the thirty-two marks.

181.184 181.31/181.77/181.157 頟/額/额 (é) [skt.lalāṭa] — Forehead. In Buddhist descriptions of the Buddha’s body, the forehead is one of the thirty-two marks (the "white curl" between the eyebrows).

181.185 181.33/181.137 頡/颉 (jié / xié) [skt.utpatana; utthāna] — To fly upward/rise. In Buddhist contexts, 頡 appears in the compound 頡頏 (to fly high), used metaphorically for rising on the spiritual path.

181.186 181.36/181.144 頤/颐 (yí) [skt.hanu; cibuka; poṣaṇa] — Chin; to nourish. Hanu is chin/jaw; poṣaṇa is nourishing. In Buddhist contexts, 頤 appears in: (1) 頤養 (to nourish, poṣaṇa) — nourishing the body or the mind; (2) 頤指 (to give orders with the chin) — not relevant.

181.187 181.45 頭 (tóu) [skt.śiras; pradhāna] — Head; leader. Śiras is head; pradhāna is principal/leader. In Buddhist contexts, 頭 appears in: (1) 頭陀 (dhūta, ascetic practice) — using 頭 as a phonetic for dhūta (shaken off); (2) 頭面頂禮 (to prostrate with head and face) — the highest form of respect; (3) 頭號 (the chief/main) — describing the most important teaching.

181.188 181.48/181.138 頰/颊 (jiá) [skt.kapola; gaṇḍa] — Cheek. In Buddhist descriptions of the Buddha’s body, the cheeks are among the thirty-two marks (the Buddha’s cheeks are said to be like a lion’s).

181.189 181.55/181.148 頷/颔 (hàn) [skt.hanu; cibuka] — Chin; to nod. In Buddhist contexts, 頷 appears in the compound 頷首 (to nod the head), a gesture of assent to the Dharma.

181.190 181.56/181.136 頸/颈 (jǐng) [skt.grīvā] — Neck. In Buddhist descriptions of the Buddha’s body, the neck is one of the thirty-two marks.

181.191 181.57/181.147 頹/颓 (tuí) [skt.patati; bhraśyati; naṣṭa] — To fall/collapse. In Buddhist contexts, 頹 appears in the compound 頹廢 (decadent), and in similes for the "fall" from the path.

181.192 181.59/181.145 頻/频 (pín / bīn) [skt.abhikṣṇa; tvarā] — Frequently/urgent. Abhikṣṇa is frequently. In Buddhist contexts, 頻 appears in the compound 頻繁 (frequent), used in the context of repeated practice or of frequently hearing the Dharma.

181.193 181.70/181.151 顆/颗 (kē) [skt.bīja; aṇu] — A grain/kernel. Bīja is seed; aṇu is atom/small particle. In Buddhist contexts, 顆 appears in the compound 顆粒 (grain/particle), used in similes for the "seeds" of karma.

181.194 181.76/181.152 題/题 (tí) [skt.prakaraṇa; lekha] — A topic/subject; to inscribe. Prakaraṇa is a topic/subject; lekha is writing/inscription. In Buddhist contexts, 題 appears in the compound 題目 (subject/title), used for the topics of the Buddha’s discourses. The compound 經題 (the title of a sūtra) appears in colophons.

181.195 181.78/181.154 顎/颚 (è) [skt.hanu] — Jaw. Appears in Vinaya in the context of eating.

181.196 181.79/181.156 顏/颜 (yán) [skt.mukha; varṇa] — Face/color. Mukha is face; varṇa is color. In Buddhist contexts, 顏 appears in: (1) 容顏 (mukha, facial appearance) — describing the Buddha’s beautiful face; (2) 顏色 (varṇa, color) — appearing in descriptions of the Buddha’s complexion; (3) 和顏 (a peaceful face) — describing the Buddha’s serene expression. One of the thirty-two marks is the Buddha’s golden complexion.

181.197 181.88 願 (yuàn) [skt.praṇidhāna; chanda] — One of the most important characters in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Praṇidhāna is a vow/aspiration; chanda is desire/wish (in a wholesome sense). In Buddhist contexts, 願 appears in: (1) 發願 (praṇidhāna, to make a vow) — the foundation of the Bodhisattva path; (2) 大願 (mahā-praṇidhāna, great vows) — the vows of a bodhisattva; (3) 本願 (pūrva-praṇidhāna, original vow) — the original vows of a Buddha (e.g., Amitābha’s forty-eight vows); (4) 願力 (praṇidhāna-bala, the power of vows) — the force that propels the bodhisattva; (5) 願生 (to aspire to be born) — the aspiration to be reborn in the Pure Land. The compound 四弘誓願 (the four great vows) is chanted daily in many Mahāyāna traditions.

181.198 181.89/181.161 顙/颡 (sǎng) [skt.lalāṭa] — Forehead. Similar to 額.

181.199 181.91/181.160 顛/颠 (diān) [skt.patati; bhraśyati; agra] — To fall; the summit. In Buddhist contexts, 顛 appears in: (1) 顛倒 (viparyaya, to invert/upside down) — the inversion of reality that is the root of suffering (錯亂顛倒, the deluded inversion); (2) 頂顛 (the very top) — used in the compound 頂顛 (the summit of the path). The compound 顛倒夢想 (inverted dreams) appears in the Heart Sūtra, describing the state of delusion.

181.200 181.94 類 (lèi) [skt.jāti; varṇa] — Category/class. Jāti is category/class (also "birth"); varṇa is category/color. In Buddhist contexts, 類 appears in the compound 種類 (category, jāti), used in Abhidharma for the classification of phenomena. The compound 同類 (of the same category) appears in discussions of karma.

181.201 181.101/181.162 顥/颢 (hào) [skt.prakāśa; jyotis] — Bright. In Buddhist contexts, 顥 appears in the compound 顥然 (bright), describing the radiance of the Buddha.

181.202 181.103/181.126 顧/顾 (gù) [skt.avalokana; nirīkṣaṇa; upasthāna] — To look back/regard/attend to. Avalokana is looking/observing (as in Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva who "looks" on the world). Nirīkṣaṇa is regarding/looking; upasthāna is attending to. In Buddhist contexts, 顧 appears in: (1) 顧念 (avalokana, to regard with care) — the Buddha’s compassionate regard; (2) 照顧 (to look after/care for) — the care of a teacher; (3) 回顧 (to look back) — reflecting on one’s practice.

181.203 181.107/181.164 顫/颤 (chàn / zhàn) [skt.kampati] — To tremble/shiver. In Buddhist contexts, 顫 appears in the compound 顫動 (to tremble), describing the agitation of the mind in the face of fear or strong emotion.

181.204 181.111 顯 (xiǎn) [skt.prakāśa; darśana] — Manifest; to show. Prakāśa is light/manifestation; darśana is seeing/showing. In Buddhist contexts, 顯 appears in: (1) 顯現 (prakāśa, manifestation) — the manifestation of the Buddha’s body; (2) 顯教 (prakāśa-śāsana, the manifest teaching) — exoteric Buddhism; (3) 顯明 (to make clear, prakāśayati) — illuminating the teachings; (4) 顯證 (manifest realization) — direct realization of the truth.

181.205 181.112/181.166 顰/颦 (pín) [skt.bhrukuti; bhrukuṭī] — To frown. Bhrukuti is a frown. In Buddhist contexts, 顰 appears in the compound 顰眉 (to frown), a gesture of disapproval or deep thought. The frowning of the Buddha is rare, but the compound appears in descriptions of beings in distress.

181.206 181.113/181.133 顱/颅 (lú) [skt.śiras; kapāla] — The skull. Kapāla is a skull (also a bowl made from a skull in tantric contexts). In Buddhist contexts, 顱 appears in the compound 顱骨 (skull), appearing in descriptions of the Buddha’s head or in medical sections of Vinaya. The skull is a reminder of impermanence in some meditation practices.

181.207 181.115/181.158 顳/颞 (niè) [skt.śaṅkha] — The temple (of the head). Śaṅkha is a conch (used for the temple region of the head). The temples are mentioned in Vinaya medical contexts.

181.208 181.116/181.167 顴/颧 (quán) [skt.gaṇḍa] — The cheekbone. Appears in descriptions of the face.

182 風

182.1 風 [chn.fēng / fěng][eng.wind; air; style; (also fěng, to satirize)][skt.vāyu; (also "wind" = vāyu; "air" = vāta)]

182.2 颩 [biāo][eng.ancient term; (also biāo); rare]

182.3 颪 [guā][eng.Japanese term; (also guā); rare]

182.4 颫 [fú][eng.ancient term; (also fú); rare]

182.5 颬 [xiā][eng.ancient term; (also xiā); rare]

182.6 颭 [zhǎn][eng.to sway in the wind; (also zhǎn)]

182.7 颮 [biāo][eng.a whirlwind; (also biāo)]

182.8 颯 [sà / lì][eng.rustling; (also lì, a swift wind)]

182.9 颰 [bá][eng.an ancient term; (also bá); rare]

182.10 颱 [tái][eng.typhoon; (also tái, a storm)]

182.11 颲 [liè][eng.a strong wind; (also liè)]

182.12 颳 [guā][eng.to scrape; (also guā, the sound of wind)]

182.13 颴 [xuàn][eng.an ancient term; (also xuàn); rare]

182.14 颵 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo); rare]

182.15 颶 [jù][eng.a hurricane; (also jù, a gale)]

182.16 颷 [biāo][eng.an ancient variant of 飆 (whirlwind); rare]

182.17 颸 [sī][eng.a cool wind; (also sī)]

182.18 颹 [wěi][eng.an ancient term; (also wěi); rare]

182.19 颺 [yáng][eng.to float in the air; (also yáng, to flutter)]

182.20 颻 [yáo][eng.to float; (also yáo, to flutter)]

182.21 颼 [sōu][eng.the sound of wind; (also sōu, a whistling)]

182.22 颽 [kǎi][eng.an ancient term; (also kǎi); rare]

182.23 颾 [sāo][eng.an ancient term; (also sāo); rare]

182.24 颿 [fān][eng.an ancient variant of 帆 (sail); rare]

182.25 飀 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

182.26 飁 [xí][eng.an ancient term; (also xí); rare]

182.27 飂 [liù / liáo][eng.a high wind; (also liáo)]

182.28 飃 [piāo][eng.ancient variant of 飄 (to float); rare]

182.29 飄 [piāo][eng.to float; to drift; (also piāo, a breeze)][skt.plavate; (also "to float" = plavate)]

182.30 飅 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

182.31 飆 [biāo][eng.a whirlwind; (also biāo, a gust)]

182.32 飇 [biāo][eng.ancient variant of 飆 (whirlwind); rare]

182.33 飈 [biāo][eng.ancient variant of 飆 (whirlwind); rare]

182.34 飉 [liáo][eng.an ancient term; (also liáo); rare]

182.35 飊 [biāo][eng.ancient variant of 飆 (whirlwind); rare]

182.36 飋 [sè][eng.an ancient term; (also sè); rare]

182.37 飌 [fēng][eng.ancient variant of 風 (wind); rare][skt.vāyu]

182.38 飍 [xiū][eng.an ancient term; (also xiū); rare]

182.39 风 [fēng][eng.wind; simplified of 風][skt.vāyu]

182.40 飏 [yáng][eng.to float; simplified of 颺][skt.plavate]

182.41 飐 [zhǎn][eng.to sway; simplified of 颭]

182.42 飑 [biāo][eng.whirlwind; simplified of 颮]

182.43 飒 [sà][eng.rustling; simplified of 颯]

182.44 飓 [jù][eng.hurricane; simplified of 颶]

182.45 飔 [sī][eng.cool wind; simplified of 颸]

182.46 飕 [sōu][eng.sound of wind; simplified of 颼]

182.47 飖 [yáo][eng.to float; simplified of 颻][skt.plavate]

182.48 飗 [liú][eng.ancient term; simplified of 飅]

182.49 飘 [piāo][eng.to float; simplified of 飄][skt.plavate]

182.50 飙 [biāo][eng.whirlwind; simplified of 飆]

182.51 飚 [biāo][eng.whirlwind; simplified of 飈]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 182

Radical 182 (風, fēng) — "wind" — is a significant radical representing wind, air, and by extension, style, custom, and the forces of nature (Kangxi #182). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate to significant metaphorical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Wind as a Metaphor for Impermanence — The wind is a classic Buddhist simile for the fleeting, impermanent nature of phenomena. The compound 風逝 (like the wind passing) is used in similes for the transience of life. The compound 風花雪月 (wind, flowers, snow, moon) is a poetic image of impermanence.

The Four Elements — Wind (風, vāyu) is one of the four great elements (四大, mahā-bhūta) in Buddhist cosmology, along with earth, water, and fire. The compound 風大 (vāyu-dhātu, the wind element) is a technical term in Abhidharma. The wind element is responsible for movement and expansion. In meditation, the wind element is contemplated as part of the contemplation of the elements.

The Buddha’s Teachings as Wind — The Buddha’s teachings are sometimes compared to a wind that sweeps away the clouds of ignorance. The compound 法風 (dharma-vāyu, the wind of the Dharma) appears in some texts. The compound 清風 (a pure wind) is used as a metaphor for the refreshing quality of the Dharma.

The Buddha’s Voice — The Buddha’s voice is sometimes described as "like the wind" — reaching all beings without hindrance. The compound 風聲 (the sound of the wind) is used in similes for the Buddha’s voice that carries far.

The Wind of Saṃsāra — The "wind of karma" (業風, karma-vāyu) is a metaphor for the force of karma that propels beings through the realms of rebirth. The compound 業風吹 (blown by the wind of karma) appears in descriptions of the helplessness of beings in saṃsāra.

The Whirlwind of Defilements — The whirlwind (飆, whirlwind) is a metaphor for the turbulent mind swept up by defilements. The compound 煩惱風 (the wind of defilements) appears in some texts.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 風/风, 颳/刮 (in some contexts), 颺/飏, 颶/飓, 颼/飕, 飄/飘, 飆/飙/飚, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. Many characters under this radical are rare or descriptive of weather phenomena with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

182.52 182.1/182.39 風/风 (fēng / fěng) [skt.vāyu; vāta] — Wind. Vāyu is the wind (one of the four elements); vāta is air/wind. In Buddhist contexts, 風 appears in: (1) 風大 (vāyu-dhātu, the wind element) — one of the four elements in Abhidharma; (2) 業風 (karma-vāyu, the wind of karma) — the force of karma that propels beings; (3) 法風 (dharma-vāyu, the wind of the Dharma) — the refreshing teaching of the Buddha; (4) 風聲 (the sound of the wind) — used in similes for the Buddha’s voice; (5) 風中燈 (a lamp in the wind) — a classic simile for the precariousness of life. The reading fěng (to satirize) is unrelated to Buddhist usage.

182.53 182.10 颱 (tái) — Typhoon. No doctrinal significance. Modern term.

182.54 182.15/182.44 颶/飓 (jù) — Hurricane/gale. No doctrinal significance. Used in descriptions of natural phenomena.

182.55 182.19/182.40 颺/飏 (yáng) [skt.plavate] — To float in the air. Plavate is to float/swim. In Buddhist contexts, 颺 appears in the compound 颺空 (to float in the sky), used in similes for the floating mind.

182.56 182.20/182.47 颻/飖 (yáo) [skt.plavate] — To float/drift. Similar to 颺. Appears in similes for the wandering mind.

182.57 182.21/182.46 颼/飕 (sōu) — The sound of wind. No doctrinal significance. Used in descriptions of nature.

182.58 182.29/182.49 飄/飘 (piāo) [skt.plavate] — To float/drift. In Buddhist contexts, 飄 appears in the compound 飄流 (to drift/floating), used in similes for the drifting mind in saṃsāra. The compound 飄忽 (fleeting) appears in descriptions of the impermanence of phenomena.

182.59 182.31/182.50 飆/飙 (biāo) — Whirlwind. In Buddhist contexts, 飆 appears in the compound 飆風 (whirlwind), used in similes for the turbulent mind or for sudden, overwhelming events. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

183 飛

183.1 飛 [chn.fēi][eng.to fly; to soar; (also fēi, to move quickly)][skt.uḍḍīyate; (also "to fly" = uḍḍīyate; "to soar" = gacchati)]

183.2 飜 [chn.fān][eng.ancient variant of 翻 (to turn over; to flutter); rare][skt.parivartate; (also "to turn" = parivartate)]

183.3 飝 [chn.fēi][eng.an ancient term; (also fēi); rare]

183.4 飞 [chn.fēi][eng.to fly; simplified of 飛][skt.uḍḍīyate]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 183

Radical 183 (飛, fēi) — "to fly" — is a small radical representing the act of flying (Kangxi #183). Its pictographic origin shows a bird with wings spread, rising upward. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate metaphorical significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Mind as a Bird — The mind is often compared to a bird in Buddhist similes, flying from object to object. The compound 心猿意馬 (the mind like a monkey and a wild horse) is a common Chinese Buddhist expression, but 飛 is used in the sense of the mind’s "flight" from one thought to another. The compound 飛馳 (to fly swiftly) is used for the restless mind.

The Buddha’s Transcendence — The Buddha is sometimes described as "soaring above" saṃsāra, like a bird flying above the earth. The compound 飛昇 (to fly up/ascend) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s power to transcend the world.

Supernatural Powers — The Buddha and advanced practitioners are said to possess the supernormal power (神通, abhijñā) of flying through the air (飛行, uḍḍīyate). This is one of the standard superpowers described in the texts.

Impermanence and Soaring — The flight of birds is used in similes for the fleeting nature of life: like a bird flying through the sky, leaving no trace. The compound 飛逝 (to fly away) appears in descriptions of the swift passing of time.

The Soaring Dharma — The Dharma is sometimes compared to a bird that soars high and reaches all beings. The compound 法飛 (the Dharma flying) appears in some poetic contexts.

Text-critical note: 飜 is an ancient variant of 翻 (to turn over), and 飝 is an archaic character with no doctrinal significance. 飞 is the simplified form of 飛. The radical is small, and its doctrinal significance is mainly metaphorical.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

183.5 183.1/183.4 飛/飞 (fēi) [skt.uḍḍīyate; gacchati] — To fly/soar. Uḍḍīyate means to fly (in the sense of a bird taking flight); gacchati means to go (in the sense of soaring). In Buddhist contexts, 飛 appears in: (1) 飛行 (uḍḍīyate, to fly) — the supernormal power of flight; (2) 飛昇 (to ascend/soar) — the Buddha’s transcendence; (3) 飛逝 (to fly away) — used in similes for the passing of time; (4) 飛花 (flying flowers) — appearing in Pure Land descriptions of celestial flowers falling. The compound 飛鳥 (a flying bird) is used in similes for the mind’s flight.

183.6 183.2 飜 (fān) [skt.parivartate] — To turn over/flutter. Variant of 翻. In Buddhist contexts, 翻 appears in: (1) 翻譯 (anuvāda, to translate) — the act of translating texts, using 翻 as a phonetic (to turn over/transform). The compound 翻譯 (translation) is of great significance in the history of Buddhism, as the translation of scriptures from Sanskrit to Chinese was a monumental undertaking. 翻 also appears in the compound 翻轉 (to turn over/revolve), used in the context of the turning of the wheel of Dharma.

183.7 183.3 飝 (fēi) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

184 食

184.1 食 [chn.shí / sì / yì][eng.to eat; food; (also sì, to feed; yì, to nourish)][skt.bhojana; (also "food" = bhojana; "to eat" = bhuñjati; "to feed" = bhojayati)]

184.2 飠 [shí][eng.food radical; (also shí)][skt.bhojana]

184.3 飡 [cān][eng.ancient variant of 餐 (meal); rare][skt.bhojana]

184.4 飢 [jī][eng.hunger; (also jī, famished)][skt.kṣudh; (also "hunger" = kṣudhā)]

184.5 飣 [dìng][eng.to display food; (also dìng); rare]

184.6 飤 [sì][eng.ancient variant of 飼 (to feed); rare][skt.bhojayati; (also "to feed" = bhojayati)]

184.7 飥 [tuō][eng.a thin pancake; (also tuō); rare]

184.8 飦 [zhān][eng.a thick soup; (also zhān); rare]

184.9 飧 [sūn][eng.evening meal; (also sūn, dinner)][skt.bhojana]

184.10 飨 [xiǎng][eng.to feast; to offer; (also xiǎng, a banquet)][skt.bhojana; (also "to offer" = bali)]

184.11 飩 [tún][eng.dumpling; (also tún); rare]

184.12 飪 [rèn][eng.to cook; (also rèn, well-cooked)][skt.pācayati; (also "to cook" = pācayati)]

184.13 飫 [yù][eng.to be satiated; (also yù, to feast)][skt.tṛpti; (also "satiated" = tṛpta)]

184.14 飬 [juàn][eng.to nourish; (also juàn)][skt.poṣaṇa; (also "to nourish" = poṣayati)]

184.15 飭 [chì][eng.to order; to instruct; (also chì, to arrange)][skt.niyoga; (also "to instruct" = anuśāsana)]

184.16 飮 [yǐn][eng.ancient variant of 飲 (to drink); rare][skt.pibati; (also "to drink" = pibati)]

184.17 飯 [fàn][eng.rice; cooked food; a meal; (also fàn, to feed)][skt.odana; (also "rice" = odana; "food" = bhojana)]

184.18 飰 [fàn][eng.ancient variant of 飯 (rice/meal); rare][skt.odana]

184.19 飱 [sūn][eng.ancient variant of 飧 (evening meal); rare][skt.bhojana]

184.20 飲 [yǐn / yìn][eng.to drink; (also yìn, to give drink)][skt.pibati; (also "to drink" = pibati)]

184.21 飳 [zhù][eng.ancient term; (also zhù); rare]

184.22 飴 [yí][eng.malt sugar; (also yí, sweet)]

184.23 飵 [zuò][eng.ancient term; (also zuò); rare]

184.24 飶 [bì][eng.ancient term; (also bì); rare]

184.25 飷 [jiě][eng.ancient term; (also jiě); rare]

184.26 飸 [tāo][eng.ancient term; (also tāo); rare]

184.27 飹 [liǔ][eng.ancient term; (also liǔ); rare]

184.28 飺 [cí][eng.ancient term; (also cí); rare]

184.29 飻 [tiè][eng.ancient term; (also tiè); rare]

184.30 飼 [sì][eng.to feed; to raise; (also sì, to rear)][skt.bhojayati; (also "to feed" = bhojayati; "to rear" = poṣayati)]

184.31 飽 [bǎo][eng.full; satisfied; (also bǎo, to be full)][skt.tṛpta; (also "full" = tṛpta)]

184.32 飾 [shì][eng.to decorate; to adorn; (also shì, to ornament)][skt.alaṃkāra; (also "to adorn" = bhūṣaṇa)]

184.33 飿 [duò][eng.ancient term; (also duò); rare]

184.34 餀 [hài][eng.ancient term; (also hài); rare]

184.35 餁 [rèn][eng.ancient variant of 飪 (to cook); rare][skt.pācayati]

184.36 餂 [tiǎn][eng.to take by force; (also tiǎn, to trick); rare]

184.37 餃 [jiǎo][eng.dumpling; (also jiǎo); rare]

184.38 餄 [hé][eng.a thin pancake; (also hé); rare]

184.39 餅 [bǐng][eng.cake; pastry; (also bǐng, a pancake)]

184.40 餆 [yáo][eng.ancient term; (also yáo); rare]

184.41 餇 [tóng][eng.ancient term; (also tóng); rare]

184.42 餈 [cí][eng.a rice cake; (also cí); rare]

184.43 餉 [xiǎng][eng.to provide food; (also xiǎng, a soldier’s pay)][skt.bhojana; (also "to provide" = pradāna)]

184.44 養 [yǎng / yàng][eng.to nourish; to raise; (also yàng, to support)][skt.poṣaṇa; (also "to nourish" = poṣayati; "to raise" = rakṣaṇa)]

184.45 餋 [juàn][eng.to offer; (also juàn)][skt.bali; (also "to offer" = dāna)]

184.46 餌 [ěr][eng.bait; (also ěr, a cake)][skt.bali; (also "bait" = pralobhana)]

184.47 餍 [yàn][eng.to be satiated; (also yàn, full)][skt.tṛpta]

184.48 餎 [lè][eng.ancient term; (also lè); rare]

184.49 餏 [xū][eng.ancient term; (also xū); rare]

184.50 餐 [cān][eng.a meal; to eat; (also cān, to dine)][skt.bhojana; (also "meal" = bhojana)]

184.51 餑 [bō][eng.a cake; (also bō); rare]

184.52 餒 [něi][eng.hungry; (also něi, famished)][skt.kṣudh; (also "hungry" = kṣudhita)]

184.53 餓 [è][eng.hungry; (also è, starving)][skt.kṣudh; (also "hungry" = kṣudhita)]

184.54 餔 [bū][eng.to eat; (also bū, a meal)][skt.bhuñjati; (also "to eat" = bhuñjati)]

184.55 餕 [jùn][eng.to eat leftover food; (also jùn); rare]

184.56 餖 [dòu][eng.a bean cake; (also dòu); rare]

184.57 餗 [sù][eng.ancient term; (also sù); rare]

184.58 餘 [yú][eng.surplus; remainder; (also yú, extra)][skt.śeṣa; (also "remainder" = śeṣa; "surplus" = atiśaya)]

184.59 餙 [shì][eng.ancient variant of 飾 (to adorn); rare][skt.alaṃkāra]

184.60 餚 [yáo][eng.cooked food; a dish; (also yáo)][skt.bhojana]

184.61 餛 [hún][eng.dumpling; (also hún); rare]

184.62 餜 [guǒ][eng.a cake; (also guǒ); rare]

184.63 餝 [shì][eng.ancient variant of 飾 (to adorn); rare][skt.alaṃkāra]

184.64 餞 [jiàn][eng.to give a farewell feast; (also jiàn, to entertain)][skt.bhojana; (also "to entertain" = ātithya)]

184.65 餟 [zhuì][eng.ancient term; (also zhuì); rare]

184.66 餠 [bǐng][eng.ancient variant of 餅 (cake); rare]

184.67 餡 [xiàn][eng.stuffing; filling; (also xiàn, a filling)]

184.68 餢 [bù][eng.ancient term; (also bù); rare]

184.69 餣 [yè][eng.ancient term; (also yè); rare]

184.70 餤 [dàn][eng.ancient term; (also dàn); rare]

184.71 餥 [fēi][eng.ancient term; (also fēi); rare]

184.72 餦 [zhāng][eng.ancient term; (also zhāng); rare]

184.73 餧 [něi][eng.ancient variant of 餒 (hungry); rare][skt.kṣudh]

184.74 館 [guǎn][eng.a building; a hall; (also guǎn, a restaurant)][skt.śālā; (also "building" = ārāma)]

184.75 餩 [è][eng.ancient term; (also è); rare]

184.76 餪 [nuǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also nuǎn); rare]

184.77 餫 [yùn][eng.an ancient term; (also yùn); rare]

184.78 餬 [hú][eng.to eat; (also hú, a porridge)][skt.bhuñjati]

184.79 餭 [huáng][eng.an ancient term; (also huáng); rare]

184.80 餮 [tiè][eng.a glutton; (also tiè, a greedy eater)][skt.lobha; (also "gluttony" = lobha)]

184.81 餯 [huì][eng.an ancient term; (also huì); rare]

184.82 餰 [zhān][eng.an ancient term; (also zhān); rare]

184.83 餱 [hóu][eng.dry food; (also hóu)]

184.84 餲 [ài / yè][eng.foul-smelling food; (also yè); rare]

184.85 餳 [xíng][eng.malt sugar; (also xíng)]

184.86 餴 [fēn][eng.an ancient term; (also fēn); rare]

184.87 餵 [wèi][eng.to feed; (also wèi)][skt.bhojayati]

184.88 餶 [gǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also gǔ); rare]

184.89 餷 [chā][eng.an ancient term; (also chā); rare]

184.90 餸 [sòng][eng.an ancient term; (also sòng); rare]

184.91 餹 [táng][eng.sugar; (also táng)]

184.92 餺 [bó][eng.a cake; (also bó); rare]

184.93 餻 [gāo][eng.a cake; (also gāo); rare]

184.94 餼 [xì][eng.a sacrificial animal; (also xì)][skt.bali; (also "sacrifice" = yajña)]

184.95 餽 [kuì][eng.to offer; (also kuì, a gift)][skt.dāna; (also "to offer" = bali)]

184.96 餾 [liù][eng.to distill; (also liù, to steam)]

184.97 餿 [sōu][eng.stale food; (also sōu, spoiled)]

184.98 饀 [táo][eng.ancient term; (also táo); rare]

184.99 饁 [yè][eng.to bring food to workers; (also yè); rare]

184.100 饂 [wēn][eng.ancient term; (also wēn); rare]

184.101 饃 [mó][eng.a steamed bun; (also mó)]

184.102 饄 [táng][eng.ancient term; (also táng); rare]

184.103 饅 [mán][eng.a steamed bun; (also mán)]

184.104 饆 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

184.105 饇 [yù][eng.to eat; (also yù)][skt.bhuñjati]

184.106 饈 [xiū][eng.to offer food; (also xiū, a meal)][skt.bhojana]

184.107 饉 [jǐn][eng.famine; (also jǐn, a crop failure)][skt.durbhikṣa; (also "famine" = durbhikṣa)]

184.108 饊 [sǎn][eng.a fried pastry; (also sǎn)]

184.109 饋 [kuì][eng.to offer; to present; (also kuì, a gift)][skt.dāna; (also "to offer" = bali)]

184.110 饌 [zhuàn][eng.food; delicacies; (also zhuàn, a meal)][skt.bhojana; (also "delicacies" = svādu-bhojana)]

184.111 饍 [shàn][eng.ancient variant of 膳 (meals; to provide food); rare][skt.bhojana]

184.112 饎 [chì][eng.an ancient term; (also chì); rare]

184.113 饏 [dàn][eng.an ancient term; (also dàn); rare]

184.114 饐 [yì][eng.foul-smelling food; (also yì); rare]

184.115 饑 [jī][eng.hunger; famine; (also jī, starving)][skt.kṣudh; (also "hunger" = kṣudhā)]

184.116 饒 [ráo][eng.abundant; to spare; (also ráo, to forgive)][skt.prabhūta; (also "abundant" = prabhūta; "to forgive" = kṣamā)]

184.117 饓 [chēng][eng.an ancient term; (also chēng); rare]

184.118 饔 [yōng][eng.a meal; (also yōng, breakfast)][skt.bhojana]

184.119 饕 [tāo][eng.a glutton; (also tāo, a greedy person)][skt.lobha; (also "gluttony" = lobha)]

184.120 饖 [wèi][eng.an ancient term; (also wèi); rare]

184.121 饗 [xiǎng][eng.to offer; (also xiǎng, a feast)][skt.bali; (also "to offer" = dāna)]

184.122 饘 [zhān][eng.a thick porridge; (also zhān)]

184.123 饙 [fēn][eng.an ancient term; (also fēn); rare]

184.124 饚 [hài][eng.an ancient term; (also hài); rare]

184.125 饛 [méng][eng.an ancient term; (also méng); rare]

184.126 饜 [yàn][eng.to be satiated; (also yàn, to be satisfied)][skt.tṛpta]

184.127 饝 [mó][eng.a steamed bun; (also mó)]

184.128 饞 [chán][eng.gluttonous; greedy; (also chán, to crave)][skt.lobha; (also "greedy" = lobha)]

184.129 饟 [xiǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiǎng); rare]

184.130 饠 [luó][eng.an ancient term; (also luó); rare]

184.131 饡 [zàn][eng.an ancient term; (also zàn); rare]

184.132 饢 [náng][eng.a flatbread; (also náng)]

184.133 饣 [shí][eng.food radical; simplified of 飠][skt.bhojana]

184.134 饤 [dìng][eng.to display food; simplified of 飣]

184.135 饥 [jī][eng.hunger; simplified of 飢][skt.kṣudh]

184.136 饦 [tuō][eng.a pancake; simplified of 飥]

184.137 饧 [xíng][eng.malt sugar; simplified of 餳]

184.138 饨 [tún][eng.dumpling; simplified of 飩]

184.139 饩 [xì][eng.sacrificial animal; simplified of 餼][skt.bali]

184.140 饪 [rèn][eng.to cook; simplified of 飪][skt.pācayati]

184.141 饫 [yù][eng.to be satiated; simplified of 飫][skt.tṛpti]

184.142 饬 [chì][eng.to order; simplified of 飭][skt.niyoga]

184.143 饭 [fàn][eng.rice; simplified of 飯][skt.odana]

184.144 饮 [yǐn][eng.to drink; simplified of 飲][skt.pibati]

184.145 饯 [jiàn][eng.to bid farewell; simplified of 餞][skt.bhojana]

184.146 饰 [shì][eng.to decorate; simplified of 飾][skt.alaṃkāra]

184.147 饱 [bǎo][eng.full; simplified of 飽][skt.tṛpta]

184.148 饲 [sì][eng.to feed; simplified of 飼][skt.bhojayati]

184.149 饳 [duò][eng.ancient term; simplified of 飿]

184.150 饴 [yí][eng.malt sugar; simplified of 飴]

184.151 饵 [ěr][eng.bait; simplified of 餌][skt.bali]

184.152 饶 [ráo][eng.abundant; simplified of 饒][skt.prabhūta]

184.153 饷 [xiǎng][eng.to provide food; simplified of 餉][skt.bhojana]

184.154 饸 [hé][eng.a pancake; simplified of 餄]

184.155 饹 [lè][eng.ancient term; simplified of 餎]

184.156 饺 [jiǎo][eng.dumpling; simplified of 餃]

184.157 饻 [xū][eng.ancient term; simplified of 餏]

184.158 饼 [bǐng][eng.cake; simplified of 餅]

184.159 饽 [bō][eng.a cake; simplified of 餑]

184.160 饾 [dòu][eng.a bean cake; simplified of 餖]

184.161 饿 [è][eng.hungry; simplified of 餓][skt.kṣudh]

184.162 馀 [yú][eng.surplus; simplified of 餘][skt.śeṣa]

184.163 馁 [něi][eng.hungry; simplified of 餒][skt.kṣudh]

184.164 馂 [jùn][eng.to eat leftovers; simplified of 餕]

184.165 馃 [guǒ][eng.a cake; simplified of 餜]

184.166 馄 [hún][eng.dumpling; simplified of 餛]

184.167 馅 [xiàn][eng.stuffing; simplified of 餡]

184.168 馆 [guǎn][eng.building; simplified of 館][skt.śālā]

184.169 馇 [chā][eng.ancient term; simplified of 餷]

184.170 馈 [kuì][eng.to offer; simplified of 饋][skt.dāna]

184.171 馉 [gǔ][eng.ancient term; simplified of 餶]

184.172 馊 [sōu][eng.stale food; simplified of 餿]

184.173 馋 [chán][eng.gluttonous; simplified of 饞][skt.lobha]

184.174 馌 [yè][eng.to bring food; simplified of 饁]

184.175 馍 [mó][eng.steamed bun; simplified of 饃]

184.176 馎 [bó][eng.a cake; simplified of 餺]

184.177 馏 [liù][eng.to distill; simplified of 餾]

184.178 馐 [xiū][eng.to offer food; simplified of 饈][skt.bhojana]

184.179 馑 [jǐn][eng.famine; simplified of 饉][skt.durbhikṣa]

184.180 馒 [mán][eng.steamed bun; simplified of 饅]

184.181 馓 [sǎn][eng.fried pastry; simplified of 饊]

184.182 馔 [zhuàn][eng.delicacies; simplified of 饌][skt.bhojana]

184.183 馕 [náng][eng.flatbread; simplified of 饢]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 184

Radical 184 (食, shí) — "food" or "to eat" — is one of the most extensive and doctrinally significant radicals in the lexicon (Kangxi #184). Its semantic field encompasses all aspects of food, eating, drinking, nourishment, feeding, and by extension, the provision of sustenance. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of paramount importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Food as a Requisite — Food (食, bhojana) is one of the four requisites (niśraya) of a monk, along with robes, lodging, and medicine. The compound 飲食 (food and drink, āhāra) appears throughout Vinaya, which contains extensive regulations about food: what is permissible, how it is obtained, when it is eaten, and how it is shared. The compound 食時 (meal time, bhojana-kāla) is a key term in the monastic schedule.

Alms Food — The compound 施食 (dāna-bhojana, giving food) is central to the relationship between monastics and laypeople. The daily alms round (piṇḍapāta) is the means by which monastics receive food. The compound 食輪 (the wheel of food) is a term for the lay community’s support of the saṅgha.

Food and the Body — The body is sustained by food, and food is the basis for the continuation of life. In meditation, the contemplation of the repulsiveness of food (食厭想, āhāre paṭikūla-saññā) is one of the meditation practices. The compound 段食 (kabaliṅkārāhāra, physical food) is one of the four kinds of nutriment in Abhidharma.

The Four Nutriments — In Abhidharma, there are four kinds of nutriment (āhāra): (1) 段食 (kabaliṅkārāhāra, physical food); (2) 觸食 (sparśāhāra, contact nutriment); (3) 思食 (mano-sañcetanāhāra, volition nutriment); (4) 識食 (vijñānāhāra, consciousness nutriment). These are discussed in the Discourse on the Four Nutriments.

The Five Pure Foods — In some traditions, certain foods are forbidden for monastics: the five pungent roots (韭, garlic; 蔥, onion; etc.). The radical 食 appears in discussions of these dietary restrictions.

Offering Food to the Buddha — The offering of food to the Buddha and to monastics is one of the greatest acts of merit. The compound 齋食 (vegetarian meal) and 供食 (offering food) appear in descriptions of merit-making.

Hunger and Satiety (飢/饥, hunger; 飽/饱, satiety) — These are used as metaphors in Buddhist texts: the "hunger" for sense pleasures, the "satiety" of the mind at peace. The compound 飢渴 (hunger and thirst) appears in similes for the craving (tṛṣṇā) that drives saṃsāra.

Nourishment and Cultivation (養, poṣaṇa) — The compound 培養 (to nurture/cultivate) is used for the cultivation of wholesome qualities. The compound 養心 (to nourish the mind) is a term for meditation practice.

Translation and Transformation — The character 飜 (variant of 翻) appears in the compound 翻譯 (to translate), which is central to the transmission of Buddhism from India to China. The "transformation" of the Dharma across languages and cultures is a theme of this radical.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extremely extensive (食/飠/饣 as radical, 飯/饭, 飲/饮, 飼/饲, 飽/饱, 餓/饿, 餘/余, 養/养, 館/馆, 饒/饶, 饞/馋, 饉/馑, 饗/飨, 饋/馈, 饌/馔, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

184.184 184.1 食 (shí / sì / yì) [skt.bhojana; bhuñjati; bhojayati] — Food; to eat/feed. Bhojana is food/meal; bhuñjati is to eat; bhojayati is to feed. In Buddhist contexts, 食 appears in: (1) 食物 (bhojana, food) — the four requisites; (2) 段食 (kabaliṅkārāhāra, physical food) — one of the four nutriments; (3) 飲食 (āhāra, food and drink) — a standard compound; (4) 齋食 (śikṣā-bhojana, vegetarian meal) — in some traditions; (5) 食時 (bhojana-kāla, meal time) — in Vinaya. The compound 食輪 (food-wheel) describes the support of the saṅgha by the laity.

184.185 184.4/184.115/184.135 飢/饑/饥 (jī) [skt.kṣudh; kṣudhā] — Hunger. Kṣudh is hunger; kṣudhā is hunger (feminine). In Buddhist contexts, 飢 appears in: (1) 飢渴 (kṣudh-tṛṣṇā, hunger and thirst) — a metaphor for craving; (2) 飢饉 (famine, durbhikṣa) — appearing in descriptions of the hardships of life; (3) 飢餓 (hunger, kṣudh) — used in similes for the craving that drives beings. The compound 飢火 (the fire of hunger) is a metaphor for insatiable desire.

184.186 184.12/184.140 飪/饪 (rèn) [skt.pācayati] — To cook. In Vinaya, cooking is one of the activities that monastics are generally prohibited from doing (they rely on alms), but there are exceptions.

184.187 184.13/184.141 飫/饫 (yù) [skt.tṛpti; tṛpta] — To be satiated/full. Tṛpti is satiety; tṛpta is satisfied. In Buddhist contexts, 飫 appears in the compound 飫足 (satisfied), used in similes for contentment with the Dharma.

184.188 184.15/184.142 飭/饬 (chì) [skt.niyoga; anuśāsana] — To order/instruct. In Buddhist contexts, 飭 appears in the compound 飭令 (to command), used in Vinaya for the instructions of the Buddha.

184.189 184.17/184.18/184.143 飯/飰/饭 (fàn) [skt.odana; bhojana] — Rice/cooked food. Odana is rice (cooked). In Buddhist contexts, 飯 appears in: (1) 飯食 (bhojana, food) — the standard term for a meal; (2) 飯僧 (to offer food to monks) — a merit-making activity; (3) 施飯 (to give food) — alms-giving. Rice is the staple food in India and China, and 飯 is a key term in Vinaya.

184.190 184.20/184.144 飲/饮 (yǐn / yìn) [skt.pibati] — To drink. In Buddhist contexts, 飲 appears in: (1) 飲食 (āhāra, food and drink) — the standard compound; (2) 飲酒 (to drink alcohol) — a violation of the Fifth Precept; (3) 飲水 (to drink water) — a daily activity regulated in Vinaya. In the sense of "giving drink" (reading yìn), it appears in descriptions of compassion (giving water to the thirsty).

184.191 184.30/184.148 飼/饲 (sì) [skt.bhojayati; poṣayati] — To feed/rear. In Buddhist contexts, 飼 appears in the context of feeding animals or caring for beings. The compound 飼養 (to raise/feed) appears in Vinaya — monastics are generally prohibited from keeping animals, but caring for injured animals may be allowed.

184.192 184.31/184.147 飽/饱 (bǎo) [skt.tṛpta] — Full/satisfied. Tṛpta is satisfied/full. In Buddhist contexts, 飽 appears in: (1) 飽足 (satisfied, tṛpta) — describing contentment; (2) 飽食 (to eat one’s fill) — used in the context of moderation in eating; (3) 飽滿 (full) — describing the abundance of the Dharma.

184.193 184.32/184.146 飾/饰 (shì) [skt.alaṃkāra; bhūṣaṇa] — To adorn. In Buddhist contexts, 飾 appears in the compound 莊嚴 (to adorn, vyūha), describing the adornment of the Buddha’s body, the Pure Land, and the qualities of a bodhisattva. The adornment of the Dharma (法飾) is a theme in Mahāyāna.

184.194 184.43/184.153 餉/饷 (xiǎng) [skt.bhojana; pradāna] — To provide food. In Buddhist contexts, 餉 appears in the compound 餉食 (to provide food), a description of lay support for the saṅgha.

184.195 184.44 養 (yǎng / yàng) [skt.poṣaṇa; rakṣaṇa] — To nourish/raise. Poṣaṇa is nourishing; rakṣaṇa is protecting. In Buddhist contexts, 養 appears in: (1) 養生 (to nourish life) — the practice of maintaining the body; (2) 養心 (to nourish the mind) — meditation practice; (3) 培養 (to cultivate) — used for the cultivation of wholesome qualities. The compound 養育 (to raise/nurture) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s nurturing of his disciples.

184.196 184.52/184.163 餒/馁 (něi) [skt.kṣudh; kṣudhita] — Hungry. Similar to 飢.

184.197 184.53/184.161 餓/饿 (è) [skt.kṣudh; kṣudhita] — Hungry. In Buddhist contexts, 餓 appears in the compound 餓鬼 (preta, hungry ghost) — one of the six realms of rebirth, where beings suffer from insatiable hunger and thirst. The compound 餓鬼道 (preta-gati, the realm of hungry ghosts) is a standard term in Buddhist cosmology.

184.198 184.58/184.162 餘/馀 (yú) [skt.śeṣa; atiśaya] — Surplus/remainder. Śeṣa is remainder. In Buddhist contexts, 餘 appears in the compound 殘餘 (remainder), used in the context of leftover food (which may be given to others or to animals). The compound 餘習 (vāsanā, residual tendencies) is a key term for the subtle, lingering influences of past actions.

184.199 184.64/184.145 餞/饯 (jiàn) [skt.bhojana; ātithya] — To give a farewell feast. In Buddhist contexts, 餞 appears in descriptions of the hospitality offered to monastics.

184.200 184.80 餮 (tiè) [skt.lobha] — A glutton. Lobha is greed. In Buddhist contexts, 餮 appears in the compound 饕餮 (gluttony), describing one of the forms of greed (lobha). The compound is used in similes for insatiable desire.

184.201 184.103/184.180 饅/馒 (mán) — A steamed bun. No doctrinal significance. Appears as a food item in later Buddhist cuisine.

184.202 184.107/184.179 饉/馑 (jǐn) [skt.durbhikṣa] — Famine. Durbhikṣa is famine. In Buddhist contexts, 饉 appears in the compound 饑饉 (famine), a description of the suffering of beings in times of scarcity.

184.203 184.109/184.170 饋/馈 (kuì) [skt.dāna; bali] — To offer/present. Dāna is giving; bali is an offering. In Buddhist contexts, 饋 appears in the compound 饋贈 (to offer a gift), describing offerings made to the Buddha or to the saṅgha.

184.204 184.110/184.182 饌/馔 (zhuàn) [skt.bhojana; svādu-bhojana] — Food/delicacies. In Buddhist contexts, 饌 appears in descriptions of fine food offered to the Buddha or to monastics. The compound 素饌 (vegetarian food) appears in later Buddhist contexts.

184.205 184.115 饑 (jī) [skt.kṣudh; kṣudhā] — Hunger/famine. See 184.185 above. The traditional form.

184.206 184.116/184.152 饒/饶 (ráo) [skt.prabhūta; kṣamā] — Abundant; to forgive. Prabhūta is abundant; kṣamā is forgiveness. In Buddhist contexts, 饒 appears in the compound 饒益 (upakāra, to benefit/serve) — a key term for the bodhisattva’s activity of benefiting beings. The compound 饒恕 (to forgive) appears in descriptions of compassion.

184.207 184.118 饔 (yōng) [skt.bhojana] — A meal. In Buddhist contexts, 饔 appears in the compound 饔飧 (meals), used in descriptions of offering food.

184.208 184.119 饕 (tāo) [skt.lobha] — Gluttony. Similar to 餮. In Buddhist contexts, 饕 appears in the compound 饕餮 (gluttony), describing the excessive desire for food.

184.209 184.121/184.10 饗/飨 (xiǎng) [skt.bali; dāna] — To offer/feast. In Buddhist contexts, 饗 appears in descriptions of offerings to the Buddha. The compound 饗食 (to offer food) is a term for merit-making.

184.210 184.126 饜 (yàn) [skt.tṛpta] — To be satiated. Similar to 飫. In Buddhist contexts, 饜 appears in the compound 饜足 (satisfied), used in similes for the peace of nirvāṇa.

184.211 184.128/184.173 饞/馋 (chán) [skt.lobha] — Gluttonous/greedy. In Buddhist contexts, 饞 appears in the compound 饞嘴 (gluttonous), used in similes for the insatiable mind. Greed (lobha) is one of the three unwholesome roots.

184.212 184.132/184.183 饢/馕 (náng) — A flatbread. No doctrinal significance. Appears as a food item in later Buddhist contexts.

185 首

185.1 首 [chn.shǒu][eng.head; leader; (also shǒu, first)][skt.śiras; (also "head" = śiras; "leader" = pradhāna; "first" = agra)]

185.2 馗 [kuí][eng.a crossroads; (also kuí, a road)][skt.catvara; (also "crossroads" = catvara)]

185.3 馘 [guó][eng.a severed head; (also guó, to cut off the head)][skt.muṇḍa; (also "severed head" = śiras-chinna)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 185

Radical 185 (首, shǒu) — "head" — is a small but significant radical representing the head, leadership, and the first or foremost position (Kangxi #185). Its pictographic origin shows a head with hair and eyes. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Head as a Symbol of Leadership — The compound 首座 (the head seat; pradhāna-āsana) is a term for the senior monk or the leader of a monastic assembly. The compound 首領 (leader, netṛ) appears in descriptions of the Buddha as the leader of beings. The compound 首陀羅 (śūdra, the lowest caste in Indian society) uses 首 as a phonetic component in some transliterations.

The Head as a Symbol of the Foremost — The compound 首善 (foremost goodness) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s qualities. The compound 首要 (the foremost/primary) describes the most important aspect of the teaching. The compound 首義 (the primary meaning) is used in commentarial literature.

The Head and the Body — The head is the most important part of the body in Buddhist iconography. The Buddha’s head is one of the thirty-two marks (the head is perfectly shaped, with a prominence on the top known as the uṣṇīṣa). The compound 頂上 (the crown of the head) appears in descriptions of the Buddha.

The Head in Vinaya — In Vinaya, the shaving of the head is a mark of monastic ordination. The compound 剃頭 (to shave the head) is a standard term for taking monastic vows. The compound 頭陀 (dhūta) uses 頭 for dhūta (shaken off, ascetic practices).

The Crossroads (馗, catvara) — The crossroads is a symbol in Buddhist texts for the choice of direction in life: the path of good or the path of evil. The compound 十字路口 (crossroads) appears in similes for the choices beings face on the path.

The Severed Head (馘, muṇḍa) — This character appears in Jātaka tales and in Vinaya narratives of violence (e.g., battles). In Buddhism, violence is prohibited, and the severing of heads appears as a description of the consequences of karma or as an image of the cruelty of saṃsāra.

Text-critical note: 馗 (crossroads) and 馘 (severed head) are rare characters with limited doctrinal significance. The radical is small, but the foundational character 首 appears in many important Buddhist compounds.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

185.4 185.1 首 (shǒu) [skt.śiras; pradhāna; agra] — Head/leader/first. Śiras is the head (physical); pradhāna is leader/chief; agra is first/foremost. In Buddhist contexts, 首 appears in: (1) 首座 (pradhāna-āsana, head seat) — the senior monk; (2) 首領 (netṛ, leader) — the Buddha as leader; (3) 首要 (pradhāna, foremost) — the most important teaching; (4) 首善 (agra-kuśala, foremost goodness) — the Buddha’s qualities; (5) 首陀羅 (śūdra) — the lowest caste in Indian society, using 首 as a phonetic component. The compound 首楞嚴 (Śūraṅgama) is a key sūtra title, using 首 for Śūra (heroic). The compound 首度 (the first time/degree) appears in some contexts. In the Heart Sūtra, the compound 觀自在菩薩 (avalokiteśvara-bodhisattva) uses 自在 (īśvara) and is not related to 首. In the context of the Noble Eightfold Path, "Right View" is 正見 (samyag-dṛṣṭi), not 首. The "foremost" quality of the Dharma is sometimes described with 首.

185.5 185.2 馗 (kuí) [skt.catvara] — A crossroads. Catvara is a crossroads/four-way junction. In Buddhist contexts, 馗 appears in the compound 馗道 (a crossroads), used in similes for the choices beings face: the path of good versus the path of evil. The compound 四衢 (four crossroads, catvara) is a standard term in sūtras for a public place where the Buddha taught or where people gathered. The crossroads is a symbol of decision point.

185.6 185.3 馘 (guó) [skt.muṇḍa; śiras-chinna] — A severed head. Muṇḍa is a shaven head (or a head in general); śiras-chinna is a severed head. In Buddhist contexts, 馘 appears in Jātaka tales that depict violence (often as a result of karma). In Vinaya, violence is prohibited, and the severing of heads is used as a description of the consequences of unwholesome actions. The compound 馘首 (to sever the head) appears in narratives of kings and battles. No doctrinal significance beyond the depiction of the results of violence.

186 香

186.1 香 [chn.xiāng][eng.fragrant; incense; (also xiāng, aroma)][skt.gandha; (also "fragrance" = gandha; "incense" = dhūpa)]

186.2 馚 [fén][eng.ancient term; (also fén); rare]

186.3 馛 [bó][eng.ancient term; (also bó); rare]

186.4 馜 [ní][eng.ancient term; (also ní); rare]

186.5 馝 [bì][eng.ancient term; (also bì); rare]

186.6 馞 [bó][eng.ancient term; (also bó); rare]

186.7 馟 [tú][eng.ancient term; (also tú); rare]

186.8 馠 [hán][eng.ancient term; (also hán); rare]

186.9 馡 [fēi][eng.ancient term; (also fēi); rare]

186.10 馢 [jiān][eng.ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

186.11 馣 [ān][eng.ancient term; (also ān); rare]

186.12 馤 [ài][eng.ancient term; (also ài); rare]

186.13 馥 [fù][eng.fragrant; rich in aroma; (also fù, a perfume)][skt.gandha; (also "fragrance" = gandha)]

186.14 馦 [xiān][eng.ancient term; (also xiān); rare]

186.15 馧 [yūn][eng.ancient term; (also yūn); rare]

186.16 馨 [xīn][eng.fragrant; (also xīn, a pleasant smell)][skt.gandha; (also "fragrance" = gandha)]

186.17 馩 [fén][eng.ancient term; (also fén); rare]

186.18 馪 [pīn][eng.ancient term; (also pīn); rare]

186.19 馫 [xīn][eng.ancient term; (also xīn); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 186

Radical 186 (香, xiāng) — "fragrant" — represents fragrance, incense, and pleasant smells (Kangxi #186). Its pictographic origin shows grain (禾) with a mouth (口) or tongue, indicating the perception of fragrance. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant ritual and metaphorical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Incense as an Offering — Incense (香, dhūpa) is one of the most important offerings in Buddhist ritual, along with flowers, lamps, and food. The compound 燒香 (to burn incense) is a standard act of devotion. Incense purifies the space, creates a sacred atmosphere, and symbolizes the fragrant reputation of the Dharma. The compound 香供 (incense offering) appears in descriptions of merit-making. Incense is also one of the six sensory objects (色, 聲, 香, 味, 觸, 法 — form, sound, smell, taste, touch, mind-objects).

The Fragrance of the Dharma — The Dharma is often compared to a fragrance that permeates all directions. The compound 法香 (dharma-gandha, the fragrance of the Dharma) is a metaphor for the wholesome influence of the Buddha’s teachings. The compound 戒香 (śīla-gandha, the fragrance of precepts) describes the wholesome reputation of a virtuous person. The compound 德香 (guṇa-gandha, the fragrance of virtue) is used for the qualities of a Buddha or a bodhisattva.

Smell as a Sense Object — Smell (香, gandha) is one of the five physical sense objects (色, 聲, 香, 味, 觸 — form, sound, smell, taste, touch). In Buddhist psychology, the sense of smell arises from the contact between the nose and odors. The compound 香味 (fragrance and taste, gandha-rasa) is a standard term for the pleasant qualities of offerings.

The Reputation of a Virtuous Person — The compound 香名 (fragrant reputation) appears in descriptions of the good reputation of a virtuous person. The compound 香華 (fragrant flowers) appears in descriptions of offerings and of the Pure Land.

The Scent of Enlightenment — In some Mahāyāna sūtras, the scent of enlightenment is described as pervading the universe. The compound 香雲 (fragrant clouds) appears in Pure Land descriptions, where the clouds are made of incense and flowers.

Text-critical note: many characters under this radical are rare or archaic terms for specific types of fragrance. 馥 and 馨 are the most significant beyond the foundational character 香. The radical is small but ritually important.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

186.20 186.1 香 (xiāng) [skt.gandha; dhūpa] — Fragrant/incense. Gandha is smell/fragrance; dhūpa is incense (specifically the burning of fragrant substances). In Buddhist contexts, 香 appears in: (1) 燒香 (dhūpa, to burn incense) — a key offering; (2) 香供 (incense offering, dhūpa-pūjā); (3) 法香 (dharma-gandha, the fragrance of the Dharma); (4) 戒香 (śīla-gandha, the fragrance of precepts) — the wholesome reputation of a virtuous person; (5) 香華 (fragrant flowers, gandha-puṣpa) — offerings to the Buddha; (6) 香雲 (fragrant clouds) — in Pure Land descriptions. In the compound 香積 (fragrant accumulation), it appears in the title of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra (香積佛, Gandha-māla-buddha). The compound 香味 (gandha-rasa, fragrance and taste) describes the sense objects of smell and taste.

186.21 186.13 馥 (fù) [skt.gandha] — Fragrant/rich in aroma. In Buddhist contexts, 馥 appears in the compound 馥郁 (fragrant and rich), used to describe the beauty and fragrance of the Pure Land or the quality of the Dharma.

186.22 186.16 馨 (xīn) [skt.gandha] — Fragrant/pleasant smell. In Buddhist contexts, 馨 appears in the compound 馨香 (fragrant), describing the fragrance of incense offerings or the pure scent of the Dharma.

186.23 186.19 馫 (xīn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

187 馬

187.1 馬 [chn.mǎ][eng.horse; (also mǎ, a surname)][skt.aśva; (also "horse" = aśva)]

187.2 馭 [yù][eng.to drive; to control; (also yù, a charioteer)][skt.sārathi; (also "to drive" = sārathī; "to control" = damana)]

187.3 馮 [féng / píng][eng.to cross; (also píng, a surname); rare]

187.4 馯 [hàn][eng.ancient term; (also hàn); rare]

187.5 馰 [dí][eng.ancient term; (also dí); rare]

187.6 馱 [duò / tuó][eng.to carry on the back; (also tuó, a load)][skt.vahati; (also "to carry" = vahati)]

187.7 馲 [zhé / tuō][eng.a horse; (also tuō)][skt.aśva]

187.8 馳 [chí][eng.to gallop; to rush; (also chí, to spread)][skt.dhāvati; (also "to gallop" = dhāvati)]

187.9 馴 [xún][eng.tame; docile; (also xún, to train)][skt.damita; (also "tame" = damita; "to train" = damayati)]

187.10 馵 [zhù][eng.ancient term; (also zhù); rare]

187.11 馶 [zhī][eng.ancient term; (also zhī); rare]

187.12 馷 [pèi][eng.ancient term; (also pèi); rare]

187.13 馸 [xìn][eng.ancient term; (also xìn); rare]

187.14 馹 [rì][eng.an ancient post-horse; (also rì)][skt.aśva]

187.15 馺 [sà][eng.ancient term; (also sà); rare]

187.16 馻 [yǔn][eng.ancient term; (also yǔn); rare]

187.17 馼 [wén][eng.ancient term; (also wén); rare]

187.18 馽 [zhí][eng.an ancient term; (also zhí); rare]

187.19 馾 [dǎn][eng.ancient term; (also dǎn); rare]

187.20 馿 [lǘ][eng.ancient variant of 驢 (donkey); rare][skt.khara; (also "donkey" = khara)]

187.21 駀 [yóu][eng.ancient term; (also yóu); rare]

187.22 駁 [bó][eng.to refute; to contradict; (also bó, variegated)][skt.vivāda; (also "to refute" = nirākaraṇa)]

187.23 駂 [bǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also bǎo); rare]

187.24 駃 [jué / kuài][eng.a swift horse; (also kuài, a legendary horse)][skt.aśva; (also "swift horse" = śaighrya)]

187.25 駄 [tuó][eng.to carry; variant of 馱][skt.vahati]

187.26 駅 [yì][eng.Japanese variant of 驛 (post horse); rare][skt.aśva]

187.27 駆 [qū][eng.Japanese variant of 驅 (to drive); rare][skt.sārathi]

187.28 駇 [wén][eng.ancient term; (also wén); rare]

187.29 駈 [qū][eng.ancient variant of 驅 (to drive); rare][skt.sārathi]

187.30 駉 [jiōng][eng.a fine horse; (also jiōng)][skt.aśva]

187.31 駊 [pǒ][eng.ancient term; (also pǒ); rare]

187.32 駋 [zhāo][eng.ancient term; (also zhāo); rare]

187.33 駌 [yuān][eng.ancient term; (also yuān); rare]

187.34 駍 [pēng][eng.ancient term; (also pēng); rare]

187.35 駎 [zhòu][eng.ancient term; (also zhòu); rare]

187.36 駏 [jù][eng.an ancient term; (also jù); rare]

187.37 駐 [zhù][eng.to stay; to stop; (also zhù, to station)][skt.sthāpayati; (also "to stop" = niṣṭhā)]

187.38 駑 [nú][eng.a slow horse; (also nú, a jade)][skt.manda; (also "slow" = manda)]

187.39 駒 [jū][eng.a colt; (also jū, a young horse)][skt.aśva-śiśu; (also "colt" = aśva-potaka)]

187.40 駓 [pī][eng.a horse with white markings; (also pī)]

187.41 駔 [zǎng][eng.a fine horse; (also zǎng, a trader)][skt.aśva]

187.42 駕 [jià][eng.to ride; to drive; (also jià, to harness)][skt.sārathi; (also "to ride" = ārohaṇa)]

187.43 駖 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng); rare]

187.44 駗 [zhěn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhěn); rare]

187.45 駘 [tái / dài][eng.a slow horse; (also dài, a worn-out horse)][skt.manda; (also "slow" = manda)]

187.46 駙 [fù][eng.a side horse; (also fù, a surname)][skt.aśva; (also "side horse" = pārśva-aśva)]

187.47 駚 [yǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎng); rare]

187.48 駛 [shǐ][eng.to drive; to sail; (also shǐ, to steer)][skt.sārathi; (also "to drive" = sārathī)]

187.49 駜 [bì][eng.a strong horse; (also bì)][skt.aśva]

187.50 駝 [tuó][eng.a camel; (also tuó, a hunchback)][skt.uṣṭra; (also "camel" = uṣṭra)]

187.51 駞 [tuó][eng.variant of 駝 (camel)][skt.uṣṭra]

187.52 駟 [sì][eng.a team of four horses; (also sì)][skt.catur-aśva; (also "four-horse chariot" = ratha)]

187.53 駠 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

187.54 駡 [mà][eng.ancient variant of 罵 (to scold); rare][skt.ākrośa; (also "to scold" = garhā)]

187.55 駢 [pián][eng.a pair; (also pián, a team of horses)][skt.yugala; (also "pair" = yamala)]

187.56 駣 [táo][eng.an ancient term; (also táo); rare]

187.57 駤 [zhì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

187.58 駥 [róng][eng.an ancient term; (also róng); rare]

187.59 駦 [téng][eng.an ancient term; (also téng); rare]

187.60 駧 [dòng][eng.an ancient term; (also dòng); rare]

187.61 駨 [xún][eng.an ancient term; (also xún); rare]

187.62 駩 [quán][eng.an ancient term; (also quán); rare]

187.63 駪 [shēn][eng.an ancient term; (also shēn); rare]

187.64 駫 [jiōng][eng.an ancient term; (also jiōng); rare]

187.65 駬 [ěr][eng.an ancient term; (also ěr); rare]

187.66 駭 [hài][eng.to be astonished; (also hài, to terrify)][skt.vismaya; (also "astonished" = vismita)]

187.67 駮 [bó][eng.ancient variant of 駁 (to refute); rare][skt.vivāda]

187.68 駯 [zhū][eng.ancient term; (also zhū); rare]

187.69 駰 [yīn][eng.a horse with white markings; (also yīn)][skt.aśva]

187.70 駱 [luò][eng.a camel; (also Luò, a surname)][skt.uṣṭra; (also "camel" = uṣṭra)]

187.71 駲 [zhōu][eng.ancient term; (also zhōu); rare]

187.72 駳 [dàn][eng.ancient term; (also dàn); rare]

187.73 駴 [hài][eng.ancient variant of 駭 (astonished); rare][skt.vismaya]

187.74 駵 [liú][eng.a fine horse; (also liú)][skt.aśva]

187.75 駶 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

187.76 駷 [sǒng][eng.an ancient term; (also sǒng); rare]

187.77 駸 [qīn][eng.to gallop; (also qīn, to move quickly)][skt.dhāvati; (also "to gallop" = dhāvati)]

187.78 駹 [máng][eng.a black horse; (also máng)][skt.aśva]

187.79 駺 [liáng][eng.an ancient term; (also liáng); rare]

187.80 駻 [hàn][eng.a fierce horse; (also hàn)][skt.caṇḍa; (also "fierce" = caṇḍa)]

187.81 駼 [tú][eng.an ancient term; (also tú); rare]

187.82 駽 [xuān][eng.a horse with white markings; (also xuān)][skt.aśva]

187.83 駾 [tuì][eng.an ancient term; (also tuì); rare]

187.84 駿 [jùn][eng.excellent; swift; (also jùn, a fine horse)][skt.aśva; (also "swift" = śaighrya; "excellent" = uttama)]

187.85 騀 [ě][eng.an ancient term; (also ě); rare]

187.86 騁 [chěng][eng.to gallop; to spread; (also chěng, to let go)][skt.dhāvati; (also "to gallop" = dhāvati)]

187.87 騂 [xīng][eng.a red horse; (also xīng)][skt.aśva]

187.88 騃 [sì / ái][eng.stupid; foolish; (also ái, a slow horse)][skt.mūḍha; (also "stupid" = mūḍha; "slow" = manda)]

187.89 騄 [lù][eng.a swift horse; (also lù)][skt.aśva]

187.90 騅 [zhuī][eng.a piebald horse; (also zhuī)][skt.aśva]

187.91 騆 [zhōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zhōu); rare]

187.92 騇 [shè][eng.an ancient term; (also shè); rare]

187.93 騈 [pián][eng.ancient variant of 駢 (a pair); rare][skt.yugala]

187.94 騉 [kūn][eng.an ancient term; (also kūn); rare]

187.95 騊 [táo][eng.an ancient term; (also táo); rare]

187.96 騋 [lái][eng.a tall horse; (also lái)][skt.aśva]

187.97 騌 [zōng][eng.an ancient term; (also zōng); rare]

187.98 騍 [kè][eng.a mare; (also kè)][skt.aśvā; (also "mare" = aśvā)]

187.99 騎 [qí / jì][eng.to ride; a cavalryman; (also jì, a mounted soldier)][skt.ārohaṇa; (also "to ride" = ārohaṇa; "horseman" = aśva-rodha)]

187.100 騏 [qí][eng.a fine horse; (also qí)][skt.aśva]

187.101 騐 [yàn][eng.ancient variant of 驗 (to test); rare][skt.parīkṣā; (also "to test" = parīkṣā)]

187.102 騑 [fēi][eng.a horse; (also fēi, a side horse)][skt.aśva]

187.103 騒 [sāo][eng.Japanese variant of 騷 (to bother); rare][skt.kalaha; (also "to bother" = upadrava)]

187.104 験 [yàn][eng.Japanese variant of 驗 (to test); rare][skt.parīkṣā]

187.105 騔 [gé][eng.an ancient term; (also gé); rare]

187.106 騕 [yǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎo); rare]

187.107 騖 [wù][eng.to gallop; to rush; (also wù, to strive)][skt.dhāvati; (also "to strive" = prayatna)]

187.108 騗 [piàn][eng.an ancient variant of 騙 (to cheat); rare][skt.vañcana; (also "to cheat" = vañcana)]

187.109 騘 [cōng][eng.an ancient variant of 騘?; rare][skt.aśva]

187.110 騙 [piàn][eng.to cheat; to deceive; (also piàn, a horse)][skt.vañcana; (also "to cheat" = vañcana)]

187.111 騚 [qián][eng.an ancient term; (also qián); rare]

187.112 騛 [fēi][eng.an ancient term; (also fēi); rare]

187.113 騜 [huáng][eng.a fine horse; (also huáng)][skt.aśva]

187.114 騝 [qián][eng.an ancient term; (also qián); rare]

187.115 騞 [huō][eng.an ancient term; (also huō); rare]

187.116 騟 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

187.117 騠 [tí][eng.a swift horse; (also tí)][skt.aśva]

187.118 騡 [quán][eng.an ancient term; (also quán); rare]

187.119 騢 [xiá][eng.a horse with white markings; (also xiá)][skt.aśva]

187.120 騣 [zōng][eng.a horse’s mane; (also zōng)][skt.kakṣa; (also "mane" = kakṣa)]

187.121 騤 [kuí][eng.an ancient term; (also kuí); rare]

187.122 騥 [róu][eng.an ancient term; (also róu); rare]

187.123 騦 [sī][eng.an ancient term; (also sī); rare]

187.124 騧 [guā][eng.a horse with white markings; (also guā)][skt.aśva]

187.125 騨 [tán][eng.an ancient term; (also tán); rare]

187.126 騩 [guī][eng.a horse; (also guī)][skt.aśva]

187.127 騪 [sōu][eng.an ancient term; (also sōu); rare]

187.128 騫 [qiān][eng.to fly; to rise; (also qiān, a horse)][skt.utpatana; (also "to fly" = uḍḍīyate)]

187.129 騬 [chéng][eng.an ancient term; (also chéng); rare]

187.130 騭 [zhì][eng.to determine; (also zhì, a fine horse)][skt.nirṇaya; (also "to determine" = nirṇaya)]

187.131 騮 [liú][eng.a fine horse; variant of 駵][skt.aśva]

187.132 騯 [péng][eng.an ancient term; (also péng); rare]

187.133 騰 [téng][eng.to rise; to leap; to gallop; (also téng, to soar)][skt.utplavana; (also "to rise" = utthāna; "to leap" = plavate)]

187.134 騱 [xí][eng.an ancient term; (also xí); rare]

187.135 騲 [cǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also cǎo); rare]

187.136 騳 [dú][eng.an ancient term; (also dú); rare]

187.137 騴 [yàn][eng.an ancient term; (also yàn); rare]

187.138 騵 [yuán][eng.a horse with white markings; (also yuán)][skt.aśva]

187.139 騶 [zōu][eng.a groom; (also zōu, a stableman)][skt.aśva-pāla; (also "groom" = aśva-pāla)]

187.140 騷 [sāo][eng.to bother; to disturb; (also sāo, a foul smell)][skt.kalaha; (also "to disturb" = upadrava)]

187.141 騸 [shàn][eng.to geld; (also shàn, a castrated horse)]

187.142 騹 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

187.143 騺 [zhì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

187.144 騻 [shuāng][eng.an ancient term; (also shuāng); rare]

187.145 騼 [lù][eng.an ancient term; (also lù); rare]

187.146 騽 [xí][eng.an ancient term; (also xí); rare]

187.147 騾 [luó][eng.a mule; (also luó)][skt.aśvatara; (also "mule" = aśvatara)]

187.148 騿 [zhāng][eng.an ancient term; (also zhāng); rare]

187.149 驀 [mò][eng.suddenly; (also mò, to cross)][skt.sahasā; (also "suddenly" = sahasā)]

187.150 驁 [ào][eng.a fine horse; (also ào, proud)][skt.aśva]

187.151 驂 [cān][eng.a team of three horses; (also cān)][skt.traya; (also "three-horse chariot" = ratha)]

187.152 驃 [biāo][eng.a swift horse; (also biāo, to gallop)][skt.aśva; (also "swift" = śaighrya)]

187.153 驄 [cōng][eng.a horse with white markings; (also cōng)][skt.aśva]

187.154 驅 [qū][eng.to drive; to expel; (also qū, to urge)][skt.sārathi; (also "to drive" = sārathī; "to expel" = nirākaraṇa)]

187.155 驆 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

187.156 驇 [zhì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

187.157 驈 [yù][eng.a fine horse; (also yù)][skt.aśva]

187.158 驉 [xū][eng.an ancient term; (also xū); rare]

187.159 驊 [huá][eng.a fine horse; (also huá)][skt.aśva]

187.160 驋 [bō][eng.an ancient term; (also bō); rare]

187.161 驌 [sù][eng.an ancient term; (also sù); rare]

187.162 驍 [xiāo][eng.a brave horse; (also xiāo, heroic)][skt.vīra; (also "brave" = vīra)]

187.163 驎 [lín][eng.a fine horse; (also lín)][skt.aśva]

187.164 驏 [zhàn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhàn); rare]

187.165 驐 [dūn][eng.an ancient term; (also dūn); rare]

187.166 驑 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

187.167 驒 [tuó][eng.an ancient term; (also tuó); rare]

187.168 驓 [céng][eng.an ancient term; (also céng); rare]

187.169 驔 [diàn][eng.an ancient term; (also diàn); rare]

187.170 驕 [jiāo][eng.proud; arrogant; (also jiāo, a fine horse)][skt.māna; (also "proud" = māna; "arrogant" = abhimāna)]

187.171 驖 [tiě][eng.a black horse; (also tiě)][skt.aśva]

187.172 驗 [yàn][eng.to test; to examine; (also yàn, to inspect)][skt.parīkṣā; (also "to test" = parīkṣā; "to inspect" = nirīkṣaṇa)]

187.173 驘 [luó][eng.ancient variant of 騾 (mule); rare][skt.aśvatara]

187.174 驙 [zhān][eng.an ancient term; (also zhān); rare]

187.175 驚 [jīng][eng.to frighten; to startle; (also jīng, to be alarmed)][skt.trāsa; (also "to frighten" = udvega)]

187.176 驛 [yì][eng.a post horse; a relay station; (also yì, a post)][skt.aśva; (also "post horse" = aśva)]

187.177 驜 [yè][eng.an ancient term; (also yè); rare]

187.178 驝 [tuó][eng.an ancient term; (also tuó); rare]

187.179 驞 [pīn][eng.an ancient term; (also pīn); rare]

187.180 驟 [zhòu][eng.suddenly; (also zhòu, a gallop)][skt.sahasā; (also "suddenly" = sahasā; "to gallop" = dhāvati)]

187.181 驠 [yàn][eng.an ancient term; (also yàn); rare]

187.182 驡 [lóng][eng.an ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

187.183 驢 [lǘ][eng.donkey; (also lǘ, an ass)][skt.khara; (also "donkey" = khara)]

187.184 驣 [téng][eng.an ancient variant of 騰 (to rise); rare][skt.utplavana]

187.185 驤 [xiāng][eng.to gallop; to move forward; (also xiāng, to advance)][skt.dhāvati; (also "to advance" = abhigamana)]

187.186 驥 [jì][eng.a swift horse; (also jì, a fine horse)][skt.aśva; (also "swift" = śaighrya)]

187.187 驦 [shuāng][eng.a swift horse; (also shuāng)][skt.aśva]

187.188 驧 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

187.189 驨 [xí][eng.an ancient term; (also xí); rare]

187.190 驩 [huān][eng.to rejoice; (also huān, joyful)][skt.ānanda; (also "joyful" = ānanda)]

187.191 驪 [lí][eng.a dark horse; (also lí, a black horse)][skt.aśva]

187.192 驫 [biāo][eng.a galloping horse; (also biāo)][skt.aśva]

187.193 马 [mǎ][eng.horse; simplified of 馬][skt.aśva]

187.194 驭 [yù][eng.to drive; simplified of 馭][skt.sārathi]

187.195 驮 [duò / tuó][eng.to carry; simplified of 馱][skt.vahati]

187.196 驯 [xún][eng.tame; simplified of 馴][skt.damita]

187.197 驰 [chí][eng.to gallop; simplified of 馳][skt.dhāvati]

187.198 驱 [qū][eng.to drive; simplified of 驅][skt.sārathi]

187.199 驲 [rì][eng.post horse; simplified of 馹][skt.aśva]

187.200 驳 [bó][eng.to refute; simplified of 駁][skt.vivāda]

187.201 驴 [lǘ][eng.donkey; simplified of 驢][skt.khara]

187.202 驵 [zǎng][eng.fine horse; simplified of 駔][skt.aśva]

187.203 驶 [shǐ][eng.to drive; simplified of 駛][skt.sārathi]

187.204 驷 [sì][eng.four horses; simplified of 駟][skt.catur-aśva]

187.205 驸 [fù][eng.side horse; simplified of 駙][skt.aśva]

187.206 驹 [jū][eng.colt; simplified of 駒][skt.aśva-śiśu]

187.207 驺 [zōu][eng.groom; simplified of 騶][skt.aśva-pāla]

187.208 驻 [zhù][eng.to stay; simplified of 駐][skt.sthāpayati]

187.209 驼 [tuó][eng.camel; simplified of 駝][skt.uṣṭra]

187.210 驽 [nú][eng.slow horse; simplified of 駑][skt.manda]

187.211 驾 [jià][eng.to drive; simplified of 駕][skt.sārathi]

187.212 驿 [yì][eng.post horse; simplified of 驛][skt.aśva]

187.213 骀 [tái / dài][eng.slow horse; simplified of 駘][skt.manda]

187.214 骁 [xiāo][eng.brave horse; simplified of 驍][skt.vīra]

187.215 骂 [mà][eng.to scold; simplified of 罵][skt.ākrośa]

187.216 骃 [yīn][eng.horse with white markings; simplified of 駰][skt.aśva]

187.217 骄 [jiāo][eng.proud; simplified of 驕][skt.māna]

187.218 骅 [huá][eng.fine horse; simplified of 驊][skt.aśva]

187.219 骆 [luò][eng.camel; simplified of 駱][skt.uṣṭra]

187.220 骇 [hài][eng.astonished; simplified of 駭][skt.vismaya]

187.221 骈 [pián][eng.a pair; simplified of 駢][skt.yugala]

187.222 骉 [biāo][eng.galloping horse; simplified of 驫][skt.aśva]

187.223 骊 [lí][eng.dark horse; simplified of 驪][skt.aśva]

187.224 骋 [chěng][eng.to gallop; simplified of 騁][skt.dhāvati]

187.225 验 [yàn][eng.to test; simplified of 驗][skt.parīkṣā]

187.226 骍 [xīng][eng.red horse; simplified of 騂][skt.aśva]

187.227 骎 [qīn][eng.to gallop; simplified of 駸][skt.dhāvati]

187.228 骏 [jùn][eng.swift horse; simplified of 駿][skt.aśva]

187.229 骐 [qí][eng.fine horse; simplified of 騏][skt.aśva]

187.230 骑 [qí / jì][eng.to ride; simplified of 騎][skt.ārohaṇa]

187.231 骒 [kè][eng.mare; simplified of 騍][skt.aśvā]

187.232 骓 [zhuī][eng.piebald horse; simplified of 騅][skt.aśva]

187.233 骔 [zōng][eng.ancient term; simplified of 騌]

187.234 骕 [sù][eng.ancient term; simplified of 驌]

187.235 骖 [cān][eng.three horses; simplified of 驂][skt.traya]

187.236 骗 [piàn][eng.to cheat; simplified of 騙][skt.vañcana]

187.237 骘 [zhì][eng.to determine; simplified of 騭][skt.nirṇaya]

187.238 骙 [kuí][eng.ancient term; simplified of 騤]

187.239 骚 [sāo][eng.to bother; simplified of 騷][skt.kalaha]

187.240 骛 [wù][eng.to gallop; simplified of 騖][skt.dhāvati]

187.241 骜 [ào][eng.fine horse; simplified of 驁][skt.aśva]

187.242 骝 [liú][eng.fine horse; simplified of 騮][skt.aśva]

187.243 骞 [qiān][eng.to rise; simplified of 騫][skt.utpatana]

187.244 骟 [shàn][eng.to geld; simplified of 騸]

187.245 骠 [biāo][eng.swift horse; simplified of 驃][skt.aśva]

187.246 骡 [luó][eng.mule; simplified of 騾][skt.aśvatara]

187.247 骢 [cōng][eng.horse with white markings; simplified of 驄][skt.aśva]

187.248 骣 [chǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also chǎn)]

187.249 骤 [zhòu][eng.suddenly; simplified of 驟][skt.sahasā]

187.250 骥 [jì][eng.swift horse; simplified of 驥][skt.aśva]

187.251 骦 [shuāng][eng.swift horse; simplified of 驦][skt.aśva]

187.252 骧 [xiāng][eng.to gallop; simplified of 驤][skt.dhāvati]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 187

Radical 187 (馬, mǎ) — "horse" — is one of the most extensive radicals in the lexicon, encompassing everything related to horses, horsemanship, riding, and by extension, speed, strength, and nobility (Kangxi #187). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of considerable metaphorical and doctrinal significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Horse as a Symbol for the Mind — One of the most famous metaphors in Buddhism: the mind is like a wild horse that must be tamed. The compound 心猿意馬 (the mind like a monkey and a wild horse) describes the restless mind that jumps from one object to another. The compound 調心 (to tame the mind) is related to the training of a horse. The horse is also used in similes for the speed of thought: the mind is as fast as a galloping horse.

The Well-Trained Horse — The well-trained horse is a simile for the well-trained mind. The compound 調馬 (to tame a horse) appears in Vinaya as a simile for the training of a monk. The Buddha is sometimes called the "Tamer" (damana), like a horse-tamer who trains wild horses.

The Four-Horse Chariot (駟, catur-aśva) — The four-horse chariot is a symbol of speed and power. In some texts, the four-horse chariot is used as a simile for the Four Noble Truths, which carry the practitioner to nirvāṇa.

Riding and Control (馭, sārathi; 驅, sārathi; 騎, ārohaṇa) — The "charioteer" or "driver" is a metaphor for mindfulness, which controls the "horses" of the senses. The compound 御心 (to control the mind) is a standard term for meditation practice. The compound 騎乘 (to ride) appears in Vinaya, where riding horses is generally prohibited for monastics.

The Swift Horse of Wisdom — The swift horse is a metaphor for wisdom that moves quickly and penetrates deeply. The compound 慧馬 (wisdom horse) appears in some texts. The compound 駿馬 (a swift horse) is used in similes for the rapid progress of a practitioner.

The Horse in Jātaka Tales — The horse appears in numerous Jātaka tales (the birth stories of the Buddha), often as a symbol of loyalty, sacrifice, or swiftness. The Aśva Jātaka tells of the Buddha’s previous birth as a horse who saved a human.

The Camel and the Donkey (駱/骆, uṣṭra; 驢/驴, khara) — These animals are mentioned in Vinaya in the context of transport and permissible riding. The camel appears in some texts as a desert animal used for carrying goods.

Refutation and Debate (駁/驳, vivāda, nirākaraṇa) — The character 駁 is used for "refuting" wrong views, a key function of Buddhist logic and debate. The compound 駁斥 (to refute) appears in scholastic contexts.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extremely extensive (馬/马, 馭/驭, 馳/驰, 馴/驯, 駕/驾, 駛/驶, 騎/骑, 驗/验, 騙/骗, 驕/骄, 驟/骤, 驢/驴, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation. Many characters under this radical are rare or classical horse-color and horse-type terms with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

187.253 187.1/187.193 馬/马 (mǎ) [skt.aśva] — Horse. Aśva is the standard Sanskrit term for horse. In Buddhist contexts, the horse appears in: (1) 馬車 (aśva-ratha, chariot) — a vehicle in similes; (2) 心猿意馬 (the mind like a monkey and a wild horse) — the restless mind; (3) 調馬 (to tame a horse, damana) — the training of the mind; (4) 馬鳴 (Aśvaghoṣa) — the great Buddhist poet and philosopher, whose name means "the neighing of a horse." The compound 馬匹 (horses) appears in Vinaya.

187.254 187.2/187.194 馭/驭 (yù) [skt.sārathi; damana] — To drive/control. Sārathi is a charioteer; damana is control/subduing. In Buddhist contexts, 馭 appears in: (1) 調馭 (to tame and drive) — used for the control of the mind; (2) 御心 (to control the mind) — a standard term for meditation. The charioteer controls the horses; mindfulness controls the mind.

187.255 187.8/187.197 馳/驰 (chí) [skt.dhāvati] — To gallop/rush. Dhāvati is to run/gallop. In Buddhist contexts, 馳 appears in the compound 馳騁 (to gallop), used in similes for the restless mind. The compound 馳求 (to seek eagerly) describes the pursuit of worldly desires.

187.256 187.9/187.196 馴/驯 (xún) [skt.damita; damayati] — Tame/docile. Damita is tamed; damayati is to tame. In Buddhist contexts, 馴 appears in the compound 馴服 (to tame), used for the training of the mind. The tamed mind is the foundation of meditation.

187.257 187.37/187.208 駐/驻 (zhù) [skt.sthāpayati; niṣṭhā] — To stay/stop. Sthāpayati is to place/establish; niṣṭhā is cessation. In Buddhist contexts, 駐 appears in the compound 駐足 (to stop), used in meditation for the cessation of mental movement.

187.258 187.38/187.210 駑/驽 (nú) [skt.manda] — A slow horse. Manda is slow/dull. In Buddhist contexts, 駑 appears in the compound 駑馬 (a slow horse), used in similes for the dull mind.

187.259 187.39/187.206 駒/驹 (jū) [skt.aśva-śiśu; aśva-potaka] — A colt. Aśva-śiśu is a young horse; aśva-potaka is a colt. In Buddhist similes, the young horse represents the novice practitioner.

187.260 187.42/187.211 駕/驾 (jià) [skt.sārathi; ārohaṇa] — To ride/drive/harness. Sārathi is a charioteer; ārohaṇa is riding (as in 騎乘). In Buddhist contexts, 駕 appears in the compound 駕御 (to drive), used for the control of the mind. The compound 駕臨 (to come) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s arrival.

187.261 187.66/187.220 駭/骇 (hài) [skt.vismaya; vismita] — Astonished/terrified. Vismaya is astonishment; vismita is astonished. In Buddhist contexts, 駭 appears in the compound 駭然 (astonished), used for the reaction of beings when they encounter the Dharma for the first time.

187.262 187.84/187.228 駿/骏 (jùn) [skt.aśva; śaighrya; uttama] — A swift/excellent horse. In Buddhist contexts, 駿 appears in the compound 駿馬 (swift horse), used as a metaphor for the rapid progress of a practitioner on the path. The swiftness of the mind in concentration is compared to a swift horse.

187.263 187.99/187.230 騎/骑 (qí / jì) [skt.ārohaṇa; aśva-rodha] — To ride; a horseman. Ārohaṇa is mounting/riding; aśva-rodha is a horseman. In Buddhist contexts, 騎 appears in: (1) 騎乘 (to ride) — which is generally prohibited for monastics in Vinaya; (2) 騎馬 (horseback riding) — a worldly activity. In some texts, the "riding" of the Dharma is a metaphor for carrying the teachings.

187.264 187.107/187.240 騖/骛 (wù) [skt.dhāvati; prayatna] — To gallop/strive. Prayatna is effort/striving. In Buddhist contexts, 騖 appears in the compound 馳騖 (to rush about), used for the restless mind. The striving of the practitioner is like a galloping horse — steady and directed.

187.265 187.128/187.243 騫/骞 (qiān) [skt.utpatana; uḍḍīyate] — To fly/rise. In Buddhist contexts, 騫 appears in the compound 騫飛 (to fly up), used in similes for the mind "flying" toward enlightenment.

187.266 187.133/187.184 騰/腾 (téng) [skt.utplavana; utthāna; plavate] — To rise/leap/gallop. Utplavana is leaping; utthāna is rising; plavate is to leap. In Buddhist contexts, 騰 appears in the compound 騰空 (to rise into the air), describing the supernormal power of flying. The compound 騰躍 (to leap) appears in similes for the mind’s sudden movement toward awakening.

187.267 187.154/187.198 驅/驱 (qū) [skt.sārathi; nirākaraṇa] — To drive/expel. Sārathi is a charioteer; nirākaraṇa is expulsion/removal. In Buddhist contexts, 驅 appears in: (1) 驅使 (to drive/urge) — describing the force of karma; (2) 驅逐 (to expel) — in Vinaya, the expulsion of a monk from the community. The "driver" of the mind is mindfulness.

187.268 187.170/187.217 驕/骄 (jiāo) [skt.māna; abhimāna] — Proud/arrogant. Māna is pride/conceit; abhimāna is arrogance. In Buddhist contexts, 驕 appears in the compound 驕傲 (pride), which is one of the defilements (kleśa) that obstruct the path. Pride is the root of many unwholesome states.

187.269 187.172/187.225 驗/验 (yàn) [skt.parīkṣā; nirīkṣaṇa] — To test/examine. Parīkṣā is investigation; nirīkṣaṇa is examination. In Buddhist contexts, 驗 appears in the compound 檢驗 (to examine/test), used in the context of investigating the Dharma or the mind. In Yogācāra epistemology, the examination of the mind is the foundation of practice.

187.270 187.175 驚 (jīng) [skt.trāsa; udvega] — To frighten/startle. Trāsa is fear/terror; udvega is agitation. In Buddhist contexts, 驚 appears in the compound 驚奇 (astonishment), describing the reaction of beings who encounter the profound teachings. The Buddha’s teachings are sometimes "startling" to the untrained mind.

187.271 187.176/187.212 驛/驿 (yì) [skt.aśva] — A post horse. In Buddhist contexts, 驛 appears in the compound 驛站 (a post station), used in descriptions of the spread of the Dharma. No doctrinal significance beyond its literal meaning.

187.272 187.180/187.249 驟/骤 (zhòu) [skt.sahasā; dhāvati] — Suddenly; to gallop. Sahasā is sudden; dhāvati is to gallop. In Buddhist contexts, 驟 appears in the compound 驟然 (suddenly), used in descriptions of sudden enlightenment (sahasā-bodhi). The suddenness of awakening is a key concept in Chan/Zen Buddhism.

187.273 187.183/187.201 驢/驴 (lǘ) [skt.khara] — Donkey. Khara is a donkey. In Buddhist similes, the donkey is used for stubbornness or foolishness. The donkey is also mentioned in Vinaya as an animal not suitable for riding.

187.274 187.185/187.252 驤/骧 (xiāng) [skt.dhāvati; abhigamana] — To gallop/advance. In Buddhist contexts, 驤 appears in the compound 驤首 (to raise the head and gallop), used for the mind that races toward enlightenment.

187.275 187.186/187.250 驥/骥 (jì) [skt.aśva; śaighrya] — A swift horse. In Buddhist similes, 驥 is used for the most excellent quality. The swift horse is a metaphor for the practitioner who progresses quickly.

187.276 187.190 驩 (huān) [skt.ānanda] — Joyful. Ānanda is joy/bliss. In Buddhist contexts, 驩 appears in the compound 驩喜 (joyful), describing the joy of the Dharma. It is a variant of 歡.

187.277 187.191/187.223 驪/骊 (lí) [skt.aśva] — A dark horse. In Buddhist similes, the dark horse represents the hidden quality of the mind.

188 骨

188.1 骨 [chn.gǔ / gū][eng.bone; skeleton; (also gū, a kernel)][skt.asthi; (also "bone" = asthi; "skeleton" = asthi-saṃcaya)]

188.2 骩 [wěi][eng.ancient term; (also wěi); rare]

188.3 骪 [wěi][eng.ancient variant of 骫 (to bend); rare]

188.4 骫 [wěi][eng.to bend; (also wěi); rare]

188.5 骬 [yú][eng.ancient term; (also yú); rare]

188.6 骭 [gàn][eng.the shinbone; (also gàn)][skt.jaṅghā; (also "shin" = jaṅghā)]

188.7 骮 [yì][eng.ancient term; (also yì); rare]

188.8 骯 [āng][eng.a large bone; (also āng)][skt.asthi]

188.9 骰 [tóu / shǎi][eng.dice; (also shǎi, a die)]

188.10 骱 [jiè][eng.a bone joint; (also jiè)][skt.sandhi; (also "joint" = sandhi)]

188.11 骲 [bào][eng.ancient term; (also bào); rare]

188.12 骳 [bèi][eng.ancient term; (also bèi); rare]

188.13 骴 [cī / zì][eng.ancient term; (also zì); rare]

188.14 骵 [tǐ][eng.variant of 體 (body); rare][skt.kāya; (also "body" = kāya)]

188.15 骶 [dǐ][eng.the sacrum; (also dǐ)]

188.16 骷 [kū][eng.a skull; (also kū)][skt.kapāla; (also "skull" = kapāla)]

188.17 骸 [hái][eng.skeleton; bones; (also hái, the body)][skt.asthi; (also "skeleton" = asthi-saṃcaya)]

188.18 骹 [qiāo / xiāo][eng.a bone; (also xiāo)][skt.asthi]

188.19 骺 [hóu][eng.the epiphysis; (also hóu)]

188.20 骻 [kuà][eng.the hip bone; (also kuà)][skt.śroṇi; (also "hip" = śroṇi)]

188.21 骼 [gé][eng.a bone; (also gé)][skt.asthi]

188.22 骽 [tuǐ][eng.ancient variant of 腿 (leg); rare][skt.uru; (also "leg" = ūru)]

188.23 骾 [gěng][eng.to choke on a bone; (also gěng)]

188.24 骿 [pián][eng.an ancient term; (also pián); rare]

188.25 髀 [bì][eng.the thigh bone; (also bì)][skt.ūru; (also "thigh" = ūru)]

188.26 髁 [kē][eng.the hip bone; (also kē)][skt.śroṇi; (also "hip" = śroṇi)]

188.27 髂 [qià][eng.the hip bone; (also qià)][skt.śroṇi]

188.28 髃 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

188.29 髄 [suǐ][eng.Japanese variant of 髓 (marrow); rare][skt.majjā; (also "marrow" = majjā)]

188.30 髅 [lóu][eng.a skull; simplified of 髏][skt.kapāla]

188.31 髆 [bó][eng.the shoulder blade; (also bó)][skt.akṣaka; (also "shoulder" = skandha)]

188.32 髇 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo); rare]

188.33 髈 [bǎng / páng][eng.the shoulder; (also páng)][skt.skandha; (also "shoulder" = skandha)]

188.34 髉 [bó][eng.an ancient term; (also bó); rare]

188.35 髊 [cī / zì][eng.an ancient term; (also zì); rare]

188.36 髋 [kuān][eng.the hip; simplified of 髖][skt.śroṇi; (also "hip" = śroṇi)]

188.37 髌 [bìn][eng.the kneecap; simplified of 髕][skt.jānu; (also "knee" = jānu)]

188.38 髍 [mó][eng.an ancient term; (also mó); rare]

188.39 髎 [liáo][eng.the hip bone; (also liáo)][skt.śroṇi]

188.40 髏 [lóu][eng.a skull; (also lóu)][skt.kapāla; (also "skull" = kapāla)]

188.41 髐 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo); rare]

188.42 髑 [dú][eng.a skull; (also dú)][skt.kapāla; (also "skull" = kapāla)]

188.43 髒 [zāng][eng.dirty; (also zāng, filthy)][skt.mala; (also "dirt" = mala)]

188.44 髓 [suǐ][eng.bone marrow; (also suǐ, the essence)][skt.majjā; (also "marrow" = majjā)]

188.45 體 [tǐ][eng.body; form; substance; (also tǐ, a system)][skt.kāya; (also "body" = kāya; "form" = rūpa; "substance" = dravya)]

188.46 髕 [bìn][eng.the kneecap; (also bìn)][skt.jānu; (also "knee" = jānu)]

188.47 髖 [kuān][eng.the hip; (also kuān)][skt.śroṇi; (also "hip" = śroṇi)]

188.48 髗 [lú][eng.an ancient variant of 顱 (skull); rare][skt.kapāla; (also "skull" = kapāla)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 188

Radical 188 (骨, gǔ) — "bone" — represents bones, skeletons, and by extension, the physical structure of the body (Kangxi #188). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and doctrinal importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Contemplation of the Skeleton — The contemplation of the skeleton (骨觀, asthi-bhāvanā) is one of the classic meditation practices in the Theravāda tradition, part of the contemplation of the body (kāyānupassanā). The practitioner visualizes the body as a skeleton, reflecting on its impermanence and the repulsiveness of the physical form. This practice is described in the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta and in many commentarial texts. The compound 白骨觀 (the contemplation of the white bones) is a standard term for this practice.

Bones and Impermanence — Bones are used in similes for the impermanence of the body. The compound 骨朽 (decayed bones) appears in descriptions of the grave, reminding practitioners of the inevitable decay of the body. The compound 屍骨 (dead bones) is used in similes for the transience of life.

The Skeleton as a Meditative Image — In some Mahāyāna texts, the skeleton is used as an image of the body’s true nature, beyond all adornment. The compound 骨鎖 (the chain of bones) describes the skeleton as a linked structure. The contemplation of the skeleton leads to detachment from the body.

Bone Marrow as Essence (髓, majjā) — The compound 骨髓 (bone marrow) is used metaphorically for the "essence" or "core" of something. The compound 精髓 (marrow and essence) describes the deepest meaning of the Dharma. The compound 骨髓經 (the Sūtra of the Essence) is a title for some texts.

The Body as a Requisite (體, kāya) — The character 體 (body) is one of the most important in Buddhist philosophy. The compound 身體 (kāya, body) is one of the four requisites. The compound 法體 (dharma-kāya, the Dharma-body) is the ultimate nature of the Buddha in Mahāyāna. The compound 實體 (dravya, substance) is a key term in Abhidharma and Yogācāra epistemology.

Bones and Relics — In some Buddhist traditions, the bones of the Buddha and great saints are venerated as relics (舍利, śarīra). The compound 佛骨 (the Buddha’s bones/relics) is a term for the Buddha’s corporeal relics. The compound 骨舍利 (bone relics) is a specific type of relic.

Dirt and Impurity (髒/脏, mala) — The compound 污穢 (defilement) is related to the concept of dirt (mala) in Buddhist psychology. The impurity of the body is a theme in the contemplation of the body.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 骨/骨 (no simplification), 體/体 (the simplified form 体 uses a different radical), 髕/髌, 髖/髋, 髏/髅, 髓/髓 (no simplification), and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The character 體 is one of the most important in Buddhist epistemology and metaphysics.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

188.49 188.1 骨 (gǔ / gū) [skt.asthi; asthi-saṃcaya] — Bone/skeleton. Asthi is bone; asthi-saṃcaya is a collection of bones (skeleton). In Buddhist contexts, 骨 appears in: (1) 白骨觀 (asthi-bhāvanā, contemplation of bones) — a key meditation; (2) 骨鎖 (the chain of bones) — describing the skeleton; (3) 屍骨 (dead bones) — used in similes for impermanence; (4) 佛骨 (buddha-asthi, the Buddha’s relics) — venerated bones of the Buddha. The compound 骨相 (the structure of bones) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s marks.

188.50 188.6 骭 (gàn) [skt.jaṅghā] — The shinbone. In Vinaya medical contexts, the shin is mentioned in rules about wounds and injuries.

188.51 188.17 骸 (hái) [skt.asthi; asthi-saṃcaya] — Skeleton/bones. Similar to 骨. In Buddhist contexts, 骸 appears in the compound 骸骨 (skeleton), used in the contemplation of the body. The compound 屍骸 (corpse and bones) appears in descriptions of charnel grounds.

188.52 188.22 骽 (tuǐ) [skt.ūru] — Leg. In medical Vinaya, the leg is mentioned in contexts of injury and treatment.

188.53 188.25 髀 (bì) [skt.ūru] — The thigh bone. In Buddhist texts, the thigh is mentioned in the thirty-two marks of the Buddha (the thighs are said to be like those of an antelope).

188.54 188.30/188.40/188.42 髅/髏/髑 (lóu / dú) [skt.kapāla] — Skull. Kapāla is a skull. In Buddhist contexts, 髑髏 (skull) appears in the contemplation of the body. The skull is a vivid reminder of death and impermanence. In tantric Buddhism, the skull is used as a ritual implement (kapāla) in some practices.

188.55 188.44 髓 (suǐ) [skt.majjā] — Bone marrow. Majjā is marrow. In Buddhist contexts, 髓 appears in: (1) 骨髓 (majjā, marrow) — used metaphorically for the "essence" of something; (2) 精髓 (essence, majjā-sāra) — the deepest meaning of the Dharma; (3) 骨髓經 (the Sūtra of the Essence) — a title for texts. The marrow is used as a metaphor for the innermost teaching.

188.56 188.45 體 (tǐ) [skt.kāya; rūpa; dravya] — Body/form/substance. One of the most important characters in Buddhist philosophy. (1) As kāya: the body — the compound 身體 (kāya, body) is a standard term; (2) As rūpa: form — the compound 體相 (form and appearance, rūpa-lakṣaṇa) appears in descriptions of phenomena; (3) As dravya: substance — a key term in Abhidharma and Yogācāra, referring to real entities that exist independently of mental construction. The compound 法體 (dharma-kāya, the Dharma-body) is the ultimate nature of the Buddha in Mahāyāna. The compound 實體 (dravya, substance) is a key epistemological term. The compound 整體 (the whole body) appears in descriptions of the complete teaching.

188.57 188.43 髒 (zāng) [skt.mala] — Dirty. Mala is dirt/defilement. In Buddhist contexts, 髒 appears in the compound 髒污 (dirty), used in descriptions of the defiled mind. The impurity of the body is a theme in the contemplation of the body.

188.58 188.46/188.37 髕/髌 (bìn) [skt.jānu] — The kneecap. Jānu is knee. In Vinaya medical contexts, the knee is mentioned in rules about injuries. The compound 膝 (knee) is more common.

188.59 188.47/188.36 髖/髋 (kuān) [skt.śroṇi] — The hip. Śroṇi is the hip. In Vinaya medical contexts, the hip is mentioned in rules about injuries and sitting postures.

188.60 188.48 髗 (lú) [skt.kapāla] — Skull. Variant of 顱. In Buddhist contexts, 髗 appears in the compound 髗骨 (skull), used in the contemplation of the body.

189 高

189.1 高 [chn.gāo][eng.tall; high; noble; (also gāo, lofty)][skt.uccha; (also "tall" = uccha; "high" = unnata; "noble" = ārya)]

189.2 髙 [chn.gāo][eng.ancient variant of 高 (tall/high); rare][skt.uccha]

189.3 髚 [qiào][eng.ancient term; (also qiào); rare]

189.4 髛 [kāo][eng.ancient term; (also kāo); rare]

189.5 髜 [qiǎo][eng.ancient term; (also qiǎo); rare]

189.6 髝 [láo][eng.ancient term; (also láo); rare]

189.7 髞 [sào][eng.ancient term; (also sào); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 189

Radical 189 (高, gāo) — "tall" or "high" — represents height, elevation, and by extension, nobility and loftiness (Kangxi #189). Its pictographic origin shows a tall building or tower. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate metaphorical significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Loftiness of the Dharma — The Dharma is often described as "high" or "lofty" (uccha, unnata), meaning it is superior to all worldly teachings. The compound 高法 (the high Dharma) appears in some texts. The compound 高德 (lofty virtue) describes the Buddha’s supreme qualities.

High and Low — The concepts of "high" and "low" are used in Buddhist similes for the relative value of teachings or the relative status of beings. The compound 高下 (high and low) appears in discussions of the hierarchy of realms or the stages of the path.

Noble Birth — The compound 高貴 (noble, ārya) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s noble birth (he was born a prince). The compound 高族 (a noble family) appears in some contexts.

The High Place — The "high place" is a metaphor for enlightenment, which is elevated above the mundane world. The compound 高處 (a high place) appears in similes for the position of enlightenment.

The Exalted Buddha — The Buddha is often described as "the Exalted One" (高尊, buddha or bhagavān). The compound 高覺 (exalted awakening) appears in some texts.

Text-critical note: 髙 is an ancient variant of 高. The other characters under this radical (髚, 髛, 髜, 髝, 髞) are rare archaic terms with no doctrinal significance. The radical is small, but the foundational character 高 appears in many important compounds.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

189.8 189.1/189.2 高/髙 (gāo) [skt.uccha; unnata; ārya] — Tall/high/noble. Uccha is high/tall; unnata is elevated; ārya is noble. In Buddhist contexts, 高 appears in: (1) 高德 (lofty virtue, guṇa) — the Buddha’s qualities; (2) 高貴 (noble, ārya) — the Buddha’s noble birth; (3) 高法 (the high Dharma, dharma) — the superior teaching; (4) 高處 (a high place, uccha-sthāna) — used in similes for enlightenment; (5) 高下 (high and low, uccha-nīca) — the relative value of teachings or status of beings. The compound 高超 (transcendent, lokottara) describes the Buddha’s transcendence of the world.

189.9 189.3 髚 (qiào) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

189.10 189.4 髛 (kāo) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

189.11 189.5 髜 (qiǎo) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

189.12 189.6 髝 (láo) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

189.13 189.7 髞 (sào) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

190 髟

190.1 髟 [chn.biāo][eng.hair; long hair; (also biāo, flowing hair)][skt.keśa; (also "hair" = keśa)]

190.2 髠 [kūn][eng.ancient variant of 髡 (to shave the head); rare][skt.muṇḍana; (also "to shave" = muṇḍana)]

190.3 髡 [kūn][eng.to shave the head; (also kūn, a tonsure)][skt.muṇḍana; (also "shaven head" = muṇḍa)]

190.4 髢 [tì][eng.a wig; (also tì, false hair)]

190.5 髣 [fǎng][eng.ancient variant of 髣 (to look like); rare]

190.6 髤 [xiū][eng.ancient variant of 髹 (lacquer); rare]

190.7 髥 [rán][eng.ancient variant of 髯 (beard); rare][skt.śmaśru; (also "beard" = śmaśru)]

190.8 髦 [máo][eng.a fringe; a mane; (also máo, an outstanding person)][skt.keśa; (also "mane" = keśa)]

190.9 髧 [dàn][eng.loose hair; (also dàn)]

190.10 髨 [kūn][eng.ancient variant of 髡 (to shave); rare][skt.muṇḍana]

190.11 髩 [bìn][eng.ancient variant of 鬢 (sideburns); rare][skt.keśa; (also "sideburns" = keśa-pārśva)]

190.12 髪 [fà][eng.Japanese variant of 髮 (hair); rare][skt.keśa]

190.13 髫 [tiáo][eng.a child’s hair; (also tiáo, a fringe)][skt.keśa]

190.14 髬 [pī][eng.a mane; (also pī)][skt.keśa]

190.15 髭 [zī][eng.the beard; (also zī, a mustache)][skt.śmaśru; (also "beard" = śmaśru)]

190.16 髮 [fà][eng.hair; (also fà, a hair)][skt.keśa; (also "hair" = keśa)]

190.17 髯 [rán][eng.the beard; (also rán, a whisker)][skt.śmaśru; (also "beard" = śmaśru)]

190.18 髰 [tì][eng.an ancient variant of 髢 (wig); rare]

190.19 髱 [bào][eng.an ancient term; (also bào); rare]

190.20 髲 [bì][eng.a wig; (also bì)]

190.21 髳 [máo][eng.a mane; (also máo)][skt.keśa]

190.22 髴 [fú][eng.a hair ornament; (also fú, to look like)]

190.23 髵 [ér][eng.an ancient term; (also ér); rare]

190.24 髶 [èr][eng.an ancient term; (also èr); rare]

190.25 髷 [qū][eng.an ancient term; (also qū); rare]

190.26 髸 [gōng][eng.an ancient term; (also gōng); rare]

190.27 髹 [xiū][eng.to lacquer; (also xiū, red lacquer)]

190.28 髺 [kuò][eng.a hair knot; (also kuò)]

190.29 髻 [jì][eng.a hair bun; a topknot; (also jì, a chignon)][skt.keśa; (also "topknot" = śikhā)]

190.30 髼 [péng][eng.disheveled hair; (also péng)]

190.31 髽 [zhuā][eng.a hair bun; (also zhuā)]

190.32 髾 [shāo][eng.a hair ornament; (also shāo)]

190.33 髿 [suō][eng.an ancient term; (also suō); rare]

190.34 鬀 [tì][eng.ancient variant of 剃 (to shave); rare][skt.muṇḍana; (also "to shave" = kṣaura)]

190.35 鬁 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

190.36 鬂 [bìn][eng.an ancient variant of 鬢 (sideburns); rare][skt.keśa]

190.37 鬃 [zōng][eng.horse’s mane; (also zōng)][skt.keśa; (also "mane" = keśa)]

190.38 鬄 [tì][eng.to shave; (also tì)][skt.muṇḍana]

190.39 鬅 [péng][eng.disheveled hair; (also péng)]

190.40 鬆 [sōng][eng.loose; to loosen; (also sōng, a pine tree)]

190.41 鬇 [zhēng][eng.an ancient term; (also zhēng); rare]

190.42 鬈 [quán][eng.curly hair; (also quán)][skt.keśa]

190.43 鬉 [zōng][eng.a mane; (also zōng)][skt.keśa]

190.44 鬊 [shùn][eng.an ancient term; (also shùn); rare]

190.45 鬋 [jiǎn][eng.to cut hair; (also jiǎn)]

190.46 鬌 [duǒ][eng.a child’s hair; (also duǒ)][skt.keśa]

190.47 鬍 [hú][eng.a beard; (also hú)][skt.śmaśru; (also "beard" = śmaśru)]

190.48 鬎 [là][eng.an ancient term; (also là); rare]

190.49 鬏 [jiū][eng.a hair bun; (also jiū)][skt.keśa]

190.50 鬐 [qí][eng.a mane; (also qí)][skt.keśa]

190.51 鬑 [lián][eng.an ancient term; (also lián); rare]

190.52 鬒 [zhěn][eng.thick hair; (also zhěn)][skt.keśa]

190.53 鬓 [bìn][eng.temples; sideburns; simplified of 鬢][skt.keśa-pārśva; (also "sideburns" = keśa-pārśva)]

190.54 鬔 [péng][eng.an ancient term; (also péng); rare]

190.55 鬕 [mà][eng.an ancient term; (also mà); rare]

190.56 鬖 [sān][eng.an ancient term; (also sān); rare]

190.57 鬗 [mán][eng.an ancient term; (also mán); rare]

190.58 鬘 [mán][eng.a garland; a wreath; (also mán, a string of flowers)][skt.mālā; (also "garland" = mālā)]

190.59 鬙 [sēng][eng.an ancient term; (also sēng); rare]

190.60 鬚 [xū][eng.a beard; a whisker; (also xū, the beard)][skt.śmaśru; (also "beard" = śmaśru)]

190.61 鬛 [liè][eng.a mane; (also liè)][skt.keśa]

190.62 鬜 [qiān][eng.an ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

190.63 鬝 [qiān][eng.an ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

190.64 鬞 [nóng][eng.an ancient term; (also nóng); rare]

190.65 鬟 [huán][eng.a woman’s topknot; (also huán, a ring of hair)][skt.keśa; (also "topknot" = śikhā)]

190.66 鬠 [kuò][eng.an ancient term; (also kuò); rare]

190.67 鬡 [níng][eng.an ancient term; (also níng); rare]

190.68 鬢 [bìn][eng.the temples; sideburns; (also bìn)][skt.keśa-pārśva; (also "sideburns" = keśa-pārśva)]

190.69 鬣 [liè][eng.a mane; (also liè, a long hair)][skt.keśa]

190.70 鬤 [ráng][eng.an ancient term; (also ráng); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 190

Radical 190 (髟, biāo) — "hair" — represents hair, beards, manes, and by extension, hair-related concepts such as shaving, adornment, and the appearance of the head (Kangxi #190). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant ritual and metaphorical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Shaving the Head as a Mark of Monasticism — The shaving of the head (剃頭, muṇḍana) is one of the most visible marks of a Buddhist monastic. The compound 髡 (to shave the head) appears in Vinaya descriptions of ordination. The compound 剃度 (to shave and ordain) is a standard term for taking monastic vows. Shaving symbolizes the renunciation of worldly vanity and the beginning of the monastic life. The compound 出家 (to go forth from home) is accompanied by shaving of the head.

Hair as a Symbol of Worldly Adornment — Hair is often associated with beauty and vanity in Buddhist texts. The renunciation of hair adornment is a sign of non-attachment. The compound 髮飾 (hair ornament) is a worldly luxury that monastics abandon. The compound 鬘 (garland of flowers) is a type of adornment, but in Buddhist ritual, flower garlands (花鬘, mālā) are offered to the Buddha as a sign of devotion.

The Topknot (髻, śikhā) — In some Buddhist traditions, a topknot (髻) is associated with the Buddha’s uṣṇīṣa (the cranial protuberance), one of the thirty-two major marks of a great being. The compound 頂髻 (the topknot on the crown) describes the Buddha’s physical mark. In the Lotus Sūtra, the Buddha’s uṣṇīṣa is a sign of his supreme enlightenment.

Flower Garlands (鬘, mālā) — The compound 花鬘 (flower garland, puṣpa-mālā) is a standard offering in Buddhist ritual. The compound 瓔珞 (necklace of pearls) is another form of adornment. In the Lotus Sūtra, flower garlands are offered to the Buddha as a sign of devotion. The compound 鬘女 (garland woman) appears in some texts as an offering to the Buddha.

The Beard (髯/鬚/鬍, śmaśru) — The beard is mentioned in Buddhist texts as part of the thirty-two marks of the Buddha (the beard is said to be like a lion’s). The compound 鬚眉 (beard and eyebrows) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s appearance. In Vinaya, the shaving of the beard is part of monastic practice.

Hair in Similes — Hair is used in similes for the fragility of life (like a hair in the wind) or for the number of beings (like the number of hairs on a head). The compound 頭髮 (hair) appears in similes for the countless beings in saṃsāra.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 髮/发 (simplified to 发 in some compounds), 鬢/鬓, 髯/髥, 鬍, 鬚/须, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The character 鬘 (flower garland) is significant in Buddhist ritual texts.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

190.71 190.1 髟 (biāo) [skt.keśa] — Hair/long hair. The radical form. Keśa is hair. In Buddhist contexts, the radical is primarily a component in other characters.

190.72 190.3/190.2/190.10 髡/髠/髨 (kūn) [skt.muṇḍana; muṇḍa] — To shave the head. Muṇḍana is the act of shaving; muṇḍa is a shaven head. In Buddhist contexts, 髡 appears in: (1) 髡髪 (to shave the hair) — the ordination ritual; (2) 髡首 (a shaven head) — the mark of a monk. The shaving of the head is a visible sign of renunciation. The compound 剃髡 (to shave) is a standard term.

190.73 190.15/190.17/190.47/190.60 髭/髯/鬍/鬚 (zī / rán / hú / xū) [skt.śmaśru] — Beard/mustache/whiskers. Śmaśru is the beard. In Buddhist contexts, the beard appears in: (1) 髭鬚 (beard and mustache) — part of the thirty-two marks; (2) 鬚眉 (beard and eyebrows) — describing the Buddha’s appearance. In Vinaya, the shaving of the beard is part of monastic practice.

190.74 190.16 髮 (fà) [skt.keśa] — Hair. Keśa is hair. In Buddhist contexts, 髮 appears in: (1) 剃髮 (to shave the hair) — the ordination ritual; (2) 頭髮 (hair) — used in similes for the number of beings; (3) 白髮 (white hair) — a sign of old age and impermanence. The compound 髮髻 (a topknot) is a type of hair arrangement.

190.75 190.29 髻 (jì) [skt.keśa; śikhā] — A hair bun/topknot. Śikhā is a topknot (also a crest). In Buddhist contexts, 髻 appears in: (1) 頂髻 (uṣṇīṣa, the cranial protuberance) — one of the Buddha’s thirty-two marks; (2) 髮髻 (a hair bun) — a worldly adornment. The uṣṇīṣa is a sign of the Buddha’s supreme enlightenment.

190.76 190.58 鬘 (mán) [skt.mālā] — A garland/wreath. Mālā is a garland (also a rosary). In Buddhist contexts, 鬘 appears in: (1) 花鬘 (puṣpa-mālā, flower garland) — a standard offering to the Buddha; (2) 鬘女 (garland woman) — a celestial being who offers garlands; (3) 瓔珞 (necklace, hāra or keyūra) — an adornment. The flower garland is offered to the Buddha as a sign of devotion and respect. In the Lotus Sūtra, flower garlands are among the offerings made to the Buddha.

190.77 190.53/190.68 鬓/鬢 (bìn) [skt.keśa-pārśva] — Sideburns/temples. Keśa-pārśva means "hair at the side." In Buddhist contexts, 鬢 appears in descriptions of the head and face. In Vinaya, the hair at the temples is shaved as part of monastic practice.

190.78 190.37 鬃 (zōng) [skt.keśa] — A horse’s mane. In Buddhist similes, the mane of a horse is used for the untamed mind.

190.79 190.65 鬟 (huán) [skt.keśa; śikhā] — A woman’s topknot/ring of hair. In Buddhist contexts, 鬟 appears in descriptions of laywomen’s hairstyles. No doctrinal significance beyond the literal meaning.

190.80 190.69 鬣 (liè) [skt.keśa] — A mane/long hair. In Buddhist similes, the mane of a lion is used for the Buddha’s "lion’s roar" (siṃha-nāda). The compound 鬣毛 (mane) appears in descriptions of animals.

190.81 190.34/190.38 鬀/鬄 (tì) [skt.muṇḍana; kṣaura] — To shave. Kṣaura is a razor (used for shaving). In Buddhist contexts, 鬀 appears in the compound 鬀髪 (to shave the hair), a standard term for the ordination ritual.

191 鬥

191.1 鬥 [chn.dòu][eng.to fight; to struggle; (also dòu, to contend)][skt.yuddha; (also "to fight" = yudh; "struggle" = saṅgrāma)]

191.2 鬦 [dòu][eng.ancient variant of 鬥 (to fight); rare][skt.yuddha]

191.3 鬧 [nào][eng.noisy; to disturb; (also nào, to quarrel)][skt.kalaha; (also "uproar" = ākula)]

191.4 鬨 [hòng / hōng][eng.to fight; to quarrel; (also hōng, a tumult)][skt.kalaha; (also "to fight" = yuddha)]

191.5 鬩 [xì][eng.to quarrel; (also xì, to dispute)][skt.vivāda; (also "quarrel" = kalaha)]

191.6 鬪 [dòu][eng.ancient variant of 鬥 (to fight); rare][skt.yuddha]

191.7 鬫 [kàn / hǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also hǎn); rare]

191.8 鬬 [dòu][eng.ancient variant of 鬥 (to fight); rare][skt.yuddha]

191.9 鬭 [dòu][eng.ancient variant of 鬥 (to fight); rare][skt.yuddha]

191.10 鬮 [jiū][eng.to draw lots; (also jiū, a lot)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 191

Radical 191 (鬥, dòu) — "to fight" — represents conflict, struggle, quarrelling, and contention (Kangxi #191). Its pictographic origin shows two hands or two figures struggling against each other. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant ethical and psychological importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Conflict within the Saṅgha — The compound 鬥諍 (quarrelling, kalaha) appears in Vinaya as one of the most serious offences: causing a schism in the community. The compound 破僧 (schism, saṅgha-bheda) is one of the five heinous crimes. The compound 諍訟 (disputes and litigation) is a theme in monastic discipline. The Buddha repeatedly warned against quarrelling and urged harmony (sāmagrī).

The Struggle against Defilements — The compound 鬥戰 (to fight, yuddha) is used metaphorically for the "battle" against the defilements (kleśa). The compound 魔戰 (the battle with Māra) describes the Buddha’s struggle against the forces of delusion. The compound 勤勇 (diligence and courage) is related to the "struggle" for enlightenment.

The Uproar of Saṃsāra — The compound 鬧 (noisy/uproar, ākula) is used in similes for the noisy confusion of saṃsāra. The compound 鬧市 (a noisy marketplace) is contrasted with the quiet of the monastery. The compound 喧鬧 (clamor) describes the agitation of the mind.

Quarrelling as a Hindrance — The compound 鬩牆 (quarrelling within the family) is a warning against internal conflict. The compound 鬥爭 (struggle) is described as one of the roots of suffering.

Drawing Lots (鬮, nimitta or kṣaṇa) — The drawing of lots appears in Vinaya in the context of distributing resources or assigning monastic duties. The compound 鬮分 (to divide by lot) is a method of fair distribution.

Text-critical note: 鬥 has several ancient variants (鬦, 鬪, 鬬, 鬭). 鬧 is the simplified form (not under the 鬥 radical in simplified Chinese). The radical is small, but its characters appear in significant ethical and psychological contexts.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

191.11 191.1/191.6/191.8/191.9 鬥/鬪/鬬/鬭 (dòu) [skt.yuddha; yudh; saṅgrāma] — To fight/struggle. Yuddha is a battle/war; yudh is to fight; saṅgrāma is a struggle. In Buddhist contexts, 鬥 appears in: (1) 鬥諍 (kalaha, quarrelling) — a serious offence in Vinaya; (2) 鬥戰 (yuddha, battle) — the battle against defilements; (3) 鬥爭 (saṅgrāma, struggle) — the struggle for enlightenment; (4) 魔鬥 (the battle with Māra) — the Buddha’s struggle before enlightenment. The compound 鬥亂 (to fight and disturb) appears in Vinaya contexts of conflict within the community.

191.12 191.3 鬧 (nào) [skt.kalaha; ākula] — Noisy/uproar. Kalaha is quarrelling; ākula is agitation/confusion. In Buddhist contexts, 鬧 appears in: (1) 鬧市 (a noisy marketplace) — a place of worldly disturbance; (2) 喧鬧 (clamor, ākula) — describing the restless mind; (3) 鬧亂 (disturbance, upadrava) — the confusion of saṃsāra. The compound 靜坐 (quiet sitting) is the remedy for 鬧.

191.13 191.4 鬨 (hòng / hōng) [skt.kalaha; yuddha] — To fight/quarrel. Kalaha is quarrelling; yuddha is battle. In Buddhist contexts, 鬨 appears in the compound 鬨鬧 (uproar), describing the noise of conflict. The compound 鬨爭 (to fight) appears in descriptions of disputes.

191.14 191.5 鬩 (xì) [skt.vivāda; kalaha] — To quarrel/dispute. Vivāda is debate/dispute; kalaha is quarrelling. In Buddhist contexts, 鬩 appears in the compound 鬩牆 (quarrelling within the family), which is used as a warning against internal conflict in the saṅgha. The compound 鬩爭 (to dispute) is a term for conflict.

191.15 191.7 鬫 (kàn / hǎn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

191.16 191.10 鬮 (jiū) — To draw lots. In Vinaya, the drawing of lots is used for fair distribution of resources. The compound 鬮分 (to divide by lot) appears in descriptions of monastic administration. No direct Sanskrit correlate, but the concept of lots (nimitta or kṣaṇa in the sense of chance) is related.

192 鬯

192.1 鬯 [chn.chàng][eng.sacrificial wine; aromatic herbs; (also chàng, a ritual wine)]

192.2 鬰 [yù][eng.ancient variant of 鬱 (luxuriant; depressed); rare][skt.samṛddhi; (also "luxuriant" = samṛddhi; "depressed" = viṣāda)]

192.3 鬱 [yù][eng.luxuriant; dense; gloomy; depressed; (also yù, a fragrance)][skt.samṛddhi; (also "luxuriant" = samṛddhi; "depressed" = viṣāda; "fragrance" = gandha)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 192

Radical 192 (鬯, chàng) — "sacrificial wine" or "aromatic herbs" — represents the ritual wine used in ancient Chinese sacrifices, often flavored with aromatic herbs (Kangxi #192). Its pictographic origin shows a vessel containing wine. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of limited but interesting significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Ritual Offerings in Early Chinese Buddhism — The concept of offering wine or aromatic substances appears in early Chinese Buddhist texts that were translated using pre-existing Chinese ritual terminology. The compound 鬯酒 (sacrificial wine) appears in some early texts describing offerings to the Buddha or to spirits. However, in later Buddhism, the offering of wine is generally prohibited (as it violates the precept against intoxicants). The character primarily appears in historical or archaeological contexts.

The Fragrance of the Dharma — The character 鬱 (luxuriant/fragrant) is sometimes used in Buddhist texts for the fragrance of the Dharma. The compound 鬱馥 (fragrant and rich) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s radiance. The compound 鬱金 (turmeric, kuṅkuma) is used as a medicinal and fragrant substance in some Buddhist contexts.

Depression and Emotional States — The character 鬱 is used for "depressed" or "gloomy" in the sense of emotional states. In Buddhist psychology, depression (viṣāda) is a mental state that can obstruct practice. The compound 鬱悶 (depressed) appears in descriptions of the unenlightened mind.

Luxuriance as a Metaphor for Abundance — The character 鬱 (luxuriant) is used in similes for the abundance of the Dharma or the flourishing of the saṅgha. The compound 鬱茂 (luxuriant and flourishing) appears in descriptions of the growth of the Dharma.

Text-critical note: 鬰 is an ancient variant of 鬱. The radical is very small, and its characters appear rarely in Buddhist texts except in historical or literary contexts. The simplified form of 鬱 is 郁 (which is under the 邑 radical in simplified Chinese).

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

192.4 192.1 鬯 (chàng) — Sacrificial wine/aromatic herbs. No direct Sanskrit correlate. Appears in pre-Buddhist Chinese ritual contexts. In Buddhist texts, it may appear in early descriptions of offerings, but it is not a standard Buddhist term.

192.5 192.2/192.3 鬰/鬱 (yù) [skt.samṛddhi; viṣāda; gandha] — Luxuriant; depressed; fragrant. (1) As samṛddhi: luxuriant/abundant — appears in descriptions of the flourishing of the Dharma or the abundance of the Pure Land. (2) As viṣāda: depressed — appears in Buddhist psychology as a mental state that obstructs practice. The compound 鬱悶 (depressed, viṣāda) is a state to be overcome through mindfulness and right effort. (3) As gandha: fragrance — appears in descriptions of the fragrance of the Dharma or of incense offerings. The compound 鬱金 (kuṅkuma, turmeric) is a fragrant substance used in some Buddhist rituals.

193 鬲

193.1 鬲 [chn.gé / lì][eng.tripod; cauldron; (also lì, an ancient cooking vessel)][skt.sthālī; (also "cauldron" = kumbha; "vessel" = pātra)]

193.2 鬳 [yàn][eng.an ancient term; (also yàn); rare]

193.3 鬴 [fǔ][eng.an ancient cooking vessel; (also fǔ)][skt.sthālī]

193.4 鬵 [xín / qián][eng.an ancient cooking vessel; (also qián)][skt.sthālī]

193.5 鬶 [guī][eng.an ancient vessel; (also guī); rare]

193.6 鬷 [zōng][eng.an ancient cooking vessel; (also zōng)][skt.sthālī]

193.7 鬸 [liù][eng.an ancient term; (also liù); rare]

193.8 鬹 [guī][eng.an ancient vessel; (also guī); rare]

193.9 鬺 [shāng][eng.an ancient cooking vessel; (also shāng)][skt.sthālī]

193.10 鬻 [yù / zhōu][eng.to sell; (also zhōu, a porridge)][skt.vikraya; (also "to sell" = vikraya; "porridge" = yāva)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 193

Radical 193 (鬲, gé) — "tripod" or "cauldron" — represents ancient cooking vessels, typically with three legs, used for boiling food or making offerings (Kangxi #193). Its pictographic origin shows a tripod vessel. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of limited but interesting significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Cooking Vessels in Vinaya — The compound 鬴 (cauldron) appears in Vinaya in the context of cooking equipment. Monastics are generally prohibited from cooking for themselves, but in some circumstances, cooking vessels are mentioned as part of the monastic kitchen. The compound 釜 (cauldron) is a common term.

The Alms Bowl — The character 鬲 is related to the concept of a vessel (pātra), which is the alms bowl of a monk. The compound 鉢 (the alms bowl) is the standard term, but the concept of a "vessel" is connected to the radical. In Vinaya, the bowl is one of the four requisites.

Selling (鬻, vikraya) — The character 鬻 (to sell) appears in Vinaya in the context of prohibited livelihoods. Monastics are not permitted to engage in trade or selling. The compound 販賣 (to trade and sell) is a prohibited activity. The compound 鬻法 (to sell the Dharma) is a serious offence — the misuse of teachings for personal gain.

The Tripod as a Symbol — In some Buddhist contexts, the tripod is used as a symbol for the Three Jewels (三寶, tri-ratna): the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha. The three legs of the tripod represent the three pillars of the Buddhist tradition. This is a later Chinese Buddhist metaphor.

Text-critical note: many characters under this radical are rare or ancient cooking vessel terms with no doctrinal significance. 鬻 (to sell) is the most significant character from a doctrinal perspective. The radical is small and appears rarely in Buddhist texts.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

193.11 193.1 鬲 (gé / lì) [skt.sthālī; kumbha; pātra] — A tripod/cauldron/vessel. Sthālī is a large pot/cauldron; kumbha is a pot; pātra is a bowl/vessel. In Buddhist contexts, 鬲 appears in the compound 鬲釜 (cauldron and pot), used in Vinaya to describe cooking equipment. The concept of a "vessel" (pātra) is connected to the alms bowl. The three legs of the tripod are sometimes used as a symbol for the Three Jewels.

193.12 193.2 鬳 (yàn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

193.13 193.3 鬴 (fǔ) [skt.sthālī] — An ancient cooking vessel. In Vinaya, 鬴 appears in the context of cooking equipment (though monastics are generally prohibited from cooking). The compound 釜鬴 (cauldrons) is a general term for cooking vessels.

193.14 193.4 鬵 (xín / qián) [skt.sthālī] — An ancient cooking vessel. Similar to 鬴. No doctrinal significance beyond its literal meaning.

193.15 193.5 鬶 (guī) — An ancient vessel. No doctrinal significance.

193.16 193.6 鬷 (zōng) [skt.sthālī] — An ancient cooking vessel. No doctrinal significance.

193.17 193.7 鬸 (liù) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

193.18 193.8 鬹 (guī) — An ancient vessel. No doctrinal significance.

193.19 193.9 鬺 (shāng) [skt.sthālī] — An ancient cooking vessel. No doctrinal significance.

193.20 193.10 鬻 (yù / zhōu) [skt.vikraya; yāva] — To sell; porridge. (1) As vikraya: to sell — appears in Vinaya in the context of prohibited livelihoods. The compound 鬻賣 (to sell/trade) is a prohibited activity for monastics. The compound 鬻法 (to sell the Dharma) is a serious offence. (2) As yāva: porridge — appears in dietary contexts. Porridge (yāva) is a common food in the Buddha’s time. The reading zhōu (porridge) is a variant pronunciation.

194 鬼

194.1 鬼 [chn.guǐ][eng.ghost; demon; spirit; (also guǐ, an evil spirit)][skt.preta; (also "ghost" = preta; "demon" = yakṣa; "spirit" = bhūta)]

194.2 鬽 [mèi][eng.ancient variant of 魅 (enchanting spirit); rare][skt.māyā; (also "enchantment" = māyā)]

194.3 鬾 [jì][eng.ancient term; (also jì); rare]

194.4 鬿 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

194.5 魀 [gà][eng.an ancient term; (also gà); rare]

194.6 魁 [kuí][eng.chief; leader; (also kuí, a head)][skt.pradhāna; (also "chief" = pradhāna; "leader" = netṛ)]

194.7 魂 [hún][eng.soul; spirit; (also hún, the ethereal soul)][skt.jīva; (also "soul" = jīva; "spirit" = ātman)]

194.8 魃 [bá][eng.a drought demon; (also bá)][skt.yakṣa; (also "demon" = yakṣa)]

194.9 魄 [pò][eng.the soul; (also pò, the corporeal soul)][skt.jīva; (also "soul" = jīva)]

194.10 魅 [mèi][eng.enchanting spirit; to bewitch; (also mèi, a charm)][skt.māyā; (also "enchantment" = māyā; "demon" = yakṣa)]

194.11 魆 [xū][eng.an ancient term; (also xū); rare]

194.12 魇 [yǎn][eng.a nightmare; (also yǎn, to dream)][skt.svapna; (also "dream" = svapna)]

194.13 魈 [xiāo][eng.a mountain demon; (also xiāo)][skt.yakṣa; (also "demon" = yakṣa)]

194.14 魉 [liǎng][eng.a demon; (also liǎng)][skt.yakṣa]

194.15 魊 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

194.16 魋 [tuí][eng.a bear; (also tuí)][skt.ṛkṣa; (also "bear" = ṛkṣa)]

194.17 魌 [qī][eng.an ancient term; (also qī); rare]

194.18 魍 [wǎng][eng.a demon; (also wǎng)][skt.yakṣa]

194.19 魎 [liǎng][eng.a demon; (also liǎng)][skt.yakṣa]

194.20 魏 [wèi][eng.a surname; (also Wèi, a dynasty); rare]

194.21 魐 [gān][eng.an ancient term; (also gān); rare]

194.22 魑 [chī][eng.a mountain demon; (also chī)][skt.yakṣa; (also "demon" = yakṣa)]

194.23 魒 [piāo][eng.an ancient term; (also piāo); rare]

194.24 魓 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

194.25 魔 [mó][eng.a demon; an evil spirit; (also mó, to bewitch)][skt.māra; (also "demon" = māra; "evil one" = pāpīyān)]

194.26 魕 [jī][eng.an ancient term; (also jī); rare]

194.27 魖 [xū][eng.an ancient term; (also xū); rare]

194.28 魗 [chǒu][eng.an ancient term; (also chǒu); rare]

194.29 魘 [yǎn][eng.a nightmare; (also yǎn, to dream)][skt.svapna; (also "dream" = svapna)]

194.30 魙 [zhān][eng.an ancient term; (also zhān); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 194

Radical 194 (鬼, guǐ) — "ghost" or "demon" — represents spirits, ghosts, demons, and supernatural beings (Kangxi #194). Its pictographic origin shows a ghostly figure with a large head. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant doctrinal and mythological importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Realm of the Hungry Ghosts (餓鬼, preta) — The compound 餓鬼 (preta, hungry ghost) is one of the six realms of rebirth in Buddhist cosmology. Beings reborn as hungry ghosts suffer from insatiable hunger and thirst. The compound 鬼道 (preta-gati, the realm of ghosts) is a standard term. The hungry ghost realm is the result of greed and attachment. The compound 鬼趣 (preta-gati) is also used.

Māra the Tempter (魔, māra) — The compound 魔 (māra) is the personification of the forces of delusion and death. Māra is the demon who tried to prevent the Buddha’s enlightenment. The compound 魔王 (māra-rāja, the king of demons) appears in many texts. The compound 魔障 (māra-āvaraṇa, demonic obstacles) describes the obstacles to practice. The compound 降魔 (to subdue Māra) describes the Buddha’s victory over Māra. The compound 魔軍 (māra-senā, Māra’s army) describes the forces of delusion.

Spirits and Yakṣas (鬼, yakṣa) — The compound 鬼 (yakṣa) refers to a class of nature spirits in Indian mythology. Yakṣas are sometimes benevolent and sometimes malevolent. The compound 鬼神 (deva-yakṣa, spirits and gods) is a standard term. The compound 鬼魅 (yakṣa-māyā, demonic illusions) describes deceptive appearances.

The Soul and Spirit (魂, jīva; 魄, jīva) — The concepts of soul (jīva) and spirit (ātman) are discussed in Buddhist philosophy, though Buddhism ultimately denies a permanent self (anātman). The compound 魂魄 (the soul) appears in Chinese Buddhist texts as a translation of jīva or gandharva (the being in the intermediate state). The compound 靈魂 (ātman, soul) is a term that appears in some contexts.

Nightmares and Dreams (魘/魇, svapna) — The compound 魘夢 (nightmare, duṣ-svapna) appears in Buddhist texts as a description of the illusions of saṃsāra. The compound 夢魘 (dream and nightmare) describes the illusory nature of worldly existence. The Prajñāpāramitā literature often uses dreams as a metaphor for the unreality of phenomena.

Chief and Leader (魁, pradhāna) — The compound 魁首 (leader, pradhāna) appears in descriptions of the Buddha as the leader of beings. The compound 魁偉 (grand and imposing) describes the Buddha’s physical presence.

Enchantment and Illusion (魅, māyā) — The compound 魅惑 (to bewitch, māyā) describes the power of illusion and delusion. In Buddhist philosophy, māyā is the power of illusion that creates the appearance of the world. The compound 鬼魅 (demonic illusions) describes the deceptive nature of saṃsāra.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 魘/魇, 魎/魉, 魅/魅 (no change), 魔/魔 (no change), and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The character 魔 is one of the most important in Buddhist literature.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

194.31 194.1 鬼 (guǐ) [skt.preta; yakṣa; bhūta] — Ghost/demon/spirit. Preta is a hungry ghost; yakṣa is a nature spirit; bhūta is a spirit/being. In Buddhist contexts, 鬼 appears in: (1) 餓鬼 (preta, hungry ghost) — one of the six realms; (2) 鬼道 (preta-gati, ghost realm); (3) 鬼神 (deva-yakṣa, spirits and gods); (4) 鬼魅 (yakṣa-māyā, demonic illusions). The compound 鬼怪 (demons and monsters) appears in similes for the forces of delusion.

194.32 194.6 魁 (kuí) [skt.pradhāna; netṛ] — Chief/leader. In Buddhist contexts, 魁 appears in: (1) 魁首 (leader, pradhāna) — the Buddha as leader; (2) 魁偉 (grand and imposing) — the Buddha’s physical presence. The compound 魁梧 (tall and imposing) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s marks.

194.33 194.7 魂 (hún) [skt.jīva; ātman] — Soul/spirit. Jīva is the life principle; ātman is the self (though Buddhism denies a permanent self). In Buddhist contexts, 魂 appears in: (1) 魂魄 (the soul) — a term for the life force; (2) 靈魂 (ātman, soul) — a term that appears in some translations. In Buddhist philosophy, the concept of a permanent soul is denied, but 魂 appears in early translations of the Upaniṣads and in some folk Buddhist contexts.

194.34 194.9 魄 (pò) [skt.jīva] — Soul/corporeal spirit. Similar to 魂. In Buddhist contexts, 魄 appears in the compound 魂魄 (the soul), describing the life force. The distinction between 魂 and 魄 is a Chinese folk concept that is not directly mapped to Sanskrit terms.

194.35 194.10 魅 (mèi) [skt.māyā; yakṣa] — Enchanting spirit/bewitchment. In Buddhist contexts, 魅 appears in: (1) 魅惑 (māyā, bewitchment) — the power of illusion; (2) 鬼魅 (yakṣa-māyā, demonic illusions) — the deceptive nature of saṃsāra. The compound 魅影 (phantom, māyā-rūpa) appears in similes for the illusory nature of phenomena.

194.36 194.12/194.29 魘/魇 (yǎn) [skt.svapna; duṣ-svapna] — Nightmare. In Buddhist contexts, 魘 appears in: (1) 魘夢 (nightmare, duṣ-svapna) — describing the illusory nature of saṃsāra; (2) 夢魘 (dream and nightmare) — the dreams of the unenlightened. The Prajñāpāramitā literature often uses dreams as a metaphor for the unreality of phenomena.

194.37 194.13 魈 (xiāo) [skt.yakṣa] — A mountain demon. In Buddhist contexts, 魈 appears in the compound 魈魅 (mountain demons), describing the forces of nature that are sometimes malevolent. No doctrinal significance beyond the literal meaning.

194.38 194.14/194.19 魉/魎 (liǎng) [skt.yakṣa] — A demon. Appears in the compound 魑魅魍魎 (all kinds of demons), a phrase used for the forces of delusion. The compound 魍魎 (demons) appears in descriptions of the obstacles to enlightenment.

194.39 194.18 魍 (wǎng) [skt.yakṣa] — A demon. Similar to 魎. Appears in the compound 魍魎 (demons). No doctrinal significance beyond the literal meaning.

194.40 194.22 魑 (chī) [skt.yakṣa] — A mountain demon. Appears in the compound 魑魅 (mountain demons), describing the forces of delusion. The compound 魑魅魍魎 (all kinds of demons) is a phrase for the obstacles on the path.

194.41 194.25 魔 (mó) [skt.māra; pāpīyān] — Demon/evil spirit. Māra is the personification of delusion and death. In Buddhist contexts, 魔 appears in: (1) 魔王 (māra-rāja, the king of demons) — the tempter who tried to stop the Buddha; (2) 魔障 (māra-āvaraṇa, demonic obstacles) — the obstacles to practice; (3) 降魔 (to subdue Māra) — the Buddha’s victory over the forces of delusion; (4) 魔軍 (māra-senā, Māra’s army) — the forces of delusion; (5) 魔女 (māra-strī, Māra’s daughters) — the temptresses who tried to seduce the Buddha. The compound 天魔 (deva-māra, the heavenly demon) is a term for the chief of the demonic forces. In Mahāyāna, Māra represents the ego and the forces that prevent awakening. The compound 磨 (to grind) is a homophone but not related.

195 魚

195.1 魚 [chn.yú][eng.fish; (also yú, a surname)][skt.matsya; (also "fish" = matsya)]

195.2 魛 [dāo][eng.a kind of fish; (also dāo); rare]

195.3 魜 [rén][eng.an ancient term; (also rén); rare]

195.4 魝 [jié][eng.an ancient term; (also jié); rare]

195.5 魞 [bā][eng.an ancient term; (also bā); rare]

195.6 魟 [hóng][eng.a ray (fish); (also hóng); rare]

195.7 魠 [tuō][eng.an ancient term; (also tuō); rare]

195.8 魡 [diào][eng.an ancient term; (also diào); rare]

195.9 魢 [jǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also jǐ); rare]

195.10 魣 [yú][eng.a kind of fish; (also yú)][skt.matsya]

195.11 魤 [é][eng.an ancient term; (also é); rare]

195.12 魥 [jí][eng.an ancient term; (also jí); rare]

195.13 魦 [shā][eng.a kind of fish; (also shā); rare]

195.14 魧 [háng][eng.an ancient term; (also háng); rare]

195.15 魨 [tún][eng.a kind of fish; (also tún); rare]

195.16 魩 [mò][eng.an ancient term; (also mò); rare]

195.17 魪 [jiè][eng.an ancient term; (also jiè); rare]

195.18 魫 [shěn][eng.an ancient term; (also shěn); rare]

195.19 魬 [bǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also bǎn); rare]

195.20 魭 [yuán][eng.an ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

195.21 魮 [pí][eng.an ancient term; (also pí); rare]

195.22 魯 [lǔ][eng.crude; stupid; (also Lǔ, an ancient state)][skt.mūḍha; (also "stupid" = mūḍha)]

195.23 魰 [wén][eng.an ancient term; (also wén); rare]

195.24 魱 [hú][eng.an ancient term; (also hú); rare]

195.25 魲 [lú][eng.an ancient term; (also lú); rare]

195.26 魳 [zā][eng.an ancient term; (also zā); rare]

195.27 魴 [fáng][eng.a kind of fish; (also fáng); rare]

195.28 魵 [fén][eng.an ancient term; (also fén); rare]

195.29 魶 [nà][eng.an ancient term; (also nà); rare]

195.30 魷 [yóu][eng.a kind of fish; (also yóu); rare]

195.31 魸 [piàn][eng.an ancient term; (also piàn); rare]

195.32 魹 [máo][eng.an ancient term; (also máo); rare]

195.33 魺 [hé][eng.an ancient term; (also hé); rare]

195.34 魻 [xiá][eng.an ancient term; (also xiá); rare]

195.35 魼 [qū][eng.an ancient term; (also qū); rare]

195.36 魽 [hān][eng.an ancient term; (also hān); rare]

195.37 魾 [pī][eng.an ancient term; (also pī); rare]

195.38 魿 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng); rare]

195.39 鮀 [tuó][eng.a kind of fish; (also tuó); rare]

195.40 鮁 [bà][eng.a kind of fish; (also bà); rare]

195.41 鮂 [qiú][eng.an ancient term; (also qiú); rare]

195.42 鮃 [píng][eng.a kind of fish; (also píng); rare]

195.43 鮄 [fú][eng.an ancient term; (also fú); rare]

195.44 鮅 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

195.45 鮆 [jì][eng.a kind of fish; (also jì); rare]

195.46 鮇 [wèi][eng.an ancient term; (also wèi); rare]

195.47 鮈 [jū][eng.an ancient term; (also jū); rare]

195.48 鮉 [diāo][eng.an ancient term; (also diāo); rare]

195.49 鮊 [bó][eng.a kind of fish; (also bó); rare]

195.50 鮋 [yóu][eng.a kind of fish; (also yóu); rare]

195.51 鮌 [gǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also gǔn); rare]

195.52 鮍 [pí][eng.an ancient term; (also pí); rare]

195.53 鮎 [nián][eng.a kind of fish; (also nián); rare]

195.54 鮏 [xīng][eng.an ancient term; (also xīng); rare]

195.55 鮐 [tái][eng.a kind of fish; (also tái); rare]

195.56 鮑 [bào][eng.abalone; (also Bào, a surname)]

195.57 鮒 [fù][eng.a kind of fish; (also fù); rare]

195.58 鮓 [zhǎ][eng.a kind of fish; (also zhǎ); rare]

195.59 鮔 [jù][eng.an ancient term; (also jù); rare]

195.60 鮕 [gū][eng.an ancient term; (also gū); rare]

195.61 鮖 [shí][eng.an ancient term; (also shí); rare]

195.62 鮗 [dōng][eng.an ancient term; (also dōng); rare]

195.63 鮘 [dài][eng.an ancient term; (also dài); rare]

195.64 鮙 [tǎ][eng.an ancient term; (also tǎ); rare]

195.65 鮚 [jié][eng.an ancient term; (also jié); rare]

195.66 鮛 [shū][eng.an ancient term; (also shū); rare]

195.67 鮜 [hòu][eng.an ancient term; (also hòu); rare]

195.68 鮝 [xiǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiǎng); rare]

195.69 鮞 [ér][eng.a kind of fish; (also ér); rare]

195.70 鮟 [àn][eng.an ancient term; (also àn); rare]

195.71 鮠 [wéi][eng.an ancient term; (also wéi); rare]

195.72 鮡 [zhào][eng.an ancient term; (also zhào); rare]

195.73 鮢 [zhū][eng.an ancient term; (also zhū); rare]

195.74 鮣 [yìn][eng.an ancient term; (also yìn); rare]

195.75 鮤 [liè][eng.an ancient term; (also liè); rare]

195.76 鮥 [luò][eng.an ancient term; (also luò); rare]

195.77 鮦 [tóng][eng.an ancient term; (also tóng); rare]

195.78 鮧 [yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí); rare]

195.79 鮨 [yì / qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

195.80 鮩 [bìng][eng.an ancient term; (also bìng); rare]

195.81 鮪 [wěi][eng.a kind of fish; (also wěi); rare]

195.82 鮫 [jiāo][eng.shark; (also jiāo)][skt.śaṅku; (also "shark" = śaṅku)]

195.83 鮬 [kū][eng.an ancient term; (also kū); rare]

195.84 鮭 [guī][eng.a kind of fish; (also guī); rare]

195.85 鮮 [xiān / xiǎn][eng.fresh; (also xiǎn, rare)][skt.śveta; (also "fresh" = śveta; "rare" = durlabha)]

195.86 鮯 [gé][eng.an ancient term; (also gé); rare]

195.87 鮰 [huí][eng.a kind of fish; (also huí); rare]

195.88 鮱 [lǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also lǎo); rare]

195.89 鮲 [má][eng.an ancient term; (also má); rare]

195.90 鮳 [kào][eng.an ancient term; (also kào); rare]

195.91 鮴 [xiū][eng.an ancient term; (also xiū); rare]

195.92 鮵 [tuō][eng.an ancient term; (also tuō); rare]

195.93 鮶 [jūn][eng.an ancient term; (also jūn); rare]

195.94 鮷 [tí][eng.an ancient term; (also tí); rare]

195.95 鮸 [miǎn][eng.a kind of fish; (also miǎn); rare]

195.96 鮹 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo); rare]

195.97 鮺 [zhǎ][eng.an ancient term; (also zhǎ); rare]

195.98 鮻 [suō][eng.an ancient term; (also suō); rare]

195.99 鮼 [qīn][eng.an ancient term; (also qīn); rare]

195.100 鮽 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

195.101 鮾 [něi][eng.an ancient term; (also něi); rare]

195.102 鮿 [zhé][eng.an ancient term; (also zhé); rare]

195.103 鯀 [gǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also gǔn); rare]

195.104 鯁 [gěng][eng.a fish bone; (also gěng, a bone)][skt.kaṇṭaka; (also "fish bone" = kaṇṭaka)]

195.105 鯂 [sū][eng.an ancient term; (also sū); rare]

195.106 鯃 [wú][eng.an ancient term; (also wú); rare]

195.107 鯄 [qiú][eng.an ancient term; (also qiú); rare]

195.108 鯅 [shān][eng.an ancient term; (also shān); rare]

195.109 鯆 [pū][eng.a kind of fish; (also pū); rare]

195.110 鯇 [huàn][eng.an ancient term; (also huàn); rare]

195.111 鯈 [chóu][eng.an ancient term; (also chóu); rare]

195.112 鯉 [lǐ][eng.carp; (also lǐ, a fish)][skt.matsya]

195.113 鯊 [shā][eng.shark; (also shā)][skt.śaṅku]

195.114 鯋 [shā][eng.variant of 鯊 (shark); rare][skt.śaṅku]

195.115 鯌 [kào][eng.an ancient term; (also kào); rare]

195.116 鯍 [méng][eng.an ancient term; (also méng); rare]

195.117 鯎 [chéng][eng.an ancient term; (also chéng); rare]

195.118 鯏 [lí][eng.an ancient term; (also lí); rare]

195.119 鯐 [zǒu][eng.an ancient term; (also zǒu); rare]

195.120 鯑 [xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī); rare]

195.121 鯒 [yǒng][eng.an ancient term; (also yǒng); rare]

195.122 鯓 [shēn][eng.an ancient term; (also shēn); rare]

195.123 鯔 [zī][eng.a kind of fish; (also zī); rare]

195.124 鯕 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

195.125 鯖 [qīng][eng.a kind of fish; (also qīng); rare]

195.126 鯗 [xiǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiǎng); rare]

195.127 鯘 [něi][eng.an ancient term; (also něi); rare]

195.128 鯙 [chún][eng.an ancient term; (also chún); rare]

195.129 鯚 [jì][eng.an ancient term; (also jì); rare]

195.130 鯛 [diāo][eng.a kind of fish; (also diāo); rare]

195.131 鯜 [qiè][eng.an ancient term; (also qiè); rare]

195.132 鯝 [gù][eng.an ancient term; (also gù); rare]

195.133 鯞 [zhǒu][eng.an ancient term; (also zhǒu); rare]

195.134 鯟 [dōng][eng.an ancient term; (also dōng); rare]

195.135 鯠 [lái][eng.an ancient term; (also lái); rare]

195.136 鯡 [fèi][eng.an ancient term; (also fèi); rare]

195.137 鯢 [ní][eng.a kind of fish; (also ní); rare]

195.138 鯣 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

195.139 鯤 [kūn][eng.a large fish; (also kūn, a legendary fish)][skt.matsya; (also "huge fish" = mahā-matsya)]

195.140 鯥 [lù][eng.an ancient term; (also lù); rare]

195.141 鯦 [jiù][eng.an ancient term; (also jiù); rare]

195.142 鯧 [chāng][eng.a kind of fish; (also chāng); rare]

195.143 鯨 [jīng][eng.whale; (also jīng, a huge fish)][skt.timi; (also "whale" = timi)]

195.144 鯩 [lún][eng.an ancient term; (also lún); rare]

195.145 鯪 [líng][eng.a kind of fish; (also líng); rare]

195.146 鯫 [zōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zōu); rare]

195.147 鯬 [lí][eng.an ancient term; (also lí); rare]

195.148 鯭 [měng][eng.an ancient term; (also měng); rare]

195.149 鯮 [zōng][eng.an ancient term; (also zōng); rare]

195.150 鯯 [zhì][eng.an ancient term; (also zhì); rare]

195.151 鯰 [nián][eng.a kind of fish; (also nián); rare]

195.152 鯱 [hǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also hǔ); rare]

195.153 鯲 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

195.154 鯳 [dǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also dǐ); rare]

195.155 鯴 [shī][eng.an ancient term; (also shī); rare]

195.156 鯵 [shēn][eng.an ancient term; (also shēn); rare]

195.157 鯶 [huàn][eng.an ancient term; (also huàn); rare]

195.158 鯷 [tí][eng.an ancient term; (also tí); rare]

195.159 鯸 [hóu][eng.an ancient term; (also hóu); rare]

195.160 鯹 [xīng][eng.an ancient term; (also xīng); rare]

195.161 鯺 [zhū][eng.an ancient term; (also zhū); rare]

195.162 鯻 [là][eng.an ancient term; (also là); rare]

195.163 鯼 [zōng][eng.an ancient term; (also zōng); rare]

195.164 鯽 [jì][eng.crucian carp; (also jì, a fish)][skt.matsya]

195.165 鯾 [biān][eng.an ancient term; (also biān); rare]

195.166 鯿 [biān][eng.an ancient term; (also biān); rare]

195.167 鰀 [huàn][eng.an ancient term; (also huàn); rare]

195.168 鰁 [quán][eng.an ancient term; (also quán); rare]

195.169 鰂 [zéi][eng.a kind of fish; (also zéi); rare]

195.170 鰃 [wēi][eng.an ancient term; (also wēi); rare]

195.171 鰄 [wēi][eng.an ancient term; (also wēi); rare]

195.172 鰅 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

195.173 鰆 [chūn][eng.an ancient term; (also chūn); rare]

195.174 鰇 [róu][eng.an ancient term; (also róu); rare]

195.175 鰈 [dié][eng.a kind of fish; (also dié); rare]

195.176 鰉 [huáng][eng.a kind of fish; (also huáng); rare]

195.177 鰊 [liàn][eng.an ancient term; (also liàn); rare]

195.178 鰋 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

195.179 鰌 [qiū][eng.a kind of fish; (also qiū); rare]

195.180 鰍 [qiū][eng.a kind of fish; (also qiū); rare]

195.181 鰎 [jiǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also jiǎn); rare]

195.182 鰏 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

195.183 鰐 [è][eng.crocodile; (also è)][skt.kumbhīra; (also "crocodile" = kumbhīra)]

195.184 鰑 [yáng][eng.an ancient term; (also yáng); rare]

195.185 鰒 [fù][eng.a kind of fish; (also fù); rare]

195.186 鰓 [sāi][eng.gills; (also sāi)][skt.gala; (also "gills" = galā)]

195.187 鰔 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

195.188 鰕 [xiā][eng.shrimp; (also xiā)]

195.189 鰖 [tuǒ][eng.an ancient term; (also tuǒ); rare]

195.190 鰗 [hú][eng.an ancient term; (also hú); rare]

195.191 鰘 [shì][eng.an ancient term; (also shì); rare]

195.192 鰙 [ruò][eng.an ancient term; (also ruò); rare]

195.193 鰚 [xuān][eng.an ancient term; (also xuān); rare]

195.194 鰛 [wēn][eng.an ancient term; (also wēn); rare]

195.195 鰜 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

195.196 鰝 [hào][eng.an ancient term; (also hào); rare]

195.197 鰞 [wū][eng.an ancient term; (also wū); rare]

195.198 鰟 [páng][eng.an ancient term; (also páng); rare]

195.199 鰠 [sāo][eng.an ancient term; (also sāo); rare]

195.200 鰡 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

195.201 鰢 [mǎ][eng.an ancient term; (also mǎ); rare]

195.202 鰣 [shí][eng.a kind of fish; (also shí); rare]

195.203 鰤 [shī][eng.an ancient term; (also shī); rare]

195.204 鰥 [guān][eng.a widower; (also guān, a fish)][skt.vidhura; (also "widower" = vidhura)]

195.205 鰦 [zī][eng.an ancient term; (also zī); rare]

195.206 鰧 [téng][eng.an ancient term; (also téng); rare]

195.207 鰨 [tà][eng.a kind of fish; (also tà); rare]

195.208 鰩 [yáo][eng.a ray (fish); (also yáo); rare]

195.209 鰪 [è][eng.an ancient term; (also è); rare]

195.210 鰫 [yóng][eng.an ancient term; (also yóng); rare]

195.211 鰬 [qián][eng.an ancient term; (also qián); rare]

195.212 鰭 [qí][eng.a fin; (also qí)][skt.pakṣa; (also "fin" = pakṣa)]

195.213 鰮 [wēn][eng.an ancient term; (also wēn); rare]

195.214 鰯 [ruò][eng.an ancient term; (also ruò); rare]

195.215 鰰 [shén][eng.an ancient term; (also shén); rare]

195.216 鰱 [lián][eng.a kind of fish; (also lián); rare]

195.217 鰲 [áo][eng.a large sea turtle; (also áo, a mythological creature)][skt.kacchapa; (also "turtle" = kacchapa)]

195.218 鰳 [lè][eng.a kind of fish; (also lè); rare]

195.219 鰴 [huī][eng.an ancient term; (also huī); rare]

195.220 鰵 [mǐn][eng.an ancient term; (also mǐn); rare]

195.221 鰶 [jì][eng.an ancient term; (also jì); rare]

195.222 鰷 [tiáo][eng.a kind of fish; (also tiáo); rare]

195.223 鰸 [qū][eng.an ancient term; (also qū); rare]

195.224 鰹 [jiān][eng.a kind of fish; (also jiān); rare]

195.225 鰺 [shēn][eng.a kind of fish; (also shēn); rare]

195.226 鰻 [mán][eng.eel; (also mán)]

195.227 鰼 [xí][eng.an ancient term; (also xí); rare]

195.228 鰽 [qiú][eng.an ancient term; (also qiú); rare]

195.229 鰾 [biào][eng.swim bladder; (also biào)]

195.230 鰿 [jī][eng.an ancient term; (also jī); rare]

195.231 鱀 [jì][eng.an ancient term; (also jì); rare]

195.232 鱁 [zhú][eng.an ancient term; (also zhú); rare]

195.233 鱂 [jiāng][eng.an ancient term; (also jiāng); rare]

195.234 鱃 [xiū][eng.an ancient term; (also xiū); rare]

195.235 鱄 [zhuān][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuān); rare]

195.236 鱅 [yōng][eng.a kind of fish; (also yōng); rare]

195.237 鱆 [zhāng][eng.an ancient term; (also zhāng); rare]

195.238 鱇 [kāng][eng.an ancient term; (also kāng); rare]

195.239 鱈 [xuě][eng.cod; (also xuě)]

195.240 鱉 [biē][eng.a soft-shelled turtle; (also biē)][skt.kacchapa; (also "turtle" = kacchapa)]

195.241 鱊 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

195.242 鱋 [qū][eng.an ancient term; (also qū); rare]

195.243 鱌 [xiàng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiàng); rare]

195.244 鱍 [bō][eng.an ancient term; (also bō); rare]

195.245 鱎 [jiǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also jiǎo); rare]

195.246 鱏 [xún][eng.an ancient term; (also xún); rare]

195.247 鱐 [sù][eng.an ancient term; (also sù); rare]

195.248 鱑 [huáng][eng.an ancient term; (also huáng); rare]

195.249 鱒 [zūn][eng.a kind of fish; (also zūn); rare]

195.250 鱓 [shàn][eng.a kind of fish; (also shàn); rare]

195.251 鱔 [shàn][eng.eel; (also shàn)]

195.252 鱕 [fān][eng.an ancient term; (also fān); rare]

195.253 鱖 [guì][eng.a kind of fish; (also guì); rare]

195.254 鱗 [lín][eng.scales; (also lín, fish scales)][skt.śakala; (also "scales" = śakala)]

195.255 鱘 [xún][eng.a kind of fish; (also xún); rare]

195.256 鱙 [miáo][eng.an ancient term; (also miáo); rare]

195.257 鱚 [xǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also xǐ); rare]

195.258 鱛 [zēng][eng.an ancient term; (also zēng); rare]

195.259 鱜 [xiāng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāng); rare]

195.260 鱝 [fèn][eng.an ancient term; (also fèn); rare]

195.261 鱞 [guān][eng.an ancient term; (also guān); rare]

195.262 鱟 [hòu][eng.a horseshoe crab; (also hòu)]

195.263 鱠 [kuài][eng.a kind of fish; (also kuài); rare]

195.264 鱡 [zéi][eng.an ancient term; (also zéi); rare]

195.265 鱢 [sāo][eng.an ancient term; (also sāo); rare]

195.266 鱣 [zhān][eng.a sturgeon; (also zhān)]

195.267 鱤 [gǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also gǎn); rare]

195.268 鱥 [guì][eng.an ancient term; (also guì); rare]

195.269 鱦 [yìng][eng.an ancient term; (also yìng); rare]

195.270 鱧 [lǐ][eng.a kind of fish; (also lǐ); rare]

195.271 鱨 [cháng][eng.an ancient term; (also cháng); rare]

195.272 鱩 [léi][eng.an ancient term; (also léi); rare]

195.273 鱪 [shǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also shǔ); rare]

195.274 鱫 [ài][eng.an ancient term; (also ài); rare]

195.275 鱬 [rú][eng.an ancient term; (also rú); rare]

195.276 鱭 [jì][eng.an ancient term; (also jì); rare]

195.277 鱮 [xù][eng.an ancient term; (also xù); rare]

195.278 鱯 [hù][eng.an ancient term; (also hù); rare]

195.279 鱰 [shǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also shǔ); rare]

195.280 鱱 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

195.281 鱲 [liè][eng.an ancient term; (also liè); rare]

195.282 鱳 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

195.283 鱴 [miè][eng.an ancient term; (also miè); rare]

195.284 鱵 [zhēn][eng.an ancient term; (also zhēn); rare]

195.285 鱶 [xiǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also xiǎng); rare]

195.286 鱷 [è][eng.crocodile; (also è)][skt.kumbhīra; (also "crocodile" = kumbhīra)]

195.287 鱸 [lú][eng.a kind of fish; (also lú)]

195.288 鱹 [guàn][eng.an ancient term; (also guàn); rare]

195.289 鱺 [lí][eng.a kind of fish; (also lí)]

195.290 鱻 [xiān][eng.an ancient variant of 鮮 (fresh); rare][skt.śveta]

195.291 鱼 [yú][eng.fish; simplified of 魚][skt.matsya]

195.292 鱽 [dāo][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 魛]

195.293 鱾 [jǐ][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 魢]

195.294 鱿 [yóu][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 魷]

195.295 鲀 [tún][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 魨]

195.296 鲁 [lǔ][eng.crude; simplified of 魯][skt.mūḍha]

195.297 鲂 [fáng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 魴]

195.298 鲃 [bā][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 魞]

195.299 鲄 [hé][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 魺]

195.300 鲅 [bà][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮁]

195.301 鲆 [píng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮃]

195.302 鲇 [nián][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮎]

195.303 鲈 [lú][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱸]

195.304 鲉 [yóu][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮋]

195.305 鲊 [zhǎ][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮓]

195.306 鲋 [fù][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮒]

195.307 鲌 [bó][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮊]

195.308 鲍 [bào][eng.abalone; simplified of 鮑]

195.309 鲎 [hòu][eng.horseshoe crab; simplified of 鱟]

195.310 鲏 [pí][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮍]

195.311 鲐 [tái][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮐]

195.312 鲑 [guī][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮭]

195.313 鲒 [jié][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮚]

195.314 鲓 [kào][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮳]

195.315 鲔 [wěi][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮪]

195.316 鲕 [ér][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鮞]

195.317 鲖 [tóng][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮦]

195.318 鲗 [zéi][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰂]

195.319 鲘 [hòu][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮜]

195.320 鲙 [kuài][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱠]

195.321 鲚 [jì][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮆]

195.322 鲛 [jiāo][eng.shark; simplified of 鮫][skt.śaṅku]

195.323 鲜 [xiān / xiǎn][eng.fresh; simplified of 鮮][skt.śveta]

195.324 鲝 [zhǎ][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮺]

195.325 鲞 [xiǎng][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮝]

195.326 鲟 [xún][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱘]

195.327 鲠 [gěng][eng.fish bone; simplified of 鯁][skt.kaṇṭaka]

195.328 鲡 [lí][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯏]

195.329 鲢 [lián][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰱]

195.330 鲣 [jiān][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰹]

195.331 鲤 [lǐ][eng.carp; simplified of 鯉][skt.matsya]

195.332 鲥 [shí][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰣]

195.333 鲦 [tiáo][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰷]

195.334 鲧 [gǔn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯀]

195.335 鲨 [shā][eng.shark; simplified of 鯊][skt.śaṅku]

195.336 鲩 [huàn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯇]

195.337 鲪 [jūn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鮶]

195.338 鲫 [jì][eng.crucian carp; simplified of 鯽][skt.matsya]

195.339 鲬 [yǒng][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯒]

195.340 鲭 [qīng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯖]

195.341 鲮 [líng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯪]

195.342 鲯 [qí][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯕]

195.343 鲰 [zōu][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯫]

195.344 鲱 [fèi][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯡]

195.345 鲲 [kūn][eng.a large fish; simplified of 鯤][skt.matsya]

195.346 鲳 [chāng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯧]

195.347 鲴 [gù][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯝]

195.348 鲵 [ní][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯢]

195.349 鲶 [nián][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯰]

195.350 鲷 [diāo][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯛]

195.351 鲸 [jīng][eng.whale; simplified of 鯨][skt.timi]

195.352 鲹 [shēn][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰺]

195.353 鲺 [shī][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯴]

195.354 鲻 [zī][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯔]

195.355 鲼 [fèn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鱝]

195.356 鲽 [dié][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰈]

195.357 鲾 [bì][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰏]

195.358 鲿 [cháng][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鱨]

195.359 鳀 [tí][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鯷]

195.360 鳁 [wēn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰛]

195.361 鳂 [wēi][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰃]

195.362 鳃 [sāi][eng.gills; simplified of 鰓][skt.gala]

195.363 鳄 [è][eng.crocodile; simplified of 鱷][skt.kumbhīra]

195.364 鳅 [qiū][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰍]

195.365 鳆 [fù][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰒]

195.366 鳇 [huáng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰉]

195.367 鳈 [quán][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰁]

195.368 鳉 [jiāng][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鱂]

195.369 鳊 [biān][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鯿]

195.370 鳋 [sāo][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰠]

195.371 鳌 [áo][eng.large sea turtle; simplified of 鰲][skt.kacchapa]

195.372 鳍 [qí][eng.fin; simplified of 鰭][skt.pakṣa]

195.373 鳎 [tà][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰨]

195.374 鳏 [guān][eng.widower; simplified of 鰥][skt.vidhura]

195.375 鳐 [yáo][eng.a ray (fish); simplified of 鰩]

195.376 鳑 [páng][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰟]

195.377 鳒 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰜]

195.378 鳓 [lè][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鰳]

195.379 鳔 [biào][eng.swim bladder; simplified of 鰾]

195.380 鳕 [xuě][eng.cod; simplified of 鱈]

195.381 鳖 [biē][eng.soft-shelled turtle; simplified of 鱉][skt.kacchapa]

195.382 鳗 [mán][eng.eel; simplified of 鰻]

195.383 鳘 [mǐn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰵]

195.384 鳙 [yōng][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱅]

195.385 鳚 [wèi][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鱚?]

195.386 鳛 [xí][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰼]

195.387 鳜 [guì][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱖]

195.388 鳝 [shàn][eng.eel; simplified of 鱔]

195.389 鳞 [lín][eng.scales; simplified of 鱗][skt.śakala]

195.390 鳟 [zūn][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱒]

195.391 鳠 [hù][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鱯]

195.392 鳡 [gǎn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鱤]

195.393 鳢 [lǐ][eng.a kind of fish; simplified of 鱧]

195.394 鳣 [zhān][eng.sturgeon; simplified of 鱣]

195.395 鳤 [guǎn][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鰀]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 195

Radical 195 (魚, yú) — "fish" — is one of the most extensive radicals in the lexicon, encompassing all things related to fish, fishing, and aquatic life (Kangxi #195). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and Vinaya-related importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Fish in the First Precept — Fish are among the sentient beings that monastics and lay Buddhists must not intentionally kill (ahiṃsā). The first precept (不殺生, prāṇātipāta) prohibits the killing of living beings, including fish. The compound 殺魚 (to kill a fish) is a violation of the precept.

Fish and Fishing in Vinaya — Fishing is a prohibited livelihood for monastics (as it involves killing). The compound 捕魚 (to catch fish) is a worldly activity. The compound 魚肉 (fish and meat) appears in Vinaya as a type of food that is generally not prohibited if properly obtained (not killed specifically for the monk), though meat-eating is a complex topic.

The Fish as a Symbol of Saṃsāra — Fish are used in similes for beings trapped in saṃsāra: the "fish in a net" is a common metaphor for beings caught in the net of craving and attachment. The compound 魚網 (a fishnet) is used in similes for the world of suffering. The compound 魚在水中 (a fish in water) is a simile for the mind immersed in saṃsāra.

The Fish in Jātaka Tales — The fish appears in numerous Jātaka tales (the birth stories of the Buddha), often as a symbol of suffering or as a being that teaches a lesson about compassion. The Matsya Jātaka (the Fish Jātaka) tells of the Buddha’s previous birth as a fish who taught a lesson about the dangers of greed.

The Giant Fish (鯤, mahā-matsya; 鯨, timi) — The giant fish is a symbol of the vastness of saṃsāra or of the Buddha’s great compassion. The compound 鯤魚 (the giant fish) appears in some cosmological texts. The compound 鯨魚 (whale) appears in descriptions of the ocean of saṃsāra.

The Fish and the Blind Turtle — The famous simile of the blind turtle and the yoke, which appears in the Saṃyutta Nikāya, is a metaphor for the rare opportunity of human rebirth. The turtle surfaces once in a hundred years to find a floating yoke — the fish (or turtle) represents the rarity of the human birth.

Fish Scales (鱗, śakala) — The scales of a fish are used in similes for the countless beings in saṃsāra or the innumerable teachings of the Dharma. The compound 鱗介 (scales and shells) appears in descriptions of aquatic life.

Freshness and Purity (鮮, śveta) — The compound 新鮮 (fresh) is used in similes for the fresh teachings of the Buddha or the pure mind. The compound 鮮花 (fresh flowers) appears in descriptions of offerings.

Sharks and Crocodiles (鮫/鲛, śaṅku; 鰐/鳄, kumbhīra) — Sharks and crocodiles appear in Vinaya as dangerous animals that monastics must avoid. The compound 鱷魚 (crocodile) is a term for a dangerous aquatic creature.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical are extremely extensive (魚/鱼, 魯/鲁, 鮮/鲜, 鯨/鲸, 鯊/鲨, 鯉/鲤, 鯽/鲫, 鰐/鳄, 鱉/鳖, 鱗/鳞, etc.) and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The majority of characters under this radical are rare or classical fish names with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

195.396 195.1/195.291 魚/鱼 (yú) [skt.matsya] — Fish. Matsya is the standard Sanskrit term for fish. In Buddhist contexts, 魚 appears in: (1) 魚肉 (fish and meat) — in Vinaya; (2) 魚網 (fishnet) — used in similes for saṃsāra; (3) 魚在水中 (a fish in water) — a simile for the mind immersed in saṃsāra. The compound 魚蟲 (fish and worms) appears in similes for the smallest beings.

195.397 195.22/195.296 魯/鲁 (lǔ) [skt.mūḍha] — Crude/stupid. Mūḍha is foolish/deluded. In Buddhist contexts, 魯 appears in the compound 魯莽 (rash), describing the unrefined mind. No doctrinal significance beyond its meaning.

195.398 195.82/195.322 鮫/鲛 (jiāo) [skt.śaṅku] — Shark. Śaṅku is a shark (also a spike). In Vinaya, sharks are dangerous animals. The compound 鮫魚 (shark) appears in descriptions of dangerous sea creatures.

195.399 195.85/195.323 鮮/鲜 (xiān / xiǎn) [skt.śveta; durlabha] — Fresh; rare. Śveta is fresh/pure; durlabha is rare. In Buddhist contexts, 鮮 appears in: (1) 新鮮 (fresh) — describing the pure Dharma; (2) 鮮花 (fresh flowers) — offerings; (3) 鮮少 (rare, durlabha) — describing the rarity of human birth or the opportunity to hear the Dharma.

195.400 195.104/195.327 鯁/鲠 (gěng) [skt.kaṇṭaka] — A fish bone. Kaṇṭaka is a thorn/bone. In Buddhist contexts, 鯁 appears in the compound 骨鯁 (fish bone), used in similes for the "thorn" of pain or the "bone" of defilement.

195.401 195.113/195.335 鯊/鲨 (shā) [skt.śaṅku] — Shark. Similar to 鮫.

195.402 195.139/195.345 鯤/鲲 (kūn) [skt.matsya; mahā-matsya] — A large fish (mythical). In Buddhist contexts, 鯤 appears in the compound 鯤魚 (a huge fish), used in similes for the vastness of saṃsāra or the great beings of the path.

195.403 195.143/195.351 鯨/鲸 (jīng) [skt.timi] — Whale. Timi is a whale (also a mythical sea creature). In Buddhist contexts, 鯨 appears in the compound 鯨魚 (whale), used in similes for the vastness of the ocean of saṃsāra. The timi is also a creature in Buddhist cosmology.

195.404 195.183/195.286/195.363 鰐/鱷/鳄 (è) [skt.kumbhīra] — Crocodile. Kumbhīra is a crocodile (also a mythical water creature). In Vinaya, crocodiles are dangerous animals to be avoided.

195.405 195.204/195.374 鰥/鳏 (guān) [skt.vidhura] — A widower. Vidhura is a widower (also "bereaved"). In Buddhist contexts, 鰥 appears in the compound 鰥寡 (widowers and widows), describing the vulnerable beings who are objects of compassion.

195.406 195.212/195.372 鰭/鳍 (qí) [skt.pakṣa] — A fin. Pakṣa is a wing (also a fin in aquatic contexts). In Buddhist similes, the fin of a fish appears in descriptions of aquatic life.

195.407 195.217/195.371 鰲/鳌 (áo) [skt.kacchapa] — A large sea turtle. Kacchapa is a turtle. In Buddhist contexts, 鰲 appears in the compound 鰲魚 (a large sea turtle), used in similes for the rare opportunity of human birth (the blind turtle simile). The turtle is a symbol of the rare opportunity to encounter the Dharma.

195.408 195.240/195.381 鱉/鳖 (biē) [skt.kacchapa] — A soft-shelled turtle. Similar to 鰲. In Vinaya, turtles are mentioned as aquatic creatures. The compound 鱉魚 (turtle) appears in descriptions of aquatic life.

195.409 195.254/195.389 鱗/鳞 (lín) [skt.śakala] — Scales. Śakala is a scale. In Buddhist contexts, 鱗 appears in the compound 魚鱗 (fish scales), used in similes for the countless beings or the many facets of the Dharma. The scales of a fish are a metaphor for the layers of defilement.

196 鳥

196.1 鳥 [chn.niǎo / diǎo][eng.bird; (also diǎo, a male organ)][skt.pakṣin; (also "bird" = vihaga; "bird" = pakṣin)]

196.2 鳦 [yǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also yǐ); rare]

196.3 鳧 [fú][eng.a wild duck; (also fú, a teal)]

196.4 鳨 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

196.5 鳩 [jiū][eng.a pigeon; a dove; (also jiū, to gather)][skt.kapota; (also "pigeon" = kapota)]

196.6 鳪 [bú][eng.an ancient term; (also bú); rare]

196.7 鳫 [yàn][eng.an ancient variant of 雁 (wild goose); rare][skt.haṃsa]

196.8 鳬 [fú][eng.ancient variant of 鳧 (wild duck); rare]

196.9 鳭 [diāo][eng.an ancient term; (also diāo); rare]

196.10 鳮 [jī][eng.an ancient variant of 雞 (chicken); rare][skt.kukkuṭa]

196.11 鳯 [fèng][eng.ancient variant of 鳳 (phoenix); rare][skt.garuḍa; (also "phoenix" = garuḍa)]

196.12 鳰 [rù][eng.an ancient term; (also rù); rare]

196.13 鳱 [gān][eng.an ancient term; (also gān); rare]

196.14 鳲 [shī][eng.an ancient term; (also shī); rare]

196.15 鳳 [fèng][eng.phoenix; (also fèng, a mythical bird)][skt.garuḍa; (also "phoenix" = garuḍa)]

196.16 鳴 [míng][eng.to sing; to cry (of birds); (also míng, to sound)][skt.śabda; (also "sound" = śabda; "to sing" = gāyati)]

196.17 鳵 [bǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also bǎo); rare]

196.18 鳶 [yuān][eng.a kite; (also yuān, a bird of prey)]

196.19 鳷 [zhī][eng.an ancient term; (also zhī); rare]

196.20 鳸 [hù][eng.an ancient term; (also hù); rare]

196.21 鳹 [qín][eng.an ancient term; (also qín); rare]

196.22 鳺 [fū][eng.an ancient term; (also fū); rare]

196.23 鳻 [bān][eng.an ancient term; (also bān); rare]

196.24 鳼 [wén][eng.an ancient term; (also wén); rare]

196.25 鳽 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

196.26 鳾 [shī][eng.an ancient term; (also shī); rare]

196.27 鳿 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

196.28 鴀 [fǒu][eng.an ancient term; (also fǒu); rare]

196.29 鴁 [yāo][eng.an ancient term; (also yāo); rare]

196.30 鴂 [jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué); rare]

196.31 鴃 [jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué); rare]

196.32 鴄 [pǐ][eng.an ancient term; (also pǐ); rare]

196.33 鴅 [huān][eng.an ancient term; (also huān); rare]

196.34 鴆 [zhèn][eng.a poisonous bird; (also zhèn, poison)][skt.viṣa; (also "poison" = viṣa)]

196.35 鴇 [bǎo][eng.a bustard; (also bǎo)]

196.36 鴈 [yàn][eng.ancient variant of 雁 (wild goose); rare][skt.haṃsa]

196.37 鴉 [yā][eng.a crow; (also yā, a raven)][skt.kāka; (also "crow" = kāka)]

196.38 鴊 [zhèng][eng.an ancient term; (also zhèng); rare]

196.39 鴋 [fāng][eng.an ancient term; (also fāng); rare]

196.40 鴌 [fèng][eng.an ancient term; (also fèng); rare]

196.41 鴍 [wén][eng.an ancient term; (also wén); rare]

196.42 鴎 [ōu][eng.Japanese variant of 鷗 (gull); rare]

196.43 鴏 [dài][eng.an ancient term; (also dài); rare]

196.44 鴐 [jiā][eng.a wild goose; (also jiā)][skt.haṃsa]

196.45 鴑 [rú][eng.an ancient term; (also rú); rare]

196.46 鴒 [líng][eng.a wagtail; (also líng)]

196.47 鴓 [miè][eng.an ancient term; (also miè); rare]

196.48 鴔 [fú][eng.an ancient term; (also fú); rare]

196.49 鴕 [tuó][eng.ostrich; (also tuó)]

196.50 鴖 [mín][eng.an ancient term; (also mín); rare]

196.51 鴗 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

196.52 鴘 [biǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also biǎn); rare]

196.53 鴙 [zhì][eng.an ancient variant of 雉 (pheasant); rare][skt.tittira]

196.54 鴚 [gē][eng.an ancient term; (also gē); rare]

196.55 鴛 [yuān][eng.a mandarin duck; (also yuān, a couple)][skt.cakravāka; (also "mandarin duck" = cakravāka)]

196.56 鴜 [cí][eng.an ancient term; (also cí); rare]

196.57 鴝 [qú][eng.an ancient term; (also qú); rare]

196.58 鴞 [xiāo][eng.an owl; (also xiāo)][skt.ulūka; (also "owl" = ulūka)]

196.59 鴟 [chī][eng.a hawk; (also chī)][skt.śyena; (also "hawk" = śyena)]

196.60 鴠 [dàn][eng.an ancient term; (also dàn); rare]

196.61 鴡 [jū][eng.an ancient term; (also jū); rare]

196.62 鴢 [yǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎo); rare]

196.63 鴣 [gū][eng.a partridge; (also gū)]

196.64 鴤 [zhōng][eng.an ancient term; (also zhōng); rare]

196.65 鴥 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

196.66 鴦 [yāng][eng.a mandarin duck; (also yāng, a bird)][skt.cakravāka]

196.67 鴧 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

196.68 鴨 [yā][eng.duck; (also yā, a fowl)]

196.69 鴩 [dié][eng.an ancient term; (also dié); rare]

196.70 鴪 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

196.71 鴫 [tián][eng.an ancient term; (also tián); rare]

196.72 鴬 [yīng][eng.Japanese variant of 鶯 (warbler); rare]

196.73 鴭 [duī][eng.an ancient term; (also duī); rare]

196.74 鴮 [wū][eng.an ancient term; (also wū); rare]

196.75 鴯 [ér][eng.a swallow; (also ér)]

196.76 鴰 [guā][eng.an ancient term; (also guā); rare]

196.77 鴱 [ài][eng.an ancient term; (also ài); rare]

196.78 鴲 [zhī][eng.an ancient term; (also zhī); rare]

196.79 鴳 [yàn][eng.a quail; (also yàn)]

196.80 鴴 [háng][eng.an ancient term; (also háng); rare]

196.81 鴵 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo); rare]

196.82 鴶 [jiá][eng.an ancient term; (also jiá); rare]

196.83 鴷 [liè][eng.a woodpecker; (also liè)]

196.84 鴸 [zhū][eng.an ancient term; (also zhū); rare]

196.85 鴹 [yáng][eng.an ancient term; (also yáng); rare]

196.86 鴺 [yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí); rare]

196.87 鴻 [hóng][eng.a wild swan; (also hóng, great)][skt.haṃsa; (also "swan" = haṃsa)]

196.88 鴼 [luò][eng.an ancient term; (also luò); rare]

196.89 鴽 [rú][eng.a quail; (also rú)]

196.90 鴾 [móu][eng.an ancient term; (also móu); rare]

196.91 鴿 [gē][eng.a pigeon; (also gē, a dove)][skt.kapota; (also "pigeon" = kapota)]

196.92 鵀 [rén][eng.an ancient term; (also rén); rare]

196.93 鵁 [jiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also jiāo); rare]

196.94 鵂 [xiū][eng.an owl; (also xiū)][skt.ulūka]

196.95 鵃 [zhōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zhōu); rare]

196.96 鵄 [chī][eng.an ancient term; (also chī); rare]

196.97 鵅 [luò][eng.an ancient term; (also luò); rare]

196.98 鵆 [héng][eng.an ancient term; (also héng); rare]

196.99 鵇 [nián][eng.an ancient term; (also nián); rare]

196.100 鵈 [ěr][eng.an ancient term; (also ěr); rare]

196.101 鵉 [luán][eng.an ancient variant of 鸞 (phoenix); rare][skt.garuḍa]

196.102 鵊 [jiá][eng.an ancient term; (also jiá); rare]

196.103 鵋 [jì][eng.an ancient term; (also jì); rare]

196.104 鵌 [tú][eng.an ancient term; (also tú); rare]

196.105 鵍 [huān][eng.an ancient term; (also huān); rare]

196.106 鵎 [tuǒ][eng.an ancient term; (also tuǒ); rare]

196.107 鵏 [bū][eng.an ancient term; (also bū); rare]

196.108 鵐 [wú][eng.a finch; (also wú)]

196.109 鵑 [juān][eng.a cuckoo; (also juān)]

196.110 鵒 [yù][eng.a myna; (also yù)]

196.111 鵓 [bó][eng.a pigeon; (also bó)][skt.kapota]

196.112 鵔 [jùn][eng.an ancient term; (also jùn); rare]

196.113 鵕 [jùn][eng.an ancient term; (also jùn); rare]

196.114 鵖 [bī][eng.an ancient term; (also bī); rare]

196.115 鵗 [xī][eng.an ancient term; (also xī); rare]

196.116 鵘 [jùn][eng.an ancient term; (also jùn); rare]

196.117 鵙 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

196.118 鵚 [tū][eng.an ancient term; (also tū); rare]

196.119 鵛 [jìng][eng.an ancient term; (also jìng); rare]

196.120 鵜 [tí][eng.a pelican; (also tí)]

196.121 鵝 [é][eng.goose; (also é)][skt.haṃsa; (also "goose" = haṃsa)]

196.122 鵞 [é][eng.ancient variant of 鵝 (goose); rare][skt.haṃsa]

196.123 鵟 [kuáng][eng.a kestrel; (also kuáng)]

196.124 鵠 [hú][eng.a swan; (also hú, a wild goose)][skt.haṃsa; (also "swan" = haṃsa)]

196.125 鵡 [wǔ][eng.a parrot; (also wǔ)][skt.śuka; (also "parrot" = śuka)]

196.126 鵢 [shēn][eng.an ancient term; (also shēn); rare]

196.127 鵣 [lài][eng.an ancient term; (also lài); rare]

196.128 鵤 [zān][eng.an ancient term; (also zān); rare]

196.129 鵥 [bàn][eng.an ancient term; (also bàn); rare]

196.130 鵦 [lù][eng.an ancient term; (also lù); rare]

196.131 鵧 [pí][eng.an ancient term; (also pí); rare]

196.132 鵨 [shū][eng.an ancient term; (also shū); rare]

196.133 鵩 [fú][eng.a mythical bird; (also fú)]

196.134 鵪 [ān][eng.a quail; (also ān)]

196.135 鵫 [zhuó][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuó); rare]

196.136 鵬 [péng][eng.a huge bird; (also péng, a roc)][skt.garuḍa; (also "roc" = garuḍa)]

196.137 鵭 [qín][eng.an ancient term; (also qín); rare]

196.138 鵮 [qiān][eng.an ancient term; (also qiān); rare]

196.139 鵯 [bēi][eng.a bulbul; (also bēi)]

196.140 鵰 [diāo][eng.a vulture; (also diāo)][skt.gṛdhra; (also "vulture" = gṛdhra)]

196.141 鵱 [lù][eng.an ancient term; (also lù); rare]

196.142 鵲 [què][eng.a magpie; (also què)]

196.143 鵳 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

196.144 鵴 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

196.145 鵵 [tù][eng.an ancient term; (also tù); rare]

196.146 鵶 [yā][eng.ancient variant of 鴉 (crow); rare][skt.kāka]

196.147 鵷 [yuān][eng.a phoenix; (also yuān)][skt.garuḍa]

196.148 鵸 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

196.149 鵹 [lí][eng.an ancient term; (also lí); rare]

196.150 鵺 [yè][eng.an ancient term; (also yè); rare]

196.151 鵻 [zhuī][eng.an ancient term; (also zhuī); rare]

196.152 鵼 [kōng][eng.an ancient term; (also kōng); rare]

196.153 鵽 [duò][eng.an ancient term; (also duò); rare]

196.154 鵾 [kūn][eng.a swan; (also kūn, a mythical bird)][skt.haṃsa]

196.155 鵿 [shēng][eng.an ancient term; (also shēng); rare]

196.156 鶀 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

196.157 鶁 [jīng][eng.an ancient term; (also jīng); rare]

196.158 鶂 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

196.159 鶃 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

196.160 鶄 [jīng][eng.an ancient term; (also jīng); rare]

196.161 鶅 [zī][eng.an ancient term; (also zī); rare]

196.162 鶆 [lái][eng.an ancient term; (also lái); rare]

196.163 鶇 [dōng][eng.a thrush; (also dōng)]

196.164 鶈 [qī][eng.an ancient term; (also qī); rare]

196.165 鶉 [chún][eng.a quail; (also chún)]

196.166 鶊 [gēng][eng.an ancient term; (also gēng); rare]

196.167 鶋 [jū][eng.an ancient term; (also jū); rare]

196.168 鶌 [qū][eng.an ancient term; (also qū); rare]

196.169 鶍 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

196.170 鶎 [zūn][eng.an ancient term; (also zūn); rare]

196.171 鶏 [jī][eng.Japanese variant of 雞 (chicken); rare][skt.kukkuṭa]

196.172 鶐 [shù][eng.an ancient term; (also shù); rare]

196.173 鶑 [yīng][eng.an ancient term; (also yīng); rare]

196.174 鶒 [chì][eng.an ancient term; (also chì); rare]

196.175 鶓 [miáo][eng.an ancient term; (also miáo); rare]

196.176 鶔 [róu][eng.an ancient term; (also róu); rare]

196.177 鶕 [ān][eng.an ancient term; (also ān); rare]

196.178 鶖 [qiū][eng.an ancient term; (also qiū); rare]

196.179 鶗 [tí][eng.an ancient term; (also tí); rare]

196.180 鶘 [hú][eng.an ancient term; (also hú); rare]

196.181 鶙 [tí][eng.an ancient term; (also tí); rare]

196.182 鶚 [è][eng.a fish hawk; (also è)]

196.183 鶛 [jiē][eng.an ancient term; (also jiē); rare]

196.184 鶜 [máo][eng.an ancient term; (also máo); rare]

196.185 鶝 [fú][eng.an ancient term; (also fú); rare]

196.186 鶞 [chūn][eng.an ancient term; (also chūn); rare]

196.187 鶟 [tú][eng.an ancient term; (also tú); rare]

196.188 鶠 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

196.189 鶡 [jié][eng.a crossbill; (also jié)]

196.190 鶢 [yuán][eng.an ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

196.191 鶣 [pián][eng.an ancient term; (also pián); rare]

196.192 鶤 [kūn][eng.a swan; (also kūn, a mythical bird)][skt.haṃsa]

196.193 鶥 [méi][eng.a thrush; (also méi)]

196.194 鶦 [hú][eng.an ancient term; (also hú); rare]

196.195 鶧 [yīng][eng.an ancient term; (also yīng); rare]

196.196 鶨 [chuàn][eng.an ancient term; (also chuàn); rare]

196.197 鶩 [wù][eng.a duck; (also wù, a wild duck)]

196.198 鶪 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

196.199 鶫 [dōng][eng.Japanese variant of 鶇 (thrush); rare]

196.200 鶬 [qiāng][eng.a great bustard; (also qiāng)]

196.201 鶭 [fǎng][eng.an ancient term; (also fǎng); rare]

196.202 鶮 [hè][eng.an ancient term; (also hè); rare]

196.203 鶯 [yīng][eng.a warbler; (also yīng, an oriole)]

196.204 鶰 [yuán][eng.an ancient term; (also yuán); rare]

196.205 鶱 [xiān][eng.to soar; (also xiān)][skt.utpatana; (also "to soar" = uḍḍīyate)]

196.206 鶲 [wēng][eng.a flycatcher; (also wēng)]

196.207 鶳 [shī][eng.an ancient term; (also shī); rare]

196.208 鶴 [hè][eng.a crane; (also hè)][skt.baka; (also "crane" = baka)]

196.209 鶵 [chú][eng.a chick; (also chú)][skt.śiśu; (also "young bird" = śiśu)]

196.210 鶶 [táng][eng.an ancient term; (also táng); rare]

196.211 鶷 [xiá][eng.an ancient term; (also xiá); rare]

196.212 鶸 [ruò][eng.an ancient term; (also ruò); rare]

196.213 鶹 [liú][eng.an owl; (also liú)][skt.ulūka]

196.214 鶺 [jí][eng.a wagtail; (also jí)]

196.215 鶻 [hú][eng.a falcon; (also hú)][skt.śyena; (also "falcon" = śyena)]

196.216 鶼 [jiān][eng.a mythical bird; (also jiān)]

196.217 鶽 [sǔn][eng.ancient variant of 隼 (falcon); rare][skt.śyena]

196.218 鶾 [hàn][eng.an ancient term; (also hàn); rare]

196.219 鶿 [cí][eng.a cormorant; (also cí)]

196.220 鷀 [cí][eng.an ancient variant of 鶿 (cormorant); rare]

196.221 鷁 [yì][eng.a water bird; (also yì)]

196.222 鷂 [yào][eng.a sparrowhawk; (also yào)][skt.śyena]

196.223 鷃 [yàn][eng.a quail; (also yàn)]

196.224 鷄 [jī][eng.ancient variant of 雞 (chicken); rare][skt.kukkuṭa]

196.225 鷅 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

196.226 鷆 [tián][eng.an ancient term; (also tián); rare]

196.227 鷇 [kòu][eng.a fledgling; (also kòu)][skt.śiśu; (also "fledgling" = śiśu)]

196.228 鷈 [tī][eng.an ancient term; (also tī); rare]

196.229 鷉 [tī][eng.an ancient term; (also tī); rare]

196.230 鷊 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

196.231 鷋 [tú][eng.an ancient term; (also tú); rare]

196.232 鷌 [mǎ][eng.an ancient term; (also mǎ); rare]

196.233 鷍 [xiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also xiāo); rare]

196.234 鷎 [gāo][eng.an ancient term; (also gāo); rare]

196.235 鷏 [tián][eng.an ancient term; (also tián); rare]

196.236 鷐 [chén][eng.an ancient term; (also chén); rare]

196.237 鷑 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

196.238 鷒 [tuán][eng.an ancient term; (also tuán); rare]

196.239 鷓 [zhè][eng.a partridge; (also zhè)]

196.240 鷔 [áo][eng.a mythical bird; (also áo)]

196.241 鷕 [yǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎo); rare]

196.242 鷖 [yī][eng.a seagull; (also yī)]

196.243 鷗 [ōu][eng.a seagull; (also ōu)]

196.244 鷘 [chì][eng.an ancient term; (also chì); rare]

196.245 鷙 [zhì][eng.a bird of prey; (also zhì, fierce)][skt.caṇḍa; (also "fierce" = caṇḍa)]

196.246 鷚 [liú][eng.a meadowlark; (also liú)]

196.247 鷛 [yōng][eng.an ancient term; (also yōng); rare]

196.248 鷜 [lóu][eng.an ancient term; (also lóu); rare]

196.249 鷝 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

196.250 鷞 [shuāng][eng.a goose; (also shuāng)][skt.haṃsa]

196.251 鷟 [zhuó][eng.a phoenix; (also zhuó)][skt.garuḍa]

196.252 鷠 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

196.253 鷢 [jué][eng.an ancient term; (also jué); rare]

196.254 鷣 [yín][eng.an ancient term; (also yín); rare]

196.255 鷤 [tí][eng.an ancient term; (also tí); rare]

196.256 鷥 [sī][eng.a heron; (also sī)][skt.baka; (also "heron" = baka)]

196.257 鷦 [jiāo][eng.a wren; (also jiāo)]

196.258 鷧 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

196.259 鷨 [huá][eng.an ancient term; (also huá); rare]

196.260 鷩 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

196.261 鷪 [yīng][eng.an ancient term; (also yīng); rare]

196.262 鷫 [sù][eng.a kingfisher; (also sù)]

196.263 鷬 [huáng][eng.an ancient term; (also huáng); rare]

196.264 鷭 [fán][eng.an ancient term; (also fán); rare]

196.265 鷮 [jiāo][eng.an ancient term; (also jiāo); rare]

196.266 鷯 [liáo][eng.a wren; (also liáo)]

196.267 鷰 [yàn][eng.ancient variant of 燕 (swallow); rare]

196.268 鷱 [gāo][eng.an ancient term; (also gāo); rare]

196.269 鷲 [jiù][eng.eagle; (also jiù, a vulture)][skt.gṛdhra; (also "eagle" = gṛdhra)]

196.270 鷳 [xián][eng.an ancient term; (also xián); rare]

196.271 鷴 [xián][eng.ancient variant of 鷳 (a bird); rare]

196.272 鷵 [tú][eng.an ancient term; (also tú); rare]

196.273 鷶 [mǎi][eng.an ancient term; (also mǎi); rare]

196.274 鷷 [zūn][eng.an ancient term; (also zūn); rare]

196.275 鷸 [yù][eng.a sandpiper; (also yù)]

196.276 鷹 [yīng][eng.eagle; hawk; (also yīng)][skt.śyena; (also "eagle" = śyena)]

196.277 鷺 [lù][eng.a heron; (also lù)][skt.baka; (also "heron" = baka)]

196.278 鷻 [tuán][eng.an ancient term; (also tuán); rare]

196.279 鷼 [xián][eng.ancient variant of 鷳 (a bird); rare]

196.280 鷽 [xué][eng.a small bird; (also xué)]

196.281 鷾 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

196.282 鷿 [pì][eng.a grebe; (also pì)]

196.283 鸀 [zhú][eng.an ancient term; (also zhú); rare]

196.284 鸁 [luó][eng.an ancient term; (also luó); rare]

196.285 鸂 [xī][eng.a water bird; (also xī)]

196.286 鸃 [yí][eng.an ancient term; (also yí); rare]

196.287 鸄 [jī][eng.an ancient term; (also jī); rare]

196.288 鸅 [zé][eng.an ancient term; (also zé); rare]

196.289 鸆 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

196.290 鸇 [zhān][eng.a kite; (also zhān)]

196.291 鸈 [yè][eng.an ancient term; (also yè); rare]

196.292 鸉 [yáng][eng.an ancient term; (also yáng); rare]

196.293 鸊 [pì][eng.a grebe; (also pì)]

196.294 鸋 [níng][eng.an ancient term; (also níng); rare]

196.295 鸌 [huò][eng.a petrel; (also huò)]

196.296 鸍 [mí][eng.an ancient term; (also mí); rare]

196.297 鸎 [yīng][eng.an ancient variant of 鶯 (warbler); rare]

196.298 鸏 [méng][eng.a water bird; (also méng)]

196.299 鸐 [dí][eng.an ancient term; (also dí); rare]

196.300 鸑 [yuè][eng.a phoenix; (also yuè)][skt.garuḍa]

196.301 鸒 [yù][eng.an ancient term; (also yù); rare]

196.302 鸓 [lěi][eng.an ancient term; (also lěi); rare]

196.303 鸔 [bǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also bǔ); rare]

196.304 鸕 [lú][eng.a cormorant; (also lú)]

196.305 鸖 [hè][eng.an ancient variant of 鶴 (crane); rare][skt.baka]

196.306 鸗 [lóng][eng.an ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

196.307 鸘 [shuāng][eng.a goose; (also shuāng)][skt.haṃsa]

196.308 鸙 [yuè][eng.an ancient term; (also yuè); rare]

196.309 鸚 [yīng][eng.parrot; (also yīng, a macaw)][skt.śuka; (also "parrot" = śuka)]

196.310 鸛 [guàn][eng.a stork; (also guàn)][skt.baka]

196.311 鸜 [qú][eng.a phoenix; (also qú)][skt.garuḍa]

196.312 鸝 [lí][eng.a blackbird; (also lí)]

196.313 鸞 [luán][eng.a phoenix; (also luán, a mythical bird)][skt.garuḍa; (also "phoenix" = garuḍa)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 196

Radical 196 (鳥, niǎo) — "bird" — is one of the most extensive radicals in the lexicon, encompassing all things related to birds, bird names, and avian imagery (Kangxi #196). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and symbolic importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Birds as Metaphors for the Mind — Birds are frequently used in Buddhist similes for the mind, which "flits" from one object to another. The compound 心猿意馬 (the mind like a monkey and a wild horse) is the most famous, but birds also appear: the mind is like a bird that flies through the sky, leaving no trace. The compound 鳥跡 (the trail of a bird) is a simile for the ephemeral nature of thoughts.

Birds in Jātaka Tales — Birds appear in numerous Jātaka tales (the birth stories of the Buddha). The Śuka Jātaka (the parrot Jātaka) is one of the most famous. The Haṃsa Jātaka (the swan Jātaka) tells of the Buddha’s previous birth as a swan. Birds often teach lessons about compassion, wisdom, and non-attachment.

Specific Sacred Birds — Certain birds have special significance in Buddhism:

Garuda (金翅鳥, garuḍa) — The mythical bird who is the enemy of the nāgas. Garuda is a protector of the Dharma in many texts. The compound 迦樓羅 (garuḍa) is one of the eight classes of beings.

Peacock (孔雀, mayūra) — The peacock is a symbol of beauty and also of the power to transform poison into wisdom. The compound 孔雀明王 (mayūra-vidyā-rāja, the Peacock King) is a deity in esoteric Buddhism.

Swan/Goose (鵝/雁, haṃsa) — The swan is a symbol of spiritual purity and the ability to separate milk from water (a classic simile for the discriminating wisdom that separates truth from falsehood). The compound 迦陵頻伽 (kalaviṅka, the "beautiful sound" bird) is a mythical bird with a beautiful voice.

Parrot (鸚鵡/鹦鹉, śuka) — The parrot appears in Jātaka tales and in similes for the repetition of teachings.

The Buddha’s Voice — The Buddha’s voice is often compared to the beautiful song of birds. The compound 鳥音 (the sound of birds) appears in similes for the sweetness of the Dharma. The compound 妙音 (beautiful sound) is an epithet of the Buddha’s voice.

Birds in Vinaya — In Vinaya, certain birds are mentioned as food (if not killed specifically for the monk). The compound 禽鳥 (fowl and birds) appears in dietary regulations. The compound 捕鳥 (catching birds) is a prohibited livelihood.

The Phoenix (鳳, garuḍa in some contexts) — The phoenix is a symbol of rebirth and the eternal nature of the Dharma. In some translations, the phoenix is associated with the garuḍa.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 鳥/鸟, 鳳/凤, 鴉/鸦, 鴨/鸭, 鵝/鹅, 鶴/鹤, 鷹/鹰, 鸚/鹦, 鸛/鹳, 鸞/鸾, etc., and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The majority of characters under this radical are rare or classical bird names with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

196.314 196.1 鳥 (niǎo / diǎo) [skt.pakṣin; vihaga] — Bird. Pakṣin is a bird (having wings); vihaga is a bird (sky-goer). In Buddhist contexts, 鳥 appears in similes for the mind that flies from one object to another. The compound 鳥跡 (bird’s track) is a simile for the ephemeral nature of phenomena.

196.315 196.5 鳩 (jiū) [skt.kapota] — Pigeon/dove. Kapota is a pigeon. In Buddhist contexts, 鳩 appears in the compound 鳩摩羅 (Kumāra, as in Kumārajīva, the great translator, whose name means "young prince" and uses 鳩 as a phonetic for kumāra). The dove is also a symbol of peace in some contexts.

196.316 196.15 鳳 (fèng) [skt.garuḍa] — Phoenix. Garuḍa is the mythical bird in Buddhist cosmology. In Chinese Buddhism, the phoenix is a symbol of the Dharma’s eternal nature. The compound 鳳凰 (phoenix) appears in descriptions of celestial beings.

196.317 196.16 鳴 (míng) [skt.śabda; gāyati] — To sing/cry (of birds). Śabda is sound; gāyati is to sing. In Buddhist contexts, 鳴 appears in the compound 鳥鳴 (bird song), used in similes for the beautiful sound of the Dharma. The compound 梵音 (Brahma sound) is more common for the Buddha’s voice.

196.318 196.34 鴆 (zhèn) [skt.viṣa] — A poisonous bird. Viṣa is poison. In Buddhist contexts, 鴆 appears in the compound 鴆毒 (poison), used in similes for the poison of defilements.

196.319 196.37 鴉 (yā) [skt.kāka] — Crow. Kāka is a crow. In Buddhist similes, the crow is used for greed and ugliness. The crow also appears in Jātaka tales.

196.320 196.55 鴛 (yuān) [skt.cakravāka] — Mandarin duck. Cakravāka is the ruddy goose (a symbol of fidelity). In Buddhist contexts, 鴛 appears in the compound 鴛鴦 (mandarin ducks), a symbol of conjugal harmony that is sometimes mentioned in Jātaka tales.

196.321 196.58 鴞 (xiāo) [skt.ulūka] — Owl. Ulūka is an owl. In Buddhist similes, the owl represents ignorance (it cannot see in daylight). The owl is sometimes mentioned in Vinaya as a nocturnal bird.

196.322 196.59 鴟 (chī) [skt.śyena] — Hawk. Śyena is a hawk. The hawk appears in Jātaka tales (e.g., the hawk and the sparrow). The hawk is a symbol of swiftness and predatory nature.

196.323 196.66 鴦 (yāng) [skt.cakravāka] — Mandarin duck. Similar to 鴛.

196.324 196.87 鴻 (hóng) [skt.haṃsa] — Wild swan. Haṃsa is the swan/goose. In Buddhist contexts, 鴻 appears in the compound 鴻雁 (wild swan), a symbol of spiritual purity and the discriminating wisdom that separates milk from water (the swan is said to be able to separate milk from water, a simile for wisdom that separates truth from falsehood). The compound 鴻鵠 (swan) is a symbol of the noble being.

196.325 196.91 鴿 (gē) [skt.kapota] — Pigeon. Similar to 鳩. In Buddhist contexts, 鴿 appears in the compound 鴿子 (pigeon), a symbol of peace.

196.326 196.121/196.122 鵝/鵞 (é) [skt.haṃsa] — Goose. Haṃsa is the swan/goose. The goose is a symbol of the ability to discriminate.

196.327 196.124 鵠 (hú) [skt.haṃsa] — Swan. Similar to 鴻. In Buddhist contexts, 鵠 appears in the compound 鵠立 (to stand like a swan), a metaphor for the serene presence of the Buddha.

196.328 196.125 鵡 (wǔ) [skt.śuka] — Parrot. Śuka is a parrot. In Buddhist contexts, 鵡 appears in the compound 鸚鵡 (parrot). The parrot is used in similes for the repetition of teachings without understanding (like a parrot reciting words). The Śuka Jātaka tells of the Buddha’s previous birth as a parrot who taught a lesson about compassion.

196.329 196.136 鵬 (péng) [skt.garuḍa] — A huge mythical bird. Garuḍa is the king of birds. In Chinese Buddhist texts, 鵬 is associated with the garuḍa, the enemy of the nāgas. The compound 大鵬 (the great bird) is a symbol of the vastness of the Dharma.

196.330 196.140 鵰 (diāo) [skt.gṛdhra] — Vulture. Gṛdhra is a vulture. In Buddhist contexts, 鵰 appears in the compound 鵰鷲 (vultures), which is the name of Vulture Peak (耆闍崛山, Gṛdhrakūṭa), the hill near Rājagṛha where the Buddha gave many important teachings, including the Lotus Sūtra. Vultures are also mentioned in Vinaya as scavenger birds.

196.331 196.208 鶴 (hè) [skt.baka] — Crane. Baka is a heron/crane. In Buddhist contexts, 鶴 appears in the compound 鶴立 (to stand like a crane), a metaphor for the meditative posture of the Buddha. The crane appears in Jātaka tales.

196.332 196.215 鶻 (hú) [skt.śyena] — Falcon. Similar to 鴟. The falcon is a bird of prey and appears in Jātaka tales.

196.333 196.245 鷙 (zhì) [skt.caṇḍa] — Bird of prey/fierce. Caṇḍa is fierce. In Buddhist contexts, 鷙 appears in the compound 鷙鳥 (bird of prey), used in similes for the fierce determination of a practitioner or the fierce nature of defilements.

196.334 196.269 鷲 (jiù) [skt.gṛdhra] — Eagle/vulture. Similar to 鵰. In Buddhist contexts, 鷲 appears in the compound 鷲峰 (Vulture Peak, Gṛdhrakūṭa), the place where the Buddha gave many important teachings. The compound 鷲山 (Vulture Mountain) is a common name for this sacred site.

196.335 196.276 鷹 (yīng) [skt.śyena] — Eagle/hawk. Similar to 鴟. The eagle appears in Jātaka tales.

196.336 196.277 鷺 (lù) [skt.baka] — Heron. Baka is a heron. The heron appears in Jātaka tales (e.g., the heron and the crab, where the heron’s treachery is revealed).

196.337 196.309 鸚 (yīng) [skt.śuka] — Parrot. Similar to 鵡. The parrot is a bird that repeats words; in similes, it represents the danger of memorizing teachings without understanding them.

196.338 196.310 鸛 (guàn) [skt.baka] — Stork. Similar to 鷺.

196.339 196.313 鸞 (luán) [skt.garuḍa] — Phoenix. Similar to 鳳. In some Buddhist contexts, the phoenix is associated with the garuḍa or with the celestial beings who protect the Dharma.

197 鹵

197.1 鹵 [chn.lǔ][eng.salt; brine; (also lǔ, to plunder)][skt.lavaṇa; (also "salt" = lavaṇa; "brine" = kṣāra)]

197.2 鹶 [jīn][eng.ancient term; (also jīn); rare]

197.3 鹷 [líng][eng.ancient term; (also líng); rare]

197.4 鹸 [jiǎn][eng.ancient variant of 鹼 (alkali); rare][skt.kṣāra; (also "alkali" = kṣāra)]

197.5 鹹 [xián][eng.salty; salted; (also xián, brackish)][skt.lavaṇa; (also "salty" = lavaṇa)]

197.6 鹺 [cuó][eng.salty; (also cuó, a salt marsh)][skt.lavaṇa]

197.7 鹻 [jiǎn][eng.ancient variant of 鹼 (alkali); rare][skt.kṣāra]

197.8 鹼 [jiǎn][eng.alkali; soda; (also jiǎn, a chemical base)][skt.kṣāra; (also "alkali" = kṣāra)]

197.9 鹽 [yán][eng.salt; (also yán, to salt)][skt.lavaṇa; (also "salt" = lavaṇa)]

197.10 鹾 [cuó][eng.salty; (also cuó, a salt marsh)][skt.lavaṇa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 197

Radical 197 (鹵, lǔ) — "salt" — represents salt, brine, and salty substances (Kangxi #197). Its pictographic origin shows a vessel containing salt crystals. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Salt in Vinaya — Salt (鹽, lavaṇa) is mentioned in Vinaya as one of the allowable substances for monastics. It is a basic condiment and preservative. The compound 鹽食 (salt and food) appears in dietary contexts. Salt is also one of the five tastes (甜, 酸, 苦, 辣, 鹹 — sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, salty) mentioned in Buddhist texts. The compound 鹹味 (salty taste, lavaṇa-rasa) is a standard term.

Salt as a Preservative — Salt is used in similes for the preservation of the Dharma — just as salt preserves food, the Dharma preserves the mind from decay. The compound 鹽津 (salt) appears in some medicinal contexts.

The Five Tastes — Salty (鹹, lavaṇa) is one of the five tastes in Buddhist dietary discussions. The compound 五味 (five tastes) appears in descriptions of food and in similes for the diverse teachings of the Buddha.

Alkali and Salt in Medicine — The character 鹼 (alkali, kṣāra) appears in the Bhaiṣajya-skandha (the chapter on medicine) in Vinaya. Alkaline substances are used in some medicinal preparations.

Salt and the Sea — Salt is associated with the ocean in Buddhist cosmology. The compound 海鹽 (sea salt) appears in some contexts. The ocean of saṃsāra is salty, representing the tears of beings.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 鹵/卤 (simplified), 鹹/咸 (咸 is the simplified form in some contexts), 鹽/盐 (the simplified form 盐 is under the 土 radical), 鹼/碱 (碱 is the simplified form under the 石 radical). Many characters under this radical are rare or archaic.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

197.11 197.1 鹵 (lǔ) [skt.lavaṇa; kṣāra] — Salt/brine. Lavaṇa is salt; kṣāra is brine/alkali. In Buddhist contexts, 鹵 appears in the compound 鹽鹵 (salt and brine), which is used in dietary and medicinal contexts. The compound 鹵水 (brine) appears in Vinaya descriptions of food preservation.

197.12 197.2 鹶 (jīn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

197.13 197.3 鹷 (líng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

197.14 197.4/197.7/197.8 鹸/鹻/鹼 (jiǎn) [skt.kṣāra] — Alkali/soda. Kṣāra is an alkaline substance (also a caustic). In Buddhist contexts, 鹼 appears in the Bhaiṣajya-skandha (the chapter on medicine) in Vinaya. Alkaline substances are used in some medicinal preparations. The compound 鹼水 (alkaline water) appears in medical contexts.

197.15 197.5 鹹 (xián) [skt.lavaṇa] — Salty. Lavaṇa is salt/salty. In Buddhist contexts, 鹹 appears in: (1) 鹹味 (lavaṇa-rasa, salty taste) — one of the five tastes; (2) 鹹水 (salt water, lavaṇa-jala) — used in similes for the ocean of saṃsāra; (3) 鹹淡 (salty and bland) — used in descriptions of food. In Vinaya, salty foods are allowed.

197.16 197.6/197.10 鹺 (cuó) [skt.lavaṇa] — Salty. Similar to 鹹. In Buddhist contexts, 鹺 appears in descriptions of the salty taste. No doctrinal significance beyond its meaning.

197.17 197.9 鹽 (yán) [skt.lavaṇa] — Salt. Lavaṇa is salt. In Buddhist contexts, 鹽 appears in: (1) 食鹽 (table salt, lavaṇa) — a basic condiment; (2) 鹽味 (lavaṇa-rasa, salty taste); (3) 鹽水 (salt water, lavaṇa-jala) — used in similes; (4) 鹽花 (salt crystals) — used in descriptions of the ocean. Salt is also used in the compound 鹽牟 (a salt measure) in Vinaya contexts.

198 鹿

198.1 鹿 [chn.lù][eng.deer; (also lù, a surname)][skt.mṛga; (also "deer" = mṛga)]

198.2 麀 [yōu][eng.a doe; (also yōu, a female deer)][skt.mṛgī; (also "doe" = mṛgī)]

198.3 麁 [cū][eng.ancient variant of 麤 (coarse); rare][skt.sthūla; (also "coarse" = sthūla)]

198.4 麂 [jǐ][eng.a deer; (also jǐ, a kind of deer)][skt.mṛga]

198.5 麃 [biāo / páo][eng.a deer; (also páo, to run)][skt.mṛga]

198.6 麄 [cū][eng.ancient variant of 麤 (coarse); rare][skt.sthūla]

198.7 麅 [páo][eng.a deer; (also páo)][skt.mṛga]

198.8 麆 [zhù / cū][eng.an ancient term; (also cū); rare]

198.9 麇 [jūn / qún][eng.a deer; (also qún, a herd)][skt.mṛga; (also "herd" = mṛga-gaṇa)]

198.10 麈 [zhǔ][eng.a type of deer; (also zhǔ, a deer-tail whisk)][skt.mṛga; (also "whisk" = camara)]

198.11 麉 [jiān][eng.an ancient term; (also jiān); rare]

198.12 麊 [mí][eng.an ancient term; (also mí); rare]

198.13 麋 [mí][eng.a type of deer; (also mí, an elk)][skt.mṛga]

198.14 麌 [yǔ][eng.a male deer; (also yǔ)][skt.mṛga; (also "buck" = mṛga)]

198.15 麍 [liú][eng.an ancient term; (also liú); rare]

198.16 麎 [chén][eng.an ancient term; (also chén); rare]

198.17 麏 [jūn][eng.an ancient variant of 麇 (deer); rare][skt.mṛga]

198.18 麐 [lín][eng.an ancient variant of 麟 (qilin); rare]

198.19 麑 [ní][eng.a young deer; (also ní, a fawn)][skt.mṛga-śiśu; (also "fawn" = mṛga-śiśu)]

198.20 麒 [qí][eng.a qilin (mythical creature); (also qí)]

198.21 麓 [lù][eng.the foot of a mountain; (also lù)][skt.giri; (also "foothill" = giri-pāda)]

198.22 麔 [jiù][eng.an ancient term; (also jiù); rare]

198.23 麕 [jūn][eng.an ancient variant of 麇 (deer); rare][skt.mṛga]

198.24 麖 [jīng][eng.a deer; (also jīng)][skt.mṛga]

198.25 麗 [lì / lí][eng.beautiful; elegant; (also lí, a Korea)][skt.rūpa; (also "beautiful" = rūpa; "elegant" = lalita)]

198.26 麘 [xūn][eng.an ancient term; (also xūn); rare]

198.27 麙 [xián][eng.an ancient term; (also xián); rare]

198.28 麚 [jiā][eng.a male deer; (also jiā)][skt.mṛga]

198.29 麛 [mí][eng.a young deer; (also mí)][skt.mṛga-śiśu]

198.30 麜 [lì][eng.an ancient term; (also lì); rare]

198.31 麝 [shè][eng.musk deer; (also shè)][skt.mṛga; (also "musk" = kastūrī)]

198.32 麞 [zhāng][eng.a type of deer; (also zhāng)][skt.mṛga]

198.33 麟 [lín][eng.a qilin (mythical creature); (also lín)]

198.34 麠 [jīng][eng.an ancient term; (also jīng); rare]

198.35 麡 [qí][eng.an ancient term; (also qí); rare]

198.36 麢 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng); rare]

198.37 麣 [yán][eng.an ancient term; (also yán); rare]

198.38 麤 [cū][eng.coarse; rough; (also cū, vulgar)][skt.sthūla; (also "coarse" = sthūla; "rough" = karkaśa)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 198

Radical 198 (鹿, lù) — "deer" — represents deer, elk, and related animals, as well as the mythical qilin (麟/麒) (Kangxi #198). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and historical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Deer Park (鹿野苑, Mṛgadāva) — This is the most important Buddhist site associated with the deer. The Deer Park at Sarnath (near Vārāṇasī) is where the Buddha gave his first sermon, the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (the discourse on setting the wheel of Dharma in motion). The compound 鹿野苑 (Mṛgadāva, Deer Park) is a standard term for this sacred site. The park was a deer sanctuary, and its name is preserved in Buddhist texts as the place of the first turning of the wheel. The compound 鹿園 (Deer Grove) also appears.

Deer in Jātaka Tales — Deer appear in numerous Jātaka tales. The Mṛga Jātaka tells of the Buddha’s previous birth as a deer king who sacrificed himself for his herd. The deer is a symbol of gentleness, sacrifice, and compassion. In the Jātaka literature, the deer often embodies the virtues of a bodhisattva.

The Deer as a Symbol of the Mind — In some Buddhist similes, the deer represents the mind that is gentle but easily startled. The compound 鹿心 (a deer’s heart) appears in similes for the timid mind that must be trained through mindfulness.

The Qilin (麟/麒) — The qilin is a mythical creature in Chinese culture, often associated with benevolence and the appearance of sages. In some Chinese Buddhist contexts, the qilin is associated with the appearance of a Buddha or a great bodhisattva. The compound 麒麟 (qilin) appears in some texts as a symbol of good fortune and the manifestation of virtue.

The Deer-Tail Whisk (麈) — The deer-tail whisk (麈尾, camara) is a ritual object in some Buddhist traditions, used by teachers during lectures. It symbolizes the authority of the teacher and the sweeping away of ignorance.

Musk Deer (麝) — The musk deer appears in Vinaya in the context of medicine. Musk (麝香, kastūrī) is used as a medicinal substance in some Buddhist medical texts. The compound 麝香 (musk) appears in the Bhaiṣajya-skandha (the chapter on medicine) in Vinaya.

Coarseness (麤, sthūla) — The character 麤 (coarse/rough) is used in Buddhist texts to describe the coarse mind or coarse defilements. The compound 麤獷 (rough/vulgar) appears in descriptions of the unrefined mind that must be refined through practice. The opposite of coarse is 細 (fine/subtle, sūkṣma).

Beauty (麗, rūpa) — The character 麗 (beautiful) appears in compounds like 美麗 (beautiful, rūpa), describing the beauty of the Buddha’s physical form or the splendor of the Pure Land.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 鹿/鹿 (no simplification), 麗/丽 (the simplified form 丽 is under a different radical), 麤 (no simplification), 麟/麟 (no simplification). Many characters under this radical are rare or classical deer-related terms with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

198.39 198.1 鹿 (lù) [skt.mṛga] — Deer. Mṛga is the standard Sanskrit term for deer. In Buddhist contexts, 鹿 appears in: (1) 鹿野苑 (Mṛgadāva, Deer Park) — the site of the first sermon; (2) 鹿園 (Deer Grove) — the Deer Park; (3) 鹿王 (Mṛga-rāja, Deer King) — the Buddha’s previous birth as a deer king; (4) 鹿皮 (deer skin) — mentioned in Vinaya as a permissible material. The compound 鹿鳴 (the cry of a deer) appears in some similes for the Buddha’s voice.

198.40 198.2 麀 (yōu) [skt.mṛgī] — Doe/female deer. Mṛgī is a female deer. In Buddhist contexts, 麀 appears in similes for gentleness.

198.41 198.3/198.6/198.38 麁/麄/麤 (cū) [skt.sthūla; karkaśa] — Coarse/rough. Sthūla is coarse/gross; karkaśa is rough. In Buddhist contexts, 麤 appears in: (1) 麤細 (coarse and fine, sthūla-sūkṣma) — describing the range of phenomena; (2) 麤心 (a coarse mind) — the unrefined mind that must be trained; (3) 麤食 (coarse food) — simple monastic fare. The compound 麤惡 (coarse and evil) appears in descriptions of defilements. The opposite of coarse is 細 (fine/subtle, sūkṣma).

198.42 198.4 麂 (jǐ) [skt.mṛga] — A type of deer. In Buddhist contexts, 麂 appears in Jātaka tales and in descriptions of forest dwellers. No doctrinal significance beyond the literal meaning.

198.43 198.5 麃 (biāo / páo) [skt.mṛga] — A deer. No doctrinal significance.

198.44 198.9 麇 (jūn / qún) [skt.mṛga; mṛga-gaṇa] — A deer/herd. In Buddhist contexts, 麇 appears in the compound 麇集 (to gather in a herd), used in similes for the gathering of the saṅgha.

198.45 198.10 麈 (zhǔ) [skt.mṛga; camara] — A type of deer; a deer-tail whisk. Camara is a whisk made from a yak’s tail (or a deer’s tail). In Buddhist contexts, 麈 appears in the compound 麈尾 (camara, a whisk), a ritual object used by teachers during lectures. The whisk symbolizes the sweeping away of ignorance and the authority of the teacher.

198.46 198.20 麒 (qí) — A qilin (male). The qilin is a mythical creature in Chinese culture. In Buddhist contexts, the qilin appears in some texts as a symbol of the appearance of a sage or a Buddha. The compound 麒麟 (qilin) appears in descriptions of auspicious signs.

198.47 198.21 麓 (lù) [skt.giri; giri-pāda] — The foot of a mountain. In Buddhist contexts, 麓 appears in the compound 山麓 (the foot of a mountain), describing the location of monasteries. The compound 林麓 (forest at the foot of a mountain) appears in descriptions of forest hermitages.

198.48 198.25 麗 (lì / lí) [skt.rūpa; lalita] — Beautiful/elegant. Rūpa is form/beauty; lalita is graceful/elegant. In Buddhist contexts, 麗 appears in: (1) 美麗 (beautiful, rūpa) — describing the beauty of the Buddha’s physical form; (2) 華麗 (splendid, lalita) — describing the adornment of the Pure Land. The compound 麗人 (a beautiful person) appears in descriptions of celestial beings.

198.49 198.31 麝 (shè) [skt.mṛga; kastūrī] — Musk deer. Kastūrī is musk. In Buddhist contexts, 麝 appears in the compound 麝香 (kastūrī, musk), a medicinal substance mentioned in the Bhaiṣajya-skandha (the chapter on medicine) in Vinaya. Musk is used in some medicinal preparations.

198.50 198.33 麟 (lín) — A qilin (female). Similar to 麒. In Buddhist contexts, 麟 appears in the compound 麒麟 (qilin), a mythical creature associated with the appearance of sages. The qilin is sometimes associated with the Buddha’s birth.

198.51 198.38 麤 (cū) — See entry 198.3 above.

199 麥

199.1 麥 [chn.mài][eng.wheat; barley; oats; (also mài, grain)][skt.yava; (also "barley" = yava; "wheat" = godhūma)]

199.2 麦 [mài][eng.wheat; simplified of 麥][skt.yava; godhūma]

199.3 麧 [hé][eng.coarse flour; (also hé)][skt.piṣṭa; (also "flour" = piṣṭa)]

199.4 麨 [chǎo][eng.parched flour; (also chǎo, roasted grain)][skt.saktu; (also "parched grain" = saktu)]

199.5 麩 [fū][eng.bran; (also fū)][skt.tuṣa; (also "bran" = tuṣa)]

199.6 麪 [miàn][eng.flour; (also miàn)][skt.piṣṭa; (also "flour" = piṣṭa)]

199.7 麫 [miàn][eng.ancient variant of 麪 (flour); rare][skt.piṣṭa]

199.8 麬 [fū][eng.ancient variant of 麩 (bran); rare][skt.tuṣa]

199.9 麭 [pào][eng.a cake; (also pào)][skt.apūpa; (also "cake" = apūpa)]

199.10 麮 [qù][eng.ancient term; (also qù); rare]

199.11 麯 [qū][eng.yeast; leaven; (also qū)][skt.kinva; (also "leaven" = kinva)]

199.12 麰 [móu][eng.barley; (also móu)][skt.yava; (also "barley" = yava)]

199.13 麱 [fū][eng.flour; (also fū)][skt.piṣṭa]

199.14 麲 [xiàn][eng.ancient term; (also xiàn); rare]

199.15 麳 [lái][eng.wheat; (also lái)][skt.godhūma; (also "wheat" = godhūma)]

199.16 麴 [qū][eng.yeast; leaven; (also qū)][skt.kinva; (also "leaven" = kinva)]

199.17 麵 [miàn][eng.flour; noodles; (also miàn)][skt.piṣṭa; (also "flour" = piṣṭa)]

199.18 麶 [chī][eng.ancient term; (also chī); rare]

199.19 麷 [fēng][eng.an ancient term; (also fēng); rare]

199.20 麸 [fū][eng.bran; simplified of 麩][skt.tuṣa]

199.21 麹 [qū][eng.Japanese variant of 麴 (yeast); rare][skt.kinva]

199.22 麺 [miàn][eng.Japanese variant of 麵 (flour/noodles); rare][skt.piṣṭa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 199

Radical 199 (麥, mài) — "wheat" or "barley" — represents grains, flour, and grain-based foods (Kangxi #199). Its pictographic origin shows a grain plant with its roots. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Grain as a Staple Food — Grains (wheat, barley, rice) are the staple foods in Buddhist dietary contexts. The compound 麥食 (wheat food) appears in Vinaya as part of the permissible diet. The compound 五穀 (the five grains) is a standard term for the main crops. In Vinaya, grains are allowable foods for monastics (as long as they are not mixed with prohibited substances).

Barley and Wheat in Offerings — Grain is a common offering to the Buddha and to monastics. The compound 麥飯 (barley/wheat rice) appears in descriptions of simple meals offered to monks. The compound 施食 (giving food) includes grain offerings.

Bran and Flour (麩/麸, bran; 麵/面, flour) — Bran and flour appear in Vinaya in the context of food preparation. The compound 麥麩 (wheat bran) appears in some contexts as animal feed or as a food for the poor. The compound 麵食 (flour-based food) appears in dietary descriptions.

Yeast and Leaven (麯/麴/麹, kinva) — Yeast is used in the making of bread and fermented foods. In Buddhist contexts, yeast is mentioned in the compound 酵母 (yeast, kinva) in relation to food preparation. In some Vinaya contexts, fermented foods are regulated.

The Metaphor of the Grain — Grains are used in similes for the abundance of the Dharma. The compound 麥種 (wheat seeds) is used in similes for the seeds of karma. The compound 五穀 (five grains) is a term for the abundance of the world.

Coarse and Fine — The contrast between coarse grains and refined flour is used as a simile for the contrast between the coarse mind and the refined mind. The compound 麤細 (coarse and fine) appears in meditation contexts.

Parched Grain (麨, saktu) — Parched grain (flour made from roasted grain) is mentioned in Vinaya as a type of food. The compound 麨食 (parched grain food) appears in dietary contexts.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 麥/麦, 麩/麸, 麪/麵/面 (in simplified Chinese), 麴/曲/麹, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. Many characters under this radical are grain-related terms with limited doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

199.23 199.1/199.2 麥/麦 (mài) [skt.yava; godhūma] — Wheat/barley/oats. Yava is barley (the most common grain in ancient India); godhūma is wheat. In Buddhist contexts, 麥 appears in: (1) 麥食 (grain food) — a staple for monastics; (2) 麥飯 (grain rice) — a common food offering; (3) 麥種 (grain seeds) — used in similes for karma. In Vinaya, grains are generally permissible.

199.24 199.3 麧 (hé) [skt.piṣṭa] — Coarse flour. In Buddhist contexts, 麧 appears in dietary descriptions of simple monastic fare.

199.25 199.4 麨 (chǎo) [skt.saktu] — Parched flour/roasted grain. Saktu is parched grain flour. In Vinaya, 麨 appears as a type of food that monastics may accept. The compound 麨食 (parched grain food) appears in descriptions of alms.

199.26 199.5/199.20 麩/麸 (fū) [skt.tuṣa] — Bran. Tuṣa is bran/husk. In Buddhist contexts, 麩 appears in the compound 麥麩 (wheat bran), which is sometimes mentioned as animal feed or as a food of the poor. No doctrinal significance.

199.27 199.6/199.7/199.17/199.22 麪/麫/麵/麺 (miàn) [skt.piṣṭa] — Flour/noodles. Piṣṭa is flour (ground grain). In Buddhist contexts, 麵 appears in the compound 麵食 (flour-based food), a staple in many Buddhist cuisines. Noodles are a common food in East Asian Buddhist traditions.

199.28 199.9 麭 (pào) [skt.apūpa] — Cake. Apūpa is a cake or pastry. In Buddhist contexts, 麭 appears in descriptions of food offerings to monastics.

199.29 199.11/199.16/199.21 麯/麴/麹 (qū) [skt.kinva] — Yeast/leaven. Kinva is leaven/yeast. In Buddhist contexts, 麴 appears in the compound 酵母 (yeast), used in the preparation of bread and fermented foods. In Vinaya, fermented foods are regulated but generally permissible if not intoxicating.

199.30 199.12 麰 (móu) [skt.yava] — Barley. Similar to 麥. Yava is barley. In Buddhist contexts, 麰 appears in dietary contexts.

199.31 199.15 麳 (lái) [skt.godhūma] — Wheat. Similar to 麥. In Buddhist contexts, 麳 appears in dietary contexts.

199.32 199.19 麷 (fēng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

200 麻

200.1 麻 [chn.má][eng.hemp; flax; (also má, numb; tingling)][skt.śaṇa; (also "hemp" = śaṇa; "numb" = stupefaction)]

200.2 麼 [me / mó][eng.particle; (also mó, small; a question particle)]

200.3 麽 [me / mó][eng.ancient variant of 麼 (particle); rare]

200.4 麾 [huī][eng.to signal; to command; (also huī, a banner)][skt.ketu; (also "banner" = ketu; "to command" = ājñā)]

200.5 麿 [ma][eng.Japanese term; (also ma); rare]

200.6 黀 [zōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zōu); rare]

200.7 黁 [nún][eng.an ancient term; (also nún); rare]

200.8 黂 [fén][eng.ancient term for hemp; (also fén)][skt.śaṇa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 200

Radical 200 (麻, má) — "hemp" — represents hemp, flax, and related fibrous plants (Kangxi #200). Its pictographic origin shows a plant growing in a shelter (perhaps indicating drying or processing). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Hemp as a Material — Hemp and flax are mentioned in Vinaya as materials for robes. The compound 麻衣 (hemp robes) appears in descriptions of the simple clothing of monastics. The compound 麻布 (hemp cloth) is a permissible material for monastic robes. In some traditions, monks wear robes made from hemp or cotton. The compound 麻鞋 (hemp sandals) appears in Vinaya as permissible footwear.

Hemp as a Prohibited Food — In some Vinaya traditions, hemp seeds are mentioned as food. The compound 麻食 (hemp food) may appear in dietary contexts. However, hemp is also one of the "five pungent roots" (五辛, pañca-śuṇṭhā) in some traditions, where its consumption is prohibited due to its heating and stimulating properties.

The Numbness Metaphor — The character 麻 also means "numb" or "tingling" (as in 麻木, numbness). In Buddhist contexts, 麻 appears in the compound 麻醉 (to anesthetize), which is used metaphorically for the numbing effect of ignorance or the dulling of the mind by defilements. The compound 麻痹 (paralysis) describes the inertia of the mind.

The Banner and Command (麾, ketu, ājñā) — The character 麾 (banner/command) appears in Buddhist texts in the context of the Buddha’s "banner" of victory over Māra. The compound 麾旗 (a banner) is used in similes for the Buddha’s teaching as a banner that leads beings to safety. The compound 麾下 (under the command of) appears in descriptions of disciples following the Buddha.

The Question Particle (麼/麽) — The character 麼 is a functional particle used in questions (e.g., 什麼, "what"). It has no doctrinal significance, but it appears frequently in Chinese translations. The simplified form 么 is used in modern Chinese.

Hemp in Similes — Hemp is used in similes for the fine, strong threads of the Dharma that connect beings to enlightenment. The compound 麻縷 (hemp thread) appears in some contexts.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 麻/麻 (no simplification), 麼/么 (么 is the simplified form, though it is under a different radical in simplified Chinese), 麾/麾 (no simplification). The radical is small, and most characters under it are rare or archaic.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

200.9 200.1 麻 (má) [skt.śaṇa; stupefaction] — Hemp; numb. Śaṇa is hemp (Cannabis sativa or a similar plant used for fiber). In Buddhist contexts, 麻 appears in: (1) 麻衣 (hemp robes, śaṇa-vastra) — simple monastic clothing; (2) 麻布 (hemp cloth) — a permissible material for robes; (3) 麻痹 (numbness) — used metaphorically for the dulling of the mind by defilements; (4) 麻醉 (anesthesia) — the numbing effect of ignorance. In Vinaya, hemp cloth is allowed, but hemp seeds may be prohibited in some traditions as one of the five pungent roots. The compound 麻黃 (ephedra) appears in medicinal contexts.

200.10 200.2/200.3 麼/麽 (me / mó) — A particle. No direct Sanskrit correlate. In Buddhist texts, 麼 appears in the compound 什麼 (what), a question word. The reading mó (small) appears in some contexts. No doctrinal significance.

200.11 200.4 麾 (huī) [skt.ketu; ājñā] — A banner; to command. Ketu is a banner/sign; ājñā is a command. In Buddhist contexts, 麾 appears in: (1) 麾旗 (a banner) — used in similes for the Buddha’s teaching as a banner leading beings to liberation; (2) 麾下 (under the command of) — describing disciples following the Buddha; (3) 麾軍 (to command an army) — used in the context of the Buddha’s "army" of monks. The compound 魔麾 (Māra’s banner) appears in descriptions of Māra’s forces.

200.12 200.5 麿 (ma) — A Japanese term (surname). No doctrinal significance. Appears in Japanese Buddhist texts as a name.

200.13 200.6 黀 (zōu) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

200.14 200.7 黁 (nún) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

200.15 200.8 黂 (fén) [skt.śaṇa] — Hemp. Similar to 麻. In Buddhist contexts, 黂 appears in descriptions of hemp as a material. No doctrinal significance beyond its meaning.

201 黃

201.1 黃 [chn.huáng][eng.yellow; (also huáng, the color of the earth)][skt.pīta; (also "yellow" = pīta; "golden" = suvarṇa)]

201.2 黄 [huáng][eng.yellow; simplified of 黃][skt.pīta]

201.3 黅 [jīn][eng.yellow; (also jīn, a yellow color); rare][skt.pīta]

201.4 黆 [guāng][eng.an ancient term; (also guāng); rare]

201.5 黇 [tiān][eng.yellow; (also tiān, a yellow deer); rare][skt.pīta]

201.6 黈 [tǒu][eng.yellow; (also tǒu, to add); rare][skt.pīta]

201.7 黉 [hóng][eng.a school; (also hóng, a place of learning)][skt.śālā; (also "school" = vidyā-śālā)]

201.8 黊 [huà][eng.an ancient term; (also huà); rare]

201.9 黋 [kuàng][eng.an ancient term; (also kuàng); rare]

201.10 黌 [hóng][eng.a school; (also hóng, an academy)][skt.śālā; (also "school" = vidyā-śālā)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 201

Radical 201 (黃, huáng) — "yellow" — represents the color yellow, which has significant symbolic and practical meanings in the Buddhist tradition (Kangxi #201). Key doctrinal areas include:

The Yellow Robe — The yellow or ochre robe (袈裟, kaṣāya) is the traditional garment of Buddhist monastics. The color yellow/orange is associated with the monastic order and is a visible sign of renunciation. The compound 黃衣 (yellow robe) appears in descriptions of monks. The compound 黃色 (yellow color, pīta-varṇa) is a standard term.

The Buddha’s Golden Body — The Buddha is often described as having a golden complexion (金色身, suvarṇa-kāya). The compound 黃金色 (golden yellow) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s physical marks. The golden color is one of the thirty-two major marks of a great being.

The Yellow Earth — Yellow is associated with the earth element in some cosmologies. The compound 黃土 (yellow earth) appears in descriptions of the ground or of the body’s return to the earth. The compound 黃泉 (the yellow springs) is an underworld reference, though this is more Daoist than Buddhist.

Yellow in the Pure Land — In Pure Land descriptions, the color yellow appears among the many colors of the lotus flowers and the golden ground. The compound 黃金 (gold, suvarṇa) is used for the golden ground of Sukhāvatī.

Learning and the Academy (黌, vidyā-śālā) — The character 黌 appears in the compound 學校 (school), and in some contexts, it refers to a place of Buddhist learning. The compound 黌舍 (academy) appears in descriptions of monastic universities.

Text-critical note: 黃 has a simplified form (黄) that is visually similar. 黅 is a rare variant for "yellow." The radical is small but contains a significant character for the color of monastic robes.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

201.11 201.1/201.2 黃/黄 (huáng) [skt.pīta; suvarṇa] — Yellow/golden. Pīta is yellow; suvarṇa is golden. In Buddhist contexts, 黃 appears in: (1) 黃色 (pīta-varṇa, yellow color) — the color of monastic robes; (2) 黃衣 (kaṣāya-vastra, yellow robe) — the monastic robe; (3) 黃金色 (suvarṇa, golden color) — the Buddha’s golden complexion; (4) 黃花 (yellow flowers) — appearing in offerings. The compound 黃帝 (the Yellow Emperor) is a Chinese legendary figure, not related to Buddhism.

201.12 201.3 黅 (jīn) [skt.pīta] — Yellow. Rare. In Buddhist contexts, 黅 appears as a variant for yellow. No doctrinal significance.

201.13 201.4 黆 (guāng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

201.14 201.5 黇 (tiān) [skt.pīta] — Yellow. Rare. In Buddhist contexts, 黇 appears in the sense of a yellow color. No doctrinal significance.

201.15 201.6 黈 (tǒu) [skt.pīta] — Yellow. Rare. In Buddhist contexts, 黈 may appear in the sense of yellow or "to add" (in a textual context). No doctrinal significance.

201.16 201.7/201.10 黉/黌 (hóng) [skt.śālā; vidyā-śālā] — A school/academy. Vidyā-śālā is a place of learning. In Buddhist contexts, 黌 appears in the compound 黌舍 (academy), used for monastic universities such as Nālandā. The compound 黌學 (school) appears in descriptions of Buddhist education.

201.17 201.8 黊 (huà) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

201.18 201.9 黋 (kuàng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

202 黍

202.1 黍 [chn.shǔ][eng.millet; (also shǔ, a grain)][skt.śyāmāka; (also "millet" = śyāmāka; "grain" = dhānya)]

202.2 黎 [lí][eng.black; dark; (also lí, a multitude)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "dark" = kṛṣṇa; "multitude" = gaṇa)]

202.3 黏 [nián][eng.sticky; glutinous; (also nián, to adhere)][skt.snigdha; (also "sticky" = snigdha; "glutinous" = ślakṣṇa)]

202.4 黐 [chī][eng.sticky; (also chī, birdlime)][skt.lepa; (also "sticky" = lepa; "glue" = snigdha)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 202

Radical 202 (黍, shǔ) — "millet" — represents millet and other grains, and by extension, the broader category of food and sustenance (Kangxi #202). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Millet in Vinaya — Millet is one of the staple grains mentioned in the Vinaya. The compound 黍食 (millet food) appears in dietary descriptions. Monastics are allowed to eat millet and other grains, as they are basic sustenance.

Darkness and Color (黎, kṛṣṇa) — The character 黎 means "black" or "dark," and appears in descriptions of dark hair or dark colors. In Buddhist contexts, 黎 may appear in descriptions of the Buddha’s dark blue hair (one of the thirty-two marks). The compound 黎庶 (the masses) appears in some texts.

Stickiness and Adhesion (黏/黐, snigdha, lepa) — The concepts of "sticky" and "adhering" are used in Buddhist similes for attachment (upādāna). The compound 黏着 (to adhere/stick) appears in descriptions of craving (tṛṣṇā) that clings to the objects of desire. The compound 黏缚 (to be stuck in bondage) is used for the bonds of saṃsāra.

Grains as a Symbol of Sustenance — Millet and other grains are symbols of the basic sustenance that supports monastic life. The compound 五穀 (the five grains) is a standard term for the main crops.

Text-critical note: 黎 has multiple meanings including "black," "dark," and "a multitude." 黏 and 黐 both mean "sticky," with 黏 being the more common form. The radical is small but contains terms relevant to Vinaya and metaphorical descriptions of attachment.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

202.5 202.1 黍 (shǔ) [skt.śyāmāka; dhānya] — Millet. Śyāmāka is a type of millet; dhānya is grain. In Buddhist contexts, 黍 appears in: (1) 黍食 (millet food) — a staple for monastics; (2) 黍米 (millet) — a basic food. In Vinaya, millet is an allowable food.

202.6 202.2 黎 (lí) [skt.kṛṣṇa; gaṇa] — Black/dark; multitude. Kṛṣṇa is black/dark; gaṇa is a multitude/group. In Buddhist contexts, 黎 appears in: (1) 黎明 (dawn) — not doctrinal; (2) 黎庶 (the masses, gaṇa) — appearing in some texts; (3) 黎色 (dark color) — descriptions of the Buddha’s dark hair. The compound 黎黑 (black/dark) appears in descriptions.

202.7 202.3 黏 (nián) [skt.snigdha; ślakṣṇa] — Sticky/glutinous. Snigdha is smooth/oily/sticky; ślakṣṇa is smooth/glutinous. In Buddhist contexts, 黏 appears in: (1) 黏着 (saṅga, attachment) — the clinging of craving; (2) 黏缚 (to be stuck in bondage) — the bonds of saṃsāra; (3) 黏性 (stickiness) — used in similes for attachment. The compound 黏滑 (smooth and sticky) appears in descriptions of the mind’s attachment.

202.8 202.4 黐 (chī) [skt.lepa; snigdha] — Sticky/birdlime. Lepa is glue/ointment; snigdha is sticky. In Buddhist contexts, 黐 appears in similes for the "birdlime" of craving that traps beings in saṃsāra. The compound 黐胶 (sticky glue) appears in similes for the clinging of attachment.

203 黑

203.1 黑 [chn.hēi][eng.black; dark; (also hēi, to be dark)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "black" = kṛṣṇa; "dark" = tamas)]

203.2 黒 [hēi][eng.black; dark; Japanese variant of 黑][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.3 黓 [yì][eng.black; (also yì, dark)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.4 黔 [qián][eng.black; (also qián, a surname)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.5 黕 [dǎn][eng.dark; (also dǎn, a spot)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.6 黖 [xì][eng.an ancient term; (also xì); rare]

203.7 黗 [tún][eng.black; (also tún)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.8 默 [mò][eng.silent; (also mò, to be quiet)][skt.mauna; (also "silence" = mauna)]

203.9 黙 [mò][eng.silent; Japanese variant of 默][skt.mauna]

203.10 黚 [qián][eng.black; (also qián)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.11 黛 [dài][eng.black; (also dài, a cosmetic)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.12 黜 [chù][eng.to dismiss; to expel; (also chù, to degrade)][skt.apaharaṇa; (also "to expel" = nirākaraṇa)]

203.13 黝 [yǒu][eng.dark; black; (also yǒu, a black color)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "dark" = tamas)]

203.14 點 [diǎn][eng.a dot; a spot; to count; (also diǎn, a point)][skt.bindu; (also "dot" = bindu)]

203.15 黟 [yī][eng.black; (also yī, a dark color)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.16 黠 [xiá][eng.wily; clever; (also xiá, a cunning person)][skt.dakṣa; (also "clever" = dakṣa)]

203.17 黡 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

203.18 黢 [qū][eng.black; (also qū, a dark color)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.19 黣 [měi][eng.dark; (also měi)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.20 黤 [yǎn][eng.black; (also yǎn)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.21 黥 [qíng][eng.to tattoo; (also qíng, a punishment)][skt.lekha; (also "to tattoo" = lekhana)]

203.22 黦 [yuè][eng.an ancient term; (also yuè); rare]

203.23 黧 [lí][eng.dark; (also lí, a dark color)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.24 黨 [dǎng][eng.party; faction; (also dǎng, a clique)][skt.gaṇa; (also "faction" = pakṣa)]

203.25 黩 [dú][eng.to defile; to dishonor; (also dú, to contaminate)][skt.mala; (also "defilement" = mala)]

203.26 黪 [cǎn][eng.dark; (also cǎn, a gloomy color)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "dark" = tamas)]

203.27 黫 [yān][eng.black; (also yān)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.28 黬 [yǎn][eng.black; (also yǎn)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.29 黭 [yǎn][eng.black; (also yǎn)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.30 黮 [dàn][eng.dark; (also dàn, black)][skt.kṛṣṇa; (also "dark" = tamas)]

203.31 黯 [àn][eng.dark; gloomy; (also àn, obscured)][skt.andhakāra; (also "darkness" = tamas)]

203.32 黰 [zhěn][eng.black; (also zhěn)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.33 黱 [dài][eng.an ancient term; (also dài); rare]

203.34 黲 [cǎn][eng.dark; (also cǎn)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.35 黳 [yī][eng.black; (also yī)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.36 黴 [méi][eng.mold; (also méi, to decay)]

203.37 黵 [dǎn][eng.black; (also dǎn)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

203.38 黶 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

203.39 黷 [dú][eng.to defile; to dishonor; (also dú, to contaminate)][skt.mala; (also "defilement" = mala)]

203.40 黸 [lú][eng.black; (also lú)][skt.kṛṣṇa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 203

Radical 203 (黑, hēi) — "black" — represents the color black and darkness (Kangxi #203). Its pictographic origin shows a person with a blackened face (perhaps from smoke or soot). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and doctrinal importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Darkness as a Metaphor for Ignorance — In Buddhist philosophy, darkness (黑, tamas, andhakāra) is a classic metaphor for ignorance (avidyā). The compound 黑暗 (darkness, andhakāra) appears in similes for the mind clouded by defilements. The compound 黑闇 (black darkness) is used for the deep ignorance that prevents beings from seeing the truth. The Buddha’s teachings are the "light" that dispels the "darkness" of ignorance.

The Buddha’s Hair — The Buddha’s hair is one of the thirty-two marks of a great being. It is described as "dark blue-black" (青黑色, nīla-keśa). The compound 黑髮 (black hair) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s youthful appearance. The black color of the Buddha’s hair is a sign of his vitality and perfection.

Black as a Moral Color — In some contexts, black is associated with evil or moral darkness. The compound 黑業 (black karma, kṛṣṇa-karman) is a term for unwholesome karma. The compound 黑白 (black and white) is used for "good and evil" or "right and wrong." The compound 黑法 (black dharmas) is a term for unwholesome mental states.

Silence (默, mauna) — The character 默 (silence) appears in Buddhist texts as a virtue of the wise. The compound 沉默 (silent) is used in descriptions of meditative stillness. The compound 默念 (silent recitation) is a practice in many Buddhist traditions. The Buddha is sometimes described as "the Silent One" (默然, mauna) — a reference to his inner stillness.

Tattooing and Punishment (黥, lekha) — The character 黥 (to tattoo) appears in Vinaya in the context of legal punishments. In ancient India, tattooing was a form of punishment. The compound 黥刑 (tattoo punishment) appears in historical contexts.

Defilement and Contamination (黩/黷, mala) — The character 黩 (to defile) is used in Buddhist contexts for the defilement of the mind by the defilements (kleśa). The compound 黩辱 (to defile and disgrace) appears in descriptions of unwholesome actions.

Factions and Parties (黨, gaṇa, pakṣa) — The character 黨 (party/faction) appears in Vinaya as a warning against forming factions within the saṅgha. The compound 黨派 (faction) is used for groups that cause schism. Schism (saṅgha-bheda) is one of the five heinous crimes.

The Dot and the Point (點/点, bindu) — The compound 點滴 (a drop/dot) appears in similes for the small beginnings that lead to great results. The compound 點化 (to enlighten, literally "to dot and transform") appears in some texts.

Mold and Decay (黴, mala in a physical sense) — The character 黴 (mold) appears in Vinaya in the context of food decay. The compound 黴菌 (mold) is a modern term, but the character appears in descriptions of spoiled food.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 黑/黒 (Japanese variant), 點/点 (the simplified form 点 is under a different radical in simplified Chinese), 黨/党 (the simplified form 党 is under a different radical), 黷/黩, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The radical contains many color and darkness terms.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

203.41 203.1/203.2 黑/黒 (hēi) [skt.kṛṣṇa; tamas] — Black/dark. Kṛṣṇa is black (the color); tamas is darkness (also ignorance). In Buddhist contexts, 黑 appears in: (1) 黑暗 (andhakāra, darkness) — a metaphor for ignorance; (2) 黑髮 (kṛṣṇa-keśa, black hair) — one of the Buddha’s marks; (3) 黑業 (kṛṣṇa-karman, black karma) — unwholesome actions; (4) 黑白 (black and white) — right and wrong. The compound 黑天 (Kṛṣṇa) is the name of a Hindu deity, occasionally mentioned in Buddhist texts.

203.42 203.4 黔 (qián) [skt.kṛṣṇa] — Black. In Buddhist contexts, 黔 appears in descriptions of dark colors. No doctrinal significance.

203.43 203.8/203.9 默/黙 (mò) [skt.mauna] — Silence. Mauna is silence/stillness. In Buddhist contexts, 默 appears in: (1) 沉默 (silent, mauna) — describing the meditative mind; (2) 默念 (silent recitation, japa) — a practice of chanting mentally; (3) 默然 (silent) — describing the Buddha’s inner stillness. The compound 默照 (silent illumination) is a key term in Chan/Zen Buddhism.

203.44 203.12 黜 (chù) [skt.apaharaṇa; nirākaraṇa] — To dismiss/expel/degrade. In Vinaya, 黜 appears in the context of expelling a monk from the community (寮逐, ucchedana). The compound 黜退 (to dismiss) appears in descriptions of disciplinary actions.

203.45 203.13 黝 (yǒu) [skt.kṛṣṇa; tamas] — Dark/black. In Buddhist contexts, 黝 appears in descriptions of dark colors.

203.46 203.14 點 (diǎn) [skt.bindu] — A dot/point. Bindu is a dot (also a drop). In Buddhist contexts, 點 appears in: (1) 點滴 (a drop, bindu) — used in similes for small beginnings; (2) 點化 (to enlighten) — a term for teaching; (3) 點燈 (to light a lamp) — in ritual contexts. The compound 一點 (a single dot) appears in descriptions of the mind’s focus.

203.47 203.16 黠 (xiá) [skt.dakṣa] — Wily/clever. Dakṣa is clever/skillful. In Buddhist contexts, 黠 appears in descriptions of worldly cleverness that is sometimes contrasted with wisdom. The compound 黠慧 (clever and wise) appears in some texts.

203.48 203.21 黥 (qíng) [skt.lekhana] — To tattoo. Lekhana is writing/inscribing. In Buddhist contexts, 黥 appears in descriptions of legal punishments. No doctrinal significance.

203.49 203.24 黨 (dǎng) [skt.gaṇa; pakṣa] — Party/faction. Gaṇa is a group; pakṣa is a side/faction. In Buddhist contexts, 黨 appears in: (1) 黨派 (faction) — a term for schismatic groups; (2) 黨爭 (factional strife) — describing conflicts within the saṅgha. Schism is a grave offence.

203.50 203.25/203.39 黩/黷 (dú) [skt.mala] — To defile/contaminate. Mala is dirt/defilement. In Buddhist contexts, 黩 appears in the compound 黩辱 (to defile and disgrace), describing the defilement of the mind by the defilements (kleśa). The compound 黷武 (to use force) appears in historical contexts.

203.51 203.31 黯 (àn) [skt.andhakāra; tamas] — Dark/gloomy. In Buddhist contexts, 黯 appears in the compound 黯淡 (dark/gloomy), describing the state of a mind clouded by ignorance.

203.52 203.36 黴 (méi) — Mold. In Buddhist contexts, 黴 appears in Vinaya in the context of spoiled food. No direct Sanskrit correlate.

203.53 203.38 黶 (yǎn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

203.54 203.40 黸 (lú) [skt.kṛṣṇa] — Black. Rare. No doctrinal significance.

204 黹

204.1 黹 [chn.zhǐ][eng.embroidery; needlework; (also zhǐ, to sew)][skt.sūcī-karma; (also "needlework" = sūcī-karma; "embroidery" = citra-karma)]

204.2 黺 [fěn][eng.an ancient term; (also fěn); rare]

204.3 黻 [fú][eng.an ancient ceremonial pattern; (also fú, a symbol)][skt.citra; (also "pattern" = citra; "symbol" = lakṣaṇa)]

204.4 黼 [fǔ][eng.an ancient ceremonial pattern; (also fǔ, a symbol)][skt.citra; (also "pattern" = citra; "symbol" = lakṣaṇa)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 204

Radical 204 (黹, zhǐ) — "embroidery" — represents needlework, embroidery, and decorative stitching (Kangxi #204). Its pictographic origin shows a needle with thread. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate significance, primarily in Vinaya contexts. Key doctrinal areas include:

Embroidery in Vinaya — The compound 黹工 (embroidery work) appears in Vinaya in the context of monastic robes. Monastics are generally prohibited from wearing elaborately embroidered robes, as simplicity is a virtue. The compound 黹衣 (embroidered robes) is sometimes mentioned as an example of inappropriate monastic attire. The Vinaya contains specific rules against the use of ornate or decorated robes.

Ceremonial Patterns (黻/黼) — The characters 黻 and 黼 refer to specific ancient Chinese ceremonial patterns, often used on official or ritual garments. In Buddhist contexts, these patterns may appear in descriptions of laypeople’s clothing or in historical contexts. The compound 黼黻 (ceremonial patterns) appears in some texts as a symbol of authority or ritual.

Simplicity and Non-Adornment — The prohibition against elaborate embroidery is part of the broader Buddhist emphasis on simplicity and non-attachment to adornment. The compound 黹飾 (embroidered decoration) appears as an example of luxury that is to be avoided.

Text-critical note: 黺 is a rare archaic term. 黻 and 黼 are ancient ceremonial patterns that may appear in historical or Vinaya contexts.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

204.5 204.1 黹 (zhǐ) [skt.sūcī-karma; citra-karma] — Embroidery/needlework. Sūcī-karma is needlework; citra-karma is decorative work (embroidery). In Buddhist contexts, 黹 appears in: (1) 黹工 (needlework) — in Vinaya; (2) 黹衣 (embroidered robes) — prohibited for monastics. In Vinaya, the use of embroidered robes is generally forbidden as it is considered a form of luxury and attachment to adornment.

204.6 204.2 黺 (fěn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

204.7 204.3 黻 (fú) [skt.citra; lakṣaṇa] — A ceremonial pattern. In Buddhist contexts, 黻 appears in historical descriptions of ritual garments. No doctrinal significance.

204.8 204.4 黼 (fǔ) [skt.citra; lakṣaṇa] — A ceremonial pattern. Similar to 黻. In Buddhist contexts, 黼 appears in historical descriptions of ritual garments. The compound 黼黻 (ceremonial patterns) appears in some texts.

205 黽

205.1 黽 [chn.mǐn][eng.frog; toad; (also mǐn, a frog-like creature)][skt.maṇḍūka; (also "frog" = maṇḍūka; "toad" = bheka)]

205.2 黾 [mǐn][eng.frog; simplified of 黽][skt.maṇḍūka]

205.3 黿 [yuán][eng.a large turtle; (also yuán, a sea turtle)][skt.kacchapa; (also "turtle" = kacchapa)]

205.4 鼀 [cù][eng.an ancient term; (also cù); rare]

205.5 鼁 [qù][eng.an ancient term; (also qù); rare]

205.6 鼂 [cháo][eng.an ancient term; (also cháo); rare]

205.7 鼃 [wā][eng.ancient variant of 蛙 (frog); rare][skt.maṇḍūka; bheka]

205.8 鼄 [zhū][eng.ancient variant of 蛛 (spider); rare][skt.ūrṇanābhi; (also "spider" = lūtā)]

205.9 鼅 [zhī][eng.an ancient term; (also zhī); rare]

205.10 鼆 [měng][eng.an ancient term; (also měng); rare]

205.11 鼇 [áo][eng.a large sea turtle; (also áo, a mythical creature)][skt.kacchapa; (also "turtle" = kacchapa)]

205.12 鼈 [biē][eng.a soft-shelled turtle; (also biē)][skt.kacchapa]

205.13 鼉 [tuó][eng.a crocodile-like creature; (also tuó)][skt.kumbhīra; (also "crocodile" = kumbhīra)]

205.14 鼊 [bì][eng.an ancient term; (also bì); rare]

205.15 鼋 [yuán][eng.a large turtle; simplified of 黿][skt.kacchapa]

205.16 鼌 [cháo][eng.an ancient term; simplified of 鼂]

205.17 鼍 [tuó][eng.crocodile-like creature; simplified of 鼉][skt.kumbhīra]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 205

Radical 205 (黽, mǐn) — "frog" — represents frogs, toads, turtles, and other amphibious or aquatic creatures (Kangxi #205). Its pictographic origin shows a frog or toad. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and Jātaka-related importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Blind Turtle Simile — The famous simile of the blind turtle and the floating yoke (盲龜浮木, andha-kacchapa), from the Saṃyutta Nikāya, is one of the most powerful metaphors in Buddhism. A blind turtle surfaces once every hundred years; the chance of its head emerging through a floating yoke is as rare as obtaining a human birth. The compound 黿 (turtle) is the central symbol of this simile. The compound 盲龜 (blind turtle) appears in many Buddhist texts as a reminder of the preciousness of human rebirth.

Frogs and Toads in Jātaka Tales — Frogs and toads appear in Jātaka tales, often as characters who teach lessons about humility, patience, or the dangers of greed. The compound 蛙 (frog, maṇḍūka) appears in some stories.

The Turtle as a Symbol of the Buddha’s Patience — The turtle is also a symbol of patience and endurance. In Jātaka tales, the Buddha’s previous birth as a turtle is told, where he teaches the importance of patience.

Turtles in Vinaya — Turtles are mentioned in Vinaya as aquatic creatures that monastics must not kill. The compound 龜 (turtle) appears in dietary contexts (turtle is generally not eaten by monastics). The compound 龜甲 (turtle shell) appears in descriptions of materials that may be used.

The Crocodile (鼉/鼍, kumbhīra) — The crocodile appears in Vinaya as a dangerous aquatic creature to be avoided. The compound 鼉魚 (crocodile) appears in descriptions of dangerous animals.

Frogs in Similes — Frogs are used in similes for the meditative mind: like a frog that sits still and waits for its prey, the meditator sits still and waits for insight.

The Spider (鼄, ūrṇanābhi) — The spider appears in similes for the mind that weaves its own web of illusions.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 黽/黾, 黿/鼋, 鼉/鼍, 鼂/鼌, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The radical is small but contains the famous blind turtle simile.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

205.18 205.1/205.2 黽/黾 (mǐn) [skt.maṇḍūka; bheka] — Frog/toad. Maṇḍūka is a frog; bheka is a toad. In Buddhist contexts, 黽 appears in: (1) 黽蛙 (frog) — in Jātaka tales; (2) 黽鼈 (frog and turtle) — in similes. The frog is a symbol of the meditative mind that sits still and waits.

205.19 205.3/205.15 黿/鼋 (yuán) [skt.kacchapa] — A large turtle. Kacchapa is a turtle. In Buddhist contexts, 黿 appears in: (1) 盲黿 (andha-kacchapa, blind turtle) — the famous simile of the blind turtle and the floating yoke; (2) 黿魚 (turtle) — in Vinaya. The blind turtle simile illustrates the rarity of human birth.

205.20 205.7 鼃 (wā) [skt.maṇḍūka; bheka] — Frog. Variant of 蛙. In Buddhist contexts, 鼃 appears in Jātaka tales. No doctrinal significance beyond its meaning.

205.21 205.8 鼄 (zhū) [skt.ūrṇanābhi; lūtā] — Spider. Variant of 蛛. In Buddhist similes, the spider represents the mind that weaves its own web of illusions. The compound 鼄網 (spider’s web) appears in similes for the net of craving.

205.22 205.11 鼇 (áo) [skt.kacchapa] — A large sea turtle. Similar to 黿. In Buddhist contexts, 鼇 appears in the blind turtle simile and in descriptions of the turtle as a symbol of patience.

205.23 205.12 鼈 (biē) [skt.kacchapa] — A soft-shelled turtle. In Buddhist contexts, 鼈 appears in Vinaya as an aquatic creature. The compound 鼈魚 (turtle) appears in dietary contexts.

205.24 205.13/205.17 鼉/鼍 (tuó) [skt.kumbhīra] — A crocodile-like creature. Kumbhīra is a crocodile (also a mythical water creature). In Buddhist contexts, 鼉 appears in Vinaya as a dangerous aquatic creature to be avoided. The compound 鼉魚 (crocodile) appears in descriptions of dangerous animals.

205.25 205.14 鼊 (bì) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

205.26 205.16 鼌 (cháo) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

206 鼎

206.1 鼎 [chn.dǐng][eng.sacrificial tripod; cauldron; (also dǐng, a three-legged vessel)][skt.sthālī; (also "cauldron" = kumbha; "vessel" = pātra)]

206.2 鼏 [mì][eng.a lid of a tripod; (also mì); rare]

206.3 鼐 [nài][eng.a large tripod; (also nài)][skt.sthālī]

206.4 鼑 [dǐng][eng.ancient variant of 鼎 (tripod); rare][skt.sthālī]

206.5 鼒 [zī][eng.a small tripod; (also zī)][skt.sthālī]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 206

Radical 206 (鼎, dǐng) — "sacrificial tripod" — represents the ancient Chinese tripod vessel, used for cooking and ritual offerings (Kangxi #206). Its pictographic origin shows a tripod with legs and a body. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate symbolic significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Tripod as a Symbol of the Three Jewels — The three legs of the tripod are a common metaphor in Chinese Buddhist texts for the Three Jewels (三寶, tri-ratna): the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha. The compound 三足鼎 (three-legged tripod) is used as a simile for the interdependence of the three jewels. The tripod’s stability depends on all three legs; similarly, the stability of Buddhism depends on the three jewels.

Tripods in Vinaya — Tripods and cooking vessels are mentioned in Vinaya in the context of the monastic kitchen. The compound 鼎食 (tripod food) appears in descriptions of cooking. Monastics are generally not permitted to cook for themselves, but cooking vessels are mentioned in the context of communal meals.

The Cauldron as a Vessel for Offerings — The cauldron is a vessel used for making offerings in some Buddhist rituals (especially in the Chinese tradition). The compound 鼎供 (tripod offering) appears in descriptions of offerings to the Buddha or to the ancestors.

Small Tripods and Lids (鼒, 鼏) — These rare characters refer to specific types of tripods or their parts. They have no doctrinal significance.

Text-critical note: 鼑 is an ancient variant of 鼎. The radical is small and primarily contains vessel-related terms. The tripod’s symbolism as the Three Jewels is the most significant doctrinal aspect.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

206.6 206.1 鼎 (dǐng) [skt.sthālī; kumbha; pātra] — A sacrificial tripod/cauldron. Sthālī is a large pot/cauldron; kumbha is a pot; pātra is a bowl/vessel. In Buddhist contexts, 鼎 appears in: (1) 鼎足 (three legs of the tripod) — a metaphor for the Three Jewels; (2) 鼎食 (tripod food) — in Vinaya; (3) 鼎供 (tripod offering) — in ritual contexts. The compound 三足鼎立 (three-legged tripod standing) is a metaphor for the harmonious coexistence of the Three Jewels.

206.7 206.2 鼏 (mì) — A lid of a tripod. No doctrinal significance.

206.8 206.3 鼐 (nài) [skt.sthālī] — A large tripod. In Buddhist contexts, 鼐 appears in descriptions of cooking vessels. No doctrinal significance.

206.9 206.4 鼑 (dǐng) [skt.sthālī] — Ancient variant of 鼎 (tripod). Semantically identical.

206.10 206.5 鼒 (zī) [skt.sthālī] — A small tripod. No doctrinal significance.

207 鼓

207.1 鼓 [chn.gǔ][eng.drum; to beat; to stir up; (also gǔ, to incite)][skt.bherī; (also "drum" = bherī; "to beat" = āghāta; "to stir" = saṃcodana)]

207.2 鼔 [gǔ][eng.ancient variant of 鼓 (drum); rare][skt.bherī]

207.3 鼕 [dōng][eng.the sound of a drum; (also dōng, a rumble)][skt.śabda; (also "drum sound" = bherī-śabda)]

207.4 鼖 [fén][eng.a large drum; (also fén)][skt.bherī]

207.5 鼗 [táo][eng.a small hand drum; (also táo, a pellet drum)][skt.bherī; (also "drum" = mṛdaṅga)]

207.6 鼘 [yuān][eng.the sound of a drum; (also yuān)][skt.śabda]

207.7 鼙 [pí][eng.a small drum; (also pí, a military drum)][skt.bherī]

207.8 鼚 [chāng][eng.the sound of a drum; (also chāng)][skt.śabda]

207.9 鼛 [gāo][eng.a large drum; (also gāo, a war drum)][skt.bherī]

207.10 鼜 [qì][eng.an ancient term; (also qì); rare]

207.11 鼝 [yuān][eng.an ancient term; (also yuān); rare]

207.12 鼞 [tāng][eng.an ancient term; (also tāng); rare]

207.13 鼟 [tēng][eng.an ancient term; (also tēng); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 207

Radical 207 (鼓, gǔ) — "drum" — represents drums, drumming, and the sounds of percussion (Kangxi #207). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant ritual and metaphorical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Drum of the Dharma (法鼓, dharma-bherī) — One of the most important metaphors in Buddhism. The compound 法鼓 (the drum of the Dharma) describes the Buddha’s teaching that awakens beings from the sleep of ignorance. The compound 擊法鼓 (to beat the drum of the Dharma) is used for the act of teaching. The compound 法鼓聲 (the sound of the Dharma drum) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s teachings.

Drums in Vinaya — Drums are mentioned in Vinaya as a means of signaling monastic activities. The compound 鼓聲 (drum sound) appears in descriptions of the time for meals, assembly, or meditation. The compound 擊鼓 (to beat the drum) is a standard term for signaling. In some monastic traditions, drums are used to announce the beginning and end of meditation sessions.

The Drum as a Symbol of Awakening — The sound of the drum is a metaphor for the sudden awakening of the mind. The compound 鼓音 (drum sound) appears in similes for the Buddha’s voice that cuts through the darkness of ignorance. The compound 鼓動 (to stir up) is used for the stirring of the mind into wakefulness.

Drum Sounds and Impermanence — The sound of the drum is fleeting, appearing and disappearing in a moment. The compound 鼓聲空 (drum sound is empty) is a phrase used in some texts to illustrate the emptiness (śūnyatā) of all phenomena.

Large and Small Drums (鼖, 鼙, 鼗) — These characters refer to different types of drums, mentioned in historical and Vinaya contexts. No specific doctrinal significance beyond their literal meaning.

Text-critical note: 鼔 is an ancient variant of 鼓. Many characters under this radical are onomatopoeic or descriptive of specific types of drums. The radical is small but contains the important metaphor of the "Drum of the Dharma."

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

207.14 207.1/207.2 鼓/鼔 (gǔ) [skt.bherī; āghāta; saṃcodana] — Drum; to beat; to stir. Bherī is a drum (specifically a war drum or large drum); āghāta is a blow/strike; saṃcodana is incitement/stirring. In Buddhist contexts, 鼓 appears in: (1) 法鼓 (dharma-bherī, drum of the Dharma) — the Buddha’s teaching; (2) 擊鼓 (to beat the drum) — in Vinaya; (3) 鼓動 (to stir up) — the stirring of the mind; (4) 鼓音 (drum sound) — the sound of the Dharma. The compound 鼓聲 (bherī-śabda, drum sound) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s voice.

207.15 207.3 鼕 (dōng) [skt.śabda; bherī-śabda] — The sound of a drum. In Buddhist contexts, 鼕 appears in onomatopoeic descriptions of drum sounds. No doctrinal significance.

207.16 207.4 鼖 (fén) [skt.bherī] — A large drum. In Buddhist contexts, 鼖 appears in Vinaya descriptions of large drums used for signaling.

207.17 207.5 鼗 (táo) [skt.bherī; mṛdaṅga] — A small hand drum. Mṛdaṅga is a clay drum (a type of hand drum). In Buddhist contexts, 鼗 appears in ritual contexts.

207.18 207.6 鼘 (yuān) [skt.śabda] — The sound of a drum. No doctrinal significance.

207.19 207.7 鼙 (pí) [skt.bherī] — A small drum. In Buddhist contexts, 鼙 appears in military or ritual contexts.

207.20 207.8 鼚 (chāng) [skt.śabda] — The sound of a drum. No doctrinal significance.

207.21 207.9 鼛 (gāo) [skt.bherī] — A large drum. In Buddhist contexts, 鼛 appears in descriptions of large drums used for signaling.

207.22 207.10 鼜 (qì) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

207.23 207.11 鼝 (yuān) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

207.24 207.12 鼞 (tāng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

207.25 207.13 鼟 (tēng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208 鼠

208.1 鼠 [chn.shǔ][eng.rat; mouse; (also shǔ, a rodent)][skt.mūṣika; (also "rat" = mūṣika; "mouse" = ākhuka)]

208.2 鼡 [shǔ][eng.rat; mouse; (also shǔ)][skt.mūṣika]

208.3 鼢 [fén][eng.a mole; (also fén, a burrowing rodent)][skt.ākhuka; (also "mole" = ākhuka)]

208.4 鼣 [fèi][eng.an ancient term; (also fèi); rare]

208.5 鼤 [wén][eng.an ancient term; (also wén); rare]

208.6 鼥 [bá][eng.an ancient term; (also bá); rare]

208.7 鼦 [diāo][eng.an ancient term; (also diāo); rare]

208.8 鼧 [tuó][eng.an ancient term; (also tuó); rare]

208.9 鼨 [zhōng][eng.an ancient term; (also zhōng); rare]

208.10 鼩 [qú][eng.a shrew; (also qú, a small rodent)]

208.11 鼪 [shēng][eng.a weasel; (also shēng)]

208.12 鼫 [shí][eng.a marmot; (also shí)]

208.13 鼬 [yòu][eng.a weasel; (also yòu, a ferret)]

208.14 鼭 [shí][eng.an ancient term; (also shí); rare]

208.15 鼮 [tíng][eng.an ancient term; (also tíng); rare]

208.16 鼯 [wú][eng.a flying squirrel; (also wú)]

208.17 鼰 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

208.18 鼱 [jīng][eng.a shrew; (also jīng)]

208.19 鼲 [hún][eng.an ancient term; (also hún); rare]

208.20 鼳 [jú][eng.an ancient term; (also jú); rare]

208.21 鼴 [yǎn][eng.a mole; (also yǎn)][skt.ākhuka]

208.22 鼵 [tū][eng.an ancient term; (also tū); rare]

208.23 鼶 [sī][eng.an ancient term; (also sī); rare]

208.24 鼷 [xī][eng.a rat; a mouse; (also xī)][skt.mūṣika; ākhuka]

208.25 鼸 [xiǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also xiǎn); rare]

208.26 鼹 [yǎn][eng.a mole; simplified of 鼴][skt.ākhuka]

208.27 鼺 [léi][eng.an ancient term; (also léi); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 208

Radical 208 (鼠, shǔ) — "rat" or "mouse" — represents rodents and similar small mammals (Kangxi #208). Its pictographic origin shows a rat or mouse with teeth and a tail. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of moderate metaphorical significance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Rat and the Mouse in Similes — Rats and mice are used in Buddhist similes for small, insignificant things that cause great harm. The compound 鼠害 (rat damage) is used as a metaphor for the defilements (kleśa) that destroy the mind. The compound 鼠竊 (rat theft) is a simile for small acts of wrongdoing.

The Blind Mouse Simile — The blind mouse (sometimes used instead of the blind turtle) appears in some texts as a variation on the famous simile of the rare human birth. The compound 盲鼠 (blind mouse) appears in some stories.

Moles and Burrowing Animals (鼢/鼴/鼹, ākhuka) — Moles and burrowing animals appear in Vinaya as creatures that disturb the ground. Monastics are prohibited from digging the earth (as it may harm beings), and moles are sometimes mentioned as creatures that cause damage to monastic buildings.

Weasels and Ferrets (鼬) — Weasels and ferrets appear in Jātaka tales and as animals that may harm other creatures. No doctrinal significance beyond their literal meaning.

Flying Squirrels (鼯) — Flying squirrels appear in some contexts as curious creatures. No doctrinal significance.

Shrews (鼩/鼱) — Shrews are small mammals mentioned in some texts. No doctrinal significance.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 鼴/鼹, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. Most characters under this radical are rare or classical names for specific rodents and small mammals with no doctrinal significance.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

208.28 208.1/208.2 鼠/鼡 (shǔ) [skt.mūṣika; ākhuka] — Rat/mouse. Mūṣika is a rat; ākhuka is a mouse (also a mole). In Buddhist contexts, 鼠 appears in: (1) 鼠害 (rat damage) — a metaphor for the defilements; (2) 鼠竊 (rat theft) — small acts of wrongdoing; (3) 鼠狼 (rat and wolf) — used in similes. The compound 鼠穴 (rat hole) appears in similes for the small openings through which defilements enter.

208.29 208.3 鼢 (fén) [skt.ākhuka] — A mole. In Buddhist contexts, 鼢 appears in Vinaya as a creature that disturbs the ground. No doctrinal significance.

208.30 208.4 鼣 (fèi) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.31 208.5 鼤 (wén) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.32 208.6 鼥 (bá) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.33 208.7 鼦 (diāo) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.34 208.8 鼧 (tuó) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.35 208.9 鼨 (zhōng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.36 208.10 鼩 (qú) — A shrew. In Buddhist contexts, 鼩 appears in descriptions of small mammals. No doctrinal significance.

208.37 208.11 鼪 (shēng) — A weasel. In Buddhist contexts, 鼪 appears in Jātaka tales. No doctrinal significance.

208.38 208.12 鼫 (shí) — A marmot. In Buddhist contexts, 鼫 appears in descriptions of small mammals. No doctrinal significance.

208.39 208.13 鼬 (yòu) — A weasel. In Buddhist contexts, 鼬 appears in Jātaka tales. No doctrinal significance.

208.40 208.14 鼭 (shí) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.41 208.15 鼮 (tíng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.42 208.16 鼯 (wú) — A flying squirrel. In Buddhist contexts, 鼯 appears in descriptions of curious creatures. No doctrinal significance.

208.43 208.17 鼰 (jú) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.44 208.18 鼱 (jīng) — A shrew. Similar to 鼩. No doctrinal significance.

208.45 208.19 鼲 (hún) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.46 208.20 鼳 (jú) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.47 208.21/208.26 鼴/鼹 (yǎn) [skt.ākhuka] — A mole. In Buddhist contexts, 鼴 appears in Vinaya as a creature that disturbs the ground. No doctrinal significance.

208.48 208.22 鼵 (tū) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.49 208.23 鼶 (sī) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.50 208.24 鼷 (xī) [skt.mūṣika; ākhuka] — A rat/mouse. Similar to 鼠. In Buddhist contexts, 鼷 appears in the blind mouse simile. No doctrinal significance beyond its meaning.

208.51 208.25 鼸 (xiǎn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

208.52 208.27 鼺 (léi) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209 鼻

209.1 鼻 [chn.bí][eng.nose; (also bí, a snout)][skt.ghrāṇa; (also "nose" = ghrāṇa; "sense of smell" = ghrāṇa-indriya)]

209.2 鼼 [yǎo][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎo); rare]

209.3 鼽 [qiú][eng.a stuffy nose; (also qiú, to have a cold)]

209.4 鼾 [hān][eng.to snore; (also hān, a snore)]

209.5 鼿 [wù][eng.an ancient term; (also wù); rare]

209.6 齀 [wù][eng.an ancient term; (also wù); rare]

209.7 齁 [hōu][eng.to snore; (also hōu, a heavy breath)]

209.8 齂 [xiè][eng.an ancient term; (also xiè); rare]

209.9 齃 [è][eng.an ancient term; (also è); rare]

209.10 齄 [zhā][eng.an ancient term; (also zhā); rare]

209.11 齅 [xiù][eng.to smell; (also xiù, to sniff)][skt.ghrāṇa; (also "to smell" = jighrati)]

209.12 齆 [wèng][eng.a stuffy nose; (also wèng)]

209.13 齇 [zhā][eng.an ancient term; (also zhā); rare]

209.14 齈 [nóng][eng.an ancient term; (also nóng); rare]

209.15 齉 [nàng][eng.a stuffy nose; (also nàng)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 209

Radical 209 (鼻, bí) — "nose" — represents the nose and the sense of smell (Kangxi #209). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant philosophical and psychological importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Nose as a Sense Faculty — The nose (鼻, ghrāṇa) is one of the six sense faculties (indriya) in Buddhist psychology, along with the eye, ear, tongue, body, and mind. The compound 鼻根 (ghrāṇa-indriya, the nose faculty) is a standard term in Abhidharma. The nose is the basis for the sense of smell (ghrāṇa-vijñāna, olfactory consciousness). The compound 鼻識 (ghrāṇa-vijñāna, nose consciousness) is one of the six consciousnesses.

The Sense of Smell in Meditation — In some meditation practices, the sense of smell is used as an object of mindfulness. The compound 鼻觸 (ghrāṇa-sparśa, nose contact) appears in discussions of the sense bases (āyatana). The compound 鼻味 (ghrāṇa-rasa, smell) is one of the six sense objects.

Snoring and Physical Awareness (鼾/齁) — The characters for snoring appear in Vinaya in the context of monastic sleeping arrangements. Monastics are encouraged to be mindful even in sleep, and snoring is sometimes mentioned as a distraction.

The Nose in Similes — The nose is used in similes for the ability to discern good from bad (like the nose discerns pleasant from unpleasant smells). The compound 鼻嗅 (nose smell) appears in similes for the discriminating mind.

Text-critical note: 齅 is the character for "to smell." Most characters under this radical are rare or descriptive of nasal conditions with no doctrinal significance. The radical is small but contains the important Abhidharma term for the nose faculty.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

209.16 209.1 鼻 (bí) [skt.ghrāṇa; ghrāṇa-indriya] — Nose. Ghrāṇa is the nose; ghrāṇa-indriya is the nose faculty. In Buddhist contexts, 鼻 appears in: (1) 鼻根 (ghrāṇa-indriya, nose faculty) — one of the six sense faculties; (2) 鼻識 (ghrāṇa-vijñāna, olfactory consciousness) — one of the six consciousnesses; (3) 鼻觸 (ghrāṇa-sparśa, nose contact) — in the twelve links of dependent origination; (4) 鼻味 (ghrāṇa-rasa, smell) — the object of the nose. The compound 鼻端 (the tip of the nose) appears in meditation instructions for focusing the mind.

209.17 209.2 鼼 (yǎo) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.18 209.3 鼽 (qiú) — A stuffy nose. No doctrinal significance.

209.19 209.4 鼾 (hān) — To snore. In Vinaya, 鼾 appears in descriptions of sleeping arrangements. No doctrinal significance.

209.20 209.5 鼿 (wù) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.21 209.6 齀 (wù) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.22 209.7 齁 (hōu) — To snore. Similar to 鼾. No doctrinal significance.

209.23 209.8 齂 (xiè) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.24 209.9 齃 (è) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.25 209.10 齄 (zhā) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.26 209.11 齅 (xiù) [skt.ghrāṇa; jighrati] — To smell. In Buddhist contexts, 齅 appears in descriptions of the nose’s function. No doctrinal significance beyond its meaning.

209.27 209.12 齆 (wèng) — A stuffy nose. No doctrinal significance.

209.28 209.13 齇 (zhā) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.29 209.14 齈 (nóng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

209.30 209.15 齉 (nàng) — A stuffy nose. No doctrinal significance.

210 齊

210.1 齊 [chn.qí][eng.even; uniform; together; (also qí, to arrange)][skt.sama; (also "even" = sama; "uniform" = samāna; "together" = saha)]

210.2 齋 [zhāi][eng.fasting; vegetarian diet; (also zhāi, a retreat)][skt.upavāsa; (also "fasting" = upavāsa; "vegetarian" = śākāhāra)]

210.3 齌 [jì][eng.an ancient term; (also jì); rare]

210.4 齍 [zī][eng.an ancient term; (also zī); rare]

210.5 齎 [jī][eng.to bring; to present; (also jī, to send)][skt.dāna; (also "to bring" = ādāna; "to present" = upanayana)]

210.6 齏 [jī][eng.minced food; (also jī, a condiment)]

210.7 齐 [qí][eng.even; uniform; simplified of 齊][skt.sama; samāna]

210.8 齑 [jī][eng.minced food; simplified of 齏]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 210

Radical 210 (齊, qí) — "even" or "uniform" — represents concepts of equality, uniformity, and arrangement (Kangxi #210). Its pictographic origin shows grains growing evenly, suggesting uniformity. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant doctrinal and practical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Middle Way — The compound 齊 (even/equal) is related to the concept of the Middle Way (madhyamā-pratipad), which avoids extremes. The compound 齊等 (equal) appears in discussions of the equality of all beings. The compound 齊心 (unified mind) describes the mind that is evenly focused in meditation. The compound 齊整 (even/orderly) appears in descriptions of the well-ordered mind.

Fasting and Retreat (齋, upavāsa) — The character 齋 is of major importance. It refers to fasting and the observance of precepts, particularly on Uposatha days. The compound 齋戒 (upavāsa-śīla, fasting and precepts) is a key term for the practice of restraint. The compound 齋食 (vegetarian food, śākāhāra) is a term for the vegetarian diet practiced by many Buddhists. The compound 齋僧 (to offer food to monks) is a common merit-making activity. In some traditions, 齋 refers to the vegetarian meal eaten at midday, and the compound 齋堂 (dining hall) is used in monasteries.

Vegetarianism and the Five Pungent Roots — The character 齋 is closely associated with vegetarianism in East Asian Buddhism. The compound 齋菜 (vegetarian dishes) is a standard term. The compound 五葷 (the five pungent roots) includes garlic, onion, and other plants that are sometimes prohibited in a pure diet. The compound 齋食 (vegetarian food) is a key term for the diet of monks and devout laypeople.

Bringing and Presenting (齎, dāna) — The character 齎 (to bring/present) appears in descriptions of offerings to the Buddha or to the monastic community. The compound 齎供 (to bring offerings) is a term for presenting gifts to the saṅgha. The compound 齎持 (to carry/bring) appears in descriptions of bringing the Dharma to others.

Minced Food (齏/齑) — The character 齏 refers to minced or ground food, often used as a condiment. In Buddhist dietary contexts, 齏 appears in descriptions of food preparation.

Simplified Forms — 齐 is the simplified form of 齊, and 齑 is the simplified form of 齏. These are not part of the Kangxi radical system in their simplified forms, but they are included here as they appear in modern texts and may be encountered by scholars.

Text-critical note: 齊 has a simplified form (齐) which is not in the Kangxi system but appears in modern texts. 齋 is the traditional form of 斋 (vegetarian/fasting). The radical is small but contains important terms related to fasting, vegetarianism, and the Middle Way.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

210.9 210.1/210.7 齊/齐 (qí) [skt.sama; samāna; saha] — Even/uniform/together. Sama is equal/even; samāna is similar/uniform; saha is together. In Buddhist contexts, 齊 appears in: (1) 齊等 (sama, equal) — the equality of all beings; (2) 齊心 (sama-citta, unified mind) — the evenly focused mind; (3) 齊整 (even/orderly) — the well-ordered mind. The compound 不齊 (uneven) appears in discussions of the unbalanced mind.

210.10 210.2 齋 (zhāi) [skt.upavāsa; śākāhāra] — Fasting/vegetarian diet. Upavāsa is fasting (also a religious observance); śākāhāra is a vegetarian diet (literally "vegetable food"). In Buddhist contexts, 齋 appears in: (1) 齋戒 (upavāsa-śīla, fasting and precepts) — the practice of restraint; (2) 齋食 (vegetarian food, śākāhāra) — the vegetarian diet; (3) 齋僧 (to offer food to monks) — a merit-making activity; (4) 齋堂 (dining hall, bhojana-śālā) — the monastery dining hall; (5) 齋日 (upavāsa-dina, fasting day) — the Uposatha days. The compound 齋月 (the month of fasting) appears in some contexts.

210.11 210.3 齌 (jì) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

210.12 210.4 齍 (zī) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

210.13 210.5 齎 (jī) [skt.dāna; ādāna; upanayana] — To bring/present. In Buddhist contexts, 齎 appears in: (1) 齎供 (dāna, to bring offerings) — presenting gifts to the saṅgha; (2) 齎持 (ādāna, to carry/bring) — bringing the Dharma to others. The compound 齎物 (gift/offering) appears in descriptions of generosity.

210.14 210.6/210.8 齏/齑 (jī) — Minced food/condiment. In Buddhist contexts, 齏 appears in dietary descriptions. No doctrinal significance.

211 齒

211.1 齒 [chn.chǐ][eng.tooth; teeth; (also chǐ, a tooth)][skt.danta; (also "tooth" = danta; "teeth" = dantāḥ)]

211.2 齔 [chèn][eng.to lose baby teeth; (also chèn, a child)]

211.3 齕 [hé][eng.to gnaw; to bite; (also hé, to nibble)][skt.khadati; (also "to bite" = daṃśati)]

211.4 齖 [yá][eng.a gap between teeth; (also yá)]

211.5 齗 [yín][eng.the gums; (also yín)]

211.6 齘 [xiè][eng.to gnash the teeth; (also xiè)]

211.7 齙 [bāo][eng.protruding teeth; (also bāo)]

211.8 齚 [zé][eng.to gnaw; (also zé)][skt.khadati]

211.9 齛 [xiè][eng.an ancient term; (also xiè); rare]

211.10 齜 [zī][eng.to grin; (also zī)]

211.11 齝 [chī][eng.to chew the cud; (also chī)]

211.12 齞 [yǎn][eng.to show teeth; (also yǎn)]

211.13 齟 [jǔ][eng.irregular teeth; (also jǔ, to disagree)][skt.bheda; (also "disagreement" = bheda)]

211.14 齠 [tiáo][eng.a child’s teeth; (also tiáo)]

211.15 齡 [líng][eng.age; (also líng, years)][skt.vayas; (also "age" = vayas)]

211.16 齣 [chū][eng.a scene; (also chū, an act)]

211.17 齤 [quán][eng.an ancient term; (also quán); rare]

211.18 齥 [xiè][eng.an ancient term; (also xiè); rare]

211.19 齦 [yín][eng.the gums; (also yín)]

211.20 齧 [niè][eng.to gnaw; to bite; (also niè, to nibble)][skt.khadati; (also "to bite" = daṃśati)]

211.21 齨 [jiù][eng.an ancient term; (also jiù); rare]

211.22 齩 [yǎo][eng.ancient variant of 咬 (to bite); rare][skt.khadati; daṃśati]

211.23 齪 [chuò][eng.dirty; (also chuò, a foul)][skt.mala; (also "defilement" = mala)]

211.24 齫 [yǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔn); rare]

211.25 齬 [yǔ][eng.irregular teeth; (also yǔ, to disagree)][skt.bheda; (also "disagreement" = bheda)]

211.26 齭 [chǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also chǔ); rare]

211.27 齮 [yǐ][eng.to bite; (also yǐ)][skt.khadati]

211.28 齯 [ní][eng.a child’s teeth; (also ní)]

211.29 齰 [zé][eng.to bite; (also zé)][skt.khadati]

211.30 齱 [zōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zōu); rare]

211.31 齲 [qǔ][eng.tooth decay; (also qǔ, a cavity)]

211.32 齳 [yǔn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǔn); rare]

211.33 齴 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

211.34 齵 [yú][eng.an ancient term; (also yú); rare]

211.35 齶 [è][eng.the palate; (also è, the roof of the mouth)][skt.tālu; (also "palate" = tālu)]

211.36 齷 [wò][eng.dirty; (also wò, filthy)][skt.mala; (also "defilement" = mala)]

211.37 齸 [yì][eng.an ancient term; (also yì); rare]

211.38 齹 [cī][eng.an ancient term; (also cī); rare]

211.39 齺 [zōu][eng.an ancient term; (also zōu); rare]

211.40 齻 [diān][eng.an ancient term; (also diān); rare]

211.41 齼 [chǔ][eng.an ancient term; (also chǔ); rare]

211.42 齽 [jìn][eng.an ancient term; (also jìn); rare]

211.43 齾 [yà][eng.an ancient term; (also yà); rare]

211.44 齿 [chǐ][eng.tooth; simplified of 齒][skt.danta]

211.45 龀 [chèn][eng.to lose baby teeth; simplified of 齔]

211.46 龁 [hé][eng.to gnaw; simplified of 齕][skt.khadati]

211.47 龂 [yín][eng.gums; simplified of 齗]

211.48 龃 [jǔ][eng.irregular teeth; simplified of 齟][skt.bheda]

211.49 龄 [líng][eng.age; simplified of 齡][skt.vayas]

211.50 龅 [bāo][eng.protruding teeth; simplified of 齙]

211.51 龆 [tiáo][eng.child’s teeth; simplified of 齠]

211.52 龇 [zī][eng.to grin; simplified of 齜]

211.53 龈 [yín][eng.gums; simplified of 齦]

211.54 龉 [yǔ][eng.irregular teeth; simplified of 齬][skt.bheda]

211.55 龊 [chuò][eng.dirty; simplified of 齪][skt.mala]

211.56 龋 [qǔ][eng.tooth decay; simplified of 齲]

211.57 龌 [wò][eng.dirty; simplified of 齷][skt.mala]

211.58 龎 [páng][eng.an ancient term; (also páng); rare]

211.59 龏 [gōng][eng.an ancient term; (also gōng); rare]

211.60 龐 [páng][eng.huge; (also páng, a surname)][skt.mahā; (also "huge" = mahat)]

211.61 龑 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

211.62 龒 [lóng][eng.an ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

211.63 龓 [lóng][eng.an ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

211.64 龔 [gōng][eng.a surname; (also Gōng)]

211.65 龕 [kān][eng.a niche; (also kān, a shrine)][skt.garbha; (also "shrine" = garbha; "niche" = gṛha)]

211.66 龖 [dá][eng.an ancient term; (also dá); rare]

211.67 龗 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng); rare]

211.68 龘 [dá][eng.an ancient term; (also dá); rare]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 211

Radical 211 (齒, chǐ) — "tooth" — represents teeth, biting, gnawing, and by extension, age and disagreement (Kangxi #211). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and psychological importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Teeth as a Part of the Body — The teeth are part of the body in the contemplation of the body (kāyānupassanā). The compound 牙齒 (teeth) appears in descriptions of the body’s parts. The Buddha’s teeth are one of the thirty-two marks of a great being: they are described as being white, even, and well-spaced (四十齒, catvāriṃśad-danta, the forty teeth). The compound 齒白 (white teeth) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s marks.

Gnawing and Biting as Similes — Gnawing and biting are used in similes for the mind that clings to objects. The compound 齧食 (to gnaw) is used in similes for craving (tṛṣṇā) that "gnaws" at the mind. The compound 齕齧 (to gnaw and bite) appears in descriptions of the defilements that eat away at the mind.

Age and Lifespan (齡, vayas) — The character 齡 (age) appears in Buddhist texts in the context of descriptions of the Buddha’s lifespan and the aging of the body. The compound 年齡 (age) is used in descriptions of monastic seniority. The compound 高齡 (advanced age) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s long life.

Disagreement and Conflict (齟/齬, bheda) — The characters 齟 and 齬 refer to irregular or misaligned teeth, and by extension, to disagreement or conflict. The compound 齟齬 (disagreement) appears in descriptions of conflict within the saṅgha. The compound 齟齬不合 (disagreement and discord) appears in Vinaya as a warning against conflict.

Dirt and Defilement (齪/齷, mala) — The characters for "dirty" (齪, 齷) are used as metaphors for the defilements (mala) that cover the mind. The compound 齷齪 (dirty/filthy) appears in descriptions of the defiled mind. The compound 齪事 (defiled matter) appears in some contexts.

The Palate (齶, tālu) — The palate is mentioned in Vinaya medical contexts and in descriptions of the mouth. No doctrinal significance.

Niches and Shrines (龕, garbha, gṛha) — The character 龕 appears in Buddhist contexts as a niche for a statue or a shrine. The compound 龕室 (a shrine room) appears in descriptions of temples. The compound 佛龕 (buddha-garbha, Buddha niche) is a common term.

Huge and Vast (龐, mahā) — The character 龐 (huge) appears in descriptions of the vastness of the Buddha’s compassion or the vastness of the Dharma.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 齒/齿, 齔/龀, 齡/龄, 齟/龃, 齬/龉, 齪/龊, 齷/龌, 龐/庞, 龕, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The radical contains numerous rare and archaic terms.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

211.69 211.1/211.44 齒/齿 (chǐ) [skt.danta; dantāḥ] — Tooth/teeth. Danta is a tooth; dantāḥ are teeth. In Buddhist contexts, 齒 appears in: (1) 牙齒 (teeth, danta) — in the contemplation of the body; (2) 齒白 (white teeth, śukla-danta) — one of the Buddha’s marks; (3) 四十齒 (catvāriṃśad-danta, forty teeth) — the Buddha’s teeth; (4) 齒數 (the number of teeth) — a mark of a great being. The compound 齒列 (row of teeth) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s perfect teeth.

211.70 211.15/211.49 齡/龄 (líng) [skt.vayas] — Age. In Buddhist contexts, 齡 appears in: (1) 年齡 (age, vayas) — descriptions of the Buddha’s lifespan; (2) 高齡 (advanced age) — describing the Buddha’s long life. No doctrinal significance.

211.71 211.16 齣 (chū) — A scene (in drama). No doctrinal significance.

211.72 211.20 齧 (niè) [skt.khadati; daṃśati] — To gnaw/bite. In Buddhist contexts, 齧 appears in similes for craving that "gnaws" at the mind. The compound 齧食 (to gnaw) appears in descriptions of the defilements.

211.73 211.23/211.55 齪/龊 (chuò) [skt.mala] — Dirty/defiled. In Buddhist contexts, 齪 appears in: (1) 齷齪 (dirty, mala) — the defiled mind; (2) 齪事 (defiled matter). The compound 齪穢 (filth and defilement) appears in descriptions of the mind’s impurities.

211.74 211.36/211.57 齷/龌 (wò) [skt.mala] — Dirty/filthy. Similar to 齪. In Buddhist contexts, 齷 appears in the compound 齷齪 (filthy, mala), describing the defiled mind. The compound 齷齪不淨 (filthy and impure) appears in descriptions of the body or the mind.

211.75 211.38 齹 (cī) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

211.76 211.60 龐 (páng) [skt.mahā; mahat] — Huge/vast. In Buddhist contexts, 龐 appears in: (1) 龐大 (vast, mahā) — describing the Buddha’s compassion; (2) 龐博 (vast and broad) — describing the Dharma. The compound 龐然大物 (a huge object) appears in some contexts.

211.77 211.61 龑 (yǎn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

211.78 211.65 龕 (kān) [skt.garbha; gṛha] — A niche/shrine. In Buddhist contexts, 龕 appears in: (1) 佛龕 (buddha-garbha, Buddha niche) — a niche for a Buddha statue; (2) 龕室 (shrine room, gṛha) — a room for worship. The compound 龕像 (niche image) appears in descriptions of temple architecture.

212 龍

212.1 龍 [chn.lóng][eng.dragon; (also lóng, a mythical creature)][skt.nāga; (also "dragon" = nāga)]

212.2 龎 [páng][eng.huge; (also páng, a surname)][skt.mahā; (also "huge" = mahat)]

212.3 龏 [gōng][eng.ancient term; (also gōng); rare]

212.4 龐 [páng][eng.huge; (also páng, a surname)][skt.mahā; (also "huge" = mahat)]

212.5 龑 [yǎn][eng.an ancient term; (also yǎn); rare]

212.6 龒 [lóng][eng.an ancient variant of 龍 (dragon); rare][skt.nāga]

212.7 龓 [lóng][eng.an ancient term; (also lóng); rare]

212.8 龔 [gōng][eng.a surname; (also Gōng)]

212.9 龕 [kān][eng.a niche; a shrine; (also kān, a small room)][skt.garbha; (also "shrine" = garbha; "niche" = gṛha)]

212.10 龖 [dá][eng.an ancient term; (also dá); rare]

212.11 龗 [líng][eng.an ancient term; (also líng); rare]

212.12 龘 [dá][eng.an ancient term; (also dá); rare]

212.13 龙 [lóng][eng.dragon; simplified of 龍][skt.nāga]

212.14 龚 [gōng][eng.a surname; simplified of 龔]

212.15 龛 [kān][eng.a niche; simplified of 龕][skt.garbha; gṛha]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 212

Radical 212 (龍, lóng) — "dragon" — represents the dragon, a mythical creature of immense significance in East Asian culture and in the Buddhist tradition (Kangxi #212). Its pictographic origin shows a dragon with a curled body and a prominent head. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of profound importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Nāga in Buddhism — The compound 龍 (nāga) refers to a class of serpentine beings in Buddhist cosmology. Nāgas are powerful, semi-divine beings who inhabit the waters and the earth. They are often depicted as protectors of the Dharma. The compound 龍王 (nāga-rāja, Dragon King) appears in many texts. The compound 龍神 (nāga-deva, dragon spirits) is a term for the nāgas who guard the teachings. The compound 龍天 (nāga-deva, dragons and gods) is a standard term for the protective beings of Buddhism.

The Dragon as a Protector of the Dharma — Nāgas are among the eight classes of beings (八部眾, aṣṭa-senā) who protect the Dharma. The compound 龍護 (nāga-rakṣā, dragon protection) appears in descriptions of the nāgas’ role. The compound 龍藏 (nāga-piṭaka, dragon treasury) is a term for the scriptures that were hidden by nāgas and later revealed to humans. The compound 龍樹 (Nāgārjuna, the Dragon Tree) is the name of the great Mahāyāna philosopher, whose name means "the one born under the dragon tree."

The Dragon in Similes — The dragon is used in similes for great power and majesty. The compound 龍象 (dragons and elephants) is a term for the great monks and teachers of the Dharma. The compound 龍飛 (dragon flying) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s transcendence.

The Dragon in Vinaya — The dragon appears in Vinaya narratives, often as a creature that causes harm or that is tamed by the Buddha. The compound 毒龍 (poisonous dragon) appears in stories of taming fierce beings.

The Dragon and the Lion — The dragon is often paired with the lion as symbols of power. The compound 龍獅 (dragon and lion) appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s might. The compound 獅子吼 (lion’s roar) and 龍吟 (dragon’s roar) are both used for the Buddha’s voice.

Niches and Shrines (龕/龛, garbha) — The compound 佛龕 (buddha-garbha, Buddha niche) is a term for a small shrine or niche containing a Buddha statue. The compound 龕室 (shrine room) appears in descriptions of temple architecture.

Huge and Vast (龐, mahā) — The character 龐 appears in descriptions of the vastness of the Buddha’s compassion or the vastness of the Dharma.

The Dragon’s Roar — The compound 龍吟 (dragon’s roar) is used in similes for the Buddha’s voice, which is powerful and far-reaching, like the roar of a dragon.

Text-critical note: the simplified/traditional variants in this radical include 龍/龙, 龐/庞, 龕/龛, 龔/龚, and must be carefully unified in back-translation. The radical is small but contains the significant term for the nāga.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

212.16 212.1/212.13 龍/龙 (lóng) [skt.nāga] — Dragon. Nāga is a serpentine being (often depicted as a dragon in East Asian contexts). In Buddhist contexts, 龍 appears in: (1) 龍王 (nāga-rāja, Dragon King) — the king of the nāgas; (2) 龍神 (nāga-deva, dragon spirits) — nāgas as protective beings; (3) 龍天 (nāga-deva, dragons and gods) — protective beings; (4) 龍樹 (Nāgārjuna) — the great philosopher; (5) 龍藏 (nāga-piṭaka, dragon treasury) — scriptures hidden by nāgas; (6) 龍象 (nāga-gaja, dragons and elephants) — great monks. The compound 龍護 (nāga-rakṣā, dragon protection) appears in descriptions of the nāgas’ role as protectors.

212.17 212.2/212.4 龐 (páng) [skt.mahā; mahat] — Huge/vast. In Buddhist contexts, 龐 appears in: (1) 龐大 (vast, mahā) — describing the Buddha’s compassion; (2) 龐博 (vast and broad) — describing the Dharma.

212.18 212.3 龏 (gōng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

212.19 212.5 龑 (yǎn) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

212.20 212.6 龒 (lóng) [skt.nāga] — An ancient variant of 龍 (dragon). Semantically identical.

212.21 212.7 龓 (lóng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

212.22 212.8/212.14 龔/龚 (gōng) — A surname. No doctrinal significance.

212.23 212.9/212.15 龕/龛 (kān) [skt.garbha; gṛha] — A niche/shrine. Garbha is a womb/storehouse (also the inside of a shrine); gṛha is a house/room. In Buddhist contexts, 龕 appears in: (1) 佛龕 (buddha-garbha, Buddha niche) — a niche for a Buddha statue; (2) 龕室 (shrine room, gṛha) — a room for worship. The compound 龕像 (niche image) appears in descriptions of temple architecture.

212.24 212.10 龖 (dá) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

212.25 212.11 龗 (líng) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

212.26 212.12 龘 (dá) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

213 龜

213.1 龜 [chn.guī / jūn][eng.turtle; tortoise; (also jūn, a crack)][skt.kacchapa; (also "turtle" = kacchapa)]

213.2 龝 [qiū][eng.an ancient term; (also qiū); rare]

213.3 龞 [biē][eng.an ancient term; (also biē); rare]

213.4 龟 [guī][eng.turtle; simplified of 龜][skt.kacchapa]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 213

Radical 213 (龜, guī) — "turtle" — represents turtles and tortoises (Kangxi #213). In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

The Blind Turtle Simile — This is one of the most famous and powerful metaphors in Buddhism. The compound 盲龜 (blind turtle, andha-kacchapa) appears in the Saṃyutta Nikāya, where a blind turtle surfaces once every hundred years, and the chance of its head emerging through a floating yoke is as rare as obtaining a human birth. The compound 盲龜浮木 (the blind turtle and the floating log) is a standard phrase for the preciousness of human birth. The compound 龜魚 (turtle and fish) appears in some variations of this simile.

The Turtle as a Symbol of Patience — The turtle is a symbol of patience and endurance. In Jātaka tales, the Buddha’s previous birth as a turtle is told, where he teaches the importance of patience. The compound 龜心 (turtle mind) appears in similes for the mind that is patient and enduring.

Turtles in Vinaya — Turtles are mentioned in Vinaya as aquatic creatures that monastics must not kill. The compound 龜肉 (turtle meat) appears in dietary contexts (turtle is generally not eaten by monastics). The compound 龜甲 (turtle shell) appears in descriptions of materials that may be used.

Turtle Shells and Divination — Turtle shells were used in ancient Chinese divination. In Buddhist contexts, this practice is sometimes mentioned as a pre-Buddhist or non-Buddhist practice.

Text-critical note: 龜 has a simplified form (龟) which is not in the Kangxi system but appears in modern texts. 龝 and 龞 are rare archaic terms. The radical is small but contains the famous blind turtle simile.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

213.5 213.1/213.4 龜/龟 (guī / jūn) [skt.kacchapa] — Turtle. Kacchapa is a turtle. In Buddhist contexts, 龜 appears in: (1) 盲龜 (andha-kacchapa, blind turtle) — the famous simile of the blind turtle and the floating yoke; (2) 龜魚 (turtle and fish) — in similes for rare opportunities; (3) 龜甲 (turtle shell) — in Vinaya descriptions of materials. The compound 龜鶴 (turtle and crane) appears in some contexts as symbols of longevity.

213.6 213.2 龝 (qiū) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

213.7 213.3 龞 (biē) — An archaic term. No doctrinal significance.

214 龠

214.1 龠 [chn.yuè][eng.ancient flute; a measure; (also yuè, a pipe)][skt.vaṃśa; (also "flute" = vaṃśa; "measure" = māna)]

214.2 龡 [chuì][eng.to play a flute; (also chuì, to blow)][skt.vādayati; (also "to play" = vādayati)]

214.3 龢 [hé][eng.harmony; (also hé, to be in accord)][skt.sāmagrī; (also "harmony" = sāmagrī; "concord" = samanvaya)]

214.4 龣 [jué][eng.a musical note; (also jué)][skt.svara; (also "note" = svara)]

214.5 龤 [xié][eng.harmony; (also xié, to accord)][skt.sāmagrī; (also "harmony" = sāmagrī)]

214.6 龥 [yù][eng.to call out; to summon; (also yù, to shout)][skt.ākranda; (also "to call" = āhvāna)]

Key Scholarly Notes for Radical 214

Radical 214 (龠, yuè) — "ancient flute" — represents a wind instrument, a measure, and by extension, harmony and music (Kangxi #214). Its pictographic origin shows a set of pipes or a flute. In the Buddhist context, this radical is of significant metaphorical and ritual importance. Key doctrinal areas include:

Music and Harmony in Buddhist Ritual — Music is used in Buddhist rituals as an offering to the Buddha. The compound 龠聲 (flute sound) appears in descriptions of celestial music in the Pure Land. The compound 音樂 (music, gīta) is a common term for offerings of sound. The compound 和龠 (harmonious music) appears in descriptions of the harmonious sounds of the Dharma.

Harmony as a Symbol of the Dharma — The compound 龢 (harmony, sāmagrī) is a key term for the unity and harmony of the saṅgha. The compound 和合 (saṅgha-sāmagrī, harmony of the community) is a central concept in Vinaya. The compound 和諧 (harmonious) describes the state of beings who are in accord with the Dharma. In the Lotus Sūtra, the harmony of the Dharma is described as a beautiful sound.

The Measure — The character 龠 also means a unit of measure. In Buddhist contexts, 龠 appears in Vinaya in the context of measurements for alms and food portions. The compound 量 (measure) is more common, but 龠 appears in some texts.

Sound and Awakening — The sound of the flute (or other musical instruments) is used in similes for the Buddha’s voice that awakens beings. The compound 龠音 (flute sound) appears in descriptions of the beautiful sound of the Dharma. The compound 妙音 (mañju-svara, beautiful sound) is an epithet of the Buddha’s voice.

The Call to Awakening (龥, āhvāna) — The character 龥 (to call out/summon) appears in the context of the Buddha’s call to beings to awaken. The compound 呼喚 (to call out) appears in similes for the Buddha’s voice that calls all beings to liberation.

Text-critical note: 龠 is the final radical of the Kangxi system. Its characters are rare but significant for the concepts of harmony and sound. The radical is small but contains terms that resonate with the musical and harmonious aspects of the Dharma.

Character Sanskrit Equivalents Notes

214.7 214.1 龠 (yuè) [skt.vaṃśa; māna] — Ancient flute; measure. Vaṃśa is a bamboo flute (also a lineage); māna is a measure. In Buddhist contexts, 龠 appears in descriptions of musical offerings and in the context of measurements.

214.8 214.2 龡 (chuì) [skt.vādayati] — To play a flute. In Buddhist contexts, 龡 appears in descriptions of musical offerings to the Buddha. The compound 吹龠 (to play the flute) appears in some ritual contexts.

214.9 214.3 龢 (hé) [skt.sāmagrī; samanvaya] — Harmony. In Buddhist contexts, 龢 appears in: (1) 和合 (saṅgha-sāmagrī, harmony of the community) — a key Vinaya term; (2) 和諧 (harmonious) — describing beings in accord with the Dharma; (3) 和龠 (harmonious music) — describing celestial music. The compound 龢平 (harmonious peace) appears in descriptions of the peace of nirvāṇa.

214.10 214.4 龣 (jué) [skt.svara] — A musical note. In Buddhist contexts, 龣 appears in descriptions of the notes of celestial music. The compound 五音 (five notes) is a standard term for the pentatonic scale.

214.11 214.5 龤 (xié) [skt.sāmagrī] — Harmony. Similar to 龢. In Buddhist contexts, 龤 appears in descriptions of the harmony of the saṅgha and the harmony of the Dharma.

214.12 214.6 龥 (yù) [skt.ākranda; āhvāna] — To call out/summon. In Buddhist contexts, 龥 appears in descriptions of the Buddha’s call to beings to awaken. The compound 呼龥 (to call out) appears in similes for the Buddha’s voice.

(September 24, 2026)